In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
288~
2
9
9
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
1.pp
2
88-
29
9
288
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
4-level c
a
pacitor
-
clampe
d boos
t converter with
hard-switching
and soft-sw
i
tching im
ple
m
entations
A.
N
.
K
a
siran
,
A
.
Pon
n
iran, A. A
.
Bak
a
r,
M
.
H. Yatim
Faculty of E
l
ectr
i
cal
a
nd
E
l
ectron
i
c
Engin
eering,
Uni
versiti
T
u
n
H
u
s
s
e
in
O
n
n
M
a
l
a
ys
ia
,
M
a
l
a
ys
ia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Mar
2
,
201
8
R
e
v
i
s
e
d
Jul
9
,
2
018
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Au
g
2
4
,
2
018
Th
is
p
ap
er
p
resent
s
param
e
ters
a
nal
y
s
i
s
o
f
4
-l
e
v
el
capacit
o
r-cl
amp
e
d
bo
ost
con
v
ert
e
r
wi
th
h
ard
-
switch
i
ng
a
n
d
sof
t
-sw
i
t
c
hi
ng
im
p
l
em
ent
a
ti
on
.
P
r
in
cipa
l
l
y,
b
y
con
s
id
erin
g
t
h
e
sel
e
c
t
ed
c
irc
u
i
t
s
t
r
uc
tu
re
o
f
t
h
e
4
-level
capa
c
i
t
or-cl
a
m
p
ed
b
o
o
s
t
c
on
verter
a
nd
a
p
p
ro
priat
e
p
ul
se
w
idth
m
od
ula
t
io
n
(PW
M
)
swit
c
hing
s
t
ra
teg
y
,
t
h
e
o
v
erall
co
nv
erter
vo
lum
e
a
bl
e
to
b
e
r
ed
uced
.
S
p
eci
ficall
y
,
p
h
as
e
-
s
h
ifted
o
f
1
2
0
o
f
each
s
witch
i
ng
s
i
gnal
is
a
ppl
ied
i
n
t
h
e
4-l
e
vel
capaci
to
r-cl
am
ped
bo
os
t
conv
erter
in
o
rd
er
t
o
i
n
creas
e
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
c
u
rre
nt
r
ip
ple
fr
e
q
u
e
nc
y
,
t
hu
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
ging
a
nd
d
isc
h
a
r
ging
t
im
es
o
f
th
e
in
du
ctor
i
s
reduc
ed
.
Besi
des,
v
o
l
um
e
o
f
c
onv
erters
i
s
great
ly
r
educed
i
f
very
hi
gh
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
req
u
ency
i
s
co
n
s
i
d
ered.
Ho
we
ver,
i
t
ca
u
s
es
i
n
c
r
easin
g
o
f
sem
i
cond
uct
o
r
los
s
es
a
nd
c
on
se
q
u
en
tly
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
rt
er
e
f
f
i
c
i
ency
is
a
ff
ected
.
The
results
s
ho
w
that
t
he
e
ffici
en
cy
o
f
2-lev
e
l
co
nven
t
i
o
n
a
l
bo
os
t
co
nvert
er
and
4-l
e
vel
c
a
p
acito
r-clam
p
ed
b
o
o
st
c
on
vert
e
r
a
re
9
8.
5
9
%
an
d
9
7
.67
%
,
resp
ectiv
ely
i
n
h
ard
-
sw
it
c
h
ing
tech
ni
que,
a
n
d
99
.
31%
a
n
d
9
8.
1
5
%
,
resp
ectiv
ely
i
n
s
oft
-
swit
c
hin
g
t
ech
ni
que.
Theref
ore,
b
y
app
l
y
i
n
g
so
ft
-
sw
it
chin
g
techn
i
q
u
e,
switch
i
n
g
l
os
s
of
t
h
e
s
emi
c
ond
uct
o
r
d
e
vi
ce
s
i
s
g
re
atly
min
i
miz
e
d
a
lth
o
u
g
h
h
ig
h
switc
hing
f
req
u
ency
i
s
a
pplied.
I
n
this
s
t
u
d
y
,
p
a
ss
iv
e
lo
ss
le
s
s
sn
ub
be
r
c
i
r
c
uit
is
s
el
ec
t
e
d
f
o
r
the
soft-sw
itc
hi
ng
im
plem
en
t
a
ti
on
i
n
t
h
e
4
-
lev
e
l
ca
p
acito
r-clam
p
ed
b
oo
st
c
on
verter
.
Based
o
n
th
e
sim
u
l
a
ti
on
r
esu
lts,
th
e
s
w
itchi
n
g
loss
i
s
a
p
pro
x
i
m
a
t
ely
eli
min
a
ted
by
app
l
y
i
ng
s
oft-swit
ch
i
ng
t
echni
que
c
o
m
pared
t
o
t
h
e
h
ard-s
w
it
chi
n
g
t
echn
i
qu
e
im
plem
en
t
a
ti
on.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
C
a
pacitor-clam
p
ed
Ch
opp
er
Ha
rd
-swi
t
c
hi
ng
t
ec
hni
qu
e
Mu
lt
ile
ve
l c
o
n
v
erter
P
a
ssive
l
o
ss
les
s
snu
bber
So
ft
-swi
t
c
h
i
ng
t
ec
hni
q
u
e
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
A
s
ma
rashid P
onn
iran
(
A
.
P
onnira
n
)
,
Fa
cult
y
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
rica
l
and
E
l
e
c
t
r
on
ic E
n
g
i
n
ee
rin
g
,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
ssei
n
O
nn
Ma
lays
ia,
86
4
00 Pa
rit Ra
ja,
Joh
o
r,
M
alays
i
a.
Em
ail:
asma
r@u
t
hm.
e
du.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
N
o
w
a
days,
transp
orta
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
b
ec
om
e
on
e
of
t
he
m
os
t
im
por
t
a
n
t
t
h
i
ng
t
o
mov
e
f
r
o
m
one
p
lac
e
t
o
ano
t
her.
H
ow
e
v
er,
due
t
o
t
h
e
la
rge
num
ber
of
a
u
t
om
o
b
ile
i
n
a
b
i
g
c
i
t
y
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
i
t
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
most
c
ri
t
i
c
a
l
i
ssue
s
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
i
se
a
pol
lu
t
i
on
pr
o
b
l
e
m
an
d
m
a
y
a
f
fe
c
t
t
he
e
nv
i
r
onm
en
t
a
nd
a
l
s
o
t
o
the
hum
an
life
[
1
].
T
o
ov
erc
o
me
t
hi
s
pr
ob
lem
,
t
he
w
o
r
ld
t
o
d
ay
i
s
a
p
p
r
oac
h
i
n
g
t
o
t
he
g
ree
n
t
rans
por
tat
i
on
for
e
x
am
pl
e
like
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
v
ehic
les.
D
ue
t
o
the
hig
h
v
o
l
tage
o
f
the
D
C
-
lin
k
(200
V
-400
V
)
[
2
]-[4],
it
diff
icults
f
or
t
he
des
i
g
n
er
o
f
ele
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
y
s
t
em
t
o
i
n
te
g
r
ate
t
h
e
p
o
wer
stor
a
g
e
w
ith
t
he
e
lec
t
ric
trac
tio
n
par
t
.
Thu
s
,
the
s
y
s
t
e
m
n
e
e
ds
a
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
s
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
s
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
h
an
dl
e
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
gy
t
ra
n
s
f
e
r
fro
m
12
-48
V
D
C
bus
t
o
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
v
o
lta
ge
D
C-l
i
n
k
.
D
C-D
C
b
o
o
st
c
on
ver
t
e
r
s
be
c
o
m
e
t
he
m
ain
k
e
y
b
l
ocks
i
nsi
d
e
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic ve
h
i
c
le
s
ys
tem
a
s
the aux
i
l
ia
r
y
pow
e
r
s
up
p
l
y o
f
the el
ec
t
r
ic
s loa
d
[
5], [6].
D
ue
t
o l
i
m
i
t
a
tio
n spa
c
e
an
d
w
e
ig
ht
i
n
elec
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
ic
le
s
y
s
tem
,
t
he
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
at
io
n
de
si
gn
o
f
D
C-DC
b
oo
st
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
r
e
q
ui
re
d
[7
]-[
9
]
.
Mu
lt
ile
ve
l cap
a
c
itor
-
clam
pe
d
bo
ost co
n
v
er
t
e
r
top
o
l
o
g
y
m
ight be
t
h
e
a
ttra
c
ti
ve op
t
io
n in o
r
d
er t
o ac
hi
e
v
e
hig
h
pow
er
d
e
n
si
t
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
c
onsi
d
er
in
g
hi
g
h
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
fre
q
ue
n
cy.
B
e
si
des
t
h
at,
du
e
t
o
t
he
r
ed
uc
tio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
4-le
ve
l c
a
p
a
c
itor-
cl
am
pe
d bo
os
t c
onver
ter
w
i
t
h
h
a
rd-s
wit
c
hi
n
g
an
d..
.
(A.N.
Kasir
a
n)
28
9
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
r
e
ss
o
n
s
e
m
i
c
o
nduc
t
o
r
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
in
m
ul
ti
l
e
v
e
l
c
a
p
a
cit
o
r
-c
l
a
mpe
d
b
oo
st
c
o
nve
rter,
l
o
w
rating
o
f
sem
i
c
o
nd
uc
tor de
v
i
c
e
s c
a
n
be
u
se
d
w
h
er
e it m
a
y
reduc
e the
cond
u
c
t
i
o
n l
o
s
s
and
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
ss.
G
e
nera
lly,
ha
rd-sw
itc
h
i
n
g
t
e
c
hni
que
i
n
P
W
M
co
nver
t
e
r
s
w
a
s
used
d
u
e
to
s
imple
con
t
ro
ls.
The
ut
iliz
a
t
i
on
o
f
h
ig
h
sw
itc
h
i
ng
f
r
eque
nc
y
i
n
D
C-
D
C
c
on
ver
t
e
r
b
rin
g
s
s
ever
a
l
a
dva
n
t
age
s
to
t
h
e power
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
e.
g.
l
ow
v
o
l
um
e
passive
c
om
pone
nt,
l
o
w
dv
/
d
t
a
nd
d
i
/d
t.
H
ow
eve
r
,
h
i
gh
swi
t
c
h
i
ng
f
re
qu
en
cy
c
ause
s
gre
a
t
e
r
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
ss
i
n
the
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
[10],
[1
1]
.
This
i
s
d
u
e
to
t
he
o
v
erl
a
pp
i
ng
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
n
sem
i
c
o
nd
uc
tor
d
e
v
i
ces.
Th
u
s
,
in
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
re
duce
t
h
e
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
oss
i
n
c
o
nver
t
e
r
s
c
i
rcu
it,
s
o
f
t-sw
it
c
h
in
g
t
e
c
hni
qu
e
migh
t
b
e
a
ppl
i
e
d
[
1
2
]
-[
15
].
P
a
ssiv
e
l
o
s
sl
ess
sn
ubb
e
r
is
t
he
e
ffe
c
t
ive
tec
hni
que
f
or
t
he
s
o
f
t-
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
i
m
p
l
em
enta
ti
o
n
in
orde
r to
t
a
c
k
le
t
h
i
s is
sue d
u
e
t
o
s
imp
l
e
circ
u
it
str
u
c
t
ure
to
b
e c
ons
i
d
e
r
ed.
Th
is
p
a
p
er
f
o
c
uses
o
n
4-le
ve
l
c
a
p
ac
it
or-c
lam
p
ed
boos
t
con
v
erte
r
b
y
a
p
ply
i
ng
t
w
o
s
wi
t
c
hi
n
g
t
e
c
hni
qu
e
s
,
i
.
e
.,
h
a
rd
s
wit
c
hi
n
g
an
d
so
ft
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
ng
,
in
o
rd
e
r
t
o
obse
r
ve
t
he
p
erf
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
t
he
c
o
n
ve
r
t
e
r
s
in
term
o
f
effic
i
ency.
The
di
sc
uss
i
o
n
o
n
bot
h
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
tec
h
niq
u
e
s
a
r
e
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
.
T
h
e
com
p
aris
on
of
4
-
l
e
v
e
l
c
a
p
a
c
itor
-
cla
m
pe
d
bo
os
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
and
2-
l
eve
l
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
na
l
bo
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
e
r
is
di
sc
usse
d
as
w
e
l
l.
F
urt
h
e
r
mor
e
,
t
h
e
para
me
ters
d
e
s
ig
n
of
4
-
l
e
v
e
l
cap
a
c
ito
r-cl
a
mped
b
oo
st
c
on
v
e
rt
e
r
i
s
di
sc
usse
d.
T
he
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
oss
and
c
o
nd
uc
t
i
o
n
l
oss
of
s
em
ic
ond
uc
tor
de
v
i
c
e
s
are
a
n
al
yze
d
i
n
o
r
der
t
o
o
bse
r
ve
t
h
e
ef
fi
c
i
en
cy
o
f
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r.
S
i
m
u
l
atio
n
resul
t
s
a
re
o
b
t
ain
e
d
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
ve
r
i
fy
t
h
e
r
ea
liza
tion
of
s
o
f
t-sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
at 4-
l
e
v
el c
apa
c
itor-
clam
pe
d
boos
t c
o
nverte
r
.
2.
PARAMETERS DESIGN O
F
CONVE
RTER
Ta
b
l
e
1
s
h
ow
s
seve
ral
para
me
t
e
rs
f
or
d
esi
g
ni
n
g
c
o
n
v
en
t
i
o
n
a
l
2
-l
e
v
e
l
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
nver
t
e
r
a
nd
4-le
ve
l
ca
paci
t
o
r-c
l
a
mpe
d
b
oos
t
c
onve
rter.
The
c
u
rre
n
t
r
ip
ple
a
n
d
t
h
e
v
o
l
ta
ge
r
i
p
ple
ar
e
co
n
s
ide
r
ed
i
n
or
d
e
r
to
appr
opr
i
a
t
e
ly
s
elec
t
the
i
n
duc
tor
a
n
d
ca
pa
ci
tor
,
r
espe
ct
ive
l
y
[
18]
-[2
0
].
B
y
a
ppr
opria
t
e
ly
d
es
ig
n
t
h
e
c
u
rrent
rip
p
le
a
n
d
v
ol
t
a
ge
r
i
p
ple,
t
he
s
iz
e
a
n
d
v
o
l
u
m
e
of
p
a
s
s
i
ve
c
om
po
ne
nt
s
is
r
educe
d
,
co
ns
eque
n
t
l
y
t
he
o
vera
ll
v
o
l
u
me
o
f
t
h
e c
o
nv
ert
e
r i
s
re
d
u
ced
as wel
l
.
Tab
l
e
1.
P
arameter
s
desi
g
n
of
con
v
er
t
e
r
Pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
E
xpr
e
ssions
B
oost r
a
tio,
β
O
u
tput
volt
a
ge
,
V
out
(
V)
B
oost
induc
t
o
r,
L
(2-
l
evel
)
(H
)
B
oost
induc
t
o
r,
L
(4-
l
evel
)
(H
)
Cap
aci
t
o
r
-
c
l
a
m
p
ed
1
,
C
1
(F
)
Cap
aci
t
o
r
-
c
l
a
m
p
ed
2
,
C
2
(F
)
Ou
t
p
u
t
cap
aci
to
r
,
C
ou
t
(
F)
3.
PRINCIPLE
O
F
H
AR
D-
SW
ITCHING
TECHNIQ
UE
Bas
i
ca
ll
y,
D
C-D
C
b
oost
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
use
d
P
WM
t
ec
hn
i
que
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
the
turn-ON
and
tur
n
-OFF
of
sem
i
c
o
nd
uc
tor
de
vi
c
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
ow
e
r
c
on
ve
rter
c
irc
u
i
t
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
2
-
l
e
v
e
l
con
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
b
oos
t
c
o
nver
t
er
,
me
anw
h
i
l
e
F
i
gure 1(b)
s
how
s
t
h
e
c
ircu
it
s
tr
uc
tur
e
o
f
4-
l
e
v
e
l
c
a
p
ac
i
t
or-
c
l
a
m
p
ed
bo
ost
co
n
v
er
te
r.
I
n
the
4-le
v
e
l
ca
pac
i
tor-c
la
mpe
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
on
vert
er
c
irc
u
i
t
c
o
n
fi
g
u
r
a
ti
on
,
it
co
ns
ists
o
f
thre
e
sem
i
c
o
nd
uc
tor
s
s
w
itc
he
s
S
1
,
S
2
a
nd
S
3
.
M
e
anw
h
ile,
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
e
r
ati
o
n
m
ode,
it
re
qu
ire
s
1
20-de
gree
pha
se-
sh
i
f
t
e
d
of
t
he
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
t
o
o
p
era
t
e.
F
igure
2
sh
o
w
s
t
h
e
1
20-
de
gree
pha
se
s
h
i
ft
P
W
M
t
ec
hn
i
q
ue
t
o
con
t
ro
l
t
h
e
t
u
r
n
-O
N
and
t
u
rn-
O
FF
o
f
the
se
mic
ond
uc
t
o
r
swit
c
h
es
i
n
t
h
e
4
-
l
e
v
e
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
-
c
l
a
m
p
e
d
b
o
o
s
t
con
v
er
t
e
r
circu
it.
S
i
x
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
m
odes
in
o
ne
f
ul
l
com
p
le
t
e
c
ycle,
i.
e.,
M
o
d
e
1
(
S
2
a
nd
S
3
a
re
t
urn-O
N
)
,
Mo
de
2
(
only
S
3
i
s
t
u
r
n
-
O
N
)
,
M
o
d
e
3
(
S
1
a
nd
S
3
a
r
e
t
u
r
n
-
O
N
)
,
M
o
d
e
4
(
o
n
l
y
S
1
i
s
t
u
r
n
-
O
N
)
,
M
o
d
e
5
(
S
1
a
nd
S
2
a
re
t
ur
n-
O
N
)
a
n
d
M
o
d
e
6
(
o
n
l
y
S
2
i
s
t
u
r
n
-ON).
The
uni
q
u
e
fea
t
ur
e
in
4
-le
v
e
l
c
apa
c
i
t
or
-clam
p
ed
b
oo
st
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
D
1
1
D
V
V
in
out
1
)
2
(
)
2
(
2
level
L
sw
out
level
I
f
DV
L
)
4
(
)
4
(
6
level
L
sw
out
level
I
f
DV
L
1
)
4
(
1
C
sw
in
level
V
f
DI
C
2
)
4
(
2
C
sw
in
level
V
f
DI
C
)
4
(
level
Cout
out
sw
out
out
V
V
f
DP
C
(
1
)
(
2
)
(
3
)
(
4
)
(
5
)
(
6
)
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
28
8 –
29
9
29
0
circ
u
i
t
struc
t
ur
e
i
s
t
he
e
xi
s
t
i
ng
of
m
id
d
l
e
capa
c
i
t
or
w
hic
h
i
t
share
d
t
h
e
b
o
o
st-
up
e
n
er
gy
w
i
t
h
t
he
b
o
o
st
in
duc
t
o
r
whe
r
e
t
h
e
in
d
u
ct
or
can
b
e de
s
i
g
n
s
ma
l
l
er
[20
]
,
[
2
1
].
(a) 2-le
ve
l c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
na
l
boos
t
c
onver
t
er
(
b) 4-
l
e
v
el c
ap
ac
i
t
or-
clam
pe
d
boos
t c
o
n
v
erte
r
Fi
g
u
re
1
.
C
i
r
c
ui
t
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
F
i
gure
2.
1
2
0
-
d
egre
e p
h
a
s
e-shi
f
ted
P
W
M
sw
itc
hi
n
g
pa
t
te
r
n
s
3.1.
S
wi
t
c
h
i
n
g
loss
Bas
i
ca
ll
y,
t
he s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
loss i
n
hard-
sw
itc
hi
ng te
ch
n
i
qu
e
o
c
cur
r
e
d
i
n
t
w
o
con
d
i
t
i
on
s w
h
ic
h
is dur
i
n
g
tur
n
-O
N
a
nd
tur
n
-O
F
F
o
f
t
h
e
sem
i
c
o
nd
u
c
t
o
r
de
vice
s.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
l
o
ss
is
o
cc
urre
d
d
u
e
to
t
he
over
l
a
p
p
i
ng
of
c
urre
n
t
a
nd
vol
tage
i
n sw
i
t
c
hi
n
g
dev
ice
s
a
s
sh
ow
n i
n
F
i
gur
e
3.
F
i
gure
3.
Illus
t
ra
tion
o
v
erla
p
p
i
n
g
o
f
cur
r
ent a
nd v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
n
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g de
v
i
c
e
s
I
n
h
a
r
d-sw
i
t
ch
in
g
te
ch
n
i
q
u
e
,
t
he
s
w
itc
h
i
ng
l
os
s
is
e
s
t
ima
t
e
d
b
y
c
on
si
d
e
ri
ng
t
h
e
volt
a
ge
(
V
ds
)
and
curr
ent (
I
ds
) of sw
itc
h
i
n
g
de
v
i
c
e
s
duri
n
g o
p
e
r
ati
on. T
h
e
su
m
ma
ti
on
of r
i
s
e
time
(
t
r
)
and fall
ti
m
e (
t
f
)
of
c
urrent
V
ds
I
ds
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
4-le
ve
l c
a
p
a
c
itor-
cl
am
pe
d bo
os
t c
onver
ter
w
i
t
h
h
a
rd-s
wit
c
hi
n
g
an
d..
.
(A.N.
Kasir
a
n)
29
1
and
vo
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
evice
s
a
r
e
a
lso
ta
ken
in
to
c
onsi
d
er
at
ion.
T
he
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
ng
l
oss
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
rter
i
s
deter
m
i
n
ed
i
n
one
s
w
itc
h
i
ng
pe
ri
od
;
th
us,
it
requ
ire
s
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
fre
que
nc
y
use
d
f
or
t
he
c
o
nver
t
er
a
s
e
xpr
essed
in (8).
The
e
xpr
ession
of
t
he
s
w
i
t
c
hin
g
l
oss
is
e
xpre
s
se
d as
f
o
ll
o
w
s:
sw
f
r
ds
ds
sw
f
t
t
V
I
P
6
(
8
)
3.2.
C
on
d
u
c
t
ion
loss
The
o
reti
ca
ll
y,
hi
g
h
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
on
l
o
ss
occ
u
r
s
due
t
o
la
rge
O
N
-
r
e
sista
n
c
e
in
s
w
i
tc
h
i
ng
de
vic
e
s.
I
n
mu
l
til
e
v
e
l
s
t
r
uct
u
re
,
lo
w
rat
i
n
g
o
f
swit
ch
ing
d
e
vi
c
e
can
b
e
se
l
e
c
t
e
d
d
ue
t
o
l
o
w
vol
tag
e
s
tress
on
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
dev
i
ce
. T
hus,
i
t
r
ed
uce
s
t
he
c
on
d
u
ct
ion
loss due
to
the
sm
al
l
O
N-
resist
a
n
ce
(
R
ON
).
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
the
c
o
nduc
tio
n
lo
ss
o
f
d
i
ode
i
s
de
pe
n
d
i
ng
o
n
forw
ard
rm
s
c
u
rre
nt
I
f(
rm
s
)
w
h
e
r
e
it
co
ns
ide
r
ed
m
axim
um
a
nd
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
u
rrent
of
d
i
o
de.
F
o
rwar
d
bia
s
v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
f
)
i
s
r
ef
e
r
re
d
to
t
h
e
d
at
a
s
he
et
a
nd
D
i
s
t
h
e
du
ty
c
yc
le
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
rter
.
The
co
nd
uc
ti
o
n
l
o
s
s
for
a sw
itch
i
ng de
v
i
c
e
a
nd a
di
o
d
e a
r
e expr
essed as f
ollow:
(
9
)
(
10)
4.
PRINCIPLE
O
F
S
OFT-SWITCH
ING TECH
N
IQUE
G
e
nera
lly,
the
r
e
a
r
e
se
v
e
ral
te
c
h
n
i
que
s
i
n
s
o
f
t-sw
i
t
c
h
i
ng
i.
e
.
,
a
c
t
i
v
e
snubbe
rs,
re
si
sto
r
c
ap
ac
ito
r
a
n
d
di
ode
(
RCD
)
snu
b
b
ers,
r
esonan
t
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
and
pass
iv
e
loss
less
s
nu
b
b
e
r
.
A
c
tive
s
n
ub
ber
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
incre
a
se
h
i
gh
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
c
o
nver
t
er
,
but
i
t
r
e
qu
ires
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
al
c
i
r
cu
it
s.
M
e
a
n
w
hi
l
e
,
RC
D
snu
b
b
e
rs
h
av
e
th
e
w
o
rst
per
f
orm
a
nc
e
e
v
e
n
t
he
c
ircu
it
i
s
s
i
m
p
l
e
d
ue
t
o
the
e
x
ist
i
n
g
o
f
r
esis
tor
e
l
em
en
t
[2
2].
Howe
ver,
p
ass
i
ve
lo
ssle
ss
sn
u
bbe
r
has
a
sim
p
le
c
ircu
it
a
n
d
a
b
le
t
o
inc
r
ea
se
t
he
e
ffic
i
e
n
cy
o
f
c
o
nverter
.
Due
t
o
t
h
i
s
re
aso
n
,
pass
ive
l
o
ssle
ss
sn
u
bber
is
s
e
l
ecte
d
ove
r
t
h
e
r
e
sona
n
t
c
on
v
e
rte
r
due
t
o
th
e
cos
t
a
nd
r
el
ia
bi
lit
y
o
f
t
he
c
ircu
it.
Figure
4
sh
ows
t
h
e
t
h
re
e
c
e
l
l
s
o
f
p
ass
i
ve
l
o
ssless
s
n
u
b
b
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
a
r
e
a
dde
d
t
o
t
h
e
4
-l
e
v
el
cap
aci
t
o
r-c
l
a
m
p
e
d
bo
ost
c
o
n
v
er
te
r.
P
assive
l
o
ssless
s
n
ub
ber
c
i
r
c
u
it
c
ons
i
s
t
of
s
n
ubb
e
r
i
ndu
c
t
o
r
s
(
L
r1
, L
r2
, L
r3
),
s
n
ubb
e
r
ca
paci
t
o
rs
(
C
r1
, C
r2
, C
r3
),
b
uf
f
e
r
capacitors
(
C
s1
, C
s2
, C
s3
)
,
a
nd
dio
d
e
s
(
D
s11
, D
s12
, D
s1
3
, D
s2
1
, D
s2
2
, D
s2
3
,
D
s31
, D
s3
2
, D
s3
3
).
F
i
gure
4.
4
-lev
el
capa
c
itor
-
cla
m
ped
bo
ost
co
nver
t
e
r
w
ith pa
s
si
v
e
lo
ssle
ss snu
b
b
er
cir
cui
t
D
R
I
P
ON
ds
m
cond
2
)
(
f
rms
F
d
cond
V
I
P
)
(
)
(
V
in
L
4-l
e
v
e
l
C
1
C
2
C
out
V
ou
t
S
3
S
2
S
1
L
r1
D
s1
3
D
s1
2
D
s11
D
1
C
s1
C
r1
D
s23
D
s22
D
s2
1
D
2
C
s2
L
r2
C
r2
D
s3
3
D
s32
D
s3
1
D
3
C
s3
L
r3
C
r3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
28
8 –
29
9
29
2
Bas
i
ca
ll
y,
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
l
oss
is
o
ccur
r
ed
due
t
o
the
s
u
rge
c
u
rre
nt
i
n
s
emi
c
o
ndu
ct
o
r
d
ev
i
c
e
s
.
Th
e
p
a
ssiv
e
l
o
s
s
l
e
ss
snub
be
r
c
i
rcu
i
t
con
s
ist
of
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
in
du
ct
o
r
a
nd
s
nu
bb
e
r
capa
c
ito
r
that
oper
a
ted
in
o
r
d
er
r
educ
e
the
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
ss
dur
in
g
tur
n
-O
N
and
t
u
rn-O
F
F
o
f
sem
i
c
o
nd
uct
o
r
dev
ice
s
.
In
o
t
h
er
w
ord,
t
he
s
nu
b
b
er
i
n
duc
t
o
rs
and
ca
pa
c
i
t
o
rs
a
re
a
dded
i
n
o
rde
r
t
o
rea
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
s
o
ft-sw
i
t
c
hi
n
g
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s.
M
e
a
nw
hi
l
e
,
t
h
e
bu
ffer
c
a
p
aci
t
o
r
fu
nc
ti
o
n
a
s
a
t
a
nk
of
r
eson
an
t
e
n
er
gy
for
o
n
e
c
o
mp
le
te
c
yc
le
w
h
ere
t
h
e
ener
g
y
w
i
l
l
transfer
t
o
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut.
Th
is
i
s
be
ca
us
e
t
h
e
s
n
ub
ber
circ
u
i
t
ca
u
s
e
s
d
e
g
ra
da
ti
on
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
pu
t
vol
t
a
g
e
.
Th
us,
the
bu
ff
er
c
a
p
aci
to
r
i
s
a
d
d
e
d
to
r
ea
li
z
e
th
e
l
o
ssl
e
ss
s
nubb
e
r
c
irc
u
it
o
p
e
ra
t
i
on
.
P
r
i
n
c
i
pa
ll
y,
t
here
i
s
no
pow
er
d
i
s
si
pa
ted
o
r
ac
cum
u
la
t
e
d i
n
the
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
c
ircui
t
com
po
ne
nt
s.
4.1.
D
e
s
ign
guid
elin
e
of
p
p
s
sive
l
oss
l
ess ssb
b
e
r
cir
c
u
i
t
I
n
orde
r
to
i
d
e
n
ti
fy
t
he va
l
ue
of s
n
u
b
b
e
r
circui
t
o
f 4-
leve
l
c
a
paci
t
o
r-c
l
a
mp
e
d
b
oo
st c
on
ve
rter,
seve
ral
para
me
ters are
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
.
T
he
va
l
ue
of sn
u
bber i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
,
sn
u
b
b
e
r
c
apac
it
or
an
d
b
uf
fe
r
c
a
pac
itor
w
e
r
e
sam
e
f
or
t
he
t
h
r
ee
cel
ls.
P
r
in
cipa
l
l
y
,
t
he
v
al
ue
o
f
sn
ubb
e
r
i
n
d
uct
o
r
a
n
d
s
n
u
b
b
er
capa
c
i
tor
must
b
e
c
o
mbine
d
in a
one
r
eso
n
a
n
t freq
u
e
n
cy w
he
re
i
t
ca
n be
e
xpre
s
se
d as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s:
(11)
The
n
,
the
c
u
rre
nt
r
a
nge
(
I
mi
n
a
n
d
I
max
)
o
f
s
wi
t
c
h
i
ng
d
evi
ce
mu
st
b
e
ob
t
a
i
n
ed
t
o
en
su
re
t
h
e
s
of
t
-
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
ca
n
be
a
c
h
ie
ve
d.
T
he
m
in
im
u
m
a
nd
m
a
x
i
mum
c
u
rre
nt
o
f
s
w
i
tc
hin
g
d
e
v
ice
ca
n
be
e
xpresse
d
as foll
o
ws:
(12)
(13)
wher
e
t
h
e
ma
x
i
m
u
m
curr
en
t
of
s
w
itch
i
ng
d
evic
e
oc
curs
d
uri
n
g
t
h
e
i
np
u
t
v
ol
ta
ge
i
n
it
s
m
i
nim
u
m.
N
e
x
t
,
t
he
range
o
f
du
t
y
c
ycle
(
D
min
a
n
d
D
max
)
is
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
te
t
o
e
n
s
u
re
t
he
m
i
n
imum
a
nd
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
du
t
y
c
y
c
le
w
h
e
re
t
he
soft-sw
i
t
c
h
i
ng
occur
.
T
he m
in
i
m
um
and
ma
ximum
dut
y c
y
c
l
e
can
b
e
e
x
p
ressed
as
f
o
llow
s
:
(14)
(15)
w
h
er
e t
h
e m
i
ni
m
u
m du
t
y
cyc
l
e
occ
urs w
h
e
n
the
in
p
u
t
v
ol
ta
ge
i
n i
t
s
ma
x
im
um
. By rela
ti
ng
t
he
i
nd
uc
t
a
nce a
n
d
ca
paci
ta
nce
s
n
ub
ber
s
w
i
t
h
th
e r
e
sona
nt in
t
e
r
va
l t
i
me
s w
h
e
r
e
it
c
a
n
be su
g
g
es
ted
less tha
n
som
e fra
c
t
i
o
n
(0 <
k
<
1)
o
f t
h
e
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
peri
od
T
s.
T
h
u
s
,
this
r
ela
t
i
o
n c
a
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
essed
as foll
o
w
s
:
(16)
wh
e
r
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
at
e
v
a
l
u
e
of
k
is
s
elec
te
d f
o
r
a
r
e
q
u
i
red
Tr
-on
or
Tr
-off
. The va
lue
of
k
is
s
el
ect
b
y
refer to
t
he
F
i
gure
5
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
sma
l
l
e
s
t
v
alue
o
f
k
is
s
e
l
ec
t
e
d
a
n
d
wh
i
c
h
sa
tisfies
t
he
l
arge
st
a
l
l
o
wab
l
e
va
l
u
e
of
Tr
-on
a
nd
Tr
-off
.
F
r
om
F
igure
5,
I
R
is
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
r
at
i
o
o
f
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
c
u
rrent
a
nd
m
in
imum
c
urr
e
n
t
.
Mea
n
w
h
ile
,
x
is
t
he
rati
o
of
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
c
a
pa
ci
tor
an
d
b
u
ffe
r
c
ap
ac
it
or
w
h
i
ch
c
a
n
b
e
eq
ua
te
b
y
0.
1.
T
he
d
e
t
a
i
l
o
f
d
esig
n
pr
inc
i
ple
is
gi
ve
n
i
n
t
he
p
a
p
er
[
12],
[1
3].
The
i
n
ter
v
a
l
f
o
r
Tr
-
on
is
I = I
ma
x
wh
ere
i
t
r
ep
re
sen
t
s
t
h
e
wo
r
s
t
ca
se
,
me
a
n
wh
il
e
for
Tr
-off
i
n
te
rv
al,
sever
a
l cur
r
ent
rat
i
os
a
r
e
show
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
5.
r
r
r
C
L
1
max
min
in
in
V
P
I
min
max
in
in
V
P
I
out
in
V
V
D
max
_
min
1
out
in
V
V
D
min
max
1
s
r
kT
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
4-
leve
l
cap
a
c
i
t
o
r-
c
l
am
pe
d
bo
os
t
conv
er
ter w
ith h
a
rd-
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
an
d.
.
.
(
A
.
N
.
Ka
sir
a
n)
29
3
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
he
i
nter
va
l
s
o
f
r
e
sona
n
t
t
ur
n-
O
N
a
nd
r
e
so
na
n
t
t
ur
n-
O
F
F
[
12]
A
f
ter
se
ver
a
l
p
a
r
a
m
e
ter
s
h
as
b
ee
n
de
t
e
r
m
in
e
d
,
t
h
e
va
lue
of
s
nu
b
b
e
r
i
nduc
t
o
r,
s
n
ubb
e
r
c
a
p
ac
it
o
r
,
a
n
d
bu
ff
er
c
a
p
ac
it
o
r
c
an
b
e
c
a
lcul
ate
d
b
y
us
i
ng
t
h
e
expr
e
ssi
ons
a
s
f
o
llo
ws:
(1
7
)
(1
8
)
(1
9
)
4.
2.
S
wit
c
h
i
n
g
l
oss
red
u
c
t
i
on
Pr
i
n
cipally,
passive
l
ossless sn
ubb
e
r
c
i
r
cu
i
t
a
r
e ad
d
e
d
in
o
rd
e
r
t
o
e
l
i
mina
t
e
o
r
r
e
duc
e
t
h
e
sw
itch
i
ng
lo
ss in 4-
l
e
v
e
l
c
apac
it
or-
c
lam
p
ed
b
o
o
s
t
c
on
v
e
rter
.
The fun
c
tio
n
o
f
snub
b
e
r
i
n
du
ct
o
r
and
sn
ubb
e
r
c
ap
a
c
ito
r
i
n
pa
ss
ive
l
o
ss
les
s
s
nu
bbe
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
ar
e
to
p
r
e
ve
n
t
t
he
o
ver
l
a
p
ping
b
et
we
en
cu
r
re
n
t
a
nd
v
olt
a
ge
i
n
se
mi
c
o
n
duc
t
o
r
de
v
i
c
e
s
d
u
r
i
ng
t
u
r
n
-
O
N
a
nd
tu
r
n
-
O
F
F
c
ond
i
tions
w
her
e
t
he
v
o
ltag
e ac
ro
ss
t
h
e
s
e
m
i
c
o
nduc
t
o
r d
e
v
i
ce
s
i
s
r
e
duce
d
t
o
z
e
r
o
b
ef
or
e
the
cu
r
r
ent
r
i
ses.
F
i
g
ur
e
6
show
s
t
h
e
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
i
on
o
f
s
of
t
-
sw
itc
hi
n
g
dur
ing
tur
n
-
O
N
of
swi
t
c
hi
ng
d
ev
ice
F
i
gur
e
6.
I
llust
r
a
t
i
on
o
f
s
of
t-
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
dur
in
g
tur
n
-
O
N
c
ondit
i
on
max
2
I
V
kT
L
out
s
r
out
s
r
V
I
kT
C
2
max
1
.
0
r
s
C
C
So
f
t
-
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
V
ds
I
ds
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
28
8 –
29
9
29
4
By
a
p
p
l
y
in
g
pa
ssive
l
oss
l
ess
snu
b
b
er
c
ircu
i
t
,
t
he
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
ng
l
os
s
i
n
4
-
l
e
v
e
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
-
c
l
a
m
p
e
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
is
a
ppro
x
i
ma
t
e
ly
e
l
i
m
i
nate
d
w
h
e
r
e
the
sw
i
t
chi
n
g
loss
a
re
a
ppr
ox
ima
t
e
l
y
z
e
ro.
Thus,
t
h
e
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
l
oss
in
4
-
leve
l
ca
pa
ci
t
o
r-cla
mpe
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
nve
r
t
er
c
a
n
b
e
neg
l
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
ord
er
t
o
calc
u
la
te
t
he
e
f
f
ici
e
ncy of th
e
c
o
nver
t
er
.
In
4
-le
v
e
l
c
a
p
a
c
itor
-
clam
pe
d
bo
os
t
co
n
v
er
t
e
r
onl
y
c
o
n
s
ide
r
c
on
d
u
c
tio
n
lo
ss
o
f
s
emi
c
ondu
c
t
o
r
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
w
h
i
ch
MO
S
F
ETs and
di
o
d
e
s
.
4.3.
Ba
l
an
cin
g
o
f volta
ge
str
ess on
s
witch
i
n
g
d
evice
s
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
on
sw
i
t
ching
devices
must
b
e
bala
nc
e
d
.
Th
us
,
ma
ximum
a
n
d
m
i
ni
m
u
m
v
o
lta
ge
a
n
d
c
ur
re
nt
o
f
sw
i
t
ch
ing
d
e
v
i
ce
s
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
t
e
rmi
n
ed
.
Du
e
t
o
impro
p
e
r
c
hargi
n
g
an
d
d
i
sc
ha
rg
ing
o
f
c
a
p
acit
o
rs
i
n
4-le
v
e
l
ca
pa
ci
to
r-cl
a
mp
ed
b
oo
st
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
r
,
au
t
o
ma
t
i
c
vo
lta
ge
r
e
g
ul
a
t
or
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
e
r
i
s
re
q
u
ire
d
t
o
con
t
ro
l
the
c
h
ar
gin
g
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
harg
in
g
o
f
c
a
p
ac
it
or-
c
lam
p
e
d
[
8]
.
Fai
l
u
r
e
t
o
b
ala
n
ce
t
h
e
cap
aci
t
o
r-c
l
a
m
p
e
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e,
m
a
y
c
a
u
se
s
t
h
e
vo
lta
ge
s
t
r
ess
o
n
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
ng
de
vice
s
un
ba
lanc
e
d
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
t
h
i
s
pa
per
onl
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
s
nat
u
ral
ba
l
a
nc
in
g
c
i
rcui
t
in
o
rder
t
o
bala
nce
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
st
r
e
ss on
sw
itc
hi
n
g
de
v
i
c
es i
n
4-
l
e
ve
l c
a
pac
i
tor
-
clam
ped
b
o
o
s
t
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r ci
rc
ui
t
.
Bas
i
ca
ll
y,
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
b
a
l
a
n
ci
n
g
c
ir
cu
it
o
n
l
y
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
in
duc
t
o
r
an
d
ca
pa
ci
to
r.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
d
et
ermi
n
e
t
h
e
in
duc
ta
nce
a
n
d
ca
paci
ta
nc
e
of
n
a
t
ur
al
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
,
the pa
r
a
m
e
ters are
c
omplem
e
n
t ea
c
h
o
ther
. H
o
w
e
ver
,
due to
m
u
lt
ile
v
e
l
str
u
c
t
ur
e,
t
h
e
r
esona
nt
fre
q
u
enc
y
is
eq
ua
l
to
t
hre
e
tim
es
o
f
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
que
n
c
y.
T
he nat
ural
bala
nc
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
ui
t
is
c
o
nne
c
t
e
d
a
t
the
i
n
pu
t
s
i
de
o
f
4
-
l
e
vel
ca
p
a
c
i
to
r-cl
a
mp
ed
boo
s
t
c
onv
ert
e
r
ci
rcu
i
t
wh
i
c
h
i
s
para
l
l
e
l
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
thre
e
sw
itc
hi
n
g
d
ev
ices.
C
o
m
m
onl
y,
t
h
e
i
nd
uc
t
a
n
ce
a
nd
c
a
p
ac
i
t
anc
e
of
n
a
t
ural
b
al
anc
i
n
g
circ
u
i
t
u
s
ed
a
re
s
m
a
ll
i
n
va
l
u
e.
E
ve
n
t
h
o
u
gh,
t
he
n
a
t
ural
b
a
l
a
n
ci
n
g
c
ircui
t
i
s
u
s
ed,
for
a
be
tte
r
resu
l
t
s
an
d
perform
ance
o
f
c
o
nver
t
er
,
close
d
l
oo
p
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
is
r
e
c
o
mm
ende
d
i
n
order
to
c
o
n
t
rol
the
char
gi
n
g
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
o
f
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
-
c
l
a
m
p
e
d
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
a
f
f
e
c
t
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
tr
ess
on
sw
i
t
ch
i
ng
dev
i
ce
s
i
n
m
u
lti
lev
e
l
st
r
u
c
t
ure
circ
u
it.
5
.
S
I
M
ULATIO
N
RE
S
U
LT
S
Tabl
e
2
sho
w
s
t
h
e
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
at
ion
s
o
f
2
-
l
e
ve
l
conv
e
n
ti
on
a
l
boo
s
t
c
o
nver
t
e
r
a
nd
4-le
ve
l
ca
pac
i
tor-
clam
ped
b
o
o
s
t
con
v
er
ter
b
y
us
in
g
ha
rd-sw
itc
hi
ng
te
c
hni
q
u
e.
M
e
a
n
wh
il
e,
T
a
b
l
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
sel
e
c
t
ed
sp
e
c
i
f
i
cat
i
o
n
s
o
f
sof
t
-swit
c
h
i
n
g
ci
rcui
t
fo
r
2
-
l
e
v
e
l
conve
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
oost
con
v
erte
r
a
nd
4-
leve
l
ca
p
a
cit
o
r-
clam
ped
b
o
o
st
c
on
verte
r
.
Tab
l
e
2.
S
pe
cificat
i
o
n
s
for
har
d-sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
que
Spec
ifi
c
a
tions
V
alue
Output
pow
e
r
,
P
ou
t
(W
)
1600
Output
vol
ta
ge
,
V
out
(
V
)
400
Duty
c
yc
le
,
D
0
.
5
Sw
it
c
h
i
ng
f
r
e
que
ncy
,
f
sw
(
k
Hz)
1
5
, 3
0
, 5
0
B
oost
induc
t
o
r
,
L
(
2
-
l
evel
)
(
m
H
)
0.
5
B
oost
induc
t
o
r
,
L
(
4
-
l
evel
)
(
m
H
)
0.
5
C
a
p
aci
to
r
-
cl
a
m
p
e
d
1
,
C
1
(µ
F
)
200
C
a
p
aci
to
r
-
cl
a
m
p
e
d
2
,
C
2
(
µF
)
200
O
u
t
p
u
t
cap
acit
o
r
,
C
out
(
µF
)
470
Ta
b
l
e 3.
S
elec
t
e
d spec
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f so
ft-
s
wit
c
hi
n
g
c
i
r
cu
it
P
a
ra
m
e
te
r
V
a
l
u
e
S
w
itc
hing
fre
que
nc
y
,
f
sw
(kH
z
)
15
3
0
50
S
nub
be
r
induc
tor,
L
r
(
µH
)
8
4
2
S
nub
be
r
ca
p
a
c
i
tor
,
C
r
(nF)
10
5
3
B
u
ffe
r ca
p
a
c
itor,
C
b
(
µF
)
100
5
0
30
5.1.
Losse
s an
al
ys
is
i
n
h
a
rd
-switc
h
i
n
g
t
ec
hn
iq
u
e
I
n
t
h
i
s
ana
l
ysi
s
,
sam
e
s
pe
cifi
ca
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
used
f
or
2
-le
v
e
l
c
on
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
b
o
o
s
t
c
onve
rter
a
nd
4-le
v
e
l
c
a
p
a
c
ito
r
boo
st
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
r
by
u
s
in
g
se
le
ct
e
d
s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
f
req
u
e
n
c
y
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
1
5
kH
z
,
3
0
kH
z,
a
n
d
50
kH
z
.
P
r
i
n
c
i
pa
ll
y,
i
n
ha
rd-sw
itc
h
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
qu
e
,
t
he
s
w
i
tch
i
ng
l
o
ss
is
i
nc
rea
s
ed
w
hen
hi
g
h
s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
f
re
qu
e
n
cy
i
s
use
d
.
IX
F
H
20
N
80Q
o
f
M
O
S
F
ET
m
odel
a
n
d
V
S
-20ETS
P
B
F
o
f
d
io
de
m
ode
l
a
re
c
onsidered
f
o
r
analys
is
o
f
2-
l
e
v
e
l
co
nv
ent
i
o
n
a
l
boo
st
c
o
n
v
e
rt
er.
M
ean
wh
il
e,
N
TE2
9
21
of
M
OSFE
T
mo
d
e
l
an
d
SBR2
0
A
300CT
of
d
iod
e
mode
l
a
r
e
c
ons
ider
e
d
f
or
4
-le
v
e
l
c
a
p
ac
it
or-
c
lam
p
ed
b
o
o
st
c
on
ve
r
ter.
T
hus,
from
the
sim
u
la
ti
on
resu
l
t
s,
it
has
b
e
e
n
v
e
r
i
f
i
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
i
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
freque
nc
y
is
u
se
d.
H
ow
e
v
er,
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
4-le
ve
l c
a
p
a
c
itor-
cl
am
pe
d bo
os
t c
onver
ter
w
i
t
h
h
a
rd-s
wit
c
hi
n
g
an
d..
.
(A.N.
Kasir
a
n)
29
5
conduction
loss
r
e
m
a
ins
same.
Th
i
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
l
o
ss
is
n
o
t
r
elate
d
t
o
t
h
e
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
per
i
od.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
o
bt
ain
t
h
e
eff
i
c
i
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
rs
,
t
h
e
lo
ss
e
s
o
n
ly
c
on
sid
e
r
swi
t
c
h
i
ng
l
o
s
s
an
d
c
ond
u
c
ti
on
l
oss
o
f
sem
i
c
o
nd
uc
tor
de
vice
s.
T
a
b
l
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
l
o
s
se
s
ana
l
ys
is
o
f
2-
l
ev
el
c
on
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
bo
ost
co
nv
ert
e
r
an
d
4-l
e
v
e
l
c
a
p
a
c
ito
r-cl
a
mp
ed
boo
st
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
in
h
ard
-
swi
t
c
hi
ng
t
e
c
hn
iqu
e
w
it
h
di
ffere
nt
s
w
itc
hing
f
req
u
e
n
cie
s
.
The
to
t
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
lo
sse
s
c
o
n
si
st
o
f
sw
it
c
h
in
g
l
o
s
s
a
t
MO
S
F
ET
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
uc
t
i
on
lo
ss
a
t
MO
S
F
ET
a
n
d
di
o
d
e.
B
y
con
s
i
d
eri
n
g
th
e
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
freque
nc
y
50
k
H
z,
t
he
t
o
t
al
p
ow
e
r
l
os
ses
in
cre
a
se
i
n
2-le
ve
l
c
onve
nti
ona
l
b
o
o
st
con
v
er
t
e
r
a
n
d
4-le
ve
l
ca
pa
cit
o
r-cla
mpe
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
onve
rt
er
w
he
re
t
he
v
a
l
ue
i
s
22.
53
W
a
n
d
3
7
.
31
W,
re
sp
ec
ti
v
e
ly
.
Al
mo
st
3
0
%
s
wi
t
c
hi
ng
l
o
s
s
i
n
cre
a
s
e
s
by
in
c
r
e
a
s
ing
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
i
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y
t
o
3
0
kH
z
.
M
e
an
whi
l
e
,
almo
st
7
0
%
s
wit
c
hi
n
g
l
o
ss
inc
r
e
a
s
es
b
y
in
crea
si
n
g
t
h
e
sw
itc
h
i
ng
fre
q
ue
ncy
t
o
5
0
kH
z.
T
he
efficie
n
c
y
f
o
r
2
-le
v
el
c
o
nve
nti
o
nal
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
a
n
d
4
-l
evel
c
ap
a
c
it
o
r-cl
a
mp
e
d
boo
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
r
i
s
98
.59%
and
9
7
.
6
7
%
,
r
e
spec
ti
ve
ly.
D
u
e
t
o
a
n
a
d
dit
i
ona
l
of
s
e
m
ic
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
d
e
v
i
ces,
t
h
e
to
t
a
l
p
o
wer
l
o
sse
s
in
c
r
ea
se
i
n
4-le
ve
l
ca
pac
i
t
o
r-c
lam
p
e
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
erter
.
I
n
th
is
a
nal
y
s
i
s,
t
h
e
lo
sse
s
o
f
2
-l
ev
el
c
onv
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
b
o
o
s
t
co
nv
ert
e
r
have
t
he
l
ow
e
r
v
a
l
ue
i
f
co
m
p
are
d
t
o
the
4-leve
l
c
a
p
ac
i
t
or-
c
lam
p
e
d
b
oos
t
c
o
n
v
erte
r
as
h
i
g
h
sw
it
c
h
in
g
fre
que
nc
y
is
u
se
d.
F
i
g
ur
e
7
s
how
s
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
pow
er
l
os
ses
o
f
2
-l
ev
el
c
onv
en
ti
o
n
a
l
boo
st
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
r
a
nd
4
-l
e
v
el
ca
paci
t
o
r-c
l
a
mpe
d
b
oos
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
aga
i
ns
t
sw
itc
h
i
ng
fre
q
uenc
y.
Mea
n
w
h
ile
,
F
i
g
u
re
8
s
how
s
the
sim
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
resul
t
o
f
2-le
vel
c
o
nve
n
t
i
ona
l
b
oos
t
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
a
n
d
4-l
e
ve
l
ca
pa
ci
to
r-c
l
amp
e
d
boost
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
in
h
ard
-
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
co
nd
iti
on w
ith sw
i
t
c
hi
n
g
freque
nc
y 15 kH
z is us
e
d
.
Tab
l
e
4.
L
osse
s w
h
en
u
sin
g
H
ard-
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g Te
ch
ni
q
u
e
C
onve
rt
e
r
S
tr
uc
ture
Swit
c
h
ing
Fre
que
n
c
y
(
f
sw
)
Swit
c
h
ing
Lo
s
s (
P
sw
)
C
onduc
t
i
on
L
o
ss (
P
co
n
d
)
To
t
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
L
o
sse
s (
P
lo
s
s
)
2-
le
ve
l c
onv
e
n
ti
ona
l
boost
c
onve
r
t
e
r
15
kH
z
0.
33
W
21.
44
W
21.
77
W
30
kH
z
0.
66
W
21.
44
W
22.
10
W
50
kH
z
1.
09
W
21.
44
W
22.
53
W
4-
le
ve
l c
a
pac
i
tor
-
c
l
am
p
e
d
boost
c
onve
r
t
e
r
15
kH
z
0.
58
W
26.
88
W
35.
94
W
30kH
z
1.
17
W
26.
88
W
36.
53
W
50
kH
z
1.
95
W
26.
88
W
37.
31
W
F
i
gure
7.
G
rap
h
o
f
to
tal
pow
e
r
l
osses
agai
ns
t
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
fre
q
uen
cy
(
a
)
2-leve
l
con
v
en
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
oos
t
conve
r
t
e
r
(
b
) 4-
l
e
vel c
a
p
a
c
ito
r
-
c
lam
p
e
d
b
oos
t c
o
n
v
erte
r
F
i
gure
8.
S
i
m
ulat
i
o
n
re
su
l
t
in
ha
rd-sw
i
tch
i
ng
cond
i
tio
n
w
ith
f
s
w
=
1
5
kH
z
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
28
8 –
29
9
29
6
5.2.
Powe
r
l
os
ses r
e
d
u
c
t
i
on
in
soft-
s
wi
t
c
h
i
n
g
te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
In
o
rd
er
t
o
an
a
l
y
z
e
t
h
i
s
p
a
r
t
,
t
h
e
p
a
r
amet
er
s
el
ect
ion
o
f
p
a
s
s
i
ve
l
ossle
ss
s
n
u
b
b
er
c
irc
u
it
in
T
a
b
le
3
are
cons
i
d
ere
d
.
F
r
om
t
he
s
i
m
ulat
ion
re
su
lts,
i
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
the
p
a
ss
iv
e
l
o
ssl
ess
sn
ubber
c
i
rcu
i
t
a
r
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
tack
le
t
he
p
ro
b
l
em
o
f
sw
itc
h
i
ng
loss
i
n
2
-
l
e
v
el
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
bo
ost
c
o
nve
rter
a
nd
4-leve
l
c
a
pac
i
t
o
r
-
cla
m
ped
bo
ost
c
o
nve
rte
r
.
Ba
sic
a
lly,
th
is
p
ass
i
ve
l
ossl
ess
sn
u
b
be
r
c
i
r
c
u
it
re
a
lize
s
s
o
f
t-sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
dur
in
g
tur
n
-
O
N
a
nd
t
u
rn-O
F
F
of
t
he
s
e
m
ic
ond
uc
tor
d
e
vice
s.
T
he
s
i
m
ulat
i
on
re
sul
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
sw
itc
hi
ng
l
o
ss
o
f
sem
i
c
o
nd
uc
tor
dev
i
ce
s
in
b
ot
h
co
n
v
er
ters
i
s
ap
prox
im
a
t
el
y
zer
o.
F
i
gur
e
9
s
how
s
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
-sw
itc
hin
g
con
d
i
t
i
on
s
of
2
-leve
l
c
on
ve
nt
i
ona
l
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
erter
a
n
d
4-le
vel
c
a
pac
i
tor-
clam
ped
b
o
o
st
c
on
ver
t
er
i
s
a
c
h
ieve
d
dur
in
g
t
h
e
t
u
rn
-O
N
condi
t
i
o
n
at
S
1
.
F
r
om
t
he
r
e
s
ult
s
,
there
a
r
e
no
o
v
e
r
la
pp
i
n
g betw
e
e
n
c
ur
re
nt
a
n
d
v
o
l
ta
ge
i
n
sem
i
c
o
nd
uc
tor de
v
i
c
e
s w
h
i
c
h lea
d
t
o n
o
sw
i
t
c
hi
n
g
l
oss pro
d
u
c
e
d.
Ta
b
le
5
s
how
s th
e l
o
sse
s
ana
l
y
s
i
s of
2
-
l
eve
l
con
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
b
oost
c
o
nve
rter
a
nd
4-le
ve
l
ca
pa
ci
tor
-
clam
pe
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
erter
w
h
i
c
h
onl
y
con
s
i
d
er
c
o
nduc
t
i
on
lo
ss
o
f
MO
S
F
ET
an
d
d
i
ode
due
t
o
sw
i
t
c
h
i
ng
l
o
ss
is
t
o
o
s
m
a
ll
a
nd
can
b
e
n
e
gl
e
c
t
e
d
.
M
e
a
n
whi
l
e,
F
ig
u
r
e
10
sh
o
w
s
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
of
t
o
t
al
powe
r
l
o
sse
s
a
g
a
i
nst
swit
c
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
f
o
r
2
-l
e
v
e
l
c
onv
ent
i
on
a
l
boo
st
c
on
v
e
rt
e
r
and
4-
leve
l c
a
p
a
c
itor
-
clam
pe
d
boost
co
n
v
erte
r
.
(a) 2-le
ve
l con
v
e
n
tio
na
l b
oos
t
c
onver
t
er
(
b) 4-
l
e
v
el c
ap
ac
itor
-
clam
pe
d
boost
co
n
v
erte
r
F
i
gure
9.
S
im
ul
a
t
ion
resu
l
t
of
soft-sw
itc
h
i
ng
con
d
i
t
i
on w
i
t
h
f
sw
= 1
5
k
H
z
Tab
l
e 5.
Losses
Whe
n
U
si
n
g
S
oft-S
w
itc
hi
ng
T
ec
hn
i
q
ue
C
onve
r
t
e
r
S
truc
ture
S
w
i
t
c
h
ing
F
r
e
que
n
c
y
(
f
sw
)
Swit
c
h
ing Los
s
(
P
sw
)
C
onduc
tion
L
o
sse
s (
P
co
n
d
)
Tot
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
L
o
sse
s (
P
loss
)
2-le
ve
l c
onv
e
n
tiona
l
boost
c
onve
rte
r
15
kHz
A
ppr
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
e
q
u
a
l to 0 W
(
N
eg
l
e
ct
ed
)
12.
25
W
12.
25
W
30
kHz
11.
38
W
11.
38
W
50
kHz
11.
05
W
11.
05
W
4-le
ve
l ca
p
a
c
itor-cla
mp
e
d
boost
c
onve
rte
r
15
kHz
A
ppr
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
e
q
u
a
l to 0 W
(
N
eg
l
e
ct
ed
)
28.
15
W
28.
15
W
30kHz
29.
47
W
29.
47
W
50
kHz
29.
67
W
29.
67
W
F
i
gur
e 1
0
.
Gr
a
ph o
f
t
ot
a
l
p
ow
er
losse
s aga
i
nst
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
freque
nc
y
D
r
ai
n
-
S
our
ce
C
u
r
r
ent
(
A
)
I
ds
= 1
1.65
A
D
r
ai
n
-
S
our
ce
V
o
l
t
ag
e
(
V
)
V
ds
=
40
0 V
So
f
t
-
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
P
ou
t
=
1600
W
V
ou
t
=
4
00 V
I
ds
=
8 A
D
r
ai
n
-
S
o
ur
ce
C
u
r
r
e
nt
(
A)
So
f
t
-
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
D
r
ai
n
-
S
our
ce
V
o
l
t
age
(
V
)
V
ds
=
132 V
P
out
=
160
0 W
V
out
=
4
00 V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
4-le
ve
l c
a
p
a
c
itor-
cl
am
pe
d bo
os
t c
onver
ter
w
i
t
h
h
a
rd-s
wit
c
hi
n
g
an
d..
.
(A.N.
Kasir
a
n)
29
7
The
to
ta
l
p
o
w
e
r
losse
s
i
n
2-le
vel
c
o
nve
n
t
i
o
na
l
b
oost
c
o
nve
rter
a
nd
4-
l
e
ve
l
ca
pac
i
tor-c
la
m
p
e
d
b
o
o
st
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
r
ed
u
c
ed
i
f
c
o
mp
are
d
t
o
t
h
e
h
a
rd
-swi
t
c
hi
ng
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e.
E
ve
n
th
o
u
g
h
h
i
g
h
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
fr
eq
u
e
nc
y
is
use
d
,
the
to
tal
pow
e
r
l
osse
s
of
c
o
nver
t
e
r
s
by
us
ing
pa
ssi
ve
l
os
s
l
e
s
s
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
s
l
o
w
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
con
v
er
t
e
rs
u
si
n
g
h
a
r
d-swi
t
c
h
in
g
t
e
ch
n
i
q
u
e.
F
rom
the
re
sult,
t
o
t
al
p
o
w
er
l
o
s
s
e
s
i
n
2
-l
e
v
el
c
onv
e
n
ti
on
al
b
oo
st
con
v
er
t
e
r
a
n
d
4-le
ve
l
c
a
pac
i
t
o
r-
clam
ped
b
o
o
st
c
on
ve
rter
i
n
50
k
H
z
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
r
e
1
1
.
0
5
W
a
n
d
29.6
7
W
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
ve
l
y
.
If
the
l
o
sse
s
r
esu
lt
i
s
c
om
par
e
d
w
i
t
h
h
a
rd-sw
i
tc
hi
n
g
t
ec
hn
i
que
,
t
h
e
losse
s
in
s
o
f
t-
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
t
ech
ni
q
u
e
is
r
e
duce
d
.
The
effic
i
e
n
cy
o
f
2-
leve
l
c
o
n
v
e
nti
ona
l
bo
ost
co
nver
t
e
r
a
nd
4-le
ve
l
ca
pa
cit
o
r-
c
l
a
m
p
e
d
boo
st
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
r
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
b
y
u
s
i
ng
so
ft
-swit
c
hing
t
e
ch
ni
que,
where
t
h
e
e
ffici
enc
y
i
s
9
9
.
3
1
%
a
n
d
98.1
5
%,
r
espe
c
tive
l
y.
B
y
in
cr
easin
g
the
s
w
i
t
c
h
in
g
fr
eq
u
e
nc
y,
t
h
e
t
i
me
-O
N
for
the
se
mic
ond
uc
t
o
r
dev
i
ce
s
bec
o
me
sm
a
l
l
e
r
w
hi
c
h
c
a
u
se t
he
co
n
duc
t
i
o
n
lo
ss dec
r
e
a
se.
Th
us,
soft-sw
i
tc
hin
g
t
e
c
h
ni
q
u
e
pla
ys a
v
ita
l role i
n
order
t
o
r
educ
e
t
h
e
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
l
oss
of
s
e
m
i
c
on
d
u
ct
or
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
,
w
h
ere
thi
s
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
is
m
or
e
effect
i
v
e
when
hi
gh
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
fre
q
u
e
nc
y
i
s
u
se
d.
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
A
s
t
he
c
o
n
c
l
us
ion,
t
he
a
u
t
h
o
rs
h
a
v
e
disc
uss
e
d
a
nd
com
p
ar
ed
t
he
e
f
fi
ci
enc
y
o
f
2
-
l
e
v
e
l
co
nv
en
ti
o
n
al
bo
ost
c
o
n
v
erte
r
and
4-
le
v
e
l
capa
c
i
t
o
r-cla
mpe
d
b
oost
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
b
y
a
ppl
y
i
ng
h
ard
-
swi
t
c
h
i
ng
t
echni
q
u
e
a
n
d
so
ft
-swit
c
hi
n
g
t
e
chni
qu
es.
The
l
o
sse
s
at
s
emi
c
o
ndu
c
t
o
r
d
e
v
i
ces,
w
hic
h
a
re
s
w
itch
i
n
g
l
o
ss
an
d
c
o
n
duc
t
i
on
l
o
s
s
,
are
co
n
s
id
ere
d
.
In
s
i
m
ul
at
io
n
wo
rk
s,
t
h
e
s
wit
c
h
i
ng
l
o
ss
i
ss
ue
i
s
re
c
t
i
f
ied
b
y
a
pp
l
y
i
ng
s
o
ft-sw
i
tc
hi
n
g
,
w
h
er
e
it
h
as
b
ee
n
rea
liz
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
ng
pa
ssiv
e
l
oss
l
ess
s
n
u
b
b
er
c
i
r
c
u
i
t.
T
h
e
a
d
d
i
tio
na
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
of
s
o
f
t-sw
it
c
h
in
g
ma
y
r
e
duce
t
h
e
losses of c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
a
t
h
i
gh s
w
itc
hi
ng fr
e
q
u
e
ncy.
D
ue t
o h
i
gh sw
itch
i
ng freque
nc
y, t
he v
o
l
um
e
of
c
on
verte
r
c
an
b
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
as
w
ell.
M
or
eover
,
t
he
c
irc
u
i
t
s
t
r
u
c
t
ure
o
f
4
-le
v
e
l
c
apa
c
itor
-
clam
pe
d
bo
ost
con
v
er
t
e
r
a
l
so
a
ble
t
o
r
ed
uce
the
c
o
nver
t
er
v
o
l
um
e.
F
urtherm
o
re
,
by
ap
ply
i
n
g
s
oft-sw
i
t
ch
i
ng
tec
hni
q
u
e,
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
f
o
r
a
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
r
ela
t
i
o
nsh
i
p
be
tw
ee
n
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
and
l
o
sse
s
o
f
c
onve
rter
b
y
using
har
d
-sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
o
r
soft-sw
i
tch
i
ng
t
ec
hn
iq
ue
s
w
h
e
n
h
i
gh
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
fre
q
uenc
y
is
c
o
n
si
dere
d.
F
i
gure
1
1
. Rel
a
t
i
o
ns
hip
of
v
o
l
um
e
con
v
erte
r
a
nd to
t
a
l l
o
sse
s
b
y
us
i
n
g
d
iffe
rent
s
w
itc
h
i
ng
tec
hn
ique
s
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
The
au
t
hors
w
o
u
l
d
like
to
e
x
p
re
ss
t
he
ir
a
p
p
r
ecia
tio
n
t
o
t
h
e
U
ni
vers
it
i
T
un
H
u
s
s
ei
n
O
n
n
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
.
Th
is
r
esea
rch
i
s
f
un
de
d
b
y
t
h
e
U
nive
rs
i
t
i
T
u
n
H
u
sse
i
n
O
n
n
M
a
l
ay
si
a
u
n
d
er
T
ie
r
1
R
e
s
ear
ch
G
ra
nt
(
Vot
No.
U8
58
) an
d
GPPS Research
G
ran
t
(
Vo
t No
.
U9
51
)
.
REFE
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l
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kk
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J
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Van
M
i
erl
o
,
and
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ual
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u
s
,
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D
C/
DC
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o
r
E
lectri
c
V
e
hicl
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S
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a
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d
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l
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n
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f
M
arx
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h
Boos
t
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ti
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K
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Or
i
k
aw
a
,
a
n
d
J
.
i
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I
t
o
h
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
h
i
g
h
boo
st
r
ati
o
M
arx
t
o
p
o
l
ogy
D
C-D
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c
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5.
V
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
To
t
a
l
l
o
s
s
e
s
So
f
t
-s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
t
e
chn
i
qu
e
app
l
i
e
d
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