Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
Vol
.
7
,
No
. 2,
J
une
2
0
1
6
,
pp
. 50
9~
52
0
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
5
09
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
Fuzzy L
ogi
c Con
t
roller b
a
s
e
d Bri
d
gel
e
ss (
BL) Is
ol
at
ed
Interleaved Zeta Converter fo
r LED Lam
p
Dri
v
er Application
Thenmoz
h
i R
1
, Sharmeel
a
C
2
,
Na
ta
ra
ja
n P
3
, Velr
aj
R
4
1,2
Dept of
El
ectr
i
cal
and
El
ect
roni
cs
Engin
eerin
g,
Anna Univers
i
t
y
, Chenn
a
i
,
Ind
i
a
3
Principal, Priy
a
d
arshini
Engineering College, Ind
i
a
4
Departm
e
nt
of
M
echani
cal
Eng
i
neering
,
C
E
G, A
nna Univers
i
t
y
,
Chennai
,
Ind
i
a
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Aug 1, 2015
Rev
i
sed
D
ec 26
, 20
15
Accepte
d
Ja
n 20, 2016
In recent t
i
m
e
s, high-brightn
e
ss light em
ittin
g diodes (HB-LEDs) are
develop
i
ng rap
i
dly
and
it is confirme
d to b
e
the
future
dev
e
lopm
ent
in
lighting not on
ly
because of
their hi
gh eff
i
ciency
and high
reliab
ility
,
however als
o
be
caus
e
of the
i
r ot
her exc
e
ption
a
l
featur
es
: chrom
a
tic var
i
et
y,
shock and vibration resistan
ce, etc. In
this pap
e
r, a bridgeless (BL) Isolated
Interleaved Zeta
Converter
is proposed for the p
u
rpose of reducing the diod
e
failur
e
s
or
los
s
e
s
;
th
e v
a
lue
o
f
output
rippl
es
als
o
g
e
ts
d
ecr
eas
ed.
Th
e
proposed BL isolated interleaved zet
a conver
t
er
operating
in discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM) is used for
con
t
rolling the br
ightness of LED
Driver with
inhe
rent PFC at
a
c
m
a
in
s using single voltag
e
sensor
. Th
e f
u
zzy
logic contro
ller (FLC) is used to
adju
st the Modulation Index of
the voltag
e
controller
in ord
e
r to
improve
the d
y
namic res
ponse of LED
Lamp driver
.
Based on th
e err
o
r of converter
o
u
tput vol
tage, F
L
C is design
ed to select th
e
optimum Modulation
Index of
the volta
ge con
t
roller
.
Th
e prop
osed LED
driver is sim
u
lat
e
d to ach
ieve
a unit
y
pow
er factor at ac mains for a wide
range of
voltage
control and
supply
voltage flu
c
tu
ations.
Keyword:
Di
o
d
e bri
dge
r
ect
i
f
i
e
r
D
i
scon
tinu
o
u
s
co
ndu
ctio
n
Hi
g
h
-
b
ri
ght
nes
s
l
i
ght
em
i
t
t
i
n
g
Power factor
c
o
rrection
LED lam
p
Zeta conve
rter
Copyright ©
201
6 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
The
n
m
o
zhi R,
Dept
of Electr
i
cal and Electronics
Engineering
,
Ann
a
Un
iv
ersity
Sard
er
Patel Ro
ad,
Old
Highways Bu
ild
i
n
g, Gu
ind
y
, C
h
enn
a
i,
Ind
i
a
Em
a
il: th
en
m
o
zh
irresearch
@g
m
a
i
l
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
High-bri
ght
nes
s
(HB) LE
Ds a
r
e extrem
ely s
m
art li
ght sources because
of th
eir exceptional feature
s
(h
i
g
h
efficien
cy an
d
pro
l
o
n
g
e
d
ex
isten
ce, and
low-m
a
in
tenan
ce co
nd
itio
ns) [11
]
. Sin
c
e th
ey are
d
r
i
v
en
fro
m
a
D
C
sour
ce, sev
e
r
a
l categ
or
ies of
pow
er
sw
itch
i
ng
co
n
v
e
rt
er ca
n b
e
e
m
pl
oy
ed
to a
d
apt
prim
ary energy
sou
r
ces t
o
t
h
e
con
s
t
r
ai
nt
s
of
HB
LED
s [
13]
. Seve
ral
resea
r
che
r
s ha
ve
fo
r
m
ul
at
ed di
ffe
r
e
nt
DC
–
D
C
c
o
nve
rt
er
to
po
log
i
es in acco
rd
an
ce
with th
e co
nv
en
tion
a
l DC
–
D
C
sw
i
t
c
hi
ng p
o
we
r con
v
e
r
t
e
rs [9
, 15
an
d 1
6
]
.
In contra
st, when the
prim
ary ener
g
y
sou
r
ce is th
e AC lin
e, su
bsequ
e
n
tly certain
categ
o
r
y of AC–
D
C
co
nv
er
ter
m
u
st b
e
po
sitio
n
e
d
b
e
t
w
een th
e lin
e and
t
h
e H
B
LEDs [10, 12
].
I
t
is
f
ound
th
at
,
w
h
en
t
h
e to
tal
po
we
r m
a
naged by
these co
n
v
erter
s
is abo
v
e
25
W, at
that tim
e
the low-fre
que
ncy
ha
r
m
onic content of th
e
lin
e cu
rren
t
h
a
v
e
to
satisfy particu
l
ar ru
les. Fo
r t
h
e purpo
se of ligh
tin
g eq
u
i
p
m
en
t, th
e
m
o
st ex
ten
s
i
v
ely
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
stand
a
rd
is
EN 6100
0-3
-
2
,
Class
C [
1
8
]
[23
,
24
].
The
bri
dge
re
ct
i
f
i
e
rs co
nt
ri
but
e t
o
hi
g
h
t
o
t
a
l
harm
oni
c
di
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
(T
HD
), sm
al
l
PF, a
nd l
o
w
efficiency to the power
system
. Th
ese harmonic c
u
rrents s
o
urce for
nume
rou
s
co
m
p
lica
tio
n
s
are lik
e
vo
ltage
d
i
sto
r
tion
,
no
ises, h
eating
resu
lts in
d
i
m
i
n
i
sh
ed
efficien
cy of t
h
e
power
syste
m
. Due t
o
this
fact, the
r
e is a
need
fo
r p
o
we
r su
ppl
i
e
s t
h
at
obt
ai
n c
u
r
r
ent
wi
t
h
l
o
w
harm
oni
c co
nt
ent
a
nd
have P
F
cl
ose t
o
u
n
i
t
y
[9
]
.
The
traditional boost topology is the m
o
st ex
tensively e
m
ploye
d
topology for th
e purpose of
PFC applications. It
in
clu
d
e
s
a
fr
on
t-
en
d
fu
ll-
br
i
d
g
e
d
i
od
e r
ectif
ier
n
e
x
t
t
o
th
e bo
o
s
t conver
t
er
. Th
e
d
i
od
e b
r
i
d
g
e
r
ect
if
ier
is
em
pl
oy
ed f
o
r t
h
e p
u
r
p
o
se
of
rect
i
f
y
i
ng t
h
e
AC
i
n
put
vol
t
a
ge t
o
DC
,
whi
c
h i
s
su
bse
q
ue
nt
l
y
pr
ovi
ded t
o
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 7,
No
.
2,
Ju
ne 20
16
:
509
–
5
20
51
0
bo
ost
se
gm
ent
.
Thi
s
sch
e
m
e
is excel
l
e
nt
f
o
r
a l
o
w t
o
m
e
di
um
power
ra
n
g
e
ap
pl
i
cat
i
ons
.
Du
ri
n
g
u
ppe
r
po
we
r
lev
e
ls, th
e d
i
o
d
e bridg
e
is a
sig
n
i
fican
t
p
a
rt
of th
e app
licatio
n
an
d it is essen
tial to
cop
e
with
th
e co
m
p
lic
ation
of heat
dissipat
i
on i
n
lim
ited surface a
r
ea
[1,
14].
The sel
ect
i
o
n
of t
h
e t
y
pe
of
ope
rat
i
o
n o
f
a
PFC
co
n
v
erter
is a significa
nt
subject si
nce it directly has
an effe
ct
on t
h
e cost
and
rat
i
ng
of
the elements em
ployed in the PFC
conv
er
ter. Th
e C
o
n
tin
uou
s Con
d
u
c
tion
M
ode
(C
C
M
)
and
Di
sco
n
t
i
n
uo
us
C
o
nd
uct
i
on
M
o
de
(
D
C
M
) are
t
h
e
t
w
o t
y
pes
of
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
w
h
e
r
ei
n
a P
F
C
con
v
e
r
t
e
r i
s
i
n
t
e
nde
d t
o
f
u
nc
t
i
on
[1
4,
1]
.
I
n
case
of
C
C
M
, th
e cu
rren
t in th
e i
n
du
ctor
or th
e vo
ltag
e
i
n
th
e
in
term
ed
iary cap
acito
r
rem
a
i
n
s co
n
tinuo
u
s
;
h
o
wev
e
r,
it need
s th
e sen
s
i
n
g
of two
vo
ltag
e
s (DC link
v
o
ltag
e
and
su
p
p
l
y
vol
t
a
ge) a
nd i
n
p
u
t
si
de cur
r
e
n
t
f
o
r t
h
e p
u
r
p
ose
of
PFC
o
p
e
r
at
i
on,
w
h
i
c
h i
s
n
o
t
cost
-e
ffe
ct
i
v
e. I
n
cont
rast, DCM
needs a single voltage
se
nsor for
DC link voltage control, and int
r
insic PFC is acco
m
p
lished
at the AC
m
a
in
s, howe
ver, at the cost of hi
gher stre
sses on
th
e PFC conv
erter switch
;
for
th
is reason
,
DCM is
cho
s
en
f
o
r
t
h
e
pu
r
pose
o
f
l
o
w
-
p
o
w
e
r a
p
pl
i
cat
i
ons
[6
,
17
an
d
19]
.
In
or
der t
o
fu
rt
her e
nha
nce t
h
e effi
ci
ency
, b
r
i
dgel
e
ss (B
L
)
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
rs are e
m
pl
oy
ed whi
c
h pe
rm
it
t
h
e
excl
usi
on
of
DB
R
i
n
t
h
e fr
ont
en
d [
5
, 6
,
and 1
7
]
.
A b
u
ck
–
b
o
o
st
co
n
v
ert
e
r a
rra
nge
m
e
nt
i
s
wel
l
-
m
a
t
c
hed
am
ong se
veral
B
L
conve
rt
er
t
o
p
o
l
o
gi
es fo
r appl
i
cat
i
o
ns
ne
ed an ext
e
nsi
v
e rang
e of
DC
l
i
nk v
o
l
t
a
ge co
nt
r
o
l
.
[3
, 4
,
a
n
d
8]
h
a
ve f
o
rm
ul
at
ed B
L
bu
ck a
n
d
bo
ost
c
o
nve
r
ters, res
p
ectively.
Thes
e c
onverters ca
n offer the
vol
t
a
ge
buc
k
[
3
]
w
h
i
c
h
rest
ri
ct
s t
h
e
ope
rat
i
n
g
ra
n
g
e
of
D
C
l
i
nk
v
o
l
t
a
ge
co
nt
r
o
l
A
ne
w
fam
i
ly
of B
L
SEPIC
[25
]
and
Cuk
co
nv
erters h
a
s been
d
e
scrib
e
d
i
n
th
e lite
ratu
re [5
,
6
]
ho
wev
e
r n
e
ed
s a hug
e
n
u
m
b
e
r of elemen
ts
an
d h
a
s lo
sses con
n
ected
with
it. In
t
h
is wo
rk
, a c
o
n
v
ent
i
onal
DB
R
bas
e
d i
s
ol
at
e
d
zet
a co
nve
rt
er
ha
s be
e
n
co
nsid
ered
fo
r
si
m
u
latio
n
an
al
ysis wh
ich
is sh
own
in Figure 1
.
Fi
gu
re 1.
C
o
nv
ent
i
onal
DB
R
base
d
I
s
ol
at
ed
Zet
a
C
ove
rt
er
In
t
h
i
s
pa
per,
a P
F
C
Zet
a
con
v
e
r
t
e
r
base
d
po
we
r s
u
pp
l
y
i
s
pr
o
pose
d
f
o
r
HB
-LE
D
l
a
m
p
wi
t
h
uni
versal
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge.
I
n
pr
o
pos
ed
LE
D
dri
v
er
, PFC
AC
-
D
C
co
n
v
ert
e
r a
ssi
st
s i
n
e
nha
n
c
i
ng t
h
e i
n
p
u
t
PF a
nd
also
h
e
l
p
s in
red
u
c
i
n
g THD
of AC m
a
in
s curren
t
to
th
e
requ
ired
lev
e
l in
acco
rd
an
ce with th
e li
m
its p
r
ov
id
ed
b
y
v
a
riou
s in
tern
ation
a
l standard
s. Th
e circuit
m
a
in
tain
s st
ab
le lam
p
v
o
ltag
e
to
acco
m
p
lish
stab
le op
eration
o
f
lam
p
fo
r the p
u
rpo
s
e of retro
f
it app
licatio
n
s
. Th
e f
act
that PFC converter is c
ont
r
o
l
l
ed at
hi
gh s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
freq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
60
k
H
z, it d
i
m
i
n
i
sh
es th
e size an
d wei
g
h
t
of
passiv
e
co
nstitu
en
ts lik
e i
n
du
ct
o
r
and
cap
acitor.
2.
PROPOSE
D
BRIDGELESS
(BL)
ISOL
ATED INTE
RLEAVED
Z
ETA CONVE
R
TER-FED L
E
D
LAMP
Figure 2 illustrates the propose
d BL isolated in
terleave
d
zeta conve
rter-fed LE
D lam
p
. Here, a
sin
g
l
e-ph
ase su
pp
ly is e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
to
prov
ide a DBR fo
llo
wed
b
y
a filter an
d
a BL iso
l
ated
in
terleav
ed
zeta
co
nv
erter. Th
e
filter is in
ten
d
e
d
to
k
e
ep
away
fro
m
an
y switch
i
ng
ri
p
p
l
e in
th
e DBR and
t
h
e su
pp
ly system
. A
BL iso
l
ated in
t
e
rleav
ed
zeta co
nv
erter is in
ten
d
e
d to
fu
n
c
tion
i
n
DCM to tak
e
action
as an inh
e
ren
t
PFC.
Th
is
arra
ngem
e
nt
o
f
DB
R
an
d PF
C
con
v
ert
e
r i
s
em
pl
oy
ed t
o
feed
a LED lam
p
as i
llu
strated
in
Figure 2. Th
e
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
of t
h
e c
o
nve
rt
er i
s
m
a
naged
b
y
m
eans o
f
c
h
angi
ng
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
rat
i
o
of t
h
e
P
W
M
pul
ses
o
f
P
F
C
con
v
e
r
t
e
r swi
t
ch. I
n
t
h
e m
ean t
i
m
e
, a si
ngl
e vol
t
a
ge se
ns
or i
s
em
pl
oy
ed fo
r co
nt
r
o
l
l
i
ng t
h
e co
n
v
ert
e
r
out
put
vol
t
a
ge
. T
h
i
s
arra
ngem
e
nt
i
s
desi
g
n
e
d
an
d i
t
s
effect
i
v
e
n
ess is v
a
lid
ated
u
s
in
g
sim
u
latio
n
resu
lts fo
r enhan
c
ed
p
o
wer qu
ality at AC m
a
in
s fo
r an
ex
tensiv
e rang
e
of
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
t
ro
l. Req
u
i
rem
e
n
t
s o
f
t
h
e LED lam
p
ch
osen
fo
r
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on i
nvest
i
g
at
i
o
ns
are pr
ovi
ded
i
n
Tabl
e 1.
Dio
d
e
B
r
i
dge
Rectifier
(DBR)
LC Filter
LED Lam
p
Dri
v
er
Isolated
Zeta
Co
nv
erter
Single phase AC
Su
ppl
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Fuzzy
Lo
gi
c C
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r b
a
se
d
Bri
d
gel
e
ss (
B
L)
Isol
at
ed
I
n
t
e
rl
eaved
Zet
a
C
onvert
e
r
f
o
r
…
(
T
hen
m
ozhi
R)
51
1
Fi
gu
re
2.
O
v
er
al
l
Pro
p
o
sed
B
L
Is
ol
ated
Inte
rleave
d
Zeta C
o
nve
r
ter
Table
1. T
h
e
Perform
a
nce of
Fuzzy R
u
les
e
de
NL
NS
ZE
PS
PL
NL
NL
NL
NM
NS
ZE
NS NL
NM
NS
ZE
PS
ZE
NM
NS
ZE
PS
PM
PS NS
ZE
PS
PM
PL
PL
ZE
PS
PM
PL
PL
2.
1.
Oper
ati
o
n
o
f
B
L
Is
ol
a
t
e
d
In
terl
ea
ved
Z
e
ta C
o
n
v
erte
r
The o
p
erat
i
o
n
of t
h
e B
L
i
s
ol
at
ed i
n
t
e
rl
ea
ved zet
a co
nv
ert
e
r i
s
cat
ego
r
i
zed i
n
t
o
t
w
o
com
ponent
s
wh
ich
co
m
p
rise th
e
o
p
e
ration at so
m
e
p
o
i
n
t
in
th
e
po
sitiv
e
an
d n
e
g
a
tiv
e half cycles of sup
p
l
y
v
o
ltage.
Opera
tio
n
d
u
r
ing P
o
siti
ve
Half
Cycles O
f
Su
pply Voltage
Th
e
o
p
e
ration
o
f
t
h
e pro
p
o
s
ed
BL iso
l
ated
i
n
terleav
ed
zeta co
nv
erter is furth
e
r catego
rized
in
to th
ree
m
o
d
e
s, th
ey are, switch
turn
-ON,
switch
t
u
rn
-OFF and
DC
M. Th
ree m
o
d
e
s
are illu
strated
in
Fi
g
u
re 3(a)–(c)
and
t
h
ei
r
rel
a
t
e
d
wave
f
o
rm
s are
pr
ovi
ded
i
n
Fi
gu
re
3.
The
s
e m
odes are
b
r
i
e
fl
y
di
scu
ssed
as f
o
l
l
o
w
s
.
Conduc
tion
Mode
s of
Switch
M
ode
0:
Wh
en
switch
S
is in
“ON” con
d
itio
n
,
a cu
rren
t in
m
a
g
n
e
tizin
g
indu
ctan
ce
(
L
) of
hi
gh
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
tran
sform
e
r (
T
) b
o
o
s
ts as illu
st
rated
i
n
Fi
g
u
re 3(a). Th
e i
n
term
ed
iary cap
acito
r
(
C
)
pr
ov
ides en
er
g
y
to
an
out
put
i
n
duct
o
r
(
L
) an
d th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
filter cap
acito
r
(
C
). C
o
nsequ
e
n
tly,
vo
ltag
e
acro
s
s in
term
ed
iary cap
acitor
(
C
) dec
r
eases a
n
d t
h
e
cu
rre
nt
i
n
o
u
t
p
ut
i
n
duct
o
r (
L
)
a
n
d out
put
capaci
t
o
r
v
o
l
t
a
ge (
C
are inc
r
eas
ed.
PW
M
Ge
ne
ra
to
r
Vo
lt
ag
e
Co
n
t
rolle
r
+
‐
Ca
rrier
Si
g
n
a
l
Ge
ne
ra
t
o
r
S
S
D
D
B
i
di
r
e
c
t
io
na
l
Sw
i
t
c
h
&
gate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 7,
No
.
2,
Ju
ne 20
16
:
509
–
5
20
51
2
(
a
). M
o
d
e
0 Op
er
ation
(
b
)
.
M
o
de 1
Op
er
ation
(c).
M
o
de 2 O
p
eratio
n
Fi
gu
re
3.
C
o
nd
uct
i
o
n
M
o
des
of
Swi
t
c
h
S
d
u
rin
g
Po
sitiv
e cycle
M
ode
1:
Wh
en switch
S
) is turne
d
“OFF,” t
h
e c
u
rren
t
in
m
a
g
n
e
tizing
i
n
du
ctan
ce (
L
)o
f hig
h
fre
q
u
e
nc
y
tran
sform
e
r (
T
)
and
ou
tpu
t
i
n
du
ctor
(
L
) st
ar
t
s
re
duci
n
g
.
T
h
i
s
e
n
er
gy
of
hi
g
h
fre
q
u
enc
y
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
r i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Fuzzy
Lo
gi
c C
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r b
a
se
d
Bri
d
gel
e
ss (
B
L)
Isol
at
ed
I
n
t
e
rl
eaved
Zet
a
C
onvert
e
r
f
o
r
…
(
T
hen
m
ozhi
R)
51
3
trans
f
erred to the i
n
term
ediate capacitor
(
C
), and
the
r
efore
voltage
across
it
increases. Diode
(
D
) c
o
nd
uct
s
in
th
is m
o
d
e
o
f
op
eration
and
th
eou
t
pu
t cap
a
cito
r
v
o
ltag
e
(
C
)
i
n
crease
s
as
sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
3.
M
ode
2:
Thi
s
m
ode
i
s
DC
M
i
n
or
der
t
h
at
t
h
e
ene
r
g
y
o
f
hi
g
h
f
r
eq
uency
t
r
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r (
T
) is fu
lly
released
as
illu
strated
in
Fig
u
re 3(c). Th
e in
term
ed
iary cap
acito
r (
C
) and
th
e ou
tpu
t
cap
acito
r (
C
) provide the e
n
ergy
t
o
t
h
e
out
put
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
(
L
) and th
e lo
ad
, co
rrespo
n
d
i
ng
ly. Th
eref
ore, t
h
e
output capacitor volta
ge (
C
) a
nd
in
term
ed
iary
cap
acito
r’s vo
ltag
e
(
C
), are
decreased, and t
h
e
out
put i
n
duct
o
r c
u
rrent
(
L
),
b
o
o
s
ts in th
is m
o
d
e
o
f
op
eration
as illu
strated
i
n
Fig
u
re
3
.
Conduc
tion
Mode
s of
Switch
M
ode
3:
Wh
en
switch
S
)
is “ON” cond
itio
n
,
a curren
t
in
m
a
g
n
e
tizin
g in
du
ctan
ce (
L
) of hig
h
fre
q
u
e
n
cy
tran
sform
e
r (
T
)
raises as illu
strated
in Fi
g
u
re
4
(a). Th
e in
term
ed
iary cap
acito
r
(
C
) p
r
ovi
d
e
s ene
r
gy
t
o
a
n
out
put
i
n
duct
o
r
(
L
) an
d th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
filter cap
acito
r
(
C
). C
o
nsequ
e
n
tly,
vo
ltag
e
acro
s
s in
term
ed
iary cap
acitor
(
C
)
d
e
cr
e
a
s
e
s
an
d th
e cu
rr
e
n
t
in
ou
tpu
t
i
n
du
ctor
(
L
) and ou
tpu
t
cap
acitor
v
o
ltage
(
C
are raise
d
as
illu
strated
in Fi
g
u
re
4
(
a).
M
ode
4:
Wh
en
switch
S
) is in
“OFF” co
nd
ition
,
the cu
rren
t i
n
mag
n
e
tizin
g
i
n
du
ctan
ce (
L
) of hi
g
h
fre
que
ncy
t
r
a
n
sfo
r
m
e
r (
T
) a
n
d
out
put
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
(
L
) be
gi
ns
t
o
dr
op
. T
h
i
s
ene
r
gy
of
hi
g
h
f
r
e
que
nc
y
tran
sform
e
r is
tran
sm
it
ted
to
th
e in
term
ed
ia
ry cap
acito
r (
C
), and as a
resu
lt vo
ltag
e
acro
s
s it raises. Di
od
e
(
D
) con
d
u
c
ts
du
rin
g
t
h
is m
o
d
e
an
d th
e
ou
tpu
t
cap
acito
r vo
ltage (
C
) in
creases as illu
strated
i
n
Fig
u
re
4
(
b).
M
ode
5:
Thi
s
m
ode i
s
DC
M
i
n
o
r
de
r
t
h
at
t
h
e
ene
r
g
y
of
hi
gh
f
r
eq
uency
t
r
ans
f
or
m
e
r (
T
) is fu
lly released
i
n
Figure
4(c). T
h
e i
n
term
ediary capacitor (
C
)
and the
output
capacitor
(
C
) p
r
ovi
de t
h
e e
n
er
gy
t
o
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
in
du
ctor
(
L
)
and th
e lo
ad
, co
rre
s
p
o
n
d
i
ng
ly.
Th
e
r
ef
ore, th
e
ou
tpu
t
cap
acitor vo
ltag
e
(
C
) and in
term
ed
iary
cap
acito
r’s vo
ltag
e
(
C
), a
r
e
di
m
i
ni
she
d
, a
n
d t
h
e o
u
t
p
ut
i
n
du
ct
or
cu
rre
nt
(
L
), bo
o
s
ts du
ri
ng
this m
o
d
e
.
2
.
2
.
Co
nt
ro
l L
o
op Operat
i
on of
BL Is
olated Interleaved Z
e
ta Conver
ter
In
th
is
research
wo
rk
, a Mam
d
an
i-typ
e
Fuzzy L
o
g
i
c Contro
ller (FLC) i
s
b
u
ilt for th
e
p
u
rp
op
se
o
f
adj
u
st
i
n
g t
h
e
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
on
In
dex
of t
h
e o
u
t
put
vol
t
a
ge c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r wi
t
h
t
h
e i
n
t
e
nt
i
on
o
f
r
e
duci
ng t
h
e Pe
ak O
v
e
r
Sho
o
t
(POS), Peak
Und
e
r
Sh
oo
t (PUS), Settlin
g
Ti
m
e
(ST) an
d
Startin
g
C
u
rren
t
(SC). Dep
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
the
di
st
i
n
ct
i
on
bet
w
een a
c
t
u
al
an
d set
co
n
v
ert
e
r
vol
t
a
ge, FLC
i
s
devi
se
d t
o
d
eci
de o
n
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
M
odul
at
i
o
n
In
de
x o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge c
ont
rol
l
e
r.
T
h
e f
u
zzy
sy
st
em
s are a
ki
n
d
of
u
n
i
versal
f
u
nct
i
o
n a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
ors [
2
1,
2
2
]
.
Th
e FLC
is u
tilized
as a no
n
lin
ear
functio
n
ap
pro
x
i
mato
r produ
ce an
app
r
o
p
riate tran
sfo
r
m
a
ti
o
n
in
t
h
e
Mo
du
latio
n Ind
e
x
o
f
th
e
ou
tp
u
t
vo
ltag
e
con
t
ro
ller
with
t
h
e in
ten
tion
of
k
eep
i
n
g th
e Peak
Over Shoo
t
(POS),
Peak
Und
e
r
Sho
o
t
(PUS), Settlin
g
Tim
e
(ST) an
d
Startin
g
Cu
rren
t
(SC) m
i
n
i
m
u
m
.
Fig
u
r
e 5
d
e
m
o
n
s
trates the
pr
o
pose
d
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
base
d LE
D
dri
v
er
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
co
nt
r
o
l
l
o
op
.
F
u
zzy
Ba
s
e
d
V
o
lt
ag
e
co
nt
ro
lle
r
In t
h
e
pr
ocess
of
f
u
zzy
base
d
vol
t
a
ge
co
nt
rol
l
e
r,
t
w
o i
n
p
u
t
s
are
t
a
ke
n i
n
t
o
acc
o
unt
,
s
p
eci
fi
cal
l
y
,
vari
at
i
o
n
of
act
ual
an
d
set
co
n
v
ert
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
ge
err
o
r
(
e)
an
d
de
l
a
y
e
d err
o
r (
d
e
)
.
There a
r
e fi
v
e
m
e
m
b
ershi
p
f
u
nct
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
bot
h i
n
put
s (e
) an
d (
d
e) as s
h
ow
n i
n
fi
gu
re 6
.
B
y
desi
g
n
,
th
ere will b
e
25
ru
les. Triangu
lar m
e
m
b
ership
fun
c
tion
s
are tak
e
n
in
t
o
acco
un
t fo
r
bo
th in
pu
ts and
outp
u
t
,
with
th
e in
ten
tio
n th
at th
e Mod
u
l
a
tion
Ind
e
x
will b
e
tran
sformed
easily.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 7,
No
.
2,
Ju
ne 20
16
:
509
–
5
20
51
4
(a).
M
o
de 3 O
p
erat
i
o
n of
S
(
b
).
M
o
de 4 O
p
erat
i
o
n of
S
(c).
DC
M
c
o
nf
i
g
u
r
at
i
o
n
t
h
at
t
h
e e
n
er
gy
of
hi
gh
f
r
eq
ue
ncy
t
r
ansf
o
r
m
e
r (
T
)
Fi
gu
re
4.
C
o
nd
uct
i
o
n
M
o
des
of
Swi
t
c
h
S
d
u
rin
g
Po
sitiv
e cycle
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Fuzzy
Lo
gi
c C
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r b
a
se
d
Bri
d
gel
e
ss (
B
L)
Isol
at
ed
I
n
t
e
rl
eaved
Zet
a
C
onvert
e
r
f
o
r
…
(
T
hen
m
ozhi
R)
51
5
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Propo
sed
LED
D
r
i
v
er
V
o
ltag
e
Contr
o
l Lo
op
Fi
gu
re
6.
F
u
zz
y
M
e
m
b
ershi
p
Fu
nct
i
o
n
s
The
n
o
n
-
l
i
n
ear
m
a
ppi
ng
fr
om
t
h
e i
n
p
u
t
t
o
t
h
e
out
put
of
FLC is don
e thro
ugh
th
e b
a
sis of
tr
ial and
erro
r exp
e
rien
ce. In
itially, th
e m
e
m
b
ersh
ip
fu
n
c
tion
s
and
fu
zzy ru
les
were fo
rm
u
l
ated
in
sim
u
latio
n
p
r
o
g
ram
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
r
i
a
l
-
and
-
er
r
o
r m
e
t
hod, i
n
o
r
der t
h
at
t
h
e con
v
ert
e
r out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
can g
o
aft
e
r t
h
e com
m
a
nd v
o
l
t
a
ge
wi
t
h
e
nha
nce
d
dy
nam
i
c perf
orm
a
nce. T
h
e
err
o
r
(
e)
an
d
del
a
y
e
d er
r
o
r
(de
)
du
ri
n
g
a
sam
p
l
i
ng pha
s
e
are
selected
as i
n
pu
ts to th
e
FLC
wh
ich
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
e
low:
e
se
tv
o
l
ta
ge
a
c
t
ua
l
v
o
l
ta
ge
de
e
n
en
1
Whe
r
e e(n) a
nd e
(n
−
1) in
d
i
cate th
e p
r
esen
t an
d p
r
ev
iou
s
sam
p
les o
f
conv
erter
ou
tpu
t
v
o
ltage,
co
rresp
ond
ing
l
y. Set vo
ltag
e
is k
e
p
t
as
90
V.
The FLC
i
s
de
si
gne
d o
n
t
h
e
basi
s o
f
o
b
ser
v
at
i
on o
f
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on res
u
l
t
s
of t
h
e PI c
ont
rol
l
e
r. B
a
sed
on
t
h
e st
udy
of P
I
cont
r
o
l
l
e
r, t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
an
d o
u
t
put
ra
n
g
e
of the FLC is decided. T
h
e
fuzzy rules are as
follows
.
FLC
’
s
out
p
u
t
(
c
ont
rol
l
e
d
er
ro
r) i
s
e
v
al
uat
e
d
wi
t
h
t
h
e t
r
i
a
n
g
u
l
a
r ca
rri
er
si
g
n
al
o
f
f
r
e
que
nc
y
5 K
H
z t
o
ge
nerat
e
PW
M pu
lse of switch
S
. Th
e PWM pu
lse of switch
S
i
s
t
o
t
a
ll
y
out
of
ph
as
e of P
W
M
p
u
l
s
e of s
w
i
t
c
h
S
w
h
ich
is clear
l
y
sh
own
i
n
Fi
gu
r
e
5.
-1
-0
.
8 -
0
.
6
-
0.
4
-0
.
2
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0.6
0
.
8
1
Output
0
0
.
5
1
N
L
NS
ZE
P
S
PL
Degr
ee of
Memb
e
r
sh
ip
PM
N
M
-10
-8 -6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
de
0
0.5
1
N
L
N
S
ZE
PS
PL
Degr
ee of
Memb
e
r
sh
ip
-1
0
-
8
-
6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
e
0
-
0.5
1
N
L
NS
ZE
P
S
PL
Degr
ee of
Memb
e
r
sh
ip
PWM of
F
u
zz
y bas
e
d
Vol
t
age
controller
> Com
p
arator
< Com
p
arato
r
Carrier
signal
ge
n
e
r
at
or
PWM of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 7,
No
.
2,
Ju
ne 20
16
:
509
–
5
20
51
6
3.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ONS
Th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
Pro
p
o
s
ed
BL Iso
l
ated
In
terleav
e
d Zeta Conv
erter is sim
u
lated
in
a
M
A
TLAB
/
Si
m
u
li
nk en
vi
r
o
nm
ent
usi
ng t
h
e Sim
Power
-
S
y
st
em
Tool
bo
x
.
The
pr
o
pose
d
sy
st
em
i
s
evaluat
e
d
base
d on t
h
e
steady state perform
a
nce and the
dyna
m
i
c perform
ance of BL Is
olat
ed Interlea
ved Zeta
Co
nv
erter and
th
e ach
iev
e
d
po
wer
q
u
a
lity in
d
i
ces ob
tain
ed
at ac
m
a
in
s. Mo
reov
er, t
h
e
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce of th
e BL
Isolated Interle
a
ved Zeta C
o
nverter is c
o
m
p
ared
with th
e co
nv
en
tio
n
a
l
Brid
g
e
d
zeta conv
erter.
Param
e
ters su
ch
as su
pp
ly v
o
ltag
e
, s
u
p
p
l
y
curre
nt
, Pr
o
pos
ed F
u
zzy
base
d C
o
nve
rt
er
out
put
vol
t
a
ge
, Fu
zzy
b
a
sed Co
nv
er
ter
outp
u
t
Cur
r
e
n
t
, Fuzzy base
d Converte
r
out
put
P
o
w
e
r
, of the
BL
Is
olated Interlea
ved
Zeta C
o
nve
r
ter are
e
v
alua
ted t
o
dem
onst
r
ate its
pr
o
p
er
f
unct
i
o
ni
n
g
.
The
eval
uat
i
o
n
i
s
base
d
o
n
t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
ri
p
p
l
e
s
of
t
h
e
con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
B
r
i
d
ged
Zet
a
c
o
nve
rt
e
r
term
ed as ‘V
o
u
t Rip
p
le-E
xist’ a
n
d
the
pr
o
p
o
se
d BL
Is
ol
ated Interlea
ve
d Zeta
Conv
erter wh
ich
are termed
as
‘
Rip
p
l
e-
Pr
oposed
’ in
t
h
e simu
lated
r
e
su
lts.
More
ove
r,
power
quality indices suc
h
as
powe
r f
actor (PF),
displacement
powe
r fact
or
(DPF), and
To
tal Harm
o
n
i
c Disto
r
tion
(THD) of supp
ly cu
rren
t are
analyzed
for d
e
term
in
in
g
p
o
wer q
u
a
lity at ac
main
s.
The s
p
ecifications
used for the si
m
u
l
a
ti
ons a
r
e
gi
ve
n i
n
Ta
b
l
e 2.
Table 2. Speci
fications
Para
m
e
ter Value
_
113.
12 V
_
80 V
_
1.
682 A
_
1.
19 A
I
nput Power
94.
75 watts
Rated Output Voltage
∗
90 V
Rated Output Cur
r
e
nt
∗
1 A
Rated Output Power
∗
90 watts
Ef
f
i
ciency
Power Fa
ctor (
PF)
94.
98%
0.
9954
3.1.
Steady-State
Perform
a
nce
The st
ea
dy
-st
a
t
e
be
ha
vi
o
u
r
o
f
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
ed
B
L
Is
olated Interleaved
Zeta
Co
nv
er
ter
f
e
d LED
dr
iv
er
at rated
con
d
itio
n is sh
own
in
Fig
u
re
7
.
Sup
p
l
y
vo
ltag
e
is co
nsid
ered
as
V
_
11
3.2V fo
r
th
e
p
r
op
o
s
ed LED lam
p
d
r
iv
er ap
p
lication
.
LED
l
a
m
p
po
wer
a
nd
v
o
l
t
a
ge a
r
e
con
s
i
d
e
r
ed as
90
W
a
n
d 9
0
V
resp
ectiv
ely
.
So, th
e
supp
ly cu
rren
t attain
ed
is
I
_
1.
6
8
2
A
.
T
h
e
cor
r
es
po
n
d
i
n
g
sup
p
l
y
vol
t
a
ge
and
cu
rre
nt
wa
vef
o
rm
s are s
h
ow
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
7(a
)
,
(
b
).
The
n
, t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
se
d B
L
i
s
ol
at
ed i
n
t
e
rl
eave
d
zet
a co
nve
rt
er
i
s
use
d
t
o
co
nt
rol
t
h
e
out
put
vol
t
a
ge
.
It
i
s
a DCM type
of converter. So, the c
o
nv
erter ou
tpu
t
vo
ltag
e
is tak
e
n
as fe
ed
b
a
ck
co
mp
a
r
ed
w
i
th
r
a
ted
ou
tpu
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
No
w,
th
e pu
lse
wid
t
h
will b
e
adj
u
sted
based on
t
h
e erro
r v
a
l
u
e
an
d th
e conv
erter ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
is
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
ed c
o
n
s
t
a
nt
. T
h
e c
o
nv
ert
e
r
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge an
d c
u
r
r
e
n
t
wa
ve
fo
rm
s are s
h
o
w
n i
n
F
i
gu
re
7 (c
)
(d
)
(e).
T
h
e
po
w
e
r
f
a
cto
r
of
th
e p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
nv
er
te
r
a
t
r
a
te
d
co
nd
i
tio
n
is attain
ed as
0
.
9
954
which
is
n
ear
unity.
Now, the conve
rter i
npu
t power is m
e
asu
r
ed
b
y
V
113
.12
V
√2
8
0
V
I
1.
682A
√2
1
.
19I
The m
easure
d
Input Powe
r at
tained
by the
steady state
an
al
ysis is 94
.7
5
W
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Fuzzy
Lo
gi
c C
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r b
a
se
d
Bri
d
gel
e
ss (
B
L)
Isol
at
ed
I
n
t
e
rl
eaved
Zet
a
C
onvert
e
r
f
o
r
…
(
T
hen
m
ozhi
R)
51
7
(a)
.
S
u
ppl
y
V
o
l
t
a
ge
(b
)
.
Su
pp
ly Cu
rr
en
t
(c).
C
o
n
v
ert
e
r
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
(d
)
.
Conv
er
ter ou
tpu
t
cur
r
e
n
t
(e).
C
o
n
v
ert
e
r
out
put
p
o
we
r
Figure
7. Steady State Performance
3.
2. E
v
al
ua
ti
o
n
o
f
PI
a
nd
F
u
zz
y C
o
nt
rol
l
er
Fi
gu
re
8 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce c
o
m
p
ari
s
o
n
of t
h
e
PI and fuzzy c
o
ntroll
er for the c
o
nverter
out
put
vol
t
a
ge
res
p
o
n
s
e. The i
m
pact
and t
h
e dem
e
ri
t
s
of P
O
S
,
P
U
S,
ST an
d st
art
i
ng c
u
rre
n
t problem
are clearly
di
scuss
e
d
i
n
s
ect
i
on
1.
T
h
e
refe
rence
v
o
l
t
a
ge c
o
nsi
d
e
r
ed
here
i
s
90
V
.
It
i
s
obse
r
ved
fr
om
t
h
e fi
g
u
r
e
t
h
at
,
co
nv
erter ou
tpu
t
v
o
ltag
e
t
u
ned
b
y
PI co
n
t
ro
ller se
ttles at 9
0
V with
hig
h
POS and
PUS
with
po
or ST.
Howev
e
r, co
nverter
o
u
t
p
u
t
voltag
e
tu
ned b
y
FLC se
ttles at
9
0
V with m
i
n
i
m
u
m
POS, PUS and
ST.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 7,
No
.
2,
Ju
ne 20
16
:
509
–
5
20
51
8
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
PI and
Fu
zzy
r
e
sponse of
C
o
nv
er
ter
Ou
t
p
u
t
Vo
ltag
e
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
PI and
Fu
zzy
r
e
sponse of
C
o
nv
er
ter
Ou
t
p
u
t
Vo
ltag
e
Th
e r
e
spo
n
se of
star
tin
g
cur
r
e
n
t
is an
alysed
in
f
i
gur
e 9. Th
e f
i
g
u
r
e
sh
ow
s
cu
rr
en
t response o
f
PI
and
FLC. It is clearly observed
from th
e figure that, the curre
nt response tu
ned
by
t
h
e FLC
pr
od
uces l
e
ss st
art
i
n
g
current c
o
m
p
ared
with th
e
current
res
p
onse tune
d
by the PI cont
ro
lle
r
.
Th
e
ab
ov
e s
c
e
n
ar
io
s
show
th
e
i
m
p
r
ov
ed eff
i
cien
cy of
th
e FLC ov
er
t
h
e PI
w
h
ich
is m
a
in
ly d
u
e
to
pr
op
er tu
n
i
n
g
of
m
o
du
latio
n
i
n
dex.
3.
3.
Perf
orm
a
nce E
v
al
u
a
ti
o
n
un
d
er VDC Change
(Bri
ghtness
contr
o
l
)
The
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce of t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
se
d B
L
i
s
ol
at
ed i
n
t
e
rl
ea
ve
d
Zet
a
C
o
n
v
ert
e
r
i
s
anal
y
zed
by
vary
i
n
g
dc
l
i
nk
vol
t
a
ge
as
sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
gu
re 1
0
.
T
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
resp
o
n
se
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
con
v
e
r
t
e
r i
s
a
n
al
y
zed by
a
su
dde
n
change at 0.65 second from
9
0
V to
6
0
V. T
h
e act
ual
v
o
l
t
a
ge res
p
onse
V
of
th
e pr
opo
sed
co
nv
er
ter
and
t
h
e rat
e
d
out
pu
t
vol
t
a
ge are s
h
o
w
n i
n
t
h
e Fi
gu
re 1
0
(a
). B
a
sed o
n
t
h
e
vo
l
t
a
ge vari
at
i
o
n of t
h
e c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r, t
h
e
out
put
c
u
rre
nt
resp
o
n
se i
s
i
n
Fi
gu
re
1
0
(
b
).
(a).
C
o
nve
rt
er out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge resp
o
n
se w
h
en
su
dd
en
cha
n
g
e
i
n
rat
e
d o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
(b
). C
o
nve
rt
er
out
put
c
u
rre
nt
resp
o
n
se
w
h
en
su
dd
en
cha
n
g
e
i
n
rat
e
d
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
Fig
u
r
e
10
. Th
e p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce of
th
e pr
opo
sed
BL isolated i
n
terleave
d
Zeta
Converte
r
Th
e ach
i
ev
ed
p
o
wer
q
u
a
lity in
d
i
ces
ob
tain
ed
at ac m
a
in
s
are tabu
lated
i
n
tab
l
e
3
wh
en
th
e ou
tpu
t
vol
t
a
ge
i
s
vari
e
d
fr
om
90
V t
o
6
0
V.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.