In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
672~
6
8
1
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
2.pp
6
72-
68
1
672
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Power flow
management of
trip
le
active bridge f
or fuel
cell applications
N
ages
w
ar
a
R
ao Ku
d
i
t
h
i, S
akd
a
S
om
k
u
n
S
c
ho
ol
o
f
Ren
e
wab
l
e
E
n
ergy
a
n
d
S
m
a
rt G
rid
Te
ch
no
log
y
,
Naresu
an
Uni
v
ersity,
T
h
ailand
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
No
v
2
3
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Jan
2
2
, 2019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 3
, 2
0
19
Th
e
po
wer
co
nd
i
t
i
onin
g
c
i
r
cuits
w
hi
ch
a
re
u
sed
in
f
uel
cell
sy
s
tems
s
hould
caref
ul
ly
b
e
design
ed
t
o
pro
l
o
ng
t
h
e
lif
e
s
p
a
n
of
t
he
s
ys
tem,
f
or
t
he
r
easo
n
o
f
th
e
d
ynam
i
c
nature,
su
ch
t
hat
t
h
e
u
n
ex
pe
cted
a
n
d
e
x
t
rem
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
l
oad
decre
a
s
e
s
t
h
e
l
i
fe
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
el
cells.
Th
i
s
p
ap
e
r
p
res
e
nts
t
h
e
t
riple
a
c
t
i
v
e
b
ri
dg
e
(TA
B
) and
it
s average s
m
all
si
gnal m
o
dell
in
g
, which is
u
s
ed f
o
r
d
es
ig
n of
th
e
sy
st
e
m
c
ont
ro
llers
f
or
s
tabl
e
op
e
r
ati
on.
T
h
e
e
xte
n
ded
sy
mmet
r
ic
a
l
o
pt
im
um
m
e
th
od
i
s
u
sed
fo
r
reali
zed
t
h
e
p
roport
i
onal
i
nt
egral
(
P
I)
co
nt
rol
l
er,
to
control
t
h
e
ou
t
p
ut/Loa
d
v
o
l
tage
a
nd
p
ower
f
l
o
w
in
t
he
f
uel
cell
/
S
ou
rce
wi
th
a
gu
arant
e
ed
m
i
n
im
um
phas
e
m
arg
i
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
sy
stem
w
i
t
h
a
vari
a
b
l
e
p
r
ocess
gai
n
i
n
add
i
ti
on
t
o
o
th
er
accept
e
d
d
e
si
re
d
p
e
rf
orm
a
nces
.
This
m
e
t
ho
d
e
n
su
re
s
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
h
ase
m
a
rgi
n
a
t
a
m
i
n
i
mu
m
req
u
ired
v
al
ue
a
t
th
e
d
e
s
ired
g
ain
cros
so
ver
f
r
eq
ue
n
c
y
w
i
t
h
a
c
o
m
p
r
om
ise
betw
een
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
eak
ove
rs
ho
ot
,
rise
t
i
m
e
and
settling
time.
T
his
model
and
this
a
pproach
h
e
l
ps
i
n
d
e
si
gni
ng
TA
B
suit
ab
l
e
f
or
h
ealt
hy
and
un
in
terrup
t
ed
f
uel
cell
po
wer
g
e
ne
r
a
ti
on
sy
st
e
m
s
as
a
p
art
of
a
r
e
n
ewab
le
/
c
l
ean
e
n
e
rgy
sys
t
em.
M
A
TLAB/S
imu
l
in
k
is used to simulat
e the pro
posed controllers
w
ith T
AB.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
D
C
_D
C
Co
n
v
e
r
te
r
s
Ex
ten
d
e
d
s
ym
m
e
tric
o
p
t
im
u
m
Fu
el
c
el
l
Trip
le a
ct
ive b
r
i
d
ge
(TA
B)
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
S
a
kda S
omkun
,
S
c
ho
ol
o
f
Ren
e
wabl
e
En
ergy
a
n
d
S
m
a
rt G
rid
Te
ch
nol
og
y,
N
a
r
e
suan
U
niv
e
rsity,
P
h
its
na
nu
l
ok, T
h
a
il
a
n
d.
Em
ail:
sa
k
d
aso
@
n
u
.a
c.th
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
R
e
cen
tl
y
,
d
eman
d
fo
r
th
e
re
n
e
wabl
e
o
r
c
l
ean
e
n
e
rgy
sy
ste
m
s
,
d
u
e
t
o
the
gl
ob
al
w
a
r
mi
ng
a
nd
a
cid
rains [1]. A
t pr
esen
t d
i
ffere
nt
t
y
p
e
s
of e
l
ec
t
r
ic
al e
ner
gy
ge
n
e
ra
tion s
y
stem
s a
r
e ava
ila
ble
for
b
o
t
h p
o
rtab
le an
d
reside
nt
ia
l
a
p
plica
t
i
ons.
But
one
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
st
f
av
ora
b
l
e
a
l
t
er
n
a
t
i
v
es
s
t
a
ys
a
s
th
e
f
u
el
c
e
l
l
,
w
h
i
c
h
p
ro
vid
e
ene
r
g
y
w
i
t
h
no
po
l
l
u
tio
n
or
e
nv
iro
n
me
n
t
d
egra
da
t
i
on
[2]
.
I
n
ad
di
ti
on,
it’s
pro
v
i
de
p
r
e
dic
t
a
b
le
a
m
oun
ts
o
f
in
sta
n
ta
ne
o
u
s
e
n
erg
y
,
w
h
ich
is
n
o
t
p
ossib
l
e
w
ith
o
th
er
e
ne
rg
y
g
e
n
er
at
ion
s
y
s
t
e
m
s.
W
hen
a
fue
l
c
e
l
l
as
a
n
ene
r
g
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
t
he
l
oa
d
/
gr
id
i
t
s
h
ou
ld
c
on
nec
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
l
i
k
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
o
r
sup
e
rc
apac
it
ors
[3,
4]
,
w
h
ic
h
stor
es
e
ner
gy
w
h
e
n
i
n
exc
e
s
s
a
nd
de
liver
s
it
o
n
de
ma
nd
to
s
us
tai
n
t
h
e
l
oa
d/gr
id
st
a
b
il
it
y t
o
incr
ease
t
h
e fuel
c
ell
lif
e
s
pan
[5-
7
].
T
herefore,
pow
e
r
e
l
e
ctr
o
n
i
c i
n
te
rfac
es
are
u
se
d to isola
te
d the
fue
l
c
e
l
l
w
i
t
h
t
he
l
oa
d
/
gri
d
,
w
h
i
l
e
a
n
a
d
d
i
tio
na
l
s
t
orage
dev
i
c
e
i
s
c
om
m
only
a
d
op
t
e
d
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
po
w
e
r
in
trans
i
en
t
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
ns
[
8-
10]
.
In
s
uc
h
s
y
s
t
em
s,
w
hen
s
t
ori
n
g
and
re
t
r
i
e
v
i
n
g
t
he
e
ner
gy,
t
he
p
ow
er
c
o
n
d
iti
on
in
g
circ
u
i
ts a
re
i
n
vol
ve
d
as a
n in
t
e
gra
l
p
art
o
f
th
e
s
yste
m[
11
,
1
2
]
.
S
i
nce
t
h
e
d
u
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
e
br
id
g
e
(
D
A
B
)
topo
lo
g
y
[
13,
1
4],
a
nd
prop
o
se
d
TA
B
e
m
pl
oy
ing
a
t
h
re
e
w
i
n
d
in
g
tra
n
s
f
orm
e
r
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
fr
eq
uenc
y
[1
5-1
7
],
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1.
T
he
t
ra
n
s
form
er
n
o
t
s
im
ply
m
e
r
g
e
and
i
n
ter
c
ha
n
g
e
s
ener
g
y
f
ro
m
/to
a
l
l
t
he
p
o
r
t
s
,
alt
h
o
u
gh
a
l
s
o
m
a
tche
s
th
e
di
ffere
n
t
vo
lt
age
le
ve
l
s
a
n
d
offers
the
fu
l
l
i
so
l
a
tion
be
t
w
een
a
l
l
t
he
port
s
[
18
-20]
.
A
pow
er
f
l
o
w
b
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
a
c
c
o
m
pl
i
s
h
bi
-di
r
ec
ti
on
a
l
ly
by
v
a
ryi
n
g
t
h
e
pha
se
s
hi
ft
o
f
the
AC
vol
t
a
g
e
s
p
r
od
u
ced
t
h
r
ou
gh
f
ul
l
-
b
r
id
g
e
c
e
l
l
f
r
o
m
r
es
pec
t
iv
e
po
rt
s.
I
n
thi
s
stor
age
(S
uper
c
apac
i
t
or
s)
s
ys
tem
be
ha
ve
a
s
a
p
o
w
e
r
fi
l
t
e
r
t
o
s
o
ft
t
he
f
l
o
w
o
f
t
he
p
ow
er
i
n
s
o
urce
(
F
u
el
C
e
ll),
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
wer flo
w
m
a
na
gem
e
n
t
o
f
tri
p
le ac
t
i
ve brid
ge
fo
r
fue
l
c
e
l
l
ap
p
l
ic
ati
o
n
(
N
age
sw
ar
a
Ra
o
K
u
d
ith
i)
67
3
and
e
qua
l
t
o
a
ver
a
ge
l
oa
d
po
w
e
r
no
tic
e
d
,
to
w
a
rd
t
o
selec
t
t
he
l
i
m
i
t
s
o
f
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
no ne
e
d
t
o in
sp
ec
t
the p
e
ak p
o
w
e
r
[21,
2
2
]
.
I
n
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
p
r
op
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t
he
m
ode
l
lin
g,
c
o
n
tr
ol
lin
g,
a
n
d
s
i
m
ula
t
i
on
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
ond
it
i
o
n
i
ng
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
,
a
n
d
a
n
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
io
n
t
e
ch
niqu
e
f
o
r
th
e
t
opo
log
y
i
ll
u
s
t
r
a
t
ed
i
n
F
i
gure
1
w
i
t
h
t
he
p
u
r
pose
o
f
pow
e
r
f
l
o
w
ma
nage
me
nt w
ith t
he ove
ral
l
sys
tem
losses sho
u
l
d be
m
in
im
ized,
wh
ere
e
n
su
red
ci
rc
ul
ati
n
g
po
we
r
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
DC-DC
con
v
e
r
t
e
r
equa
ls
t
o
z
e
ro.
In
a
dditi
o
n
,
the
a
v
era
g
e
sm
all
sig
n
a
l
m
ode
l
a
n
d
the
re
l
a
te
d
co
n
t
ro
lle
rs
a
r
e
deve
l
ope
d
for
TA
B.
H
ence
t
he
c
o
nver
t
er
w
hic
h
i
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
fi
e
d
w
i
t
h
G
alva
nic
I
s
ola
t
i
o
n,
P
ow
er
F
low
in
Bid
i
re
ct
iona
l
,
g
rea
t
P
ower
D
ens
i
t
y
,
h
i
g
h
E
ffi
c
i
e
n
cy,
a
n
d
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
Zero
V
ol
tage
S
w
i
t
c
hin
g
(
ZV
S
)
c
a
p
ab
i
lit
y
is
a
s
u
i
tab
l
e
c
a
nd
i
d
at
e
f
o
r
the
D
C
-D
C
c
onve
rsi
on
of
l
ow
v
o
lta
ge
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
pow
er
g
e
n
era
tio
n
s
y
s
t
em
.
F
u
r
t
he
rm
o
r
e,
t
hese
s
yste
ms c
an
a
ls
o be
e
m
p
loye
d in ve
h
i
c
ul
a
r
te
ch
nol
ogie
s
[
2
3
-
2
6
]
.
n
1
n
2
Φ
12
Ph
a
s
e
-
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
i
p2
i
p1
i
1
i
FC
V
FC
i
l
oad
R
L
Φ
13
L
1
L
2
C
L
P
L
oad
V
L
oad
P
FC
F
u
el
cel
l
L
oad
.
.
v
2
v
1
Po
r
t
1
Po
r
t
3
Po
r
t
2
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1
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2
i
2
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w
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o
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n
3
i
p3
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3
C
sc
P
BT
.
v
3
P
3
i
3
V
sc
Su
ppe
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or
s
Ph
a
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i
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fc
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p
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b
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rect
i
o
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a
l
D
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co
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er
In
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ert
er L
o
a
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i
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ol
t
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ge
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us
(4
0
0
V)
T
TW
1:n
2
1:n
3
B
FC
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SC
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r
e
1
.
Th
r
e
e
p
o
r
t
D
C
-D
C
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r t
opolo
g
y
2.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIO
N
The
TA
B
t
opo
lo
g
y
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gure
1
h
a
ve
a
f
u
e
l
cel
l
a
s
s
our
c
e
for
the
sy
stem
w
i
t
h
fu
l
l
b
r
i
d
g
e
(B
FC
)
ce
ll,
w
hi
c
h
c
on
verts
an
a
l
t
er
na
tin
g
vo
lta
ge
v
1
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
fc
,
th
is
v
ol
t
a
ge
v
1
i
s
g
i
ve
n
t
o
t
hre
e
w
i
n
d
in
g
h
i
g
h
freque
nc
y
tra
n
sform
e
r
(T
TW
),
t
hi
s
is
c
on
ne
cte
d
t
o
a
n
ot
he
r
tw
o
fu
l
l
b
ri
dge
cel
ls
w
i
t
h
Loa
d
(B
L
OAD
)
port,
and
s
t
or
age
(B
SC
)
por
t
,
h
e
r
e
st
ora
g
e
as
s
u
p
e
r
capa
c
i
t
ors,
t
hi
s
f
u
ll
br
idge
s
ar
e
func
t
i
o
n
i
ng
w
i
t
h
D
C
fe
e
d
i
n
g
vo
lta
ges t
o
l
oa
d p
o
rt a
nd fr
om/
t
o
the
supe
rca
p
a
c
it
or
s por
t
.
The
vol
t
a
ges
a
nd
a
re
rec
t
i
fi
ed
b
y
fu
l
l
-bri
dges
of
B
LOA
D
a
n
d
B
SC
,
re
specti
v
el
y.
T
A
B
i
s
th
e
hea
r
t
of
t
he
s
yste
m,
it
pr
ov
ide
s
t
he
i
n
t
erfa
ce
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
the
s
ourc
e
t
o
in
verte
r
l
oad,
a
nd
s
t
ora
g
e
d
e
vic
e
.
It
s
h
o
u
l
d
ma
t
c
h
t
h
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
nts
o
f
t
he
overa
ll
syste
m
,
for
ins
t
a
n
t, ga
l
va
nic i
s
o
l
at
ion,
b
i-dir
e
ctio
na
l
pow
er
f
low
,
a
b
i
l
ity t
o eq
ui
va
len
t
d
issimi
lar
vo
l
t
a
g
es, and
qu
ic
k re
spo
n
se
to fu
l
f
ill
the
fl
ee
t
i
n
g
de
m
a
n
d fr
om
t
he
loa
d.
F
i
gure
1,
s
h
o
w
n
t
he
r
e
c
om
me
nde
d
the
TA
B,
w
it
h
the
vo
l
t
a
g
e
leve
l
s
o
f
por
t
1,
a
nd
3
a
r
e
l
ow
v
ol
ta
ge
bus
es
50V
a
nd
4
8V
r
espec
t
i
v
ely,
a
nd
p
o
rt
2
i
s
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
b
us
400V
.
H
e
r
e
,
r
e
pre
s
e
n
t
a
tio
n
of
v
ol
ta
ge
s
fr
o
m
f
u
ll
b
ridg
e
ce
ll
s
are
,
,
and
a
long
50%
d
uty
c
y
cle,
t
o
g
o
v
ern
the
pow
er
f
l
o
w
.
A
ll
t
h
e
pa
r
a
m
e
te
rs
a
nd
varia
b
l
e
s
are
t
a
ken
from
equ
i
va
le
nt
c
irc
u
its
s
how
n
i
n
f
ig
u
r
e
2,
v
ar
i
a
bl
e
s
o
f
port-
2
a
n
d
por
t-3
ar
e
re
fer
r
ed
t
o
the
pr
ima
r
y
sid
e
b
rid
g
e
(B
FC
)
,
a
n
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
L
2
=
/n
2
,
V
2
=
/n
2
,
u
2
=
/n
2
,
i
2
=
.n
2
f
or
port
2
and
L
3
=
/n
3
,
V
3
=
/n
3
,
u
3
=
/n
3
,
i
3
=
.n
3
f
or
port
3.
W
here
a
nd
a
re
t
he
D
C
volta
ge
l
eve
l
s
of
t
h
e
port
2,
and
3,
a
nd
c
u
r
r
ents
i
1
,
,
an
d
a
re
b
e
l
on
gs
t
o
th
e
l
eak
ag
e
in
du
ct
a
n
ce
.
He
re
,
t
r
a
n
sf
orme
r
ma
g
n
e
tiz
i
n
g
in
duc
ta
nce
(
L
m
)
i
s
n
ot
c
o
n
c
e
d
e
r
f
o
r
t
hi
s
model
i
ng
.
An
d
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
me
r
h
a
s
t
w
o
i
m
por
ta
nt
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
s
,
suc
h
a
s
i
t
i
s
pro
v
i
d
e
elec
t
r
ic
al
i
s
o
lat
i
on
be
tw
e
e
n
a
ll
thre
e
b
u
se
s
a
nd
i
t
s
c
a
n
be
h
a
r
m
oni
z
e
d
the
d
i
ss
i
m
i
l
ar
v
o
lta
ge
l
e
v
els
b
y
selec
t
i
n
g su
ita
ble
turns
rat
i
os
in the
respe
c
t
ive
w
i
n
d
i
n
g.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
2
,
Ju
ne
2
0
19
:
6
7
2
–
6
81
67
4
Th
e
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
p
o
w
e
r
f
lo
w
is
n
ot
d
e
p
en
din
g
o
n
t
h
e
po
rt
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
b
u
t
i
t
i
s
d
e
p
e
nde
nt
on
ph
ase
di
sp
lace
me
n
t
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
a
n
y
o
f
t
he
t
w
o
b
r
i
dge
s,
h
er
e
t
h
e
con
t
r
o
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
pha
se
s
hi
f
t
s
ar
e
sym
b
o
l
iz
e
d
a
s
ϕ
12
w
h
ic
h
is
t
he
s
q
u
ar
e
w
a
ve
v
o
lta
ge
s
our
ces
u
1
a
nd
u
2
ge
ner
a
te
d
b
y
t
w
o
f
u
ll-
b
r
id
ge
cel
ls
a
t
P
o
r
t
-
1
a
nd
2,
a
n
d
ϕ
13
sy
mbo
l
i
zed
t
he
p
h
a
se
d
i
s
pl
ace
me
n
t
b
et
we
e
n
u
1
a
nd
u
3
as
s
how
n
in
f
ig
ur
e
3.
A
nd
ϕ
12
a
n
d
ϕ
13
ar
e
d
e
no
te
d
pos
i
tive
va
l
u
e
w
h
en
u
1
i
s
l
e
ading
to
u
2
a
nd/
or l
e
a
d
in
g
t
o
u
3
.
E
qu
i
v
a
l
e
n
t cir
c
ui
t
o
f
t
he
tr
a
nsf
o
r
m
e
r
,
w
h
ich
ma
ke
th
i
n
g
s
e
asier
f
o
r
the
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
ow
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
w
ith
h
e
l
p
of
Y
a
nd
Δ-
t
y
p
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
a
s
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
eq
ui
v
a
l
e
nt
c
i
r
c
u
it
,
t
h
e
v
o
lt
ag
es
u
1
,
u
2
,
a
n
d
u
3
s
i
g
n
i
fies
t
he
v
ol
ta
ges
pr
o
duc
e
d
t
hr
o
u
g
h
br
i
dge
s
B
FC
,
B
LO
A
D
,
a
nd
B
SC
r
e
sp
e
c
t
i
ve
l
y
,
a
nd
t
h
e
lea
k
age
in
duc
ta
nce
s
a
r
e
e
xpr
esse
d
in
t
e
r
m
s
of
i
nd
uc
tance
s
L
12
,
L
13
,
L
23
.
T
o
d
efin
e
the
c
o
nver
t
e
r
power
f
low,
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
enta
l
sys
t
em
b
ec
om
e
s
t
h
r
ee
squa
r
e
-
w
ave
vo
lta
ge
s
our
ce
s
w
i
th
h
e
l
p
o
f
e
q
u
i
va
l
e
n
t
m
o
d
el,
a
n
d
a
gr
id
o
f
i
n
duc
t
o
r
s
a
r
e
e
xc
ha
nge
t
he
s
our
ces
e
ne
r
g
y
thr
o
u
g
hou
t
t
h
e
s
y
ste
m
.
T
h
e
p
h
as
e
sh
if
ted
by
∅
a
n
d
∅
i
n
vo
l
t
a
g
es
a
nd
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
t
o
t
h
e
v
1
,
r
e
spect
i
v
e
l
y.
T
he
pha
se
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
is
ne
ga
t
i
ve
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge lead
s the
r
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
(
s
o
u
r
c
e
)
vol
tage
a
n
d
or
e
lse it
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e.
T
he
i
n
d
u
ct
or
s
in
f
i
g
ur
e
3
is
b
ased
o
n
a
Δ-
mode
l
ill
ustr
a
t
i
o
n
an
d
i
n
du
c
t
or
s
ne
tw
or
k
is
e
xtr
a
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
sf
or
me
r
of
t
h
e
sy
s
t
em [
2
7
]
.
F
i
gur
e
2.
Y
-
a
n
d
,
Δ-
type
e
qu
i
v
ale
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
it
o
f
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
-
r
ef
er
r
e
d
thr
e
e
wind
in
g
tr
ans
f
or
m
e
r.
L
13
L
23
L
12
i
1
i
2
i
3
i
13
i
23
i
12
V
1
V
’
2
V
’
3
ϕ
12
ϕ
13
V’
3
V’
2
V
1
v
1
v’
2
v’
3
wt
wt
wt
2π
v
’
2
v
1
wt
wt
V
1
V
’
2
V
’
3
ϕ
12
ϕ
13
v
’
3
i
’
2
i
12
i
’
3
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
i
31
i
23
i
1
wt
wt
t
1
t
0
t
2
t
4
t
3
t
5
F
i
gur
e
3.
E
qu
i
v
ale
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
nd
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd
cur
r
ent
w
a
ves
a
t
t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
e
r
w
i
n
di
n
g
e
nd
A
TA
B,
a
s
e
x
t
e
ns
io
n
o
f
t
he
d
ual
ac
t
i
ve
b
r
i
dge
(
D
A
B
)
c
i
r
c
ui
t
[
2
8
]
,
s
o
i
t
s
how
s
the
pa
tte
r
n
s
o
f
t
hr
e
e
tw
o
p
o
r
t
c
ir
cu
i
t
s,
t
he
i
nd
uc
ti
v
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
nd
c
u
r
r
e
nt
w
aves
a
t
trans
f
or
me
r
windi
n
g
s
wi
t
h
r
e
s
p
e
ct
to
t
he
b
r
i
d
g
e
p
h
ase
disp
lac
e
m
e
nt
a
nd
p
o
w
e
r
tr
ans
f
e
r
r
e
d
in
t
he
w
ho
le
s
ys
te
m
to
b
e
e
xpr
ess
in
[
2
8
-
3
0]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
wer flo
w
m
a
na
gem
e
n
t
o
f
tri
p
le ac
t
i
ve brid
ge
fo
r
fue
l
c
e
l
l
ap
p
l
ic
ati
o
n
(
N
age
sw
ar
a
Ra
o
K
u
d
ith
i)
67
5
2
∅
1
∅
2
∅
∅
1
|
∅
∅
|
2
∅
1
∅
⎭
⎪
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪
⎫
1
where
V
1
= F
uel c
e
l
l
v
o
lta
ge,
V
FC
V
2
= Load
voltage,
V
Load
V
3
= S
t
o
r
a
ge
D
evice
v
o
l
tage,
V
SC
∅
∅
P
hase
shifts b
e
tw
ee
n t
h
e
bri
dge
s B
FC
,
t
o
B
Lo
a
d
, and B
SC
.
f
s
= sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g fr
eque
nc
y
.
&
-
a
r
e
t
h
e
t
ur
n
s
r
a
t
i
o
s
of
t
ra
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
,
Wit
h
t
he
d
e
l
t
a
-m
odel,
t
he
p
o
w
er
d
eli
v
ere
d
b
y
e
a
c
h
p
ort
e
q
u
i
va
le
n
t
t
o
in
t
e
g
r
at
io
n
o
f
t
he
pow
er
f
low
s
over
an
y
o
f
t
he
t
w
o
re
l
a
t
ed br
a
nche
s
(ind
uc
t
o
rs). F
or lossle
s
s
con
v
er
t
e
r sy
stem
,
t
h
e
y
a
re
0
⎭
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎫
2
Where
P
1
=
P
FC
p
o
w
er d
eli
v
ere
d
b
y
po
rt
1
,
P
2
=
-
P
Load
pow
e
r
sup
p
lie
d
by
por
t 2,
(
n
ega
t
i
v
e
si
g
n
m
ea
ns the
l
oa
d
cons
um
es e
nergy)
P
3
=
P
SC
p
o
w
er t
ak
en
fro
m p
o
r
t
3
The
r
ef
ore,
f
rom
the
abo
v
e
expre
s
s
i
ons
t
he
t
wo
p
ha
se
s
h
i
f
t
s
are
chose
n
f
or
c
on
t
r
o
l
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
s
yste
m
pow
er
f
low
.
I
n
the
view
o
f
ab
ove
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
ns,
the
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
pow
e
r
f
l
o
w
th
r
o
u
gh
e
v
ery
i
n
d
i
c
t
or
i
s
at
an
d
t
h
e
abs
o
l
u
t
e
v
a
l
ue
o
f
the
p
h
ase
disp
lac
e
m
e
n
t
s
ha
ll
be
|
∅
|
and
|
∅
|
,
n
o
te
i
t
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
a
se
∅
sho
u
l
d
b
e pos
i
t
i
ve
for
the
a
l
l
i
nstan
t
s be
ca
u
s
e
w
e
ar
e
u
sin
g
th
e
s
ource
a
s
fuel
cel
l.
3.
MODELLIN
G
O
F
THE SYSTEM
I
n
t
h
i
s
sec
tio
n,
f
irst
ly
s
how
s
t
h
e
m
ode
l
lin
g
o
f
f
uel
c
e
l
l,
D
ua
l
A
ct
i
v
e
Bri
dge
(
D
A
B
),
by
us
i
n
g
D
A
B
mode
l re
so
lv
e
the Tr
ipl
e
A
cti
v
e
B
r
idge
(TA
B).
3.1.
Fu
el ce
ll
In
t
h
e
l
i
t
era
t
u
r
e
so
m
an
y
PEM
fu
el
c
el
l
m
o
d
e
l
s
a
re
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
ed
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
he
t
herm
o
d
ynam
i
c
a
n
d
elec
tr
ochem
i
ca
l
ex
pre
s
s
i
o
n
s.
T
h
i
s
m
ode
l
c
o
n
s
ider
ed
w
it
h
con
s
ta
n
t
h
y
d
ro
ge
n
press
u
re
f
l
o
w
i
n
t
o
s
tac
k
o
f
t
h
e
fue
l
cel
l for dy
na
mic
opera
t
i
o
n
.
F
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
ol
ta
ge
i
s
ex
pre
s
se
d a
s
[
3
1
]
V
fc
=
E - V
act
- V
co
n
c
-
V
ohm
(
3)
wher
e
E
–
is o
p
e
n
circ
u
it
fue
l
c
el
l vo
l
t
a
g
e
(V
oc
)
V
act
– is a
ct
iva
t
i
o
n
vo
ltage
l
osse
s a
t
z
e
r
o c
u
rrent
d
en
sit
y
(
I
o
)
V
co
nc
– is vo
lta
ge
dro
p
d
u
e
t
o
c
once
n
tra
tio
n
losses
in
f
ue
l i
n
pu
t
V
oh
m
–
is vo
l
t
a
ge dr
o
p of
O
h
m
ic
l
osse
s
F
r
om
t
he
a
b
o
v
e
e
x
p
r
e
ss
ion
(
3
)
an
d
bas
e
d
on
t
h
e
po
lariz
a
tio
n
c
u
r
e
sh
o
w
n
in
F
ig
ure
4(
a)
h
as
b
ee
n
obs
erve
d
tha
t
a
f
ue
l
c
e
l
l
ca
n
fu
nc
ti
o
n
ed
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
li
ne
ar
r
egi
o
n
w
h
ile
v
aryi
n
g
t
he
c
o
n
s
t
ant
i
n
t
e
rna
l
r
esistanc
e
w
ith
r
e
s
pec
t
iv
e
of
o
utp
u
t
lo
a
d
s.
S
o
base
d
on
thi
s
obse
r
v
a
ti
o
n
i
t
ca
n
be
line
a
riz
e
d
b
y
us
ing
the
e
x
pre
ssion
bel
o
w
,
V
fc
=
E
-
R
fc
I
fc
(
4)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
2, June
2
019
: 67
2
–
6
81
67
6
wher
e
R
fc
-
i
s
l
inearize
d res
i
s
t
ance
I
fc
-
i
s
f
uel c
e
l
l
c
ur
rent
S
o
i
ts
g
ive
s
t
he
dyna
mic
o
p
er
a
t
i
o
n r
e
gi
on o
f
t
he f
ue
l ce
ll
b
e
t
w
ee
n t
h
e
l
o
w
e
r a
nd up
per
c
u
r
r
ent
lim
i
t
s.
C
e
l
l
vol
t
age
(V
)
T
h
eo
r
e
t
i
ca
l
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
(
i
d
ea
l
)
p
o
t
en
t
i
a
l
a
s
s
u
m
i
n
g
H
2
O
C
u
r
ren
t d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
A
/
c
m
2
)
V
o
l
t
age
l
oss
c
a
u
s
e
d
b
y
m
i
xe
d
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
an
d
c
r
os
sove
r
R
e
gi
on
o
f
ac
t
i
vat
i
o
n
p
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
on
(
ac
t
i
v
a
t
i
on
l
os
s
)
R
e
gi
on
o
f
O
h
m
i
c
po
l
a
r
i
za
t
i
o
n
(
O
h
m
i
c
lo
s
s
)
T
o
t
a
l
vol
t
a
g
e
l
os
s
Re
g
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
nc
ent
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
o
l
a
ri
za
ti
o
n
(
M
a
s
s
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
l
o
s
s
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
140
0
1600
0.
5
1.
0
1.
18
OC
V
C
dc
I
av
e
I
L
I
C
V
dc
_
+
K
ϕ
1/
C
dc
1/
S
V
dc
I
C
I
av
e
I
L
_
+
f(ϕ)
D
C
cu
rr
e
n
t
so
u
r
c
e
f(ϕ)
R
L
(a)
(
b)
F
i
gure
4.
(
a) fue
l ce
ll
po
l
a
riza
ti
o
n
c
ure
(b) mode
lin
g c
i
rcu
i
ts
o
f
DA
B
3.2.
Du
a
l
a
cti
v
e
bri
d
g
e
(
DAB)
The
v
o
l
t
a
ge
(
D
C
)
fr
om
t
he
f
uel
ce
l
l
i
s
tr
an
sform
e
d
i
n
to
a
s
quar
e
w
a
ve
vol
ta
ge
w
ith
h
ig
h
fre
q
ue
ncy
(no
n
-si
nus
oida
l-
A
C)
a
t
prim
a
r
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
of
t
he
t
ra
nsforme
r
by
b
ri
dg
e
B
FC
i
n
port-1.
Af
ter,
c
onver
t
ed
A
C
vo
lta
ge
i
s
s
t
e
ppe
d
u
p
t
o
h
i
gh
v
o
l
ta
ge
s
q
u
are
w
a
ve
(
n
on-s
i
n
u
s
o
id
a
l
)
a
t
s
e
c
on
d
a
ry
w
i
ndi
ng
(
n
2
)
of
t
he
trans
f
or
me
r
by
t
he
b
ri
dge
B
Lo
a
d
a
t
por
t-2
a
n
d
st
e
p
ped
d
o
w
n
t
o
l
o
w
v
o
lta
ge
s
q
u
are
w
a
v
e
(
non-s
i
n
us
o
i
da
l
)
a
t
seco
nda
ry
w
i
n
din
g
(
n
3
)
of
t
he
t
rans
form
er
b
y
the
br
idge
B
SC
a
t
p
o
r
t
-
3
w
i
t
h
a
des
i
r
e
d
pha
se
s
hi
ft
t
o
me
et
t
he
requ
ire
d
loa
d
p
o
w
e
r.
The
outp
u
t
o
f
t
he
B
Lo
ad
of
P
o
rt-2
i
s
a
hi
g
h
D
C v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
nd the
B
SC
p
o
r
t
-
3 is low
v
ol
t
a
ge.
Tha
nks
t
o
t
h
e
∆-
mode
l
re
p
r
e
s
en
tat
i
on
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
3
,
the
sy
st
e
m
e
v
a
lu
at
ion
is
s
i
g
ni
fi
can
tl
y
ea
sy.
The
TA
B
sys
t
e
m
m
ode
l
is
f
ra
gme
n
t
t
o
t
hre
e
D
A
B
s
ys
tem
mode
l
s
.
So
f
ro
m
[3
2
-
34
]
t
h
e
ave
r
ag
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
of
t
he
D
A
B
is show
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
4(b)
w
hich gi
v
es
t
he
tra
nsfer
fun
c
t
io
n of
t
he
ope
n l
o
op s
y
ste
m
a
s
G
DAB
s
=
K
∅
C
0
1
s
5
3.3.
Tr
iple
a
cti
v
e
br
i
d
ge
(
TA
B
)
Tha
nks
t
o
t
h
e
∆-
mode
l
il
l
u
str
a
tio
n
o
f
T
A
B
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
f
igure
3,
i
t
s
m
ake
t
h
e
mu
ch
e
a
s
i
e
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
of
t
he
s
ys
tem
.
T
h
e
T
A
B
s
ys
te
m
is
s
p
lit
t
o
t
hre
e
D
A
B
.
The
per
f
ec
t
o
p
e
r
ati
n
g
wa
ve
form
o
f
the
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
ar
e
d
e
mo
nst
r
a
t
ed
.
No
t
e
t
h
a
t
ac
cord
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
ope
ra
t
i
n
g
poi
nt
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
are
d
i
ffe
r
.
The
s
t
ate
of
Z
V
S
f
or
e
very
bri
dge
c
e
ll
i
n
f
l
ue
nce
d
by
the
c
u
rre
nt
m
ag
ni
tude
s
o
f
e
very
s
w
i
t
c
hin
g
m
ome
n
t
.
T
he
s
um
m
a
rize
d
w
a
ve
for
m
s
of
se
l
e
c
t
ed
o
p
e
ra
ti
ng
p
oi
nt
i
s
posi
t
i
v
e
c
u
r
re
n
t
s
a
t
t
h
e
o
utp
u
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
s
of
b
ridg
e
c
e
ll
s
,
,
and
f
a
l
l
i
ng
ed
ge
and
ne
ga
t
i
ve
c
ur
rents
for
the
risi
n
g
e
d
g
e.
F
or
t
he
i
nsta
nt
c
urr
en
t
s
i
n
t
h
ree
arms
a
re
e
x
p
ress
ed
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
ng
o
n
the a
b
o
v
e i
l
l
u
st
ra
t
i
on
fo
r t
h
e ref
e
re
n
c
e p
o
w
er,
;
;
6
Base
d
o
n
t
he
m
odel
i
ng
o
f
D
A
B,
t
he
l
ine
a
ri
ze
d
sma
l
l
sig
n
a
l
a
v
era
g
e
m
o
d
e
l
c
a
n
b
e
r
e
s
o
l
v
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
TA
B.
T
h
e
c
o
nver
t
er
i
s
pa
t
t
erne
d
a
s
t
h
r
ee
c
urr
e
nt
s
ourc
e
s
(
D
C)
w
hos
e
am
pl
i
t
ude
s
a
r
e
order
e
d
b
y
p
hase
di
sp
lac
e
m
e
n
t
o
f any
o
f
the
tw
o
bri
dge
c
e
lls i
s show
n
in
F
ig
ure
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
w
e
r f
l
o
w
m
ana
ge
m
e
n
t
o
f
tr
i
p
le ac
tiv
e br
id
ge
f
o
r
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
app
lic
a
t
i
o
n (
N
age
sw
ara
Ra
o K
u
d
ith
i)
67
7
C
L
V
L
V
fc
R
L
I
P2
I
P1
V
sc
I
P3
f
2
(
12
,
13
)
f
3
(
12
,
13
)
f
1
(
12
,
13
)
Po
r
t
_
2
Po
r
t
_
3
Po
r
t
_
1
K
11
K
12
K
21
K
22
-1
H
2
(s)
H
1
(s
)
V
1
̃
12
̃
13
+
+
+
+
Ĩ
P2
Ĩ
P1
P
̃
1
Ṽ
L
I
L
-
I
fc
-
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
o
f
T
A
B
.
Eac
h
p
or
t c
u
r
r
e
nt is
a
v
er
a
g
e
d
f
or
o
ne
c
yc
le
o
f
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
,
n
o
w
r
epre
se
nt o
f t
h
e aver
a
g
e v
a
lue
s
i
P1
,
i
P2
,
a
nd i
P3
b
y
I
P1
,
I
P2
,
and I
P3
,
cor
r
e
sp
ond
in
g
l
y.
H
er
e,
the thr
ee-
por
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
m
od
e
l
o
nl
y tw
o
i
nd
ep
end
e
nt
v
aria
b
l
es
a
r
e
consi
d
er
e
d
f
or
m
odel
i
ng.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
I
P3
i
s
r
e
du
nda
n
t
.
The
v
o
l
ta
ges
a
t
eac
h
p
o
r
t
i
s
con
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
s
sta
b
l
e.
S
i
n
c
e,
by
us
in
g
the
pow
er
f
l
o
w
expr
essi
ons
(
1)
a
nd
(
2
)
,
w
e
obta
in
∅
1
|
∅
|
∅
1
|
∅
|
,
∅
∅
1
|
∅
∅
|
∅
1
|
∅
|
(7
)
The
c
u
rre
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
beha
ve
s
as
n
o
n
line
a
r,
s
o
t
o
b
e
l
i
nea
r
i
zed
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
s
t
a
t
e
f
o
r
a
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
or
i
e
nt
e
d
m
ode
l
,
∅
∅
∅
∅
.
8
The
d
yna
mic
s
o
f
l
i
n
ea
r
i
za
ti
on
c
a
n
b
e
r
e
sulta
nt
w
it
h
pa
r
tia
l
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
i
a
ti
o
n
o
f
the
cur
r
ent
s
ourc
e
fu
n
c
tio
ns
∅
∅
∅
,∅
∅
∅
∅
,∅
9
wh
ere
∅
,∅
i
s
the
o
p
er
at
i
n
g
p
o
in
t.
The
r
esul
t
i
ng
sma
l
l
signa
l
r
e
p
r
esenta
t
ion
s
a
re
(
10)
th
en
,
we can
w
rit
e
it as
∅
∅
,
∅
∅
.
11
Whe
r
e
1
2
|
∅
∅
|
1
2
|
∅
|
,
1
2
|
∅
∅
|
,
1
2
|
∅
|
,
1
2
|
∅
|
,
⎭
⎪
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪
⎫
12
F
r
om
t
he
e
xpr
e
ssi
ons
(
8)
-
(
12)
,
w
e
g
et
t
he
m
at
r
i
x
for
m
a
t
a
s
1
2
2
12
1
2
|
∅
12
|
∅
12
3
3
31
1
2
|
∅
13
|
∅
13
,
2
3
2
3
23
1
2
|
∅
13
∅
12
|
1
2
12
1
2
|
∅
12
|
∅
12
3
2
3
23
1
2
|
∅
13
∅
12
|
∅
1
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
2
,
Ju
ne
2
0
19
:
6
7
2
–
6
81
67
8
∅
∅
∅
∅
13
Tab
l
e
1: E
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l pa
ram
e
ter
s
D
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
ion
Pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
D
e
sc
ription
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
Inp
u
t
volta
ge
V
1
=
50
V
Le
a
k
a
g
e
inda
ct
a
n
ce
L
1
=
2.
571
uH
O
u
tput
volta
ge
V
2
=
400
V
Le
a
k
a
g
e
inda
ct
a
n
ce
L
2
=
8.
851
uH
St
or
a
g
e
volta
g
e
V
3
=
48
V
Le
a
k
a
g
e
inda
ct
a
n
ce
L
3
=
3.
241
uH
Ma
xim
u
m
output
pow
e
r
P
o
=
1000w
S
wi
t
c
hing
fre
qe
n
c
y
f
s
=
20
kH
z
4.
DESIGN
O
F T
H
E DUAL-PI
F
r
om
t
he
F
i
g
ur
e
6,
o
u
t
pu
t
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
o
d
el
f
or
T
A
B
c
on
ve
r
t
er
i
s
o
f
f
e
red
,
t
h
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
c
ou
pl
in
g
t
e
chni
qu
e
i
s
u
sed
h
e
re
.
Th
e
D
A
B
t
ra
n
s
f
e
r
f
u
n
c
tio
n
is
r
e
p
re
s
e
nt
e
d
with
H
2
(s)
an
d
H
1
(
s
)
is
t
he
t
r
a
ns
fer
f
u
nc
ti
on
of
t
he
L
P
F
w
it
h
t
h
e
gai
n
b
loc
k
“
V
1
”
is
r
equ
i
red
si
nce
t
h
e
p
o
wer
is
a
vera
g
e
c
urr
e
nt
tim
es
o
f
the
v
o
lta
ge
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
spec
tive
p
o
r
t
.
T
he
s
ystem
is
c
on
si
der
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
w
o
-
o
ut
p
u
t
an
d
t
w
o
-
i
npu
t
.
T
h
e
L
o
a
d
(o
utp
u
t
)
vol
t
a
ge
V
2
i
s
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d
by
ϕ
12
,
wh
i
l
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
fu
el
cel
l
to
b
e
reg
u
l
a
t
e
d
by
ϕ
13
.
A
nd
pow
er
P
1
i
s
c
o
mput
e
d
f
r
o
m
qua
nti
t
i
e
s
o
f
th
e
vol
ta
ge
(
V
FC
)
a
n
d
t
h
e av
e
r
a
g
e cu
rren
t
(I
FC
)
sense
d
t
hr
ou
gh
a
L
ow
P
ass F
i
lter
(
L
P
F
)
.
F
i
gur
e
6.
D
u
e
l-
P
I
-
l
oo
p
co
ntr
o
l
sc
hem
e
f
or
t
he
f
ue
l
ce
ll
w
i
t
h
s
u
percapacitors system
No
w
si
ngl
e
pha
se
i
nv
ert
e
r
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
ere
d
t
o
b
e
a
s
t
h
e
lo
a
d
,
i
t
s
ho
u
l
d
be
c
hose
n
s
o
as
t
o
lim
it
t
h
e
ba
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
bel
o
w
the
do
u
b
l
e
li
n
e fr
e
q
ue
ncy
of the
loa
d,
w
hich
p
e
r
m
its
a
s
am
e fr
e
quenc
y
r
i
pp
le
i
n the
D
C
-
b
us
vo
l
t
age.
A
L
P
F
i
s
pr
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
t
o
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
the
fr
e
que
nc
y
o
f
t
he
r
i
p
p
l
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
.
T
h
e
t
i
m
e
co
ns
t
a
n
t
T
f1
o
f
t
h
e
L
P
F
i
s
c
h
o
s
e
n
t
o
l
i
m
i
t
i
n
o
n
l
y
a
D
C
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
f
r
o
m
the
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l,
w
hic
h
i
s
g
ood
f
o
r
the
fue
l
cell m
e
m
b
ra
ne.
P
I
-
c
ontr
o
l
l
er
i
s
c
onsi
d
er
ed
i
n
the
sy
stem
f
or
t
he
s
ta
bi
li
ty
i
n
the
D
C
-
b
us
v
o
lta
ge
u
nder
t
h
e
des
i
r
e
d
se
t
po
i
n
t.
I
n
this
d
es
ig
n
a
n
e
x
t
e
nde
d
s
y
m
m
e
tr
i
c
a
l
o
p
t
imum
m
e
t
ho
d
(
E
S
O
M)
[
35]
i
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
t
u
nin
g
o
f
the
co
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r.
∅
∅
14
wh
ere
an
d
a
r
e
t
he
P
I
c
ont
r
o
ll
er
t
r
a
nsf
e
r
func
ti
o
n
s.
1
1
a
nd
1
1
K
∅
C
0
1
s
he
r
e
L
PF
w
hic
h
f
i
l
t
e
r
s
ou
t
H
F
c
ompone
n
t
s
in
i
FC
,
where
T
F1
is t
h
e
fi
lte
r’s
t
im
e
consta
nt.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
wer flo
w
m
a
na
gem
e
n
t
o
f
tri
p
le ac
t
i
ve brid
ge
fo
r
fue
l
c
e
l
l
ap
p
l
ic
ati
o
n
(
N
age
sw
ar
a
Ra
o
K
u
d
ith
i)
67
9
Fr
o
m
t
h
e
E
S
O
M
,
P
I
co
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
K
c1
,
K
c2
and
T
c1,
T
c2
as
K
11
K
c1
=
1
β
β
T
F1
2
and
T
c1
= β
T
F1
K
22
K
c2
=
1
β
β
T
F2
2
a
nd
T
c2
=
β
T
F2
(15)
F
o
r
the
TA
B
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
d
p
o
w
er
f
low
by
usi
ng
the
c
o
nt
r
o
lle
r
varia
bles
a
re
∅
a
nd
∅
.
I
n
a
ddi
t
i
ona
l
verse
s
,
t
w
o
de
gr
ees
o
f free
d
o
m
a
r
e
o
b
t
a
i
na
b
l
e
t
o
c
o
n
t
ro
l
t
h
e
ov
era
ll pow
e
r
t
ransi
tio
ns
i
n the
w
h
o
l
e
s
y
st
em
.
In
th
i
s
c
a
s
e
c
o
n
s
ide
r
ed
t
he
t
w
o
P
I
contro
ller
s
a
r
e
l
i
n
ke
d
a
n
d
im
pa
ct
e
a
c
h
o
t
h
e
r
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
f
ig
ure
6.
I
nt
e
r
ac
tio
n
sho
u
l
d
b
e
m
i
nim
i
zed
b
e
t
w
e
en
t
he
c
on
tro
l
l
o
ops
i
n
order
t
o
a
ssur
an
ce
o
f
a
fa
st
r
e
s
pon
se
t
o
v
a
ri
at
io
n
s
i
n
l
o
a
d
.
S
o
,
t
h
e
ban
d
w
i
dth
of
t
he
c
ont
rol
lo
o
p
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
o
b
e
y
t
he
,
fue
l
c
e
ll
p
ow
e
r
c
o
n
tr
ol
l
oo
p
G
Pϕ13
(
s
)
re
m
a
ins
agreed
low
e
r
t
h
an t
ha
t
of
t
h
e
l
oa
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e i
n
ou
t
put con
tro
l
l
o
op
G
Vϕ
1
2
(s).
I
n
othe
r
w
o
r
d
s,
t
he
c
ontr
o
l of
t
he
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
fue
l
cel
l ne
ed n
ot
t
o
be a
s fa
st
a
s the
re
gula
t
i
o
n of t
he
o
utp
u
t
vo
l
t
age.
Wh
e
r
e
β
-
i
s
a
p
a
ramet
e
r
ch
ose
n
b
et
we
en
4
a
n
d
16
b
ased
o
n
re
q
u
i
r
ed
s
y
s
tem
pe
rform
a
n
c
e
s
uc
h
a
s
r
i
s
e
t
i
m
e
,
p
e
a
k
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t
,
a
n
d
s
e
t
t
l
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
.
W
h
e
n
β
<
4
t
h
e
p
h
a
s
e
marg
in
∅
3
6
w
hic
h
i
s
t
o
o
sm
all
an
d
w
h
en
β
>
1
6
t
he
pha
se
m
argi
n
∅
6
0
w
here
s
uch
high
val
u
es
a
re
not
n
ece
ssa
r
y.
I
n
th
is
s
imu
l
at
i
on
t
he
para
me
ter
β is c
ho
se
n as
6
for
a m
aximum
pha
se m
ar
gi
n
o
f
45
of t
h
e
ope
n-l
o
op sy
st
e
m
.
The
o
p
e
n
-l
o
op
(
O
L)
a
nd
c
l
o
s
ed
l
o
o
p
(
CL)
b
ode
d
ia
gram
s
are
as
s
h
ow
n
i
n
t
he
F
igur
e
7(a)
a
n
d
(
b).
It
ca
n
fou
n
d
t
ha
t
the
ma
xim
u
m
ph
a
s
e
m
a
rgi
n
o
f
48.
2ᵒ
a
nd
1
6
.
6
ᵒ
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
at
6
.97
H
z
a
nd
3.2
3
H
z
w
it
h
the l
o
w
-
pa
ss
f
il
t
e
rs.
(a)
(
b)
F
i
gure
7. (
a)
B
ode
-
d
ia
gra
m
o
f the
O
L
system
(
b
) Bo
de-dia
gr
am of
t
h
e
C
L
s
y
st
e
m
5.
RESULT
AND
A
NALYSI
S
The
TA
B
ave
r
age
mo
de
l
w
a
s
simu
la
te
d
w
i
t
h
M
a
t
la
b/S
i
mu
li
nk.
T
he
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
on
r
e
su
lts
o
f
the
s
y
st
em
respo
n
se
t
o
ste
p
l
oad
c
h
an
ges
a
g
r
e
e
w
e
ll
w
ith
t
he
c
ircu
it-
b
a
sed
c
om
pon
e
n
t
-
l
e
ve
l
simu
la
ti
o
n
.
The
sim
u
l
a
t
i
on
resul
t
s
w
ill
be
i
n
fi
gure
8
a
n
d
9,
b
y
us
i
n
g
M
A
TLA
B
/
Sim
u
li
nk.
Th
e
st
e
a
d
y
s
t
a
t
e
vol
t
a
ge
a
nd
c
u
rren
t
w
av
e
form
s a
r
e
sho
w
n in fig
ure
8,
w
it
h oper
a
tin
g
pin
t
s.
F
i
gure
8.
V
ol
ta
ge a
nd cur
r
en
t w
a
ves
at tra
nsf
o
rme
r
e
nd for ope
r
a
t
i
n
g po
i
n
t
ϕ
12
=
1
9.
5ᵒ an
d
ϕ
13
=1
4.
5ᵒ
The
TA
B
i
s
m
odele
d
un
de
r
sma
l
l
si
g
n
al
m
odele
d,
a
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and
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dges.
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dge
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on
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u
ra
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n
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ro
ll
e
d
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
2, June
2
019
: 67
2
–
6
81
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put p
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h
e
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t
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t
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i
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o
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s
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r
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lta
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w
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espec
t
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ts. T
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e
va
r
io
us
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alue
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m
e
d
in t
he
m
ode
l
i
n
g
a
re
s
ho
w
n
in
tab
l
e
1.
F
i
gure
9.
I
npu
t
and
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
ol
tage
a
n
d
c
urre
nts
for
l
o
a
d
6
0
0
W
t
o
800
W an
d
to
10
00
W
6.
CONCL
U
S
ION
TAB
c
o
n
s
id
ere
d
a
s
in
t
e
rf
ac
e
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
ct
ron
i
c
c
i
rcui
t
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
f
uel
ce
l
l
a
pp
l
i
ca
ti
on
s
and
aver
ag
e
sma
l
l
si
gna
l
model
has
bee
n
d
eve
l
ope
d
for
i
t
w
it
h
he
l
p
o
f
D
A
B
m
o
d
e
l
.
S
i
m
u
lat
i
ons
a
re
d
o
n
e
by
usin
g
M
A
T
L
A
B
/
S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
l
o
c
k
s
e
t
s
.
A
d
u
a
l
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
h
as
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e
e
n
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
a
nd
de
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
fo
r
syste
m
s
tab
i
lit
y
u
nder
the
de
sired
o
u
t
pu
t
a
n
d
varie
s
l
oad
s
u
s
i
n
g
ES
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M
w
it
h
D
C
l
oa
d
va
ria
tio
ns
o
f
6
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0
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t
o
10
0
0
W
a
n
d
80
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a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
9,
a
nd
t
h
e
ma
xim
u
m
r
i
pp
le
i
n
the
fu
e
l
c
ell
curr
ent
(I
fc
)
i
s
f
oun
d
t
o
b
e
nea
r
l
y
2A
,
w
hich is
w
i
t
h
in t
he
s
afe
ra
nge for fue
l c
e
l
l
opera
t
i
on
.
REF
R
E
N
C
E
S
[1]
Ren
2
1
R. "Gl
obal St
atus Repo
r
t. REN2
1
S
ecret
ariat,
"
Pari
s.
2
0
1
6
.
[2]
H
a
sn
i
N,
A
b
d
-Rahm
a
n
R,
A
hm
a
d
H
,
J
a
mail
N
,
Kam
a
ru
ddi
n
M
,
R
i
d
zwan
S
.
"
I
nv
e
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
f
p
o
t
e
n
tia
l
g
ro
un
ding
co
m
p
o
und
f
o
r
p
o
r
tabl
e app
l
i
cation
s
",
Int
e
rn
atio
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
Ele
ctr
i
cal a
n
d
Compu
t
er
En
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
(
I
JECE)
,
Vo
l.
7
No
.
6
,
p
p.
3140-6
,
2
017
.
[3]
K
i
ru
bak
a
ran
A,
J
ai
n
S,
N
em
a
R.
"
A
revi
ew
o
n
fu
el
cell
t
e
c
h
no
log
i
e
s
and
p
o
wer
elect
ron
i
c
interface,
"
Re
n
e
w
a
bl
e
a
n
d
Su
st
ai
nable Ener
gy R
eviews
.
Vo
l.
13,
pp.
2
430-4
0
,
2
00
9.
[4]
T
h
o
u
n
t
ho
ng
P
,
T
r
ico
l
i
P
,
D
av
at
B
.
"
P
erf
o
rm
an
ce
i
n
v
e
sti
g
ation
of
l
i
n
ear
a
nd
n
on
lin
ear
c
o
n
trol
s
f
o
r
a
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l/sup
e
r
c
a
p
ac
it
or
h
yb
rid
p
o
we
r
pla
n
t
,
"
In
tern
atio
na
l Jo
ur
nal
of Electr
i
cal
P
o
wer
&
En
erg
y
Sys
t
ems.
Vo
l.
5
4,
p
p
.
45
4-64;
2014.
[5]
T
a
o
H
,
D
uarte
JL,
Hen
d
rix
M
A
.
"
Lin
e-i
n
t
e
racti
v
e
UP
S
us
i
n
g
a
f
u
e
l
cell
as
t
he
p
rim
a
ry
s
o
u
rce,"
I
E
EE
T
r
an
sa
ctio
ns
on
In
dus
trial E
l
ectro
nics
.
V
o
l
.
5
5
,
pp.
301
2-2
1
,
2008.
[6]
Bau
m
an
J
,
Kaze
rani
M
.
"
A
c
o
m
p
a
rati
ve
s
tu
dy
o
f
f
u
el
-cell
–battery
,
f
u
el-cell
–
u
l
t
r
a
capa
c
it
or,
and
f
u
el-cell
–
b
a
ttery
–
u
l
t
r
acapacit
o
r v
e
hi
cles
,"
IEEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
ct
ions
on
Veh
i
cul
a
r
T
echn
o
logy.
Vol.
5
7
,
pp.76
0-9,
2
0
0
8
.
[7]
T
a
n
N
M
L
,
A
b
e
T
,
A
k
a
g
i
H
.
"
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
b
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
al
i
s
o
l
a
ted
dc–
d
c
co
nv
ert
e
r
f
o
r
a
b
a
tt
ery
en
ergy
st
o
rag
e
s
y
s
tem,
"
IEEE Tra
n
s
a
cti
ons o
n
Power
El
ectr
onics
.
Vo
l. 27
,
p
p
. 1
23
7-4
8
, 2
01
2.
[8]
Y
u
X
,
Stark
e
M
,
Tolb
ert
L,
O
zp
in
eci
B
.
"F
uel
cel
l
po
wer
co
nd
iti
o
n
in
g
f
o
r
elect
ric
pow
er
a
p
p
l
i
cati
o
n
s
:
a
su
m
m
a
r
y,"
I
E
T
El
ectric P
o
wer Applications
.
Vo
l
.
1
.
p
p
.
6
4
3
-56,
2
00
7.
[9]
Ta
o
H,
K
o
t
so
po
ulos
A
,
Du
a
r
te
J
,
He
n
d
rix
M
.
"
Mu
lti-Inp
u
t
B
idi
r
e
c
t
i
on
al
D
C-DC
C
o
n
v
e
rt
er
C
o
m
bi
n
i
ng
DC-L
ink
A
n
d
M
a
gnet
i
c-Co
up
lin
g
F
o
r
Fuel
C
el
l
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
"
Ind
u
stry A
pplicati
ons Co
nference,
2
0
0
5
F
our
ti
e
t
h
IAS
A
n
n
ual
M
eeti
ng Conferen
ce Reco
rd
Of The 2
0
0
5
: IEEE
.
p
p
. 20
2
1
-8
, 2
00
5.
[10]
Ko
ng
X
,
Kha
m
b
a
dk
o
n
e
AM.
"
A
na
lysis
An
d
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
O
f
A
High
Effici
en
cy
,
In
terl
eaved
C
urren
t
-F
ed
F
ull
Bri
d
g
e
C
on
verte
r
F
o
r
F
uel
Cell
Sys
t
em,
"
IEEE Tra
n
sa
cti
ons O
n
Power
El
ectro
n
i
cs.
20
07
;
2
2
:
5
43-50.
[11]
Carrasco
JM,
F
r
anquelo
LG,
Bi
a
l
asiew
i
cz
JT,
Ga
l
v
án
E
,
Por
tillog
uisa
do
RC,
P
ra
ts
M
M,
E
t
Al.
"Power-el
ectronic
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
id
i
n
t
eg
ration
of
r
enewab
le
e
nergy
s
o
u
r
ces
:
a
s
urv
e
y,
"
IE
EE Trans
a
ct
i
ons On
Indus
t
ria
l
E
l
ect
ro
n
i
cs.
Vol
.
53
,
p
p.
1
0
0
2
-16,
2
00
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
wer flo
w
m
a
na
gem
e
n
t
o
f
tri
p
le ac
t
i
ve brid
ge
fo
r
fue
l
c
e
l
l
ap
p
l
ic
ati
o
n
(
N
age
sw
ar
a
Ra
o
K
u
d
ith
i)
68
1
[12]
Z
h
an
g
N,
S
u
t
anto
D
,
M
u
ttaq
i
K
M
.
"
A
rev
i
ew
o
f
to
pol
ogies
o
f
thre
e
-
p
o
r
t
d
c
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
ren
e
wab
l
e
en
erg
y
and
en
ergy
s
to
rag
e
s
ys
tem,"
R
e
newab
l
e an
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
er
gy Reviews
.
V
ol
5
6
,
p
p
.
3
88
-401
,
20
16
.
[13]
Z
h
ao
B
,
S
o
ng
Q,
L
iu
W
,
S
u
n
Y.
"
Ov
ervi
e
w
o
f
d
u
al
-activ
e-bri
dge
i
sola
te
d
bid
i
re
c
t
io
na
l
d
c
-dc
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
for
high
-
f
r
eq
uen
c
y-li
nk
p
o
w
er-con
vers
io
n
s
y
stem,
"
I
E
EE
Tra
n
s
Po
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
on
.
Vol
.
29
, p
p. 40
9
1
-1
06
,
2
0
14
.
[14]
In
ou
e
S
,
A
kag
i
H
.
"A bi
d
i
r
ect
ional
DC–
D
C
co
nvert
er
f
or an
en
e
r
g
y
st
orage syste
m
w
i
t
h ga
l
v
ani
c
i
so
l
a
ti
on,"
IE
E
E
T
r
an
sa
ctio
ns on
P
o
wer Electro
nics
.
V
o
l
.
22
,
p
p
.
22
99-3
0
6
,
2
007
.
[15]
K
o
l
a
r
Czajw
.
"
A
no
vel
th
ree-pha
s
e
t
h
r
ee-po
rt
u
ps
e
m
p
l
oyin
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
h
igh-
f
r
equency
is
ol
atio
n
tran
sf
orm
e
r,
"
20
04
3
5
t
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
IE
EE
Po
wer
Electr
o
n
i
cs
Sp
ecia
l
is
ts
Con
f
er
ence
.
p
p.
413
5-4
1
,
200
4.
[16]
J
o
rg
e
L.
D
uarte,
M
arcel
H
end
r
ix
A
,
M
a
rcelo
Go
doy
S
im
õ
e
s.
"
Th
ree
-p
ort
bi
direct
io
na
l
co
nv
erter
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l sy
ste
m
s
,
"
IE
EE
T
r
ansactions
on Powe
r E
l
ect
ronics.
Vol
.
22
,
2
0
07
.
[17]
J
a
in
M
,
Daniele
M
,
J
ain
P
K
.
"A
b
i
d
i
r
ectio
na
l
DC-DC
co
nverter
t
o
pol
og
y
f
o
r
l
o
w
pow
er
a
pp
licatio
n,
"
IE
EE
T
r
an
sa
ctio
ns on
P
o
wer Electro
nics
.
V
o
l
.
15
,
p
p
.
59
5-60
6,
2
0
00.
[18]
D
e
D
onck
e
r
RW
,
Di
van
DM,
Kheraluw
ala
MH
.
"A
t
h
r
ee-phas
e
s
o
f
t-s
w
itc
h
e
d
high
-p
owe
r-de
n
sity
d
c
/
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
for h
i
g
h
-p
owe
r
a
pp
lic
a
t
io
ns
,"
IEE
E
Tran
sa
cti
ons o
n
In
dustr
y
Ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
.
V
o
l
.
27,
p
p.
6
3
-
7
3
,
1991
.
[19]
L
i
u
C,
J
o
h
n
s
on
A
,
L
a
i
J-S
.
"
A
novel
t
h
ree-ph
ase
hig
h
-p
ow
er
s
oft
-s
witched
D
C
/D
C
con
v
erter
f
o
r
low
-
vo
lt
age
f
u
el
cel
l ap
plicat
ions,"
IEE
E
T
r
an
sa
c
t
io
ns
on
Ind
u
s
t
ry
Ap
pl
ic
at
io
ns
.
Vo
l. 41
,
pp
. 1
69
1
-
7,
20
0
5
.
[20]
Chen
Y
-M,
L
i
u
Y-C,
W
u
F-Y.
"
Mul
t
i
-
input
DC/DC
convert
e
r
based
o
n
th
e
m
u
lt
iwi
ndin
g
t
ran
s
f
o
rm
er
f
o
r
ren
e
wab
l
e en
erg
y
ap
p
l
i
cation
s
,
"
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s
a
cti
o
n
s
o
n
In
dustry App
licati
ons.
Vo
l
.
3
8,
pp.
1
0
9
6
-
104,
2
00
2.
[21]
X
u
D
,
Z
h
ao
C
,
F
a
n
H.
"
A
PWM
pl
us
p
hase-s
h
i
f
t
c
on
tro
l
b
id
ire
c
t
i
o
nal
DC-D
C
co
nv
erter,
"
IE
EE
T
r
ansactio
ns
o
n
P
o
wer
El
ectr
onics
.Vo
l
. 19
, pp
.
6
66
-75
.,
2
0
0
4
[22]
T
a
o
H
,
K
otso
poul
os
A
,
Du
arte
J
L,
H
endri
x
M
A.
"
T
r
ansfo
r
m
e
r-coup
l
ed
m
u
l
tiport
ZVS
b
i
directi
o
n
a
l
DC–DC
converter with wid
e
inpu
t range,"
IEE
E
Tr
an
sactio
ns
on
Po
wer
Elect
ro
nics
.
Vol
.
2
3, p
p.
77
1
-8
1
, 2
00
8.
[23]
C
a
m
a
r
a
M
B
,
Gu
a
l
o
u
s
H,
G
u
sti
n
F
,
B
e
r
t
h
on A,
Daky
o
B
.
"DC
/
D
C
c
on
v
e
r
te
r
de
sign
f
or
s
up
e
r
c
a
p
ac
itor
a
n
d
B
a
t
te
ry
p
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
i
n
h
ybri
d
v
ehicl
e
a
ppl
icat
ion
s
—p
o
l
yn
o
m
ia
l
cont
rol
st
rat
e
gy,"
IE
EE T
r
a
n
s
a
ctio
ns on
In
du
st
r
i
a
l
Electr
o
ni
cs.
V
o
l.
57,
pp.
5
8
7
-97
,
2
01
0.
[24]
Bu
rke
A,
M
i
l
ler
M
.
"
The
p
o
wer
capab
il
ity
o
f
ultracap
aci
to
rs
a
nd
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
f
o
r
e
l
ectric
an
d
hyb
rid
v
e
hi
cle
ap
pl
icat
ions,
"
Jour
na
l o
f
P
o
wer S
o
ur
c
e
s
.
Vo
l.
1
9
6
,
pp.
5
1
4
-2
2
,
2
011.
[25]
T
h
o
u
n
t
ho
ng
P
,
Rael
S
,
D
a
vat
B.
"
E
n
erg
y
m
an
ag
em
ent
o
f
f
uel
cel
l/
batt
ery/su
percapaci
tor
hy
bri
d
pow
er
s
ou
rce
f
o
r
v
e
hi
cle ap
pl
ication
s
,"
Jo
urn
a
l o
f
P
o
wer
Sou
rces
.Vo
l
.
193
,
p
p
.
376-85
,
2
00
9.
[26]
C
h
e
n
Z
,
M
i
C
C
,
F
u
Y
,
X
u
J
,
G
o
n
g
X
.
"
O
n
l
i
n
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
h
e
a
lt
h
est
i
m
a
tion
bas
e
d
on
g
enetic
a
l
g
orithm
f
o
r
el
ectri
c and
hy
bri
d
v
ehic
l
e
app
li
cati
ons,"
J
o
urna
l Of Powe
r
So
urc
e
s.
Vo
l. 24
0
, pp
.
18
4-9
2
,
2
01
3.
[27]
D
e
L
eo
n
F
,
M
artin
ez
JA.
"
Du
al
t
hree-w
i
nd
in
g
t
r
ans
f
orm
e
r
equ
i
v
a
l
en
t
ci
rcu
i
t
m
a
tch
i
n
g
l
eakage
meas
urem
ent
s
,"
IEE
E
Tran
sa
c
t
io
ns on
Po
we
r
De
liv
e
r
y
.
Vol
. 24
,
p
p
. 1
60
-8,
20
0
9
.
[28]
Ro
dri
g
u
e
z
A,
V
azque
z
A
,
L
am
ar
D
G,
H
ernan
d
o
M
M
,
S
eb
astian
J
.
"
Di
ff
e
r
en
t
p
u
rp
ose
desi
gn
s
t
r
ategi
e
s
an
d
t
echn
i
q
u
es
t
o
impro
v
e
t
h
e
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
of
a
d
ual
activ
e
bri
d
g
e
w
i
t
h
p
h
as
e-shif
t
c
o
nt
rol,"
IEE
E
T
r
an
sa
c
t
io
ns on
P
o
wer
El
ectr
onics.
Vo
l. 30
, pp
.
7
90
-80
4
,
2
01
5.
[29]
Z
h
ao
C
,
Ro
un
d SD
,
K
o
l
a
r
J
W
.
"An
i
s
olated
t
hree-po
rt
b
id
irect
io
n
a
l
D
C-DC
c
on
ve
rte
r
w
ith
de
c
o
up
le
d
po
we
r
flow
ma
na
g
e
me
n
t
,"
IEEE T
r
ansact
i
ons
on
Po
wer Elect
ron
i
cs.
V
ol.
23,
p
p.
2
44
3-5
3
,
200
8.
[30]
T
a
o
H,
D
uarte
JL
,
Hen
d
rix
MA
.
"
T
hree-po
rt
t
ri
pl
e-half
-b
rid
g
e
bi
di
rect
io
n
a
l
co
nv
ert
e
r
w
i
t
h
zero-v
o
lt
age
switching,"
IE
EE T
r
ansac
tion
s
on P
o
wer
E
l
ect
r
o
ni
cs.
V
o
l.
23,
pp.
782
-92
,
2
008
.
[31]
James
L
,
An
d
r
e
w
D
.
"F
uel
c
e
l
l
s
y
s
tems ex
p
la
i
n
ed
,
"
Chichs
t
er
:
Jo
hn
W
iley &
Son
s
L
td. 2003
.
[32]
N
a
ges
w
ara
Rao
K,
S
om
ku
n
S.
"
S
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
a
se
p
ow
er
g
en
eratio
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
fr
om
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l"
In
ter
natio
na
l Jo
ur
na
l of
P
o
wer
El
ectr
onics a
n
d
D
r
ive S
y
s
t
ems (
I
J
PED
S
)
,
V
ol
.
9
No
.
4
,
p
p.
167
6-8
4
,
2
01
8
.
[33]
Shanmugham
P,
S
omkun
S
.
"
M
o
dellin
g
and
s
i
mul
a
ti
on
o
f
dual
acti
v
e
brid
ge
D
C–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
f
o
r
f
u
e
l
cel
l
ap
pl
icat
ions,
"
Adva
nced Sci
e
n
c
e
L
e
tt
ers.
Vol.
23,
pp
.
5
112
-6,
2
0
1
7
.
[34]
A
z
ri
M
,
Khan
ipah
NHA
,
Ibrahim
Z,
R
a
h
im
NA.
"
F
u
el
cell
e
m
ulato
r
w
i
th
M
P
P
T
t
echn
i
qu
e
an
d
bo
os
t
conv
erter,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
nal Jour
na
l o
f
P
o
wer
El
ectr
o
n
i
cs
and
Dr
ive S
y
st
ems
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
V
ol.
8
N
o.
4
,
p
p
.
185
2-6
2
,
201
7.
[35]
P
r
ei
tl
S
,
Precu
p
R-E.
"
Tech
ni
cal
c
o
mmu
ni
qu
e
:
a
n
ex
tens
io
n
o
f
t
u
nin
g
r
el
a
t
i
o
ns
a
ft
er
s
ymmet
r
ical
o
p
t
im
um
me
th
od
f
or
PI
a
n
d PID
c
o
n
t
ro
lle
r
s,
"
Au
t
o
m
a
tica (Jour
na
l of
IFAC)
.
V
ol.
3
5
,
p
p
.
1731
-6,
19
99.
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