Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r
2020
, p
p.
1979
~
1986
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
4
.
pp
1979
-
1986
1979
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Wireles
s
chargin
g schem
e for me
diu
m
powe
r range
applic
ation
systems
D
K
ar
th
ikey
an
,
S
ayon K
ole
y
,
M
ayukh
Ba
gchi
,
A
vijit
B
ha
t
t
achary
a
,
K V
i
ja
y
ak
um
ar
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Ele
ct
roni
cs
Engi
n
eering,
SR
M Insti
t
ute
of
Sci
enc
e
a
nd
Tech
nology
,
India
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
1
3
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jun
10
, 20
20
Accepte
d
J
ul
2
, 20
20
Wi
re
le
ss
power
tra
nsmiss
ion
(W
PT)
has
at
tr
ac
t
e
d
a
wide
var
ie
ty
of
subjec
t
s
in
var
ious
disc
ip
li
nes
and
h
as
al
s
o
bec
om
e
a
high
ly
active
r
ese
ar
c
h
fie
ld
du
e
to
i
ts
ca
p
ac
i
ty
t
o
fa
ci
l
it
a
te
ch
ar
ging
sys
te
ms
.
Wi
re
le
ss
power
tr
ansmi
ss
ion
will
b
e
com
pu
lsory
to
use
soon
as
thi
s
technolo
gy
en
abl
es
elec
t
ric
a
l
ene
rgy
to
b
e
tra
nsm
it
t
e
d
from
a
power
source
to
an
elec
tr
ic
a
l
loa
d
ov
er
an
a
ir
gap
wi
thout
connect
i
ng
wire
s.
W
ire
l
ess
power
tr
ans
mi
ss
ion
has
been
develope
d
in
th
e
low
pow
e
r
(1W
to
10
W)
a
nd
high
power
(
100W
-
500W)
r
e
gion.
Whi
l
e
the
low
power
r
egi
on
dev
el
opm
ent
foc
uses
on
p
oweri
ng
me
d
ical
tra
nsplan
ts
and
mobile
ch
arg
ing,
the
hig
her
end
of
th
e
power
spec
tru
m
is
b
ei
ng
deve
lop
ed
for
t
he
elec
t
ric
v
ehicle
(
EV)
applic
at
ions.
How
ev
e
r
me
diu
m
power
ran
g
e
(10
W
to
100
W)
is
rel
a
ti
ve
ly
un
exp
lore
d
du
e
to
lac
k
of
prop
er
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
Th
e
commer
ci
a
l
W
PT
sche
me
is
m
ai
nly
used
for
th
e
cha
rg
ing
of
li
thi
u
m
-
ion
b
a
tt
eries.
Sensit
ive
me
diu
m
power
loa
ds
li
k
e
Lithiu
m
Polyme
r
(Li
Po)
ba
tt
er
ie
s
do
not
hav
e
a
w
ire
l
ess
modul
ar
cha
rging
sys
te
m
.
Th
is
pape
r
discusses
a
proposed
sche
me
for
wire
le
ss
ch
arg
i
ng
of
me
diu
m
-
r
ange
lo
ads.
Li
Po
ba
tt
er
ie
s
are
used
as
th
e
t
arg
eted
cha
r
ging
lo
ad.
A
mi
nimali
st
ic
appr
oac
h
has
be
en
considered
w
hil
e
d
esigni
ng
t
he
elec
troni
cs
fo
r
eff
i
ci
en
cy
im
prove
m
ent
an
d
a
co
mpa
c
t,
m
odula
r
sche
m
e.
The
proposed
s
che
m
e
h
as
bee
n
d
eve
lop
ed
for
drone
an
d
robotics
app
li
c
at
ions
and
t
he
resul
ts
are
v
al
id
ated.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Digital
sig
nal
process
or (DS
P)
Fu
ll
brid
ge
cl
a
ss D I
nv
e
rter
Ind
uctive c
oupl
ing
Ind
uctive
pow
er tra
ns
fe
r (I
P
T)
In
te
gr
at
ed
circ
uit (I
C
)
Lit
hiu
m
polym
er (Li
Po)
Near fiel
d
t
ransmi
ssio
n
Re
cei
ver
c
oil (
Rx)
Re
so
na
nt in
ve
r
te
r
Transmi
ssio
n
c
oil (T
x)
Wireless
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r (W
P
T)
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
D Kart
hik
e
yan,
Dep
a
rtme
nt
of
Ele
ct
rical
and
Ele
ct
ro
nics
E
nginee
rin
g,
SRM In
sti
tute of Sci
ence
& T
echnolo
gy, Kat
ta
nkulathur,
Ta
mil
N
ad
u, I
ndia
.
Emai
l:
k
art
hipncl@
gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Wireless
te
c
hnology
ma
kes
it
easy
f
or
us
e
rs
to
tra
vel
wi
de
distances
with
ou
t
a
ny
hassle
s.
A
nothe
r
phys
ic
al
disad
van
ta
ge
of
wir
ed
te
c
hnolog
y
is
that
ca
bles
can
ea
sil
y
be
bro
ken,
wh
ic
h
is
no
t
an
iss
ue
with
wireless
te
ch
nolo
gy
[1].
Wir
el
ess
P
ow
e
r
Tr
ansf
e
r
(
WPT
)
al
lows
po
wer
t
o
be
tra
ns
mit
te
d
t
hro
ugh
an
a
ir
gap
without
t
he
ne
ed
f
or
loa
d
-
be
arin
g
ca
bles.
WPT
ma
y
pro
vid
e
co
mpa
ti
ble
batte
ries
or
c
ompu
te
rs
with
po
wer
from
an
AC
s
ource,
without
ph
ys
ic
al
c
onnecto
rs
or
wir
es.
WPT
will
rech
a
rg
e
cel
l
phones
an
d
la
ptops,
ai
rcr
aft,
bik
es
,
an
d
ev
en
tra
nsporta
ti
on
e
quipme
nt.
Wirele
ss
tra
ns
missi
on
of
t
he
powe
r
c
ollec
te
d
b
y
so
la
r
-
pan
el
a
rr
a
ys
in
sp
ace
ma
y
ev
en
be
possible
[2,
3].
WPT
ha
s
been
a
n
e
xc
it
ing
de
velo
pme
nt
to
re
place
wire
d
charger
s
in
c
onsume
r
el
ect
r
onic
s.
Nev
e
rthel
ess,
since
t
he
la
te
1890s,
the
r
e
has
been
a
r
ound
the
i
dea
of
powe
r
transmissi
on
w
it
ho
ut
wi
res.
Nikol
a
Tesl
a
was
a
ble
t
o
wi
relessl
y
li
gh
t
e
le
ct
rical
bu
l
bs
us
in
g
el
ect
r
od
yn
a
mic
inducti
on
(a
ka
resona
nt
indu
ct
ive
couplin
g)
in
his
C
olor
ado
Sprin
gs
I
ns
ti
tute
[4].
T
he
w
or
l
d
is
m
ov
i
ng
towa
rd
s
a
utom
at
ion
.
WPT
w
il
l
be
a
n
im
portant
pa
rt
of
a
uto
mati
ng
el
ec
tric
al
an
d
el
ect
ronic
it
ems
use
d
in
current
ti
mes.
Char
ging
c
hor
ds
require
human
i
nter
ve
ntion
w
hich
preve
nts
f
ull
automatio
n.
He
nce
to
automate
dro
ne
ser
vices,
vac
uum
cl
ean
er,
r
obotic
eq
uipm
ent
a
WPT
ch
arg
i
ng
m
odule
is
a
re
quirem
ent
[
5].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1979
–
1986
1980
LiPo
batte
ries
are
se
ns
it
ive
de
vices
that
require
balance
d
chargin
g
meth
od
s
.
T
he
c
urre
nt
W
PT
te
c
hnology
is
ai
med
at
c
ha
r
ging
Li
oN
ba
tt
eries
[6
-
7]
.
The
c
hemical
el
ect
ro
lyte
be
tween
their
po
sit
ive
an
d
neg
at
ive
el
ect
ro
des
is th
e most
imp
or
ta
nt d
i
ff
e
ren
ce
bet
ween
li
thi
um
-
io
n
a
nd li
thiu
m
-
po
l
ym
er
bat
te
ries.
2.
WIRELE
SS
P
HYS
I
CS
M
a
ny
el
ect
r
oma
gnet
ic
eff
e
ct
s
can
wirele
ssly
tra
ns
fe
r
e
nerg
y
f
rom
one
po
i
nt
to
th
e
ne
xt.
T
he
op
ti
m
um
a
ppr
oach
is
deter
mined
by
the
ideal
distanc
e
betwee
n
the
so
urce
a
nd
de
vice
relat
ive
to
two
longit
ud
i
nal
s
cal
es:
(1)
the
sou
rce
or
de
vice
dimensi
on,
an
d
(
2)
th
e
wa
velen
gth
corres
pondin
g
to
the
os
ci
ll
at
ion
fr
e
quenc
y
[
8].
Sho
rt
-
ra
nge
tr
ans
missi
on
occurs
ove
r
distances
m
uch
s
mall
er
tha
n
t
he
siz
e
of
the
so
urce
or
dev
i
ce,
a
mi
d
-
ra
nge
tra
ns
fe
r
occ
urs
over
distanc
es
gr
eat
er
t
han
the
s
ource
or
dev
ic
e
a
nd
l
ong
-
rang
e
tr
ans
fer
occ
ur
s
over
d
ist
ance
s
f
ar
lar
ger
t
ha
n t
he wavele
ng
t
h [9].
Figure
1
s
how
s
a
wireless
po
wer
t
ran
s
fer
syst
em
with
t
wo
mag
netic
al
ly
c
oupled
coils.
T
he
el
ect
ric
energ
y
in
the
tr
ansmitt
er
c
oil
i
s
tra
ns
f
ormed
i
nto
ma
gn
et
ic
e
nerg
y
that
is
st
or
e
d
i
n
t
he
rec
e
iver
c
oil
wh
e
r
e
it
is
conve
rted bac
k t
o
el
ect
rical
ene
rgy [10
].
Figure
1
.
Re
sonant
wireless
pow
e
r
tra
nsfer
c
on
ce
pt
Wireless
in
duct
ive
power
tr
ansf
e
r
(
WPT
)
is
li
mit
ed
to
only
a
few
mil
li
mete
rs
of
the
distanc
e
betwee
n
t
he
tr
ansmitt
er
a
nd
t
he
receive
r.
W
it
h
ga
ps
i
n
t
he
range
of
ce
ntimet
ers,
co
upli
ng
de
creases
,
a
nd
with
it
the ef
fici
e
nc
y of ene
rgy
t
ra
ns
fe
r decrea
ses
[11
-
12
].
2
.
1.
Syste
m sc
heme
The
e
xisti
ng m
od
el
us
e
d
f
or w
irel
ess pow
e
r
tran
smissi
on usuall
y
is
co
mpr
ise
d
of
the
tra
nsmi
tt
er
side
ci
rcu
it
,
recei
ve
r
side
ci
rcu
it
,
a
BMS,
an
d
a
L
ioN
batte
ry
as
sh
ow
n
belo
w
i
n
Fi
gure
2.
T
he
existi
ng
m
odel
has
two
maj
or
dr
a
wb
ac
ks
i.e
s
uf
fici
ent
powe
r
cannot
be
t
ransfer
red
due
to
the
abse
nce
of
a
pro
per
am
pl
ifying
com
pone
nt
li
ke
a
M
O
SFET
and
al
s
o
the
outp
u
t
co
ntains
a
lot
of
unwa
nt
ed
noise
s
w
hi
ch
af
fects
the
ov
e
rall
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
t
he
sc
heme
.
T
he
pro
posed
s
ys
te
m
ca
n
be
separ
at
e
d
i
nto
3
co
mpo
ne
nts
or
subs
ys
te
ms
-
the
inv
e
rter,
t
he
tr
ansmitt
er/
rece
iver,
a
nd
fin
al
ly
the
batte
r
y
mana
geme
nt
s
ys
te
m
(B
M
S
).
These
s
y
ste
m
s
are
interco
nnect
ed
as
sho
wn
in
F
igure
3.
T
he
c
ompone
nts,
to
po
l
og
ie
s
hav
e
been
sel
ect
ed
f
or
handlin
g
m
edium
powe
r
range
l
oad
require
me
nts.
The
s
ourc
e
of
the
in
ver
t
er
sta
ge
is
dire
ct
cu
rr
e
nt
(D.
C.)
f
or
this
sc
heme.
It
can
be
ta
ke
n f
r
om
a
12
V,
2A
rated
s
witc
he
d
-
mode
powe
r
s
uppl
y
a
dap
te
r.
The
D.
C
s
ourc
e
pro
vid
es
in
put
to
a
f
ull
-
bri
dg
e
Cl
ass
D
i
nv
e
rter.
It
c
on
sist
s
of
4
po
w
er
s
witc
hes,
two
in
eac
h
le
g.
As
the
f
requen
c
y
of
s
witc
hing
is
hi
gh,
MOS
FET
(
Me
ta
l
Ox
i
de
Fie
ld
E
ff
ect
Tra
nsi
stor)
switc
hes ha
ve been
use
d f
or
be
tt
er s
witc
hing
r
es
pons
e
[
13, 14].
T
he ou
t
put o
f
the
H
-
B
r
idg
e is
pro
vid
e
d
to
an
LC
res
onant
ta
nk
ci
rc
uit,
the
inducti
ve
c
oil
i
s
the
tra
ns
mit
te
r
it
sel
f.
T
he
c
apacit
or
value
to
be
set
de
pe
nds
on
the
res
onant
frequ
e
nc
y
of
po
wer
t
ran
s
fer
[
15]
.
T
he
res
ona
nt
f
reque
ncy
is
the
same
as
th
e
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
in
this
ci
rc
uit
[
16].
T
he
receiv
er
coil
will
ha
ve
a
ca
pacit
or
connecte
d
as
pe
r
the
decide
d
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
powe
r
trans
fer
.
The
ne
xt
syst
em
is
t
he
B
M
S
wh
ic
h
in
volves
t
he
recti
fier
sta
ge
an
d
nec
essar
y
pro
te
ct
io
n
ci
r
cuitry
-
the
outp
ut
of
wh
ic
h
is
fi
nally
pr
ov
i
ded
t
o
the
LiPo
batte
r
y.
A
ba
la
nce
d
charger
is
inte
gr
at
e
d
into
t
he
BMS
sta
ge
f
or the
sa
fe c
hargin
g of t
he batt
ery [
17
, 18
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess char
gi
ng
sche
me
f
or
med
i
um
powe
r
range
applicat
ion
syste
ms
(
D karthike
y
an
)
1981
Figure
2. Bl
oc
k diag
ram of
th
e existi
ng sc
he
me
Figure
3. Bl
oc
k diag
ram of
th
e pro
posed
sc
he
me
2
.2
.
In
vert
er
switchin
g
s
che
me
The
to
po
l
ogy
us
e
d
he
re
is
a
ba
sic
H
-
Bri
dge
in
ver
te
r
.
T
he
pow
er
s
witc
hes
ha
ve
bee
n
co
ntr
olled
us
in
g
a
ti
mer
c
ircuit
. In
a
puls
e w
a
ve,
t
he
du
t
y
c
ycle is
def
i
ne
d
as
foll
ows:
D
=
[T
ON
/ (T
ON
+
T
O
FF
)
]
(1)
Wh
e
re
,
D=
dut
y
c
ycle,
T
ON
=on
per
io
d
of
Pu
lse
,
T
OF
F
=
OF
F
per
io
d
of
the
pulse
ge
ne
rated.
I
n
the
simulat
ion
ci
rc
uit,
we
a
re
us
i
ng
a
ti
me
r
ci
rc
uit
that
pro
vide
s
a
50%
du
t
y
cycle
pu
lse
wa
ve
t
o
the
dr
ive
r
IC
o
f
diag
on
al
powe
r
switc
hes
of
the
f
ull
bri
dge
.
A
n
in
ve
rted
pu
lse
wa
ve
is
ge
ner
at
e
d
to
dr
i
ve
the
oth
e
r
tw
o
switc
hes.
A
55
5
ti
mer
ci
rc
uit
has
been
us
e
d
for
the
im
ple
mentat
io
n
of
t
he
s
witc
hing
s
cheme
a
nd
swi
tc
hin
g
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
150
kH
z
is
achi
eved.
This
s
witc
hin
g
sc
heme
us
e
d
is
al
so
ca
ll
ed
bl
ock
c
ontrol,
wh
e
re
al
te
rn
at
e
switc
hes
are
bl
ock
e
d
in
a
le
g
to
a
void
s
hoot
-
thr
ough.
T
he
outp
ut
obta
ined
is
a
squar
e
wa
ve
ha
ving
a
vo
lt
age
peak eq
ual t
o
t
he powe
r
s
uppl
y vo
lt
age
.
2.3
.
G
at
e
driv
ing s
ch
eme
TLP25
0
is
a
st
and
al
on
e
IG
B
T
/
Mosfet
dr
i
ver
IC
.
T
he
in
pu
t
side
c
on
sis
ts
of
a
GaA
l
A
li
gh
t
-
emit
ti
ng
d
io
de.
T
he
outpu
t
si
de
gets
a
dr
i
ve
sig
nal
f
r
om
an
integ
rate
d
photodete
ct
or.
C
on
se
quentl
y,
t
he
mai
n
fea
ture
is
an
el
ect
ric
se
pa
rati
on
betwee
n
l
ow
a
nd
high
powe
r
ci
rcu
i
ts.
T
he
el
ect
ric
al
sig
nals
a
re
t
ran
s
mit
te
d
op
ti
cal
ly
thr
ough
li
ght.
User
s
ma
y
us
e
it
to
op
e
rate
hi
gh
volt
age
s
w
it
ch
gate
te
r
minals
in
both
co
nf
i
gurati
ons,
s
uch
a
s
high si
de op
e
ra
te
an
d l
ow si
de
drive.
I
t i
s a
va
il
able as a
DI
P
kit wit
h 8 pin
s.
2.4
.
Simul
at
io
n
The
simulat
io
n
ha
s
bee
n
done
usi
ng
Infine
on
Desig
ner
-
T
INACl
oud
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
4.
It
is
an
on
li
ne
prot
otypin
g
platf
orm
inco
rpor
at
in
g
t
he
f
unct
ion
al
it
ie
s
of
a
nalo
g
a
nd
dig
it
al
sim
ulati
on
in
a
n
I
nter
net
app
li
cat
io
n.
Al
l
the
com
pone
nts
us
e
d
in
the
hardw
a
re
are
made
by
Infin
eon,
so
t
he
use
of
this
progr
am
fo
r
ou
t
pu
t
anal
ys
i
s
ga
ve
the
ICs
in
the
ci
rc
uit
an
acc
urat
e
be
hav
i
or.
T
he
pr
ob
i
ng
met
hod
us
e
d
t
o
measu
re
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
acr
os
s
t
he
dum
my
loa
d
is
differe
ntial
pro
bing.
T
he
tw
o
-
c
ha
nn
el
f
eed
was
c
onne
ct
ed
ac
ross
the
loa
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1979
–
1986
1982
end
a
nd
t
he
groun
d
was
ma
de
co
mm
on.
Th
e
wa
ve
form
re
cei
ved
is
sho
w
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
5.
The
blac
k
wa
ve
form
is
of
t
he
pro
be
at
the
posit
ive
side
of
the
l
oad
wh
il
e
the
gr
ee
n
wa
ve
form
is
of
t
he
seco
nd
pro
be.
T
he
di
fference
wav
e
f
or
m
is
fe
d
to
t
he
tra
ns
m
it
te
r
coil.
The
init
ia
l
distor
ti
on
is
du
e
t
o
ca
pa
ci
ta
nce
in
the
ci
rcu
it
.
A
set
ti
ng
o
f
15%
ha
s
been
us
e
d
f
or rhe
os
t
at
to
obta
in
the
d
esi
re
d fr
e
que
ncy of
150 k
H
z f
or
t
he
sim
ul
at
ion
.
Figure
4. The
s
imulat
ed
ci
rc
ui
t scheme
Figure
5. V
oltage
(v
s
.) t
ime w
avefor
m at t
he t
ran
smit
te
r si
de
2.5
.
C
ompone
nt
selec
tion
2.5
.
1.
S
witchi
ng
pulse
gene
rat
i
on
A
28
pin
DS
P
IC
pac
ka
ge
dsPIC3
0F2
010
i
s
bein
g
us
e
d
to
pr
ov
i
de
the
necessa
ry
pulse
s
to
the
H
-
Bridg
e
.
It
is
a
high
-
perf
or
ma
nce
M
ic
r
oc
hip
Digital
Si
gn
al
Tra
ns
mit
te
r.
I
t
has
upda
te
d
Harvar
d
arc
hitec
tur
e
and
C c
ompil
er optimi
zed in
s
tructi
on set arc
hi
te
ct
ur
e
us
in
g 24
-
bit wi
de
in
structio
ns
, 1
6
-
bit wide dat
a pa
th,
1
2
Kbytes
of
on
-
c
hip
Flas
h
pro
gram
s
pace.
Thi
s
al
so
has
512
by
te
s
of
RA
M
on
-
c
hip
st
or
a
ge
.
It
ca
n
s
uppo
rt
DC
to
40
MHz
e
xt
ern
al
cl
oc
k
in
pu
t,
an
d
4
MHz
-
10
M
Hz
osc
il
la
tor
in
pu
t
with
P
LL
s
pec
ific
at
ion
s,
ma
ki
ng
i
t
su
it
able
f
or
thi
s
scheme
.
The
load
cu
rr
e
nt
r
equ
i
reme
nt
on
the
transmitt
e
r
side
ha
s
bee
n
set
to
1.5
-
2A
an
d
a
vo
lt
age
of
12V
is b
ei
ng u
se
d.
Accor
dingly,
the
M
O
SFE
T s
witc
h
s
pecifica
ti
on
c
rite
ria we
re s
et
.
2.5
.
2.
Tr
ansm
itter
an
d
rece
i
ver c
oils
The
t
ran
s
mit
te
r
c
oil
is
e
xp
ect
ed
t
o
handle
a
current
of
1.5
t
o
2A
acc
ordin
g
t
o
the
loa
d
r
equ
i
reme
nts
and
s
ys
te
m
des
ign
.
Re
cei
ve
r
c
oil
ha
s
al
s
o
be
en
sel
ect
e
d
kee
ping
t
he
sa
me
range
val
ues,
thou
gh
it
is
e
xp
ect
e
d
to
car
r
y
le
ss
c
urre
nt
tha
n
t
ran
s
mit
te
r
due
t
o
t
he
lo
sses.
T
he
dimensi
on
of
the
s
quare
coil
is
show
n
i
n
Figure
6
sq
ua
re
c
oils
ar
e
use
d
as
the
y
are
more
ef
fici
ent
t
han
ci
rc
ul
ar
ones
[
19].
High
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
que
ncy
produces
higher
-
or
der
ha
rm
on
ic
s
an
d
acoust
ic
noise
s
al
ong
with
s
witc
hing
l
os
s
at
ed
ges
[
20,
21].
H
ence
a
medium
-
range
operati
ng
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
is
ch
os
e
n.
B
oth
the
coils
a
re
ra
te
d
at
20
W
power
ha
ndli
ng
c
apacit
y.
The
c
urren
t
rati
ng of a
de
vi
ce is l
imi
te
d
by
the
heat pr
oduc
ed
in
the
dies
and the
resist
a
nce
of the lea
ds [
22].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess char
gi
ng
sche
me
f
or
med
i
um
powe
r
range
applicat
ion
syste
ms
(
D karthike
y
an
)
1983
Ba
sed
on
disc
rete
pa
rts,
el
e
ct
ronic
arc
hitec
ture
offer
s
a
dv
a
ntage
s
s
uc
h
as
rob
us
t
c
on
st
ru
ct
io
n,
ver
sat
il
it
y,
an
d
lo
wer
ov
e
rall
cost
[23
].
T
he
la
rg
er
t
he
c
oil,
the
higher
the
eff
ect
ive
distance
i
nduce
d
by
m
or
e
mag
netic
fiel
ds
betwee
n
the
transmitt
er
c
oil
an
d
the
recei
ve
r
c
oil
[
24]
.
Yet
bigger
c
oi
ls
are
bu
l
ky
for
high
powe
r
range
a
nd
no
t
s
uitable
f
or
lo
w
po
we
r
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
If
the
in
duct
an
ce
f
or
a
great
e
r
tra
nsfer
distance
is
increase
d,
the
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
will
dec
rease
du
e
to
a
hi
gh
e
r
l
os
s
of
pa
rasit
e
resist
a
nce
a
nd
a
n
inc
rea
se
in
the
numb
e
r of wi
ndin
gs
.
[25].
Figure
6. WE
-
WPCC
wireles
s ch
a
rg
i
ng co
il
2.6
.
Su
bsyste
m desig
n
2.6
.
1.
Ti
mer c
ir
cuit code us
ed in ds
p
Ou
t
pu
t
C
ompa
re
P
WM
m
od
e
has
been
us
e
d
in
the
DS
P
f
or
the
ge
ne
rati
on
of
switc
hi
ng
l
og
ic
for
the
M
O
SFET
s.
O
C2CO
N
S
peci
al
functi
on
Re
gister
(
SFR)
ha
s
bee
n
us
e
d
to
sel
ect
the
operati
on
mode
of
the
Ou
t
pu
t
Co
mpa
re
Mo
du
le
.
In
i
ti
al
ly,
OC2
CO
N
bits
are
res
et
.
The
n
ste
ps
are
f
ollow
e
d
to
co
nf
i
gurin
g
it
to
Con
ti
nu
ou
s
Pul
se
M
ode.
Pu
l
se
Widt
h
sta
rt
s
ti
me
is
wr
it
te
n
on
OC2
R
and
s
to
p
ti
me
on
OC
2RS
co
mp
a
r
e
reg
ist
ers
.
Ne
xt,
OC
M
bits
of
OC
2CON
regi
ste
r
(<
2:0
>
)
i
s
set
to
10
1
t
o
co
nf
i
gurin
g
it
to
C
on
ti
nuous
Pu
lse
M
ode
.
Ne
xt
th
e
ti
mer
is
ena
bl
ed
by
set
ti
ng
the
TO
N
bit
of
the
T
3C
ON
re
gister.
Time
r
3
is
us
e
d
he
re
a
nd
th
e
PR3
re
gister
is
us
ed
t
o
set
the
PWM
pe
rio
d.
PTCO
N
re
gister
is
us
e
d
to
se
t
the
PWM
m
ode.
Her
e
it
has
been
set
to
Fr
ee
R
unni
ng
Mo
de
a
nd
t
he
P
re
-
Sca
la
r
value
of
1:
1
co
nce
rn
i
ng
e
xter
nal
cl
ock
has
been
sel
ec
te
d
by
set
ti
ng
t
he
re
gister
value
.
Com
plementa
r
y
Mod
e
al
on
g
with
dead
t
ime
has
bee
n
config
ur
e
d
usi
ng
the
PWMCO
N
1
re
gister.
PD
C
1,
PD
C2
,
P
DC3
SFRs
are
us
e
d
to
sp
eci
fy
duty
cycle
val
ues
f
or
t
he
P
W
M
m
odule.
The
L
S
bit
of
t
hese
reg
ist
ers
determi
nes
whet
her
th
e
P
W
M
e
dg
e
occ
urs
in
the
be
ginning.
T
he
progra
m
bo
dy
for
assi
gn
i
ng the SF
R
values i
s as g
i
ven.
#include<P30F2010.h>
#include
“
LCD.h”
_FOSC(CSW_FSCM_OFF & XT_PLL8);
_FWDT(WDT_OFF);
Int main()
{
PTPER = 100000;
PTCON = 0x5000;
PWMCON1 = 0x0001;
PDC3 = 66;
PDC2 = 66;
PDC1 = 100;
PR3 = 400;
OC2ON = 0x0000;
OC2R = 0;
OC2RS =
220;
OC2ON = 0x000D;
T3C0N
= 0x800;
end_write();
data_write(“WIRELESS POWER”.0x80.16);
data_write(“TRANSFER”.0xc0.16);
while(1);
{}}
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1979
–
1986
1984
2.6
.
2.
H
ardw
are
as
sem
bly
The
ci
rc
uit
wa
s
init
ia
ll
y
as
se
mb
le
d
par
t
wise
on
a
brea
dboa
rd
a
nd
te
ste
d
with
the
gra
dual
increa
se
i
n
switc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y.
T
he
i
nput
wa
vefo
rm
to
the
tra
ns
mit
te
r
coil
was
c
heck
e
d
in
os
ci
ll
os
co
pe
a
nd
f
ur
t
he
r
desig
n
fine
-
t
unin
g
w
as
do
ne
.
The
ci
rcu
it
was
the
n
asse
mb
le
d
on
a
ge
ner
al
-
pur
pose
pr
i
nted
ci
rc
ui
t
bo
a
rd
(P
CB
).
T
he
PC
B
us
ed
has
a
cl
a
d
of
glass
fib
er
with
e
poxy
resin
bond
w
hi
ch
has
a
highe
r
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
ha
ndli
ng
capaci
ty.
T
he
PCB
use
d
is
a
tw
o
-
la
yer,
si
ngle
-
side
d,
with
a
sepa
rate
po
wer
plane
an
d
sig
nal
plane
.
The
finish
e
d
ci
rcu
it
w
as
so
l
der
e
d
t
o
the
tra
ns
mit
te
r
c
oil an
d power
chor
ds.
In
t
he
assem
bl
ed
s
ys
te
m
as
a
n
in
put
s
ource
of
po
wer
tw
o
t
ran
s
f
or
me
rs
al
ong
with
a
br
i
dg
e
recti
fie
r
sy
ste
m
has
bee
n
us
e
d
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
7(a
).
It
is
do
ne
so
that
direct
sup
ply
f
r
om
220V
mains
can
be
t
aken
for
the
s
ys
te
m
bu
t
an
a
da
pter
or
a
DC
sou
rce
of
suffi
ci
ng
rati
ng
can
a
lso
be
us
ed
t
o
power
it
up.
On
e
trans
forme
r
prov
i
des
for
t
he
main
sup
ply
to
the
H
-
Brid
ge
M
O
SFE
Ts
and
ot
her
act
s
as
a
s
upplem
entar
y
powe
r
s
ource
t
o
s
uppl
y
the
I
Cs.
T
he
receiv
er
side
c
on
sist
s
of
a
bri
dge
re
ct
ifie
r
f
ollow
e
d
by
a
filt
er
st
age
a
nd
ulti
mate
ly f
it
te
d
t
o
sup
ply for the
c
hargin
g of
a
Li
-
Ion
batte
r
y.
T
he
outp
ut of
t
he
MOS
FET
is sh
own
in
Figur
e
7(b). T
he
s
quar
e w
a
veform
of
150 k
Hz
is
pro
du
ce
d.
O
utput
at
the r
ecei
ver
end s
hown in
F
igure
8.
(a)
(b)
Figure
7. The
Transmi
tt
er S
i
d
e C
onfig
ur
at
i
on, (a)
Ha
rdwa
re syste
m,
(b)
Ou
t
pu
t
Figure
8. O
utput at
the
receiv
er e
nd
3.
RESU
LT
S
We
are
receivi
ng
a
n
ou
t
put
volt
age
of
a
rou
nd
9
volt
s
w
hich
is
bei
ng
us
e
d
to
cha
rg
e
t
he
LiPo
batte
ry
us
in
g
the
balanced
c
harge
r
modu
le
.
T
his
i
s
howe
ver
a
prot
otype
mode
l
that
can
be
f
ur
t
her
dev
el
oped
into
transmitt
in
g
hi
gh
e
r
po
wer
by
fi
ne
-
t
un
i
ng
th
e
in
duct
ive
co
up
li
ng
a
nd
in
c
reasin
g
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
t
urns
in
t
he
coil.
T
his
cha
rg
i
ng
mod
ule
can
th
us
be
i
mp
le
me
nted
i
n
c
hargin
g
sta
ti
on
s
for
dro
ne
s
an
d
va
ri
ous
oth
e
r
rob
otic ap
plica
ti
on
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess char
gi
ng
sche
me
f
or
med
i
um
powe
r
range
applicat
ion
syste
ms
(
D karthike
y
an
)
1985
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
mod
ule
w
e
de
velo
pe
d
w
as
te
ste
d
with
an
i
nput
vo
lt
a
ge
of
15
V
a
nd
has
a
ha
nd
li
ng
ca
pacit
y
of
50V.
T
he
ha
rdwar
e
dev
el
op
e
d
is
a
prot
otyp
e.
C
ompare
d
t
o
e
xisti
ng
models
our
s
ys
te
m
ca
n
t
ran
s
fer
po
we
r
su
ccess
fu
ll
y
in
the
me
dium
po
wer
ra
nge
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns.
T
he
whole
sy
ste
m
ha
rdwar
e
was
ass
embled
su
ccess
fu
ll
y
a
nd
te
sts
had
be
en
co
nducte
d
relat
ed
to
the
load
handlin
g
capaci
ty
of
the
sy
ste
m.
T
he
s
cheme
was pr
oven
to work
and
by th
e outp
ut v
al
ues
obtai
ned.
Vis
ua
l ob
s
er
vations
mad
e
on t
he p
ro
t
otype asse
m
bled.
The
se
ns
it
ivit
y o
f
the
sch
e
me
towa
rd
s
v
a
r
ying air
g
a
p
le
ng
t
h of t
he wirel
e
ss co
il
was
al
s
o
te
ste
d
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Mark
Esta
brook
,
“T
h
e conve
ni
en
ce
of
wire
le
ss
ch
arg
ing: It
’s
just phys
ic
s,”
W
hite
Pape
r,
M
edi
aT
ek
,
2017
.
[2]
Yevge
nBarsugo
v,
“B
at
t
ery
C
el
l
Bal
a
n
ci
ng:
Wh
at t
o
B
al
an
ce a
nd
How
,
”
Texas
Ins
truments
,
2018
.
[3]
Merc
ie
r
,
Patr
ic
k
P.,
and
An
ant
h
a
P.
Chandr
aka
s
an
,
“Ra
pid
Wi
r
el
ess
Capaci
to
r
Chargi
ng
Us
ing
a
Multi
-
Ta
pp
ed
Ind
uct
iv
el
y
-
Cou
ple
d
Se
conda
ry
Coil
,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansa
ct
ions
on
C
ircui
ts
and
S
yst
ems
I:
Re
gu
lar
Pape
rs
,
vol
.
60
,
no.
9
,
pp
.
2263
–
2272
,
2013
.
[4]
Xiao
Lu,
Ping
Wa
ng,
Dus
it
Ni
yat
o,
Dong
In
K
im
,
and
Zhu
Ha
n,
“Wire
le
ss
Chargi
ng
T
ec
hnolo
gie
s:
Fundam
entals
,
Stan
dar
ds a
nd
N
et
work Applica
tions
,
”
IE
EE
,
201
5.
[5]
Stepha
n
Scha
ec
her
,
Mat
thias
Brandl
,
“Re
sonant
W
ire
l
ess
Pow
er
Tra
nsfer
,
”
Whit
e
Pa
per
,
Infi
neon
Techno
logi
es
,
2018
,
[6]
Nichol
as
Abbon
dant
e
,
“W
ir
eless
Pow
er:
Cut
ti
ng
th
e cord in
tod
ay
’s m
obile
Wor
ld,”
Whi
te P
aper
,
I
nte
rte
k
.
[7]
Dea
n
Cl
ark
,
“Co
nsidera
t
ions whe
n
Design
ing a W
ire
l
ess Cha
rging
Sys
te
m,
”
White
-
Pape
r, AB
RA
CO
N.
[8]
Free
sca
l
e
Se
mi
c
onduct
or,
“Co
il
s used
for
Wi
r
ele
ss
Chargi
ng,
”
In
c.
Appl
i
cation
N
ote
,
2014.
[9]
Jos
eph
C.
Stark
III,
M.E
.
,
“Wire
le
ss
Pow
er
Tra
n
smiss
ion
Util
izi
ng
a
Phased
Arr
ay
of
T
esla
Co
ils
,
”
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Engi
ne
ering
The
sis,
2004.
[10]
Li
xin
Shi
,
Zach
ary
K
abe
l
ac,
Di
na
Kata
b
i,
and
David
Perre
au
lt.
s.
,
“
Wi
re
le
ss
Pow
er
Hotspot
th
at
Charg
es
All
of
your
Devices
,
”
I
n
Proceedi
ngs
o
f
the
21st
Annua
l
Inte
rnat
ional
C
onf
ere
nc
e
on
M
obil
e
Comput
ing
and
Net
work
ing
(MobiCom
'15).
ACM
,
New
York,
2015
.
[11]
Chandra
sheka
r
DR,
“High
-
Freq
uenc
y
Inv
erter
D
esign
Fundam
en
ta
ls
,
”
Magph
y
S
y
stems
,
2010.
[12]
Jiang,
Ch
aoqi
a
ng,
“An
Overv
ie
w
of
Resona
nt
Circ
u
i
ts
for
Wi
re
le
ss
Pow
er
Tr
ansfe
r,”
E
nergie
s
,
vo
l.
10
,
pp.
894
,
2017
.
[13]
Gui
-
Jia
Su,
“Co
nver
te
r
Topologi
es
f
or Wire
d
and
Wi
r
el
ess Ch
arg
ers,
”
Oak Ridge
Nati
onal
Labor
a
tory
,
2011
.
[14]
Rui
Jin,
“Circui
t
s a
nd
Sys
te
ms
fo
r
Eff
i
cient
Port
a
ble
-
to
-
Port
abl
e
Wi
re
le
ss
Charg
i
ng
,
”
M
IT
,
2014
.
[15]
Chen,
We
i
tong,
and
Chunhu
a
L
iu,
Christopher
Lee,
and
Zhiqiang
Shan
,
“Cost_E
ffe
c
ti
ven
ess
Compa
rison
o
f
Couple
r
Design
s
of
Wi
r
eless
Pow
er
Tra
nsfe
r
for
E
lectr
i
c
Vehic
l
e
Dyna
m
ic
Ch
arg
ing
,
”
Ene
rgies
,
vol
.
9
,
no.
11
,
2016
.
[16]
S
Cui
et
al
.,
“St
udy
on
eff
i
ci
en
c
y
of
diffe
r
ent
to
pologi
es
of
m
ag
net
i
c
coupled
r
e
sonant
wire
l
ess
cha
rging
sys
tem
,
”
IOP
Conf. Se
r.
: Ear
th
En
vi
ron.
S
ci
.
,
vo
l.
93
,
2017
.
[17]
Ti
anqi
ng
Li,
Xi
a
ngzhou
Wa
ng
,
Shuhua
Zh
eng,
and
Chunhu
a
L
iu,
“An
Eff
i
cien
t
Topol
ogy
for
Wi
re
le
ss
Pow
er
Tra
nsfer
Over
A
Wi
d
e
R
ange
of Loadi
n
g
Condit
i
ons
,
”
En
ergie
s
MDPI
,
2018
.
[18]
Paolo
Ba
te
z
zato,
“Wire
l
ess Ba
t
tery Cha
rging
,
”
W
hit
e
-
Pape
r,
ST, T
ec
hnology Tour
,
2017.
[19]
Stepha
n
Schä
ch
er,
MilkoPao
lucci
,
“W
ir
eless
cha
rging:
adva
nc
ed
technology
del
iv
ers
consum
er
conve
n
ie
n
ce
,
”
Whit
e
Pape
r
,
Inf
ine
on
Te
chnol
og
ie
s A
G
,
2017
.
[20]
Robert
Al
exa
nd
e
r
Moffat
t
,
“Wire
le
ss
Tra
nsfe
r
of
El
e
ct
ri
c
Pow
er
,
”
MIT
,
2009
.
[21]
M.
Sara
v
ana
n
,
A.
Ra
me
sh
Bab
u,
“
High
Pow
er
Density
Mult
i
-
Mos
fet
-
Based
S
eri
es
Resonant
I
nver
te
r
for
Indu
ct
ion
Hea
ti
ng
Appli
cations
,
”
Int
ernational
Journal
of
Powe
r
E
le
c
tronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
m
(I
JP
EDS
)
,
vo
l.
7,
no
.
1
,
pp.
107
-
113
,
20
16.
[22]
M.
N.
T
andj
aou
i,
C.
Ben
ac
h
ai
b
a,
O.
abd
el
kha
l
ek,
B.
Dena
i,
Y
.
Mouloud
i,
“
C
har
acte
ris
at
ion
a
nd
Model
li
ng
o
f
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
Device,
”
Int
e
rnational
Journ
al
of
Pow
er
Ele
ct
ronics
and
Dr
i
ve
S
yste
m
(IJ
PED
S)
,
v
ol.
5,
n
o
.
2,
pp.
135
-
14
,
201
4.
[23]
Hus
sain
Attia,
Ali
Sag
afi
ni
a,
“
Novel
Discre
te
Compon
ent
s
Based
Spe
ed
Control
ler
for
In
duct
ion
Motor
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(I
J
PE
DS)
, v
o
l. 7,
n
o.
4
,
pp
.
1075
-
1
084
,
2016
.
[24]
A.
Ali
,
M.N.M
Yasin,
M
.
F.C.
Hus
in,
N.A.M
Ahmad
Ha
mb
a
li
,
“
D
esign
and
ana
lysis
of
2
-
co
il
wire
l
ess
powe
r
tra
nsfer
(W
PT)
using
m
agne
t
ic
coupl
ing
t
ec
hniq
ue
,
”
In
te
rnation
al
Journal
o
f
Po
wer
E
le
c
tronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
(IJ
PE
DS)
, v
ol
.
1
0,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
611
-
616
,
2019
.
[25]
Masood
Rehman
,
Peru
mal
N
al
l
ag
ownden,
Zuhairi
Bah
aru
din
,
“
Eff
ic
i
enc
y
inv
esti
ga
ti
on
of
SS
and
SP
com
p
ensa
ti
on
topol
ogie
s
for
wire
l
ess
power
trans
fer
,”
In
te
rnati
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
S
y
stem
(IJ
P
EDS)
,
v
ol.
10
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2157
-
2164
,
20
19.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1979
–
1986
1986
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
D.
Kart
hik
eya
n
was
awa
rd
ed
a
B.
E.
Degre
e
from
the
Elec
tri
c
al
and
El
e
ctronic
Engi
ne
ering
Depa
rtment
of
A.I.
H.T
Coll
ege,
Chenn
ai,
Ind
ia
(af
fi
liate
d
to
Anna
Univer
si
ty,
Chenna
i
,
Ind
ia
)
,
in
2009;
and
M.
Tech.
Gradu
at
ed
fr
om
SR
MIS
T
(form
erl
y
SR
M
Univer
sity)
,
Kat
ta
n
kula
thur
,
Indi
a,
in
Pow
er
Elec
tron
i
cs
and
Drive
s
in
2013,
he
com
pl
et
ed
his
Ph.D.
i
n
Multi
le
v
el
Inv
ert
ers
in
2019.
He
cur
ren
t
ly
works
as
an
assistant
p
rofe
ss
or
in
th
e
S
RMIS
T
(form
erly
SR
M
Univer
sity)
Depa
r
tm
en
t
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Kat
ta
nk
ula
thur
,
and
Ch
enna
i
,
Indi
a.
Hi
s
cur
ren
t
r
ese
ar
ch
intere
sts
in
clud
e
power
el
e
ct
roni
c
mul
t
il
ev
el
i
n
ver
te
rs,
AC
dri
ves,
and
DC
d
rive
s.
He
is
a
me
mb
er
of
var
i
ous
profe
ss
iona
l
soc
i
et
i
es
such
as
th
e IEE
E
,
I
ET
,
and
I
SC
A.
Sayon
Koley,
p
ursuing
B.
Tech
from
SR
M
Instit
u
t
e
of
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
Technol
o
gy
with
m
aj
or
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
Elec
tron
ic
s
Eng
ineeri
ng.
He
h
as
a
subjec
t
intere
st
i
n
Pow
er
Sys
te
m
Engi
n
ee
ring
.
Hi
s
cur
ren
t
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
include
inve
rt
er
d
esigni
n
g
and
h
igh
-
fre
qu
enc
y
topol
ogi
es.
Mayukh
Bagc
h
i
,
pursuing
B
.
Tech
from
SR
M
Instit
ute
of
Sci
en
ce
and
T
ec
hnol
ogy
with
m
aj
or
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s
Engi
n
e
eri
ng.
He
h
as
a
s
ubje
c
t
intere
st
in
expe
ri
me
nt
al
ph
ysics.
His
cur
ren
t
rese
arc
h
in
te
rest
s inc
lud
e
wir
el
es
s power
tr
ansfe
r and
par
ti
c
le accele
ra
tor
d
esign
.
Aviji
t
Bha
tt
a
charya,
pursuing
B.
Te
ch
fro
m
SR
M
Insti
tut
e
of
Sc
ience
and
Te
chno
l
ogy
with
ma
jor
i
n
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
le
c
troni
cs
Engi
n
ee
ring
.
He
has
a
subje
ct
intere
s
t
in
Elec
trom
ag
net
i
c
Th
eor
y.
H
is
cur
ren
t
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
include
High
Volta
g
e
po
wer
supply
d
esig
ning
and
inv
ert
e
r
designi
ng
.
Vija
yaku
ma
r
Krishnasamy
r
ecei
ved
his
B
.
E.
and
M
.
E.
deg
ree
s
from
Ann
am
a
la
i
Univer
si
ty
,
Annama
l
ai
Nag
ar,
India;
and
his
Ph.D.
degr
ee
from
SR
MIS
T
(Former
ly
SR
M
Univer
sit
y),
Katt
anku
la
thur
,
India
.
He
is
pre
sentl
y
working
as
a
Profess
or
and
as
the
Hea
d
of
t
he
Depa
rt
me
nt
o
f
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s
Engi
n
e
eri
ng
of
SR
MIS
T
(Former
ly
SR
M
Univer
sity).
His
cur
ren
t
rese
a
rch
int
er
ests
in
cl
ud
e
power
sys
tem
mod
eling,
p
ower
e
lectr
oni
c
s
conve
r
te
rs
fo
r
grid
-
connect
e
d
PV
sys
te
ms,
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
int
e
ll
ig
e
nce
app
li
c
ations
in
power
sys
tems,
FA
CTS
devi
ce
s,
and
pow
er
qual
it
y
.
H
e
has
b
ee
n
awa
rde
d
th
e
Best
T
eache
r
Aw
ard
in
his
dep
a
rtm
ent
for
the
a
c
ade
m
ic
y
ea
rs
20
04
and
2006.
He
is
a
member
of
v
a
rious
profe
ss
iona
l
soci
et
i
es
such
as
the
I
EE
E
,
IE
T,
FIE,
ISTE,
a
nd
ISCA
.
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