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an
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[
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[
9
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Neu
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[
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Me
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d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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IJ
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Vo
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g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
r
ev
er
s
e
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
es
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
d
esire
d
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
u
s
ed
h
er
e
is
R
es
u
n
So
lar
E
n
er
g
y
’
s
s
o
lar
p
an
el
[
2
2
]
u
n
d
er
Stan
d
ar
d
T
est
C
o
n
d
itio
n
(
ST
C
)
.
A
t
S
T
C
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
2
5
º
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es,
a
n
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
,
t
h
e
p
an
el
is
s
i
m
u
lated
to
g
i
v
e
a
n
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
4
V.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
lis
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
tr
ian
g
u
lar
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
2
4
V
p
-
p
i
s
p
u
t in
p
ar
allel
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
an
els
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
v
ar
y
in
g
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
p
an
el
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
Desig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
e
l
l
s
60
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
L
i
g
h
t
I
n
t
e
n
si
t
y
,
S
0
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
2
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
T
r
e
f
25
0
C
S
e
r
i
e
s R
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
,
R
s
0
.
0
1
5
5
Ω
S
h
u
n
t
R
e
si
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
R
sh
1
0
0
0
Ω
S
h
o
r
t
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
I
sc
8
.
6
8
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
C
t
0
.
0
0
5
4
5
4
2
.
2
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
P
a
nel
M
o
delin
g
I
n
th
e
P
er
tu
r
b
an
d
Ob
s
er
v
e
(
P
&
O)
m
et
h
o
d
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
is
p
er
tu
r
b
e
d
an
d
th
e
n
p
o
w
er
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
ca
lcu
lated
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
d
ec
id
e
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
f
u
r
th
er
ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t.
I
f
ch
an
g
e
in
p
o
w
er
is
p
o
s
iti
v
e
th
e
n
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
ch
a
n
g
e
is
d
o
n
e
i
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
b
y
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
K.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
if
th
e
p
o
w
er
ch
a
n
g
e
is
n
e
g
ati
v
e
th
e
n
ch
a
n
g
e
in
v
o
lta
g
e
is
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
b
y
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
K
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t
o
f
th
e
P
&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
d
r
a
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
H
er
e
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
i
m
p
le
a
n
alo
g
s
u
b
cir
cu
it
u
s
i
n
g
lo
g
ic
g
a
tes
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
P
&
O
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2.
T
h
is
a
n
alo
g
s
u
b
cir
cu
i
t is s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
m
w
h
o
ar
e
n
o
t f
a
m
iliar
o
r
f
ee
ls
u
n
ea
s
y
w
it
h
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
d
in
g
.
Her
e,
lo
g
ic
‘
1
’
is
s
et
f
o
r
‘
y
es
’
in
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
lo
g
ic
‘
0
’
is
s
et
f
o
r
‘
n
o
’
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
tr
u
th
tab
le
o
f
lo
g
ic
is
lis
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
2
,
w
it
h
V
n
+K
=0
an
d
V
n
–
K=
1
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
th
is
s
u
b
-
c
ir
cu
it
m
ea
s
u
r
es i
n
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
n
)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
n
)
a
n
d
m
u
ltip
lies
t
h
e
m
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
(
P
n
)
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
ca
lcu
late
s
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
P)
w
h
ich
ca
n
eit
h
er
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
n
e
g
ati
v
e,
a
n
d
f
ee
d
s
it t
o
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
to
g
et
ei
th
er
lo
g
ic
0
o
r
lo
g
ic
1
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiato
r
ca
lc
u
lates
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
e
in
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
r
ep
ea
ts
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
lo
g
ic
v
al
u
es
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
t
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
as
i
n
p
u
t
to
XOR
g
at
e.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
lo
g
ic
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
ac
ti
v
ates
eit
h
er
d
P
>0
o
r
d
P
<
0
an
d
th
i
s
t
u
r
n
s
o
n
th
e
d
esire
d
s
w
itc
h
f
o
r
eith
er
ad
d
itio
n
o
r
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
to
o
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
to
ta
l
v
o
ltag
e
is
t
h
en
p
ass
ed
o
n
to
th
e
th
ir
d
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
ar
es
i
t
w
it
h
a
D
C
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
is
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
is
t
h
e
P
W
M
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
to
o
p
er
ate
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
P
SIM
cir
cu
it
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
P
&
O
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
M
P
PT
s
u
b
-
cir
cu
it
h
elp
ed
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
3
1
2
V
peak
ac
at
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
l
u
ct
u
ati
n
g
s
o
lar
p
an
el
v
o
ltag
e
(
~2
4
V)
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
2
4
V
p
-
p
tr
ian
g
u
lar
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
n
)
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
f
l
u
ct
u
ati
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
a
n
d
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
u
ls
a
tin
g
in
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
(
P
n
)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
m
m
er
(
V
sum
)
a
n
d
a
DC
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
ref
)
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
.
Fo
r
clea
r
v
er
if
icatio
n
,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
V
n
is
ch
o
s
e
n
to
b
e
lo
w
as
2
0
0
Hz
an
d
th
e
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
ti
m
e
is
f
ix
ed
to
0
.
0
0
8
s
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
f
ig
u
r
es
h
elp
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
P
&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Si
n
ce
b
o
th
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
till
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
0
.
0
0
2
5
s
,
V
n
be
c
o
m
e
s
in
cr
e
m
e
n
ted
b
y
5
V
as
K
is
g
iv
e
n
as
5
V
in
th
e
s
u
b
-
cir
c
u
it.
Her
e
K
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
h
ig
h
v
al
u
e
j
u
s
t
to
h
elp
in
v
er
i
f
y
in
g
t
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
P
&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Af
ter
t
h
at
as
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
w
h
ile
p
o
w
er
i
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
,
5
V
g
et
s
d
ec
r
e
m
e
n
ted
f
r
o
m
V
n
.
T
h
is
ad
d
itio
n
a
n
d
s
u
b
tr
ac
ti
o
n
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
in
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
r
esu
lt
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
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h
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vo
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ic
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n
ve
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ter w
ith
MPP
T
u
s
in
g
P
&
O
Tech
n
iq
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e
(
M
A
b
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a
k
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1214
v
o
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V
ref
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is
ta
k
e
n
as
1
4
V.
T
h
e
P
W
M
s
ig
n
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g
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ated
b
y
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e
p
r
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is
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h
o
w
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g
u
r
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3
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d
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,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
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o
r
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h
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g
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h
e
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o
o
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n
v
er
ter
.
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n
o
u
r
d
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n
,
as
th
e
v
o
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e
an
d
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
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el
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ar
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th
e
d
u
t
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cle
o
f
s
w
itc
h
es
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ies
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co
r
d
in
g
l
y
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as
s
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o
w
n
i
n
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g
u
r
e
3
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d
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,
u
s
in
g
th
e
MP
PT
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n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
to
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h
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e
th
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t d
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o
u
tp
u
t v
o
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g
e
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d
p
o
w
er
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
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t o
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&
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o
r
ith
m
T
ab
le
2
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&
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tr
u
th
tab
le
C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
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o
g
i
c
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n
>
P
n
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1
1
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n
-
1
1
0
1
0
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n
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u
r
e
2
.
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e
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r
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m
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in
P
SIM
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ra
m
o
s
He
rn
a
n
z
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
Ph
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
M
o
d
u
le
”
,
P
r
o
c
.
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
ie
s
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
ty
(ICREP
Q’1
0
),
2
3
-
2
5
M
a
rc
h
,
2
0
1
0
,
G
ra
n
a
d
a
,
S
p
a
in
.
[2
]
M.
G
.
V
il
lalv
a
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
A
rra
y
s”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
i
c
s
,
V
o
l.
2
5
,
N
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
8
-
1
2
0
8
(2
0
0
9
).
[3
]
Hu
a
n
-
L
ian
g
T
sa
i
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
o
f
Ge
n
e
ra
li
ze
d
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
M
o
d
e
l
Us
in
g
M
AT
L
A
B/
S
IM
ULINK
”
,
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
W
o
rld
Co
n
g
re
ss
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
2
0
0
8
(W
CECS
2
0
0
8
),
2
2
-
2
4
Oc
to
b
e
r,
2
0
0
8
,
S
a
n
F
ra
n
c
isc
o
,
USA
.
[4
]
M
.
G
.
V
il
lalv
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
Circ
u
it
-
b
a
se
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
A
rra
y
s,”
Bra
zili
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
V
o
l
.
1
4
,
N
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
4
5
(2
0
0
9
).
[5
]
M
.
Be
rre
ra
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Exp
e
rime
n
ta
l
T
e
st
o
f
S
e
v
e
n
W
id
e
ly
-
Ad
o
p
ted
M
PP
T
Al
g
o
rit
h
ms
”
,
P
ro
c
.
I
EE
E
B
u
c
h
a
re
st
P
o
w
e
r
T
e
c
h
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
Ju
n
e
2
8
-
J
u
ly
2
,
2
0
0
9
,
B
u
c
h
a
re
st,
R
o
m
a
n
ia.
[6
]
T
.
Esra
m
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
A
rra
y
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
P
o
in
t
T
ra
c
k
in
g
Tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
i
o
n
,
Vo
l.
2
2
,
No
.
2
(2
0
0
7
).
[7
]
D.
S
e
ra
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Imp
ro
v
e
d
M
P
PT
Al
g
o
rith
ms
f
o
r
Ra
p
i
d
ly
Ch
a
n
g
in
g
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
Co
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
”
P
ro
c
.
1
2
t
h
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
M
o
ti
o
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l,
p
p
.
1
6
1
4
-
1
6
1
9
(
2
0
0
6
)
.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
L
o
a
d I
m
pe
da
nc
e
[
Ohm]
L
oa
d C
ur
r
e
nt
, I
out
[
A]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
1
2
1
2
–
1
2
2
0
1219
[8
]
N.
F
e
m
ia
e
t
a
l.
, “
Op
ti
mizin
g
S
a
m
p
li
n
g
R
a
te o
f
P&
O M
PP
T
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
”
P
r
o
c
.
IEE
E
P
ES
C
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
5
-
1
9
4
9
(2
0
0
4
).
[9
]
Na
w
rin
Isla
m
N
a
tas
h
a
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
mp
lem
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
of
M
a
x
im
u
m
Po
we
r
Po
i
n
t
T
ra
c
k
i
n
g
in
a
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
In
v
e
rte
r
u
sin
g
In
c
re
me
n
ta
l
Co
n
d
u
c
ta
n
c
e
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
”,
P
r
o
c
.
8
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
on
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(ICECE
),
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
20
–
2
2
,
2
0
1
4
,
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
[1
0
]
S
.
Ra
jas
e
k
a
r
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
d
if
ied
Hill
-
to
p
Al
g
o
rith
m
B
a
se
d
M
a
x
imu
m
Po
we
r
Po
in
t
T
ra
c
k
in
g
fo
r
S
o
l
a
r
PV
M
o
d
u
le
,”
2
0
1
2
I
EE
E
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
In
d
u
strial
E
lec
tro
n
ics
(IS
IE)
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
1
-
1
8
0
6
,
2
8
-
3
1
M
a
y
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
M
.
T
.
M
a
k
h
lo
u
f
i
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
x
im
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
P
o
i
n
t
T
ra
c
k
e
r
f
o
r
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
y
ste
m
s
u
sin
g
On
-
li
n
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
V
o
l.
7
2
,
No
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
0
9
7
5
-
0
9
8
7
(
2
0
1
3
).
[1
2
]
Ka
th
e
rin
e
A
.
Ki
m
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
Co
n
v
e
rter
M
o
d
u
le
C
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
M
a
x
im
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
P
o
in
t
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
”
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ill
in
o
is
Urb
a
n
a
-
Ch
a
m
p
a
ig
n
Urb
a
n
a
,
IL
6
1
8
0
1
,
U
S
A
.
[1
3
]
A
ru
n
Ku
m
a
r
V
e
r
m
a
e
t
a
l.
,
“
An
Is
o
la
te
d
S
o
l
a
r
Po
we
r
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
Bo
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rte
r
a
n
d
Bo
o
st
I
n
v
e
rte
r
,
”
P
ro
c
.
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Re
c
e
n
t
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
Co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
1
9
-
2
0
M
a
rc
h
,
2
0
1
0
,
L
o
n
g
o
w
a
l,
In
d
ia,
P
a
p
e
r
ID
3
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
8.
[1
4
]
A
th
i
m
u
la
m
Ka
li
ra
su
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
Clo
se
d
L
o
o
p
C
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
Bo
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
S
o
lar
In
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
”
,
S
e
rb
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Vo
l.
7
,
N
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
1
3
0
(2
0
1
0
).
[1
5
]
N.
Ka
sa
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
T
ra
n
sfo
rm
e
r
-
les
s
S
in
g
le
P
h
a
se
In
v
e
rte
r
u
s
in
g
a
B
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
st
T
y
p
e
Ch
o
p
p
e
r
Circ
u
it
fo
r
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
ic P
o
we
r S
y
ste
m
”
P
r
o
c
.
o
f
IC
P
E’9
8
,
S
e
o
u
l
,
Ko
re
a
,
p
p
.
9
7
8
-
9
8
1
,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
6
]
R.
O.
Ca
c
e
re
s
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Bo
o
st
DC
-
A
C
Co
n
v
e
rter:
A
n
a
l
y
sis,
De
si
g
n
,
a
n
d
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tatio
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
–
1
4
1
(1
9
9
9
).
[1
7
]
S
a
ji
b
C
h
a
k
ra
b
o
rty
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
sig
n
of
a
S
i
n
g
le
-
S
ta
g
e
Bu
c
k
a
n
d
B
o
o
st
C
o
n
v
e
rte
rs
fo
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
”,
P
r
o
c
.
3
r
d
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
on
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
c
s,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Visio
n
(ICI
EV
-
2
0
1
4
)
,
23
-
24
M
a
y
2014,
Dh
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
[1
8
]
A
.
S
.
K.
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Imp
lem
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
Hi
g
h
l
y
Ef
fi
c
ien
t
S
i
n
e
-
W
a
v
e
In
v
e
rte
r
fo
r
Ph
o
to
v
o
l
ta
ic
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
”
,
P
r
o
c
.
2
nd
In
tl
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
V
isio
n
(ICIE
V
)
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
3
.
[1
9
]
J.A
.
S
a
n
ti
a
g
o
-
G
o
n
z
a
lez
e
t
a
l.
, “
T
h
re
Ph
a
se
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
to
r Dr
ive
u
sin
g
Fl
y
b
a
c
k
Co
n
v
e
rt
e
r a
n
d
P
W
M
In
v
e
rte
r F
e
d
fro
m a
S
in
g
le P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic P
a
n
e
l,
”
P
ro
c
.
IEE
E
P
ES
G
e
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
0
]
Y.
Xu
e
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Clo
se
d
-
l
o
o
p
S
P
W
M
Co
n
tro
l
f
o
r
Gr
id
-
C
o
n
n
e
c
ted
Bu
c
k
-
Bo
o
st
In
v
e
ter
s”
,
P
ro
c
.
I
E
EE
P
ES
C
,
2
0
0
4
,
V
o
l
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
3
6
6
-
3
3
7
1
.
[2
1
]
P
.
H.
Zo
p
e
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
Ca
rrier
Ba
s
e
d
S
in
u
so
i
d
a
l
P
W
M
In
v
e
rter
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
El
e
c
trica
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
In
stru
me
n
ta
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
V
o
l
.
1
,
Iss
u
e
4
(2
0
1
2
).
[2
2
]
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
a
li
b
a
b
a
.
c
o
m
/p
ro
d
u
c
t
-
d
e
tail/
2
4
0
W
-
2
4
V
-
P
o
ly
-
S
o
lar
-
P
a
n
e
l
-
w
it
h
_
1
1
7
6
3
6
9
0
9
7
.
h
tm
l?
S
p
m
=
a
2
7
0
0
.
7
7
2
4
8
5
7
.
3
5
.
1
.
o
w
ru
K
-
f
o
r
-
a
c
c
e
s
se
d
o
n
1
4
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
3
]
Z.
Zh
a
o
,
“
Hig
h
Eff
icie
n
c
y
S
in
g
le
-
S
tag
e
G
rid
-
T
ied
P
V
In
v
e
rter
f
o
r
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
”
,
P
h
.
D.
Diss
e
rtatio
n
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
V
irg
in
ia
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic In
stit
u
t
e
a
n
d
S
tate
U
n
iv
e
rsity
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
4
]
S
a
ji
b
C
h
a
c
ra
b
o
rty
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
of
a
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
-
le
ss
G
rid
-
T
ie
In
v
e
rter
Us
in
g
Du
a
l
-
S
tag
e
Bu
c
k
a
n
d
B
o
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rters
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
Ren
e
wa
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
Vo
l.
4
,
N
o
.
1
.
p
p
.
91
-
98
(2
0
1
4
).
[2
5
]
A
.
S
.
K
.
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
A
n
a
ly
sis
of
T
ra
n
s
f
o
rm
e
r
les
s
G
rid
-
T
ie
Bu
c
k
-
Bo
o
st
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
In
v
e
rter
w
it
h
I
m
m
it
tan
c
e
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
V
o
l.
4.
No
.
3,
pp
539
-
5
4
7
(
2
0
1
4
)
.
[2
6
]
S
a
ji
b
Ch
a
k
ra
b
o
rty
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
si
g
n
of
a
T
ra
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
-
les
s
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
Hy
b
rid
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
n
d
W
in
d
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st
e
m
”
,
9
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
F
o
r
u
m
on
S
trate
g
ic
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IF
OST
),
21
-
23
Oc
to
b
e
r,
2
0
1
4
,
Co
x
’s
Ba
z
a
r,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
[2
7
]
A
.
S
.
K
.
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
in
g
l
e
-
Ph
a
se
Gr
id
-
T
ie
Ph
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
I
n
v
e
rte
r
Us
in
g
M
a
x
imu
m
Po
we
r
Po
in
t
T
ra
c
k
in
g
wit
h
Fl
y
b
a
c
k
Co
n
v
e
rte
r”
,
3
rd
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
on
t
h
e
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(ICDRE
T
),
9
-
11
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2014,
D
h
a
k
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
[2
8
]
A
S
K
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
of
a
S
in
g
le
S
t
a
g
e
Gr
id
-
C
o
n
n
e
c
ted
B
u
c
k
-
Bo
o
st
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
In
v
e
rte
r
fo
r
Res
id
e
n
ti
a
l
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
”
,
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
on
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
T
o
w
a
rd
s
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
(P
ES
T
S
E),
19
-
21
M
a
rc
h
-
2
0
1
4
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
In
d
ia,
pp.
2
7
9
-
2
8
4
.
[2
9
]
A
ra
sa
k
u
m
a
r
S
a
n
g
a
ri,
R
U
m
a
m
a
h
e
s
w
a
ri
, “
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
S
o
u
rc
e
In
v
e
rter T
o
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
G
ri
d
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
P
V
in
v
e
rters
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
i
v
e
s
,
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
9
7
-
8
0
7
(
2
0
1
5
).
[3
0
]
S
y
a
m
i
m
S
a
n
u
si,
A
u
z
a
n
i
Ji
d
in
,
T
o
le
S
u
ti
k
n
o
,
Ka
sru
l
A
b
d
u
l
Ka
rim
,
M
o
h
d
L
u
q
m
a
n
Ja
m
il
,
“
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
S
p
a
c
e
V
e
c
to
r
M
o
d
u
lato
r
f
o
r
Ca
sc
a
d
e
d
H
-
Brid
g
e
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
In
v
e
rters
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
s,
V
o
l.
6
,
N
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
0
6
-
9
1
8
(2
0
1
5
).
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M
.
A
b
d
u
r
Ra
z
z
a
k
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
M
En
g
a
n
d
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
N
a
g
o
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
in
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
2
0
0
6
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
n
A
s
so
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
n
d
He
a
d
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
a
t
In
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
U
n
iv
e
rsity
,
B
a
n
g
lad
e
sh
(IUB).
He
h
a
s
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
wa
rd
s
in
c
lu
d
in
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
G
o
ld
M
e
d
a
l
(1
9
9
5
),
HK
UST
F
e
ll
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rica
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h
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a
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a
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h
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s
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Na
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