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v
e
p
o
w
er
Q
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
Q
*
,
lead
in
g
to
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
in
th
e
in
v
er
ter
b
as
ed
o
n
in
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
tiis
lan
d
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
d
etec
t
is
lan
d
i
n
g
.
Fi
n
all
y
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
es
u
lt
f
r
o
m
a
6
0
0
W
th
r
e
e
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p
h
a
s
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i
n
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ter
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er
i
f
ies
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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ti
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is
lan
d
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n
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m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
d
etec
t th
e
is
lan
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n
g
w
i
th
o
u
t N
D
Z
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
AN
T
I
-
I
SL
AN
DIN
G
2
.
1
.
Co
nv
ent
io
na
l R
P
V
a
nti
-
is
la
nd
i
ng
m
et
ho
d
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
an
d
9
2
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
an
is
lan
d
in
g
t
est
s
ch
e
m
e
f
o
r
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
an
ti
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is
lan
d
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
test
s
ch
e
m
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
v
er
ter
,
a
R
L
C
lo
ad
,
a
s
w
i
tch
,
a
r
ec
lo
s
er
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
.
Qu
ali
t
y
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
R
L
C
lo
ad
is
2
.
5
,
an
d
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
res
is
s
et
to
b
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
as
g
r
id
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
n
,
v
al
u
es o
f
t
h
e
R
L
C
lo
ad
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
.
(
1
)
(2
)
A
cti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
o
f
th
e
R
L
C
lo
ad
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
(
3
)
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
an
d
f
r
ep
r
esen
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
P
C
C
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
B
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
(
1
)
,
(
2
)
,
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
,
ca
n
b
e
r
e
w
r
itte
n
as
(
5
)
E
q
u
atio
n
(
5
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
is
ze
r
o
w
h
e
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
eq
u
al
to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
I
n
Fig
.
3
(
a)
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e,
th
e
lo
ad
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
Q
an
d
g
r
id
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
:
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8
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I
n
t J
P
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w
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lec
&
Dr
i
S
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
92
6
–
93
2
928
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
s
lan
d
in
g
test
s
ch
e
m
e
(
a)
Gr
id
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e,
(
b
)
I
s
lan
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
R
P
V
a
n
ti
-
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
P
o
w
er
P
&
O
an
ti
-
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
W
h
en
t
h
e
g
r
id
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
i
s
ze
r
o
,
an
d
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
u
p
p
lies
r
ea
ct
iv
e
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
R
ea
cti
v
e
P
o
w
er
Var
iatio
n
(
R
P
V)
m
e
th
o
d
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
ch
a
n
g
es
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
p
er
io
d
ically
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
en
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
th
e
R
P
V
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
to
ex
ce
ed
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
s
,
lead
in
g
to
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
in
g
th
e
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e,
th
e
in
v
er
t
er
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
is
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
:
(
7
)
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
lo
ad
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
ch
a
n
g
e
s
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
f
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
s
an
d
th
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
is
d
etec
ted
.
2
.
2
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
Rea
ct
iv
e
P
o
w
e
r
P
&O
Ant
i
-
is
la
nd
i
ng
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
R
P
V
m
et
h
o
d
d
etec
ts
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
V
P
CC
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
w
it
h
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
V
P
CC
d
o
es
n
o
t
ch
a
n
g
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
i
s
l
an
d
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
R
P
V
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
tiis
lan
d
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
v
ar
iat
io
n
,
b
u
t
a
n
is
la
n
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
in
d
icato
r
i
s
n
o
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
u
t
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
.
I
n
Fig
.
5
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
is
lan
d
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
d
etec
ts
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
m
is
m
atc
h
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
v
er
ter
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
Q
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
r
ef
er
en
ce
Q
*
.
I
f
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
V
P
CC
is
li
m
ited
b
y
allo
w
ab
le
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
an
d
9
2
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
Q
is
also
li
m
ited
w
h
en
t
h
e
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
r
an
g
e
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
(
8
)
I
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
r
ef
er
en
ce
Q
*
e
x
ce
ed
s
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
eq
u
atio
n
(
8
)
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
ca
n
n
o
t
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
w
h
en
t
h
e
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
,
r
es
u
ltin
g
i
n
th
e
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
d
etec
ti
o
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ti
-
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
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ter fo
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q
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n
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929
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u
r
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6
.
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r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
tr
o
l a
lg
o
r
ith
m
Fig
u
r
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7
.
Ke
y
w
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e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
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ed
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an
ti
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is
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d
i
n
g
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et
h
o
d
Fig
u
r
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6
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
an
ti
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i
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d
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
ir
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t
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
.
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h
e
p
r
o
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ed
an
ti
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is
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n
d
in
g
m
eth
o
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n
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i
s
ts
o
f
a
r
ea
ctiv
e
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o
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er
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er
tu
r
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atio
n
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o
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ch
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n
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i
n
g
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er
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er
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er
i
o
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ically
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n
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a
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er
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atio
n
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d
alo
n
e
m
o
d
e.
C
u
r
r
en
t c
o
m
m
a
n
d
i
Lg
dq
*
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
p
o
w
er
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
:
(
9
)
(
1
0
)
C
ap
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ad
d
in
g
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
al
u
e
to
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
an
d
P
L
L
ar
e
r
estricte
d
b
y
th
e
li
m
iter
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
k
e
y
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
P
&
O
an
ti
-
is
la
n
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l.
I
n
t
h
e
g
r
id
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
i
n
v
er
ter
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
Q
is
r
eg
u
lated
to
f
o
llo
w
t
h
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
r
ef
er
en
ce
Q
*
,
a
n
d
lo
a
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
Q
L
oad
is
ze
r
o
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
n
o
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
li
m
iter
s
,
an
d
i
n
v
er
ter
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
Q
is
n
’
t
r
e
g
u
lated
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
in
g
d
ete
ctio
n
.
I
t
i
s
s
ee
n
th
a
t
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
i
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lo
ad
is
n
eg
l
ig
ib
le
at
ac
t
u
a
l
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
s
i
n
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l is
w
e
ll
m
a
in
t
ain
ed
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
ti
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
u
n
d
er
r
esis
t
iv
e
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
.
W
h
en
th
e
g
r
id
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
(
a)
P
=1
k
W
,
=
5
0
0
W
,
=
-
5
0
0
W
(
b
)
P
=
2
5
0
W
,
=5
0
0
W
,
=
2
5
0
W
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
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lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
92
6
–
93
2
93
0
3.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ti
-
is
lan
d
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
,
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
ad
a
n
d
R
L
C
lo
ad
w
it
h
th
e
q
u
alit
y
f
ac
to
r
o
f
2
.
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
P
o
=
5
0
0
W
,
V
DC
=
2
2
5
V,
V
grid
=
6
4
V,
L
i
=
1
.
6
8
m
H,
L
g
=3
m
H
a
n
d
C
f
=
3
_
F.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
th
e
is
la
n
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
r
esi
s
ti
v
e
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
g
r
id
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
Q
ch
a
n
g
e
s
p
er
io
d
icall
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
Q
lo
ad
is
ze
r
o
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
,
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
Q
b
ec
o
m
e
s
ze
r
o
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
Q
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
lo
ad
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
Q
load
,
an
d
th
en
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
in
g
is
d
etec
ted
d
u
e
to
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
m
is
m
atc
h
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
Q
a
n
d
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
r
ef
er
en
ce
Q
*
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
an
d
1
0
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
r
esu
l
ts
u
n
d
er
th
e
r
e
ac
tiv
e
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
ex
ce
ed
s
th
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
s
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
Q
,
b
u
t
ca
n
n
o
t
r
eg
u
late
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
Q
s
i
n
c
e
f
is
li
m
ited
b
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
l
i
m
iter
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
ti
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
u
n
d
er
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
.
W
h
en
th
e
g
r
id
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
(
a)
P
=
5
0
0
W
,
=
0
k
W
,
=
-
3
0
v
ar
(
b
)
)
P
=
=
5
0
0
W
,
=
0
k
W
,
=
3
0
v
ar
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
u
n
d
er
R
L
C
lo
ad
(
q
u
alit
y
f
ac
to
r
=2
.
5
)
co
n
d
itio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Gri
d
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
I
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
C
u
r
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t Co
n
tr
o
l b
y
Usi
n
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A
n
ti
-
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Tech
n
i
q
u
e
(
B
V
R
a
ja
n
n
a
)
931
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
is
lan
d
in
g
d
et
ec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
d
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
m
o
d
e
to
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
w
h
e
n
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
g
r
id
is
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
,
(
a)
P
=
,
=
0
W
,
=
0
W
(
b
)
P
=
P
=
+3
0
0
W
,
=
-
3
0
0
W
,
=
0
W
4.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
R
E
SU
L
T
A
6
0
0
W
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
v
er
ter
is
b
u
ilt
an
d
te
s
ted
to
v
er
if
y
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ti
-
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
,
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
atio
n
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
is
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
P
o
=
6
0
0
W
,
V
DC
=
2
2
5
V,
V
grid
=
6
4
V,
L
i
=
1
.
6
8
m
H,
L
g
=
3
m
H
an
d
C
f
=
3
_
F,
R
L
C
L
o
ad
(
q
u
alit
y
f
ac
to
r
=
2
.
5
)
,
Fi
g
s
.
1
1
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
i
s
l
an
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
w
i
th
i
n
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
a
n
d
th
e
s
ea
m
le
s
s
m
o
d
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
to
s
ta
n
d
-
alo
n
e
m
o
d
e
w
h
e
n
th
e
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
an
t
i
-
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
n
o
t
ch
a
n
g
e
e
v
en
a
f
t
er
th
e
is
la
n
d
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
.
An
is
s
u
e
o
f
d
etec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
ar
o
s
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
n
e
w
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
d
et
ec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
d
etec
t
th
e
is
la
n
d
in
g
u
s
i
n
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
an
d
o
b
s
e
r
v
atio
n
i
n
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
b
ein
g
o
p
er
ated
b
ased
o
n
in
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l,
w
h
ic
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
ca
u
s
e
a
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
c
r
itical
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
clea
r
in
g
ti
m
e
b
u
t
at
th
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
d
e
ch
an
g
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
is
la
n
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
a
6
0
0
W
th
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
v
er
ter
w
i
th
R
L
C
lo
ad
(
q
f
ac
to
r
=
2
.
5
)
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
is
la
n
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
in
d
etec
t
is
lan
d
i
n
g
w
it
h
i
n
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
an
d
9
2
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
w
h
ile
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
tab
le
an
d
s
ea
m
les
s
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
cr
itical
lo
ad
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
I
ex
p
r
ess
m
y
th
a
n
k
s
to
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
g
iv
en
b
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
i
n
co
m
p
le
tin
g
m
y
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
I
also
ex
p
r
es
s
m
y
s
i
n
ce
r
e
g
r
atit
u
d
e
&
d
ee
p
s
en
s
e
o
f
r
esp
ec
t
to
Dr
.
K
S
S
r
ik
an
t
h
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
u
s
a
v
ailab
le
all
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ass
is
tan
ce
&
f
o
r
h
i
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
&
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
j
ec
t
in
th
e
I
n
s
tit
u
te.
I
w
o
u
ld
l
ik
e
to
t
h
an
k
Dr
.
K
S
Srik
a
n
t
h
,
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
w
h
o
h
a
s
b
ee
n
an
i
n
s
p
ir
i
n
g
g
u
id
e
an
d
co
m
m
i
tted
f
ac
u
lt
y
w
h
o
g
a
v
e
r
elief
m
o
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ev
er
y
s
itu
a
tio
n
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
.
T
h
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
y
h
i
m
,
esp
ec
i
all
y
in
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t
th
is
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
o
tiv
ated
m
e
to
co
m
p
lete
th
i
s
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
I
am
th
an
k
f
u
l
to
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
teac
h
i
n
g
s
ta
f
f
o
f
E
E
E
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
f
o
r
th
eir
d
ir
ec
t
as
w
ell
a
s
in
d
ir
ec
t
h
elp
i
n
m
y
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
I
am
elate
d
to
av
ail
m
y
s
elv
e
s
to
th
i
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
to
ex
p
r
ess
m
y
d
ee
p
s
en
s
e
o
f
g
r
atit
u
d
e
to
m
y
p
ar
en
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
IEE
E
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
f
o
r
Util
it
y
In
terf
a
c
e
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
taic
(P
V
)
S
y
s
te
m
s,
IEE
E
S
tan
d
a
rd
9
2
9
-
2
0
0
0
,
A
p
r.
2
0
0
0
.
[2
]
IEE
E
S
ta
n
d
a
rd
fo
r
I
n
ter
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
Distrib
u
ted
Res
o
u
rc
e
s
w
it
h
El
e
c
tri
c
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
s,
IEE
E
S
tan
d
a
rd
1
5
4
7
-
2
0
0
3
,
Ju
l.
2
0
0
3
.
[3
]
J.
B.
Je
o
n
g
,
H.
J.
Kim
,
“
Ac
ti
v
e
a
n
ti
-
islan
d
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
P
V
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l”,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
L
e
tt
e
rs 1
7
th
,
2
0
0
6
,
Vo
l.
4
2
,
No
.
1
7
.
[4
]
W
.
X
u
,
G
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
C.
L
i,
W
.
W
a
n
g
,
G
.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
J.
Klib
e
r,
"
A
P
o
w
e
r
L
in
e
S
ig
n
a
li
n
g
Ba
se
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
A
n
ti
-
Isla
n
d
in
g
P
ro
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
Distrib
u
t
e
d
G
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
—
P
a
rt
I:
S
c
h
e
m
e
a
n
d
A
n
a
ly
sis,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
De
li
v
e
ry
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
8
-
1
7
6
6
,
Ju
ly
2
0
0
7
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
P
W
RD.2
0
0
7
.
8
9
9
6
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
92
6
–
93
2
932
[5
]
H.
Kim
,
T
.
Yu
,
a
n
d
S
.
C
h
o
i,
“
In
d
irec
t
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
u
ti
li
ty
in
tera
c
ti
v
e
in
v
e
rt
e
r
s
in
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s,” IE
EE
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
2
–
1
3
4
7
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
8
.
[6
]
P
.
Du
,
Z.
Ye
,
E.
A
p
o
n
te,
J.
Ne
lso
n
,
a
n
d
L
.
F
a
n
,
“
P
o
si
ti
v
e
-
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
b
a
se
d
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
ti
-
islan
d
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
in
v
e
rter
-
b
a
se
d
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs:
Ba
sic
p
rin
c
ip
le,
d
e
sig
n
g
u
id
e
li
n
e
,
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
4
1
–
2
9
4
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
0
.
[7
]
J.
Be
n
jan
a
ra
su
t
a
n
d
B
.
Ne
a
m
m
a
n
e
e
,
"
T
h
e
d
-
,
q
-
a
x
is
c
o
n
tro
l
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
o
f
sin
g
le
p
h
a
se
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
w
in
d
tu
rb
i
n
e
s
w
it
h
M
P
P
T
a
n
d
a
n
ti
-
islan
d
in
g
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
,
"
T
h
e
8
t
h
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
/
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
Co
mp
u
ter
,
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
ECT
I)
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
o
f
T
h
a
i
la
n
d
-
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
2
0
1
1
,
Kh
o
n
Ka
e
n
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
6
4
9
-
6
5
2
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/E
CT
ICON
.
2
0
1
1
.
5
9
4
7
9
2
3
.
[8
]
A
.
Ya
f
a
o
u
i,
B.
W
u
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ko
u
ro
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
a
c
ti
v
e
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
rif
t
a
n
ti
islan
d
in
g
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
g
ri
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic sy
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
3
6
7
–
2
3
7
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
Y.
Zh
u
,
D.
H.
Xu
,
N.
He
,
J.
M
a
,
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
Y.
F
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
G
.
Q.
S
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
C
.
S
.
Hu
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
RP
V
(r
e
a
c
ti
v
e
-
p
o
we
r
-
v
a
riatio
n
)
a
n
ti
islan
d
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
p
e
rtu
rb
a
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
4
9
9
8
-
5
0
1
2
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
D.
X
u
,
G
.
S
h
e
n
,
Y.
Zh
u
,
N.
He
,
a
n
d
J.
M
a
,
“
A
n
im
p
ro
v
e
d
islan
d
in
g
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
a
g
ri
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
i
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
in
term
it
ten
t
b
il
a
tera
l
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
v
a
ria
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tr
o
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
8
–
2
7
8
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
D.
E.
Oliv
a
re
s
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
re
n
d
s
in
m
icro
g
rid
c
o
n
tro
l,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
5
–
1
9
1
9
,
Ju
l.
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
S
.
Yo
o
n
,
H.
O
h
,
S
.
C
h
o
i,
“
Co
n
tro
ll
e
r
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Im
p
le
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
In
d
irec
t
Cu
rre
n
t
Co
n
tr
o
l
Ba
se
d
Util
it
y
-
In
tera
c
ti
v
e
In
v
e
rter S
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
S
.
Ka
r
a
n
d
S
.
R.
S
a
m
a
n
tara
y
,
"
M
u
lt
ip
le
f
e
a
tu
re
s
b
a
se
d
a
n
ti
-
islan
d
in
g
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
re
lay
f
o
r
d
istri
b
u
te
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
s,"
2
0
1
4
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
m
a
rt
El
e
c
tri
c
Gr
id
(
IS
EG)
,
G
u
n
tu
r,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
S
EG
.
2
0
1
4
.
7
0
0
5
6
0
2
.
[1
4
]
B.
G
u
h
a
,
R.
J.
Ha
d
d
a
d
a
n
d
Y.
Ka
laa
n
i,
"
A
n
ti
-
islan
d
in
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
In
v
e
rter
-
b
a
se
d
Distri
b
u
ted
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s
-
A
su
rv
e
y
,
"
S
o
u
th
e
a
stC
o
n
2
0
1
5
,
F
o
rtL
a
u
d
e
r
d
a
le,
F
L
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/S
ECON.
2
0
1
5
.
7
1
3
3
0
4
5
.
[1
5
]
T
.
Ka
n
d
il
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
t
io
n
o
f
a
n
ti
-
islan
d
in
g
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ro
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