Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
5, N
o
. 3
,
Febr
u
a
r
y
201
5,
pp
. 41
5
~
42
3
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
4
15
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
A Novel Approach of P
o
si
tion
Estimation and Power Factor
Corrector Converter Fed BLDC Motor
S. Ka
lia
ppan*, R.
R
a
j
e
swa
r
i
*
*
*
Department of
Electrical and
Electron
i
cs Eng
i
neering, Kuma
ragu
ru College of Technolog
y
**
Department o
f
Electr
i
cal
and
Electronics Eng
i
neering
,
Govern
ment College of
Techno
log
y
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Nov 2, 2014
Rev
i
sed
D
ec 20
, 20
15
Accepte
d
Ja
n 14, 2015
This paper prop
oses a Power factor
Corrected (
PFC) Bridgeless Buck-Boost
converter fed
B
L
DC motor drive.
The
Bridg
e
less configuratio
n eliminates
the Diod
e Bridg
e
Rectif
ier
in or
der to
redu
ce
the number of
components an
d
the conduction
loss. The position sensor
s used in BLDC
drives have
drawbacks
of ad
ditiona
l cos
t
, m
echan
ica
l
a
lign
m
ent problem
s
.
Thes
e bot
tl
e
ne
c
k
s re
sults in
se
nsorle
ss te
c
h
nique
.
Th
e Sensor
less technique mostly
relies
on m
eas
urem
ent
of Ba
ck EM
F
t
o
det
e
rm
ine r
e
la
tive
positions of
stator
an
d
rotor for th
e corr
ect
coil
energ
i
s
i
ng s
e
quence
can
be im
plem
ent
e
d
.
This
p
a
per
introduces the offline Finite Element method fo
r sensorless ope
ration
.
Th
e
proposed sensorless schem
e
estim
ates
the m
o
tor position at standstill and
running cond
itio
n. Th
e ob
tain
ed
Power Fact
or
is
within th
e
accep
tabl
e l
i
m
its
IEC 61000-3-2.
The proposed dr
ive is simulated
in MATLAB/Simulink the
obtain
e
d res
u
l
t
s
are v
a
lid
at
ed ex
perim
e
nt
ally
on
a dev
e
loped
prototy
p
e of
the
drive.
Keyword:
BLDC m
o
to
r
B
r
i
dgel
e
ss
Buck-boost c
o
nve
rter
D
i
scon
tinu
o
u
s
in
du
ctor
cu
rr
ent
Finite elem
ent
method
Power factor
c
o
rrection
Power qu
ality
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
M.U
s
h
a
N
a
ndhin
i
,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
El
ect
ri
cal
and
El
ect
roni
cs
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
Kum
a
rag
u
r
u
C
o
l
l
e
ge
of
Tec
h
nol
ogy
,
C
o
i
m
bat
o
re, T
a
m
i
l
n
adu,
I
ndi
a 6
4
1
0
0
6
.
Em
a
il: n
a
n
d
i
ach
i
ev
er@g
m
a
il.
co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Recently lots
of resea
r
c
h
on sensorless control t
echnique
for BL
DC
motor has bee
n
conducted.
It
has bee
n
u
nde
r
s
t
o
o
d
t
h
at
i
t
has vari
o
u
s ad
va
nt
ages t
h
a
n
co
nve
nt
i
o
nal
m
o
t
o
rs
. The ad
va
n
t
ages are El
im
inat
i
o
n
of m
o
t
o
r
ne
ut
r
a
l
vol
t
a
ge
, El
i
m
i
n
at
i
on o
f
fi
x
e
d
phase
s
h
i
f
t
circu
it, low startin
g
sp
eed
,
cost effectiv
e [1
-8
]. Also
th
is m
o
to
r is
beco
m
i
n
g
fam
o
u
s
du
e to its h
i
g
h
efficien
cy,
h
i
gh
flux
d
e
nsity p
e
r
un
it vo
lu
m
e
, lo
w m
a
in
ten
a
n
ce
requirem
ents, low EMI
proble
m
s. These BLDC m
o
tors
can
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
tran
sp
ortatio
n, HVAC
, mo
tio
n
cont
rol
,
i
n
d
u
st
ri
al
t
ool
s, a
n
d
m
e
di
cal
equi
pm
ent
[9-
1
2]
. The
pr
o
pose
d
sy
st
em
i
s
appl
i
e
d i
n
Li
ft
/
e
l
e
vat
o
r
ap
p
lication
.
Th
e BLDC m
o
to
r is em
p
l
o
y
ed
with
a po
sitio
n sen
s
or
fo
r ab
so
l
u
te sen
s
ing
o
f
th
e ro
tor
po
sitio
n. Th
is
results in m
o
re
m
echanical connections a
n
d
higher c
o
st
.
In
order t
o
ove
r
come these dra
w
backs the Se
ns
orless
m
e
t
hod ha
s be
en i
n
t
r
od
uce
d
. There a
r
e vari
o
u
s Sen
s
o
r
l
e
ss t
echni
que
s fo
r B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r.
Thi
s
pa
per i
n
t
r
od
uce
s
th
e Fin
ite-Elemen
t
-m
e
t
h
o
d
(FEM) fo
r abso
lu
te sen
s
i
n
g of th
e ro
tor
p
o
s
ition
u
s
ing po
sitio
n and sp
eed
o
b
s
erv
e
r m
e
th
o
d
wh
ich d
e
termin
es th
e ro
t
o
r po
sitio
n at bo
t
h
stan
d
s
till and ru
nn
ing
con
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
[1
].
Thi
s
m
e
t
hod u
s
es t
h
e zer
o-c
r
ossi
n
g
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e l
i
n
e-t
o
-l
i
n
e PM
fl
u
x
l
i
n
kage t
h
at
occ
u
rs ri
g
h
t
i
n
t
h
e
mid
d
l
e o
f
two
co
mm
u
t
at
io
n
po
in
ts (CP). The p
o
s
ition
b
e
t
w
een
CPs is ob
tain
ed
b
y
com
p
arin
g
th
e esti
m
a
ted
lin
e-to
-li
n
e PM
fl
ux
with
t
h
e FEM-calcu
lated
lin
e-to
-li
n
e PM
fl
ux
[
1
].
Th
e
Un
ity po
wer facto
r
is t
h
e
ai
m
o
f
ev
ery
electric
u
tility. Su
ppo
se i
f
th
e
po
wer
factor is less th
an
1,
t
h
en m
o
re am
ou
nt
of c
u
rre
nt
has t
o
be s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d f
o
r t
h
e
gi
ven
p
o
w
er
use
.
He
nce,
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
fact
or
ha
s t
o
b
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
3
,
Feb
r
uar
y
201
5 :
4
15 –
42
3
41
6
adj
u
st
e
d
nea
r
l
y
t
o
1.
Thi
s
pape
r i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
s t
h
e P
o
we
r
Fact
or C
o
r
r
e
c
t
e
d (P
FC
) B
r
i
d
gel
e
ss B
u
c
k
-B
oost
conve
r
ter.
Whe
n
a
B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r i
s
fe
d
b
y
t
h
e Di
ode
B
r
i
dge R
ectifier (DBR)
with
t
h
e DC
-l
i
n
k
ca
pac
i
t
o
r of hi
g
h
v
a
lu
e it
d
r
aws
th
e p
e
ak curren
t
wh
ich su
pp
ress th
e
v
a
l
u
e
of To
tal Harm
o
n
i
c Dist
o
r
tion
(T.H.D) abou
t
6
5
%
and
po
we
r fact
or
nearl
y
0.
8
2
[6]
.
He
nce, t
h
i
s
si
ngl
e st
age
po
we
r co
nve
rs
i
on i
s
em
pl
oy
ed f
o
r i
m
prove
m
e
nt
i
n
effi
ci
ency
a
n
d
l
e
ss com
pone
n
t
cou
n
t
.
C
o
m
p
ari
ng B
L
SEPIC
a
n
d C
uk c
o
nve
rt
ers
,
t
h
e B
L
B
u
c
k
-
B
oost
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
rs gai
n
ed
m
o
re adva
nt
a
g
e
fo
r ap
pl
i
cat
i
o
n
s
req
u
i
r
i
ng a
wi
de
ran
g
e
of
dc l
i
nk
v
o
l
t
a
ge
cont
rol
[
5
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
i
.
e.,
b
u
cki
n
g an
d
bo
ost
i
n
g
m
ode.
Thi
s
pr
ovi
des t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge bu
ck or vol
t
a
ge bo
ost
whi
c
h
l
i
m
i
t
s
t
h
e
opera
t
i
ng
ra
n
g
e of t
h
e
dc
l
i
n
k v
o
l
t
a
ge
cont
rol
.
2.
PR
OPOSE
D
PF
C B
R
I
D
GELESS BU
CK
-BOOST
CO
NVE
RTER
Fi
gu
re
1.
Pr
o
p
o
se
d PFC
B
L
B
u
ck
-B
o
o
st
c
o
nve
rt
er
In t
h
e p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d co
nfi
g
u
r
at
i
on
of b
r
i
d
gel
e
ss buc
k-
b
o
o
s
t
con
v
ert
e
r
has
t
h
e
m
i
nim
u
m num
ber of
com
pone
nt
s a
n
d l
east
num
ber
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n
de
vi
ces
du
ri
n
g
eac
h
hal
f
cy
cl
e of
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
ge i
n
t
o
t
w
o
pa
rt
s
wh
ich
in
clud
e
th
e op
eration
du
ri
n
g
t
h
e po
sitiv
e and
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
h
a
l
f
cycles o
f
t
h
e supp
ly vo
ltag
e
and
com
p
le
te
switching cycl
e [13].
Tabl
e
1. C
o
m
p
ari
s
o
n
of
N
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
o
m
pon
ent
s
of t
h
e P
r
o
pos
ed
wi
t
h
t
h
e
Exi
s
t
i
n
g
T
o
p
o
l
ogi
es
Confi
gur
ation
Nu
m
b
er
of Devices
½ per
i
od
conductio
n
Suitability
S
C L D To
tal
BL
-
Buck
2
2
2
4
10
5
No
BL
-
B
oost 2
1
1
2
6
4
No
BL
-
C
uk 2
3
3
3
11
7
Yes
BL
SE
PI
C 2
2
2
3
9
7
Yes
Pr
oposed
2
1
2
4
9
5
Yes
2
.
1
.
Operat
i
on of
t
h
e
Proposed Co
nv
ert
e
r in Po
sit
i
v
e
and N
e
ga
t
i
v
e
Half
Cy
cle
In
th
is m
o
d
e
co
nv
erter switch
e
s S
1
a
nd S
2
are op
erate in
p
o
s
itiv
e and
neg
a
tiv
e h
a
l
f
cycle o
f
su
pp
ly
v
o
ltag
e
resp
ectiv
ely. During
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
a
lf cycle switch
S
1
, in
du
ctor
L
1
an
d di
odes
D
1
and
D
2
a
r
e opera
t
ed to
trans
f
er ene
r
gy
to
DC link
cap
acito
r C
dc
.
Si
m
ilarly in
neg
a
tiv
e
h
a
lf cycle o
f
supp
ly vo
ltag
e
switch
e
s
S
2
,
in
du
ctor
L
2
and
D
2
co
n
duct
s
.
In
Di
sc
ont
i
n
u
ous
I
n
duct
o
r
C
u
r
r
ent
M
ode
(D
IC
M
)
ope
rat
i
on
of
co
n
v
ert
e
r t
h
e
current i
n
the i
n
ductor L
1
bec
o
m
e
s
di
scont
i
n
uo
us f
o
r cert
a
i
n
du
rat
i
o
n
i
n
a swi
t
c
hi
n
g
peri
od
.
(a)
(b
)
Fig
u
re
2
.
Vo
ltag
e
acro
ss th
e switch
e
s
for
po
sitiv
e an
d neg
a
t
i
v
e
h
a
l
f-cycle
o
f
supp
ly vo
ltag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
A No
vel App
r
oa
ch o
f
Po
sition Estim
a
tion
and
Po
wer Fa
ctor Co
rrect
o
r
C
o
n
verter Fed
…
(S
. Ka
liapp
an
)
41
7
2.
2.
Opera
t
i
o
n during
Switching
Cy
cle
M
ode I:
In
th
is m
o
d
e
, switch
S
1
conducts
for charging t
h
e i
n
ductor L
1
,
he
nce t
h
e
i
n
duct
o
r cu
rre
nt
i
L
1
increases i
n
this
m
ode. Di
ode D
ph
com
p
letes the input si
de and the
DC
link capacitor C
dc
i
s
di
schar
g
ed
by
VSI
fe
d BL
DC
m
o
tor.
M
ode I
I
:
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
ode o
f
o
p
er
at
i
on swi
t
c
h
S
1
i
s
t
u
rne
d
o
ff a
nd t
h
e st
ore
d
e
n
er
gy
fr
om
t
h
e i
n
d
u
ct
or L
1
is tran
sferred to
DC lin
k capacito
r C
dc
till t
h
e indu
ctor is
fu
lly d
i
sch
a
rg
ed
an
d curren
t
i
n
th
e ind
u
c
t
o
r
is fu
lly
reduce
d to zero.
M
ode II
I:
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
ode o
f
o
p
erat
i
o
n i
n
d
u
c
t
or Li
1
ope
rat
e
i
n
di
sco
n
t
i
n
u
ous
co
n
duct
i
o
n
m
ode a
n
d
d
i
od
es an
d swi
t
ch
are i
n
off co
nd
itio
n.
At this ti
m
e
DC lin
k
cap
acito
r C
dc
st
art
s
di
sc
har
g
i
ng.
Thi
s
o
p
er
at
i
on
can
be c
ont
i
nui
ng
u
p
t
o
s
w
i
t
c
h
S
1
is turned on again.
3
.
DESIGN
OF PFC BL B
U
CK-BOOST
CONVERTE
R
A
PFC BL
buck
–bo
ost conver
t
er
is
d
e
si
g
n
ed
to op
er
ate in
D
I
CM su
ch
th
at th
e cu
rr
ent in
ind
u
cto
r
s
i
L1
and i
L2
beco
m
e
s di
scont
i
n
u
ous i
n
a swi
t
c
h
i
ng
peri
od
. Fo
r
a sup
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
ge wi
t
h
a
n
rm
s val
u
e
of
20
0
V, t
h
e
avera
g
e
voltage appeari
n
g at th
e i
n
p
u
t
si
de
i
s
gi
ve
n a
s
:
√
√
≅
180
(1)
The
v
o
l
t
a
ge c
o
nve
rsi
o
n
rat
i
o
i
s
gi
ven
by
,
(2)
In t
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
co
nve
rt
er t
h
e
dc l
i
nk v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
desi
gne
d 5
0
V as t
h
e m
i
nim
u
m
val
u
e & 45
0 V as t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
vol
t
a
ge
wi
t
h
1
0
0
V as t
h
e
n
o
m
i
nal
val
u
e.
He
nc
e, t
h
e c
o
r
r
es
po
ndi
ng
d
u
t
y
rat
i
o
o
f
V
dcm
in
& V
dcm
a
x
is
calculated as
0.2 a
n
d 0.69
res
p
ectively.
3.
1.
Desi
gn
of Inpu
t I
nduc
tors
The val
u
e of i
n
ductance L
ic1
, to
o
p
e
rate in
critical co
n
d
u
c
tio
n
m
o
d
e
in
t
h
e bu
ck–b
oo
st
co
nv
erter is
gi
ve
n as:
L
ic1
=
(3)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
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-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
3
,
Feb
r
uar
y
201
5 :
4
15 –
42
3
41
8
Whe
r
e R
e
is the equ
i
v
a
len
t
resistan
ce,
d
is t
h
e du
ty ratio
and
is th
e switchin
g
frequ
en
cy.
No
w, t
h
e val
u
e
of L
ic1
is calculated
at th
e worst du
ty ratio
of d
mi
n
such t
h
at the converter
ope
rates i
n
DICM ev
en
at
v
e
ry low du
ty ratio
. At m
i
n
i
m
u
m d
u
t
y ratio
, i.e., th
e BLDC m
o
to
r o
p
eratin
g
at 50
V (V
dcm
i
n
),
the p
o
we
r (P
mi
n
) i
s
gi
ve
n as 9
0
W
(i
.e.,
fo
r c
onst
a
nt
t
o
r
q
ue,
t
h
e lo
ad
p
o
wer is p
r
op
ortio
nal to
sp
eed).
Hen
ce,
t
h
e val
u
e
of
i
n
duct
a
nce L
icm
i
n
co
rres
p
on
di
n
g
t
o
V
dcm
i
n
i
s
obt
ai
ned a
s
:
.
442.57
(
4
)
The
values
of i
n
ductance
s L
i1
and
L
i2
a
r
e t
a
k
e
n l
e
ss t
h
an
1/
10t
h
of
t
h
e m
i
nim
u
m
cri
t
i
cal
val
u
e o
f
in
du
ctan
ce to
en
sure a d
e
ep
DICM cond
itio
n. Th
e an
alysis o
f
supp
ly curren
t
at m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
u
t
y
ratio
(i
.e.,
su
pp
ly
v
o
ltag
e
as 200
V an
d dc lin
k
vo
ltag
e
as 50
V
)
is carr
i
ed
o
u
t
fo
r
d
i
ff
er
en
t
v
a
lu
es of
t
h
e indu
ctor
(L
1
and
L
2
).
3.
2. Desi
gn of
DC
L
i
nk Ca
p
a
ci
t
o
r
(
C
dc
)
Th
e
d
e
sign
o
f
t
h
e dc lin
k cap
acito
r
is gov
erned
b
y
t
h
e am
ount of the se
cond-orde
r
ha
rm
onic (lowest)
current
fl
owing
in
t
h
e cap
acito
r an
d is d
e
rived
as
fo
llows.
Fo
r
the
PFC operation, t
h
e s
u
pply curre
nt (Is) is
i
n
p
h
a
se with
th
e su
pp
ly v
o
ltag
e
(Vs). Hen
ce,
the
in
pu
t p
o
wer Pin
is g
i
v
e
n
as:
2
√
2
sin
∗
√2
sin
1
cos
2
Wh
ere t
h
e latter term
co
rrespon
d
s
to th
e sec
o
nd
o
r
der
ha
rm
oni
c,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
re
fl
ected in t
h
e
dc link ca
pacit
o
r as
cos
2
(5)
Th
e
d
c
link
vo
ltag
e
ri
p
p
l
e correspo
nd
ing
t
o
t
h
is cap
acito
r cu
rren
t is g
i
v
e
n
as:
∆
=
sin
2
(6)
For
a m
a
xim
u
m
val
u
e of
v
o
l
t
a
ge
ri
p
p
l
e
at
t
h
e dc l
i
n
k c
a
pac
i
t
o
r,
Si
n(
ω
t)
is tak
e
n
as 1
.
Hen
ce, (6
)
is
rewritten
as:
∆
(7)
Now, t
h
e val
u
e
of the
dc link capacitor is cal
culated for t
h
e
designe
d
val
u
e
V
dcdes
with
p
e
rmit
ted
ripp
le in
th
e
dc l
i
n
k
vol
t
a
ge
(
Δ
V
dc
) t
a
ke
n a
s
3%
as:
∆
.
1857
.7
(8)
Hen
c
e, th
e n
earest po
ssi
b
l
e valu
e of
d
c
link
cap
acito
r C
dc
is selected as
2200
μ
F.
3.
3. Desi
gn of
Inpu
t
Fi
l
t
er (
L
s
and
C
s
)
A
second
-o
rd
er
lo
w-
p
a
ss LC
fi
l
t
e
r i
s
used
at
t
h
e i
nput
si
de t
o
abs
o
rb t
h
e hi
ghe
r o
r
de
r harm
oni
cs
su
ch
th
at it is
no
t re
fl
ected i
n
t
h
e s
u
pply c
u
rrent. T
h
e m
a
xim
u
m
value of
fi
lter capacitance is gi
ven as:
√
t
a
n
1
°
401
.98
(9)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
A No
vel App
r
oa
ch o
f
Po
sition Estim
a
tion
and
Po
wer Fa
ctor Co
rrect
o
r
C
o
n
verter Fed
…
(S
. Ka
liapp
an
)
41
9
Whe
r
e I
peak
, V
peak
,
ω
L
, and
θ
represe
n
t the peak val
u
e of s
u
pply cu
rren
t
, p
eak
v
a
lu
e of
su
pp
ly
vo
ltag
e
,
lin
e
fre
que
ncy
i
n
r
a
di
ans
per sec
o
n
d
an
d
di
spl
acem
e
nt
angl
e
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e
sup
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
ge
and s
u
p
p
l
y
cur
r
ent
,
respectively. Hence, a
val
u
e
of C
f
i
s
t
a
ke
n
as
33
0 nF
.
4. PR
OPOSE
D
BLO
CK DI
AG
RA
M
Fi
gu
re
3.
B
l
oc
k
Di
ag
ram
of p
r
o
p
o
sed
sy
st
em
The co
n
f
i
g
urat
i
on
of
bri
d
gel
e
ss buc
k
-
b
o
o
st
con
v
e
r
t
e
r has t
h
e m
i
nim
u
m
num
ber of c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
an
d
l
east
num
ber o
f
co
n
duct
i
o
n
d
e
vi
ces d
u
r
i
n
g e
ach
hal
f
cy
cl
e
of s
u
ppl
y
vol
t
a
ge w
h
i
c
h g
o
v
e
r
ns t
h
e c
hoi
ce
of B
L
buc
k
-
bo
ost
c
o
nve
rt
er f
o
r Li
ft
/
e
l
e
vat
o
r
a
p
pl
i
cat
i
on.
The
inve
rter does reve
rse of what
ac
-to-dc
conve
r
ter
d
o
e
s. Ev
en
thou
gh
i
n
pu
t to an
i
n
v
e
rter circu
it is
a d
c
sou
r
ce, it is n
o
t
un
co
mmo
n
to
h
a
v
e
t
h
is d
c
d
e
ri
v
e
d
from an
ac so
u
r
ce su
ch
as u
tility ac su
pp
ly. Here, th
e
fin
a
l ac
ou
tpu
t
may b
e
of a
d
i
fferen
t frequ
e
n
c
y an
d m
a
g
n
itud
e
th
an
t
h
e i
n
pu
t ac
o
f
th
e
u
tility su
pp
ly.
Th
e ro
tor po
sitio
n
is d
e
tected
u
s
i
n
g
th
e fi
nite ele
m
en
t M
e
th
od
(FEM
).
Th
is proj
ect propo
ses and
i
nvest
i
g
at
es
a new o
ffl
i
n
e FE
M
-
assi
st
ed po
si
t
i
on
an
d
s
p
ee
d
o
b
se
rve
r
fo
r B
L
DC
-PM
m
o
t
o
r dri
v
e
sen
s
o
r
l
e
ss
co
n
t
ro
l b
a
sed
o
n
th
e lin
e-to
-l
in
e PM
fl
ux l
i
nka
ge est
i
m
at
ion [
1
]
.
Usi
ng
m
easured
pha
s
e
curre
nt
s an
d
l
i
n
e-t
o
-
lin
e vo
ltag
e
s t
h
e lin
e-to-lin
e
PM
fl
u
x
ca
n be est
i
m
a
t
e
d.
5.
SE
NSO
R
LESS OPE
R
ATIO
N O
F
B
L
DC
M
O
TO
R
Thi
s
pa
pe
r p
r
o
pos
es t
h
e F
E
M
assi
st
ed sen
s
orl
e
ss c
o
nt
r
o
l
of B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r
do
ne
by
es
t
i
m
a
t
i
ng t
h
e
l
i
n
e-t
o
-l
i
n
e P
M
fl
ux l
i
n
ka
ge
. To
o
b
t
a
i
n
q
u
a
s
i
-
sq
uare c
u
rre
nt
wa
vef
o
rm
s, t
h
e p
o
si
t
i
on
o
f
C
P
’s are
re
qui
r
e
d. B
y
co
m
p
arin
g
t
h
e lin
e-to-lin
e PM flu
x
lin
k
a
ge with
th
e cal
cu
lated
FEM
th
e po
sitio
n between
t
h
e C
P
’s is
obt
ai
ne
d. T
h
e
l
i
n
e-t
o
-l
i
n
e P
M
fl
ux l
i
nka
ge
s can be est
i
m
a
t
e
d by
di
rect
m
easurem
ent
of l
i
n
e-t
o
-l
i
n
e
vol
t
a
ge
s
and
p
h
ase c
u
r
r
e
nt
s. T
h
e an
ot
her m
e
t
hod
of
cal
cul
a
t
i
ng t
h
e
l
i
n
e-t
o
-l
i
n
e v
o
l
t
a
ges by
usi
n
g
dc b
u
s
vol
t
a
g
e
an
d
switching status.
5.
1.
Com
m
utati
o
n Appr
oac
h
a
nd P
o
siti
on
Estima
tio
n
The o
r
i
g
i
n
f
o
r ope
rat
i
o
n of
po
si
t
i
on an
d sens
orl
e
ss s
p
eed
ob
serve
r
i
s
t
h
e t
i
m
e
peri
od o
f
z
e
ro cr
ossi
n
g
of one CP and the time period of ze
ro cross
i
ng of anot
he
r CP are
m
a
de equal to each
other. In eac
h sector
onl
y
t
w
o m
o
d
e
s co
nd
uct
l
e
a
v
i
n
g t
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
pha
se o
p
e
n
.
T
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
i
n
t
h
e
ope
n
p
h
ase
i
s
eq
ual
t
o
t
h
e bac
k
EM
F w
h
i
c
h
i
s
uns
een
i
n
t
h
e c
ont
rol
l
e
r.
I
n
ea
ch m
ode
onl
y
one
l
i
n
e-t
o
-l
i
n
e
PM
fl
ux
l
i
nka
ge i
s
use
d
.
The V
o
l
t
a
ge
m
odel
i
n
t
h
e st
at
or refe
renc
e
fram
e
i
s
t
h
e
m
e
t
hod em
pl
oy
ed i
n
Li
ne-t
o
-
Li
ne PM
fl
u
x
lin
k
a
g
e
esti
m
a
to
r. To
redu
ce th
e ph
ase delay a first-
ord
e
r Low-p
a
ss
filter (LPF) is used
as th
e equiv
a
len
t
in
teg
r
at
o
r
with sp
eed
ad
ap
tive ti
m
e
co
n
s
tant (T
c
) to
attenuate th
e ou
tpu
t
d
c
offset (eq
u
al with
T
c
× i
n
put
dc
of
fset).
Tabl
e
2.
Li
ne
-t
o-
Li
ne
PM
Fl
ux
Li
n
k
a
g
e
Rotor
Sector
s
E
s
tim
a
tion of Speed
M
ode a and
a
′
M
ode b and
b
′
M
ode c and
c
′
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
3
,
Feb
r
uar
y
201
5 :
4
15 –
42
3
42
0
Fig
u
re
4
.
FEM
assisted
po
sitio
n estim
a
tio
n
H(s
)
=
,
Whe
r
e
de
pends on t
h
e re
fere
nce s
p
ee
d
∗
.
5.
2.
Spee
d
E
s
ti
ma
ti
on
In
Sen
s
o
r
less
BLDC m
o
to
r with
no
p
o
s
ition
sensor
s an
d
p
o
s
ition
estim
a
tio
n
,
th
e sp
eed
esti
m
a
t
i
o
n
is
ant
i
c
i
p
at
ed
by
usi
n
g t
h
e
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on fr
om
t
h
e com
m
ut
ati
on c
ont
rol
l
e
r
.
The
pul
ses
ar
e gen
e
rat
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
est
i
m
a
t
e
d po
si
t
i
on.
T
h
e
18
pu
l
s
e ed
ges
a
r
e
f
o
rm
ed
fr
om
ev
ery
20
°
electrical
angle. T
h
e
Spe
e
d is c
o
nside
r
e
d
u
s
ing
th
e ti
m
e
T b
e
tween
th
e two
pu
lse edg
e
s. At ev
er
y
p
u
l
s
e edge t
h
e
ne
w spee
d com
put
at
i
on i
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
abl
e
.
Between t
w
o pulses the
s
p
eed is ke
pt at the
old val
u
e.
.
Whe
r
e
is th
e
nu
m
b
er of ed
g
e
s.
Fi
gu
re
5.
P
u
l
s
e ed
ges
base
d s
p
eed
est
i
m
at
i
o
n
Th
e requ
ired
sp
eed
can
b
e
ob
tain
ed
b
y
keep
ing
th
e Lo
ad
to
rq
u
e
, T
L
val
u
e as c
onst
a
nt
.
The S
p
ee
d
v
a
ries lin
early
with
tim
e an
d
attain
s th
e co
nstan
t
v
a
l
u
e for
th
e g
i
v
e
n p
e
riod
o
f
ti
m
e
.
Fi
gu
re 6.
Pr
o
p
o
se
d
FEM
-
assi
sted PM-B
LDC m
o
tor drive
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
A No
vel App
r
oa
ch o
f
Po
sition Estim
a
tion
and
Po
wer Fa
ctor Co
rrect
o
r
C
o
n
verter Fed
…
(S
. Ka
liapp
an
)
42
1
6
.
S
I
MU
LAT
I
O
N
R
E
SU
LT
S
Figure 7
.
Sim
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
l of pr
opo
sed syste
m
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Su
pply V
o
ltag
e
and
Cu
rr
en
t
Fi
gu
re
9.
Va
ri
at
i
on
of
DC
l
i
n
k
v
o
l
t
a
ge
reg
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Fi
gu
re
1
0
.
O
u
t
put
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge s
o
urce i
nve
r
t
er
Fi
gu
re 1
1
.
Li
n
e
-t
o-
Li
ne PM
f
l
ux
l
i
n
ka
ge (
W
b)
Fi
gu
re 1
2
. Vari
at
i
o
n
of
S
p
eed
(r
pm
)
Fi
gu
re 1
3
. Har
m
oni
c
spect
ra of
su
p
p
l
y
cu
rre
nt
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I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
3
,
Feb
r
uar
y
201
5 :
4
15 –
42
3
42
2
Table 3.
T
H
D and
Powe
r factor
analys
i
s
of t
h
e P
r
op
ose
d
sy
st
em
for
T
L
=
3 NM
V
I
V
V
Power
f
actor
S
p
e
e
d
T
.
H.
D
80
12
120
175
0.
9984
120
2.
89
%
100
12
120
220
0.
9984
120
2.
89
%
200
12
120
433
0.
9984
120
2.
89
%
300
12
120
160
0.
9984
120
2.
89
%
7.
DIS
C
USSI
ON ON
RES
U
LT
Th
e Pro
p
o
s
ed
p
r
oj
ect is sim
u
lated
in
MATLAB/Sim
u
lin
k
.
The THD of
su
pp
ly curren
t
at ac m
a
in
s
wi
t
h
o
u
t
p
ut
p
o
w
er
fo
r t
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
sc
hem
e
of t
h
e B
L
b
u
ck
–
b
o
o
st
co
n
v
ert
e
r
fe
d sens
orl
e
ss B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r
dri
v
e i
s
ac
hi
ev
ed
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e I
E
C
6
1
0
0
0
-
3-
2
l
i
m
i
t
s
. The e
v
al
uat
i
on i
s
bas
e
d
on t
h
e c
ont
rol
req
u
i
r
em
ent
an
d
lo
sses i
n
th
e PFC conv
erter
an
d VSI-fed
B
L
DC m
o
to
r.
T
h
e s
p
ee
d
rem
a
i
n
s c
onst
a
nt
i
n
spi
t
e
of
cha
n
ge i
n
v
o
ltag
e
. Th
e ob
tain
ed
curren
t
To
tal Harm
o
n
ic Disto
r
tio
n
(T.H.D) is 2
.
89%. Th
e sim
u
latio
n
resu
lts th
e
Power
Facto
r
in
0
.
99
99
wh
ich
is
n
earer to th
e
Un
ity Power
factor, do
esn
’
t cau
s
e
Po
wer
Qu
ality i
ssu
es at
ac m
a
i
n
s.
8.
CO
NCL
U
S
ION
A
PFC BL
buck
–bo
ost conver
t
er
-b
ased
V
S
I
-
f
e
d BL
D
C
m
o
to
r
dr
iv
e has
b
e
en
pr
oposed
tar
g
eting
Lift/elevator a
pplication. A
new m
e
t
hod
of spee
d c
ontrol
has bee
n
utilized
by c
ontrol
ling the
voltage at dc
bus
. T
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d B
L
buc
k
–
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
has
bee
n
o
p
e
rat
e
d i
n
DIC
M
fo
r a
c
hi
e
v
i
n
g
a
n
i
n
he
rent
p
o
we
r
factor c
o
rrecti
on at ac m
a
ins. A satisfact
ory perform
an
ce has been ac
hieve
d
for
sp
eed
con
t
ro
l and su
pp
ly
voltage
va
riation
with
powe
r quality indic
e
s with
in the
acceptable limits of
IEC 61000-3-2. More
ove
r,
vol
t
a
ge a
n
d cu
rre
nt
st
resses o
n
t
h
e PFC
s
w
i
t
c
h ha
ve bee
n
e
v
al
uat
e
d
fo
r de
t
e
rm
i
n
i
ng t
h
e
pract
i
cal
appl
i
cat
i
o
n
of t
h
e p
r
op
ose
d
sc
hem
e
. A FEM
assi
st
ed p
o
si
t
i
on a
n
d s
p
e
e
d o
b
se
rve
r
fo
r B
L
DC
-PM
m
o
t
o
r dri
v
e se
nso
r
l
e
ss
cont
rol
base
d
o
n
t
h
e
l
i
n
e-t
o
-l
i
n
e PM
fl
ux
li
nk
ag
e.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Alin S
.
tirb
a
n,
Io
n Boldea
and
Gheorghe-Dani
e
l
Andrees
cu “Motion-Sensorless Control of B
L
DC-PM Motor With
Offline FEM-Inf
o
rm
ation-Assisted Position
and
Speed Observer
”,
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E
EE transactions on industry applications
, vo
l.
48,no. 6, November
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[2]
Bhim Singh an
d Vashist Bist, “
A Single Sensor Based PFC Zeta Con
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t
e
r
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DC Motor
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ive for
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tions
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erence. Murthal. 2012: 1-6.
[3]
Chen, D. Maksimovic, and
R.
W. Eric
kson
, “Analy
s
i
s and d
e
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low-stres
s
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nverter
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iver
sal-
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EEE
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r
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ect
ron.,
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, no
. 2, pp. 320–329,
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iu, Y. Jhang,
Z. Tang,
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ngle p
h
ase brushless dc fan motor with
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y
brid
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structur
e,”
IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron.,
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[5]
L. Huber
,
Y. Jan
g
, and M. M.
Jovanovi´
c
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l
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[6]
E. H.
Ism
a
il,
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ridgel
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ss SEPIC rec
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e
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ity
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a
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ced
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duction
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r
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.
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[7]
C. Jingquan, D. Maksimovi
c, and R. Erickson, “
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,” in
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E
EE APEC Conf., M
a
r. 2001
, vo
l. 1,
pp. 343–349
.
[8]
Sang-Yong Jun
g
, Yong-Jae Kim, Jungmoon
Jae, and
Jaeho
ng Kim,
“Commutation Contr
o
l for the Low-
Commutation Torque Ripple in
the Position Sensorless
Drive of the Low-Vol
t
age Brus
hl
es
s
DC M
o
tor”,
IEEE
Transactions on
Power
Electron
i
cs
, vo
l. 29, no.
11, November 2
014.
[9]
T Sutikno, NRN Idris, NS Widodo, A
Jidin.
FPGA Based a PWM Technique
for Permanen
t Magnet AC M
o
tor
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International Journal of
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n
figurable
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S
y
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2): 43-48
[10]
S. Singh and B. Singh, “A volt
a
ge-c
on
troll
e
d P
F
C Cuk convert
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DCM drive for
air-cond
ition
e
rs,”
IEEE
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r
ans. Ind
.
App
l
.
,
vo
l. 48,
no. 2
,
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. 832–8
38, Mar
.
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[11]
B. Singh, B. N. Singh, A. Ch
andra, K. Al-Haddad, A. Pa
nd
ey
,
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o
thari,
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c
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E
EE
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.
[12]
Tae-Won Chun
, Quang-Vinh Tr
an, Hong-Hee Lee, Heung-Geun
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l of B
L
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o
tive F
u
el P
u
m
p
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y
s
t
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EEE transact
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.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
A No
vel App
r
oa
ch o
f
Po
sition Estim
a
tion
and
Po
wer Fa
ctor Co
rrect
o
r
C
o
n
verter Fed
…
(S
. Ka
liapp
an
)
42
3
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
S. Kaliappan
, completed his Diploma in
Electro
nics and Communica
tion from Kongu Poly
tech
nic,
Coimbatore, an
d Tamil Nadu
and obt
ained
his B.E d
e
gree
in the de
p
a
rtment of
Electr
ical and
Electronics Eng
i
neer
ing from Government Colleg
e
of Techno
log
y
, Coimbator
e
, TamilNadu and
obtain
e
d his M
.
E d
e
gree in
the specializatio
n
of Embedded S
y
stem in
Anna University
of
Techno
log
y
, Co
imbatore,
Tamil Nadu. His areas
of interests
are Power S
y
stems and Embedded
S
y
stems. He has
published
six p
a
pers in N
a
tion
a
l
J
ournal and
four
papers in
International Journal.
Dr.
R. Rajes
w
ari
,
com
p
le
ted
her B.
E d
e
gree
in
the d
e
pa
r
tment of Electrical and
Electro
nics
Engineering fro
m MK University
,
Madur
ai, Tamil Nadu, India and obt
ained h
e
r M.E degree in the
specialization of
Power
Sy
stem Engineering fro
m
M
K
Univers
ity, M
a
dur
ai, T
a
m
il Nadu. Her areas
of inter
e
sts are
Power Sy
stems
and Soft Comp
u
ting Techniqu
es. She has published two papers in
National Journal and
twenty
pap
e
rs in Int
e
rna
tion
a
l Journa
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.