In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
409~
4
1
6
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
4
09-
41
6
409
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
The Effect of short circu
it f
ault in three-phase core-typ
e
d
tra
n
sformer
N
.
F. M. Yasid
1
, A.
A
. Alawady
2
,
M
.
F
.
M
.
Y
o
u
s
o
f
3
, M.
A.
T
alib
4
, M.
S. Kamaru
d
in
5
1
,
2,
3,
5
F
acu
lty
o
f El
ec
t
r
ical
and
Electro
nic
Engin
eerin
g,
U
n
i
vers
iti
T
u
n
Hussei
n
O
n
n
M
alay
si
a, M
alay
si
a
2
D
epartm
ent of
Com
p
u
t
e
r Tech
nical
En
g
i
n
eerin
g
,
Co
l
lege
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
i
cal E
ng
in
eering
, Islamic
U
n
i
v
e
rs
it
y
, Iraq
4
Tenag
a
Nasion
a
l
Be
rh
ad Research, Kaw
asan Institusi Penyel
i
d
i
kan
,
43
00
0
K
a
jang
,
S
e
l
ango
r,
Mal
aysi
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Ju
l
3
0,
201
9
Re
vise
d O
c
t
2
5
,
20
1
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
No
v
2
8
,
2
019
Diff
erent
tech
ni
ques
f
o
r
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
ng
th
e
transf
o
r
m
e
r
con
d
i
t
i
on
a
re
con
t
i
nuo
usly
d
i
s
cu
ss
ed.
T
h
i
s
i
s
du
e
to
t
h
e
f
act
t
hat
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
s
a
r
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
st
e
xpen
s
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
ents
i
n
th
e
po
wer
system
n
etw
o
rk
.
N
o
t
to
m
e
ntio
n
th
e
cos
t
t
o
fi
x
an
y
f
a
ilure
o
c
curred
i
n
t
he
t
rans
fo
rm
er
t
ha
t
ha
ve
beco
m
i
ng
m
ore
exp
e
ns
ive
n
o
w
a
days
.
F
r
equ
e
ncy
res
p
o
n
se
a
n
a
ly
sis
(
FRA)
i
s
fo
un
d
to
b
e
the
be
st
m
e
t
ho
d
to
m
on
ito
r
the
tra
n
sfor
m
e
r
re
l
i
a
b
i
l
ity.
T
h
i
s
pap
e
r
pres
ent
s
a
c
o
n
t
i
nu
ati
o
n
o
f
s
tu
dy
pres
ent
e
d
i
n
p
revio
u
s
pap
e
r
[1
].
T
he
s
t
udy
perf
o
r
med
a
l
a
b
o
rato
ry
t
est
to
s
how
t
hat
th
e
resp
on
se
o
f
a
n
o
rm
al
w
i
nding
ph
ase
A
c
a
n
be
a
f
f
ected
b
y
sho
r
t
circu
i
t
f
a
u
lt
w
h
ich
oc
curred
a
t
LV
w
in
d
i
n
g
ph
ase
a,
b
,
and
c.
T
o
f
u
rt
her
in
ves
t
ig
ate,
c
urren
t
p
ap
er
p
erf
o
r
me
d
F
R
A
m
easu
r
e
m
en
t
an
d
app
l
i
e
d
f
a
u
l
t
o
n
a
l
l
phas
e
s.
T
h
e
s
am
e
proced
ure
i
s
repeat
ed
on
a
d
istri
but
i
o
n
transf
or
mer
to
v
e
r
i
f
y
the
f
i
nd
ings.
This
i
s
t
o
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
f
a
ult
at
wi
ndin
g
o
f
ot
her p
h
as
es t
o t
h
e res
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
m
eas
ured
phas
e
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Tran
sf
ormer
W
i
nd
in
g
F
r
equenc
y
re
spons
e
S
hort
circu
i
t faul
t
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
N
u
rul F
a
ra
hw
ahi
d
a
b
t
M
d Y
a
si
d,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
and
E
l
e
c
t
ron
i
c E
n
g
i
nee
r
in
g,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
ssei
n
O
nn
Ma
lays
ia (
U
T
H
M
),
86
4
00, P
ar
i
t
Raja
,
B
a
t
u
P
a
ha
t
, Johor,
Mala
ysia
.
Em
ail:
far
a
hw
ahi
d
a.
yas
i
d@
g
m
a
i
l.
com
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Tr
ansform
e
r
s
a
re
e
xp
ose
d
t
o
va
ri
o
u
s
e
l
ec
t
r
ic
al
a
nd
m
e
c
ha
nica
l
f
a
i
l
u
res
d
u
r
i
ng
t
he
ir
life
s
pa
n.
S
om
e
of
t
hese
w
er
e
c
a
use
d
b
y
mis
h
an
d
l
i
ng
dur
ing
ma
i
n
te
na
nce
an
d
tra
n
sp
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
e
art
hqu
ake
,
a
n
d
ev
en
e
xt
ern
a
l
f
a
u
l
t
s
.
Ext
e
nd
ed
out
ag
es,
c
o
st
ly
r
e
p
ai
rs
a
nd
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
s
e
ri
ou
s
fa
u
l
t
m
o
st
ly
o
c
c
u
rr
ed
t
o
tran
sfor
me
r
acti
v
e
parts
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
the
c
o
re
a
n
d
w
in
di
ngs.
I
t
i
s
fo
u
nd tha
t
,
core
d
amage
i
s
m
or
e
l
i
kely
a
s
a
r
e
sult
o
f
shocks
c
ause
by
t
r
ans
p
ortat
i
on,
w
hile
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
d
a
m
a
g
e
is
c
ause
d
b
y
s
h
o
rt
c
irc
ui
t
(S
C
)
f
o
r
c
e
s
[2
,3
].
T
o
as
ses
s
t
h
e
c
ond
iti
on
and
me
cha
n
ic
a
l
r
e
l
i
a
bil
i
t
y
o
f t
r
ansfor
me
rs,
fre
que
nc
y
resp
o
n
se
a
n
a
l
ys
is
(
F
R
A
)
i
s
pro
v
e
n
t
o
be
a
p
ow
erful
a
n
d
effec
t
i
v
e
me
th
od
[
4
-8].
I
t
is
h
igh
l
y
sens
i
tive
t
o
e
lectr
i
c
a
l
o
r
m
e
c
h
a
ni
ca
l
ch
an
g
e
s
in
t
ra
n
s
f
o
rmers.
F
o
r
exa
m
ple,
[
9]
h
as
p
re
se
nt
ed
t
h
e
e
ffe
ct
o
f
s
h
u
n
t
impe
da
nce
,
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
b
u
sh
i
n
g
and
len
g
t
h
o
f
me
asurem
en
t
lead
i
n
the
res
p
o
n
se.
In
[
10],
t
h
e
r
e
fe
re
nc
e
obs
erve
d
the
r
e
sp
o
n
s
e
sen
s
i
t
iv
it
y
to
wa
rd
s
th
e
cap
a
c
i
t
an
ce
a
n
d
mutua
l
i
n
duc
t
a
nc
e
be
tw
ee
n
the
w
i
nd
in
g
s
.
Refere
n
c
e
[1
1]
s
tu
d
i
ed
the
response
s
en
si
tiv
i
t
y
towa
rd
s
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
a
nd
mo
ist
u
re
c
on
t
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
tra
n
sform
e
r
i
n
s
u
la
t
i
o
n
.
I
t
sh
ow
e
d
t
here
i
s
a
c
onsi
d
er
able
c
ha
n
g
e
i
n
the
r
e
sp
onse
i
n
dica
t
i
n
g
t
hat
it is
h
i
g
hl
y s
e
ns
i
t
i
ve
e
ve
n o
n
n
on
-
m
e
c
han
i
c
a
l
fa
ctor.
Re
fe
renc
e [1
2] ha
d
re
v
ie
w
e
d
lite
rat
u
re
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
the
asp
e
c
t
t
ha
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
ns
i
d
ere
d
w
he
n
i
mp
le
m
e
nti
n
g
S
F
RA
m
etho
d,
w
hic
h
i
s
con
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
n
o
n
-tes
te
d
ter
m
inal
s
w
h
e
n
d
ia
g
n
o
s
in
g
w
i
nd
i
ng
fa
il
ure
s
.
Refere
nce
[1
3]
h
a
s
f
o
u
nd
t
h
at
t
he
wi
nd
i
n
g
resp
on
se
o
f
an
a
uto
t
ran
s
fo
rme
r
c
a
n
b
e
af
fe
ct
ed
b
y
t
h
e
t
e
r
t
i
a
ry
w
i
ndi
ng
due
t
o
cou
p
l
i
ng
e
f
fe
ct
betw
ee
n w
i
n
d
i
ngs.
M
o
re
stu
d
i
e
s
ar
e
ne
cessa
ry to fur
t
her
un
derst
an
d
thi
s
se
n
si
ti
v
ity
o
f
FR
A me
asu
r
e
m
e
n
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
409
–
41
6
41
0
T
h
i
s
p
ap
e
r
i
s
p
r
op
o
s
in
g
t
o
i
n
v
e
sti
g
at
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
f
a
ult
wh
i
c
h
oc
cur
r
ed
i
n
o
t
her
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
on
t
h
e
re
sp
on
s
e
o
f
th
e
mea
s
u
r
ed
w
i
n
d
i
ng
.
T
h
e
me
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
tud
y
w
e
re
c
on
duc
t
e
d
on
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
se
tra
n
sform
e
rs
a
t
a
loca
l
re
se
ar
ch
u
ti
l
i
t
y
c
om
pa
n
y
.
FRA
e
nd-t
o
-en
d
ope
n
c
i
r
c
u
it
test
i
s
use
d
,
a
nd
t
h
e
fa
ul
t
is
shor
t c
i
rcu
it t
u
rns tha
t
w
as c
rea
t
ed b
y
sh
orti
ng
the
ter
m
ina
l
s
on
the
tap
ch
ange
r
s
.
2.
S
H
ORT CIR
C
UI
T
FAUL
T IN
T
RANSF
O
RME
R
W
I
N
DI
N
G
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
[
14]
,
fa
u
l
t
y
w
ind
i
ng
usua
ll
y
occ
u
r
s
i
n
dis
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
.
Thi
s
i
s
bec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
f
l
o
w
i
n
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
w
in
di
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
goe
s
elec
t
r
om
a
gne
t
i
c
i
ndu
c
tio
n
vo
l
t
a
g
e
w
hi
ch
i
s
st
e
p
p
e
d
d
o
w
n
.
The
c
u
r
r
e
nt
i
s t
h
en
s
te
pp
e
d
up
i
n
t
he
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y w
i
n
d
in
g.
D
ur
i
n
g
t
h
i
s pr
oce
s
s,
t
he sec
onda
r
y
w
i
n
di
n
g
s ha
ve t
o
wi
th
st
and
el
ectri
c
a
l
,
th
e
r
ma
l
an
d
me
c
h
ani
cal
s
t
r
e
s
se
s
[
1
5
]
.
S
e
ver
a
l
t
y
pes
of
f
a
u
lt
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
gs
s
uc
h
a
s
t
he
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
s
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
o
c
c
u
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
S
C
i
s
q
u
i
t
e
r
a
r
e
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
s
incr
ease
d
dur
ing
t
h
e
transfor
me
r
li
fe
time
whic
h
is
t
yp
ic
a
lly
u
p
t
o
5
0
y
ea
r
s
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
spi
t
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
,
acc
or
di
n
g
t
o
[
3
]
,
a
bou
t
4
0
%
of
t
he
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
f
aul
t
s
ar
e
ini
t
i
a
t
e
d
b
y
hug
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
SC
e
v
e
ry
y
e
a
r
.
O
n
e
of
t
he
s
o
u
r
c
es
c
on
tr
i
b
ute
t
o
S
C
fa
ult
i
s
i
ns
u
l
at
i
on
br
eakd
o
w
n
.
I
n
su
l
a
ti
on
br
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
usu
a
ll
y
oc
cur
s
d
ue
t
o
hi
g
h
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
v
o
l
ta
ge
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
b
o
v
e
t
h
e
r
a
te
d
v
al
u
e
s.
T
h
e
b
r
e
a
kdo
wn
o
f
t
h
e
in
su
l
a
t
i
on
r
e
sults
i
n
f
l
as
h
over
be
tw
ee
n
t
w
o
t
u
r
n
s
an
d
c
a
u
ses
i
n
t
e
r
-
t
ur
n
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
.
Be
si
des
tha
t
,
t
h
e
r
ma
l
losses
i
n
c
oppe
r
w
i
l
l
pr
o
duc
e
h
o
t
s
p
o
t
s
i
n
the
w
indi
n
g
.
Th
is
over
t
i
me
c
au
s
e
s
te
a
r
o
f
the
i
nsu
l
a
tio
n
an
d d
e
cr
e
a
se
o
f the
ph
ys
i
c
a
l
str
e
ngt
h
u
p
t
o t
h
e
p
o
in
t
of
b
r
eaki
n
g of
t
he
w
i
ndi
ng.
U
lt
i
m
at
e
l
y
,
c
a
us
i
n
g
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
i
n t
h
e
w
i
n
d
in
g.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
t
o
[
1
7
]
,
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
s
ar
e
di
vide
d
in
t
o
t
h
r
ee
b
a
s
i
c
cate
gor
i
e
s.
T
hese
a
r
e
wi
nd
ing
-
to
-g
rou
nd
f
a
ul
t
,
w
i
n
ding
-to
-
w
i
n
d
i
n
g fa
u
l
t
,
a
nd
tur
n
-
t
o-
t
u
r
n
f
au
l
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
w
in
din
g
.
Tur
n
-
t
o
-
t
u
r
n
or
i
n
te
r
-
t
ur
n
s
hor
t S
C
fa
u
lt
is
t
h
e mos
t
co
mmo
n
l
y
to
occu
r
. Fig
u
r
e 1
illu
s
t
r
ates th
e
occu
rren
ce
o
f
inter
-
t
ur
n
S
C
f
au
lt
d
u
e
t
o
i
n
s
u
l
a
tio
n
br
ea
kdow
n.
I
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
,
S
C
i
n
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
in
g
c
a
uses
r
ed
uc
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
i
ng
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
l
e
n
g
t
h.
I
n
c
a
se
o
f
w
i
nd
i
ng
co
up
l
e
d
wi
t
h
m
ag
n
e
ti
c
co
re
,
t
h
e
mai
n
s
i
g
n
of
i
nt
ern
a
l
sh
o
r
t
-
ci
r
cu
it
fa
ul
t
is
a
s
ig
n
i
fi
cant
i
n
cr
ease
of
f
irs
t
a
n
tir
e
s
o
n
a
n
ce
i
n
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
spo
n
se
c
or
r
e
sp
ond
in
g
t
o
ope
n
sec
o
n
dar
y
w
i
n
d
i
ng
[
18]
.
Th
e
fr
eq
uenc
y
r
a
nge
i
s
ty
p
i
cal
l
y
s
e
v
er
a
l
H
z
u
p
t
o
fe
w
kH
z
,
w
hich
i
s
the
l
o
w
fr
e
q
uenc
y
(
L
F
)
r
egio
n.
T
he
k
e
y
p
oi
n
t
t
o
u
nder
s
t
a
nd
t
h
e
LF
v
ariati
o
n
a
ffec
te
d
by
s
h
o
r
ted
t
u
rns
can
b
e
o
b
ta
i
n
e
d
i
n
the
d
escr
i
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
F
a
r
a
da
y’
s
la
w
i
n
t
he
s
h
o
r
t
e
d
tu
r
n
s. Th
e
law s
ta
t
e
s
th
at th
e
“
e
l
e
c
tr
om
agne
tic
f
or
c
e
(
em
f)
ind
uce
d
i
n a
tur
n
is e
q
ua
l t
o
t
h
e
r
a
t
e of
va
r
ia
tion
of
the
e
l
ec
t
r
oma
g
net
i
c
f
l
ux
in
si
de
i
t”
[
19]
.
Th
e
paper
als
o
p
r
e
sen
t
s
f
i
n
it
e
-
el
emen
t
me
t
hod
(
FE
M
)
s
h
o
w
ing
th
e
c
h
an
ges
of
m
a
gne
t
i
zi
n
g
c
ha
r
acte
r
ist
i
cs
o
f
c
o
r
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
ca
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
LF
d
e
v
iat
i
on.
T
h
i
s
im
por
t
a
n
t
p
r
o
per
t
y
c
a
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
.
H
o
w
ev
er,
i
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
ememb
e
re
d
t
h
at
t
he
de
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
L
F
r
e
spon
se
s
is
n
ot
a
s
i
g
n
the
pr
e
s
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
S
C
i
n
t
he
w
in
din
g
u
n
d
e
r
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nt
o
n
l
y,
be
cau
se
t
he
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
o
cc
ur
i
n
t
h
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
spo
n
se
s
o
f
a
l
l
w
in
di
ngs
o
n
t
h
e
sa
me
c
or
e
[20]
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
I
nter
-tur
n
shor
t
cir
c
u
it
d
u
e
t
o
i
n
s
u
l
a
tio
n
br
ea
kdow
n
3.
ME
AS
UREM
E
NT
P
ROCEDU
RE
3.
1.
D
e
t
a
i
l
s
of
e
xp
er
imen
t
a
l
t
r
an
sf
or
mer
The
bas
i
c
de
tai
l
s
of
t
he
t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
used
i
n
th
i
s
p
a
p
er
a
r
e
g
i
ve
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
a
nd
Ta
b
l
e
2.
Ta
ble
1:
D
e
t
a
ils
o
f
36
0V
A
expe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
for
m
e
r
Attribute
s
D
e
t
a
ils
Mode
l
KT
S
10MT
-
3/360
V
A
Ca
p
a
c
i
ty
T
h
ree
-
pha
s
e
,
e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
t
r
a
nsf
o
rm
e
r
o
f
360VA
Hi
gh
vol
ta
ge
w
indi
ng
240
V
D
e
l
t
a c
onnec
t
e
d
L
o
w
volta
g
e
w
inding
3
×
60
V
St
a
r
c
onn
ec
t
e
d
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
2
A
Tab
l
e
2:
D
e
t
a
i
l
s
o
f
50
0
k
V
A
di
s
t
r
i
b
u
tio
n
t
r
an
sfor
m
e
r
A
t
tr
ib
u
t
es
D
e
t
ai
ls
Mo
d
e
l
ON
AN
T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
E
R
DR
G
.
N
o.
M
T
M
11/3/1
-
D
Ma
nufac
ture
d
d
a
te
2
1/
06/
198
4
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
T
hr
e
e
-
pha
s
e
,
50
H
z
,
500
kVA
V
e
ctor
g
roup
D
y
n11
O
il
6
72
L
–
578
K
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
The
Effec
t
of
s
hort circ
u
i
t
fa
ult
i
n
three
-
p
h
a
s
e
core-ty
p
e
d
tr
ans
forme
r
(N.
F. M
.
Y
a
s
i
d)
41
1
3.
2.
FRA
measu
rem
ent c
o
nn
ect
i
o
n
F
R
A
con
f
ig
ur
a
t
i
o
n
use
d
i
s
t
h
e
e
nd-
t
o
-
e
n
d
ope
n
c
i
r
c
ui
t
te
st
.
Mea
sur
e
me
nt
i
s
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
p
er
pha
se
w
i
t
h
t
he
s
ec
on
da
r
y
w
ind
i
ng
i
s
le
f
t o
p
e
n
c
ir
c
u
i
t
.
T
he
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
c
o
ndu
c
t
ed
by
me
as
u
r
i
n
g
a
nd c
o
mp
ari
n
g
th
e FR
A
re
sp
on
s
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
an
d
aft
e
r
th
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
ce
o
f
SC
f
au
lt
i
n
t
h
e
wi
nd
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
dy,
t
he
F
R
A
m
ea
sur
e
ment
i
s
c
o
n
duc
te
d
o
n
t
he
H
V
w
i
ndi
n
g
o
f
phase
A
,
B
a
n
d
C
o
n
e
after
an
ot
h
er
.
Wh
ile
t
he
f
au
l
t
i
s
ap
p
lie
d
a
t
t
he
L
V
wi
nd
ing
of
p
hase
a
,
b
a
n
d
c
c
o
nsec
uti
v
e
l
y
.
T
hi
s
i
s
t
o
ob
serv
e
w
het
h
er
f
a
u
lt
a
t
w
i
n
d
i
ng
of
o
t
h
er
p
hase
s
c
a
n
a
c
tua
l
l
y
a
f
f
ec
t
the
r
e
sp
on
se
o
f
m
e
a
s
ur
ed
pha
se.
F
i
gur
e
2(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
hor
t
a
nd
th
in
c
a
b
le
w
as
u
sed
t
o
c
on
ne
c
t
b
e
tw
ee
n
tw
o
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
s
(
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
c
i
r
c
le)
of
a
D
y
n
1
1
,
3
60V
A
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
.
T
his
c
a
uses
1
/
3
o
f
the
t
o
t
a
l
L
V
w
i
n
d
in
g
to
b
e
shor
te
d
or
r
emove
d
f
r
o
m
the
ma
i
n
w
in
din
g
.
F
i
gur
e 2(
b)
show
s
the
sche
ma
t
i
c
d
i
agr
a
m
of
t
he s
hor
t
cir
c
u
it f
a
u
lt.
O
n the
othe
r
ha
n
d
,
the
f
a
u
l
t
in
s
e
c
on
d
tr
ans
f
or
me
r
is
c
r
e
ated
b
y
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
ng
a
ca
b
l
e
to
t
he
e
xp
ose
d
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er
t
aps
in
e
a
c
h
pha
se
.
This
i
s
show
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
3.
F
igur
e
3(
a)
s
how
s
t
h
e
p
h
y
sic
a
l
l
y
sim
u
la
t
e
d
sh
or
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
f
a
ul
t
o
n
t
ap
3
-
4
o
f
pha
se
B
a
nd
F
i
gur
e
3(
b)
s
how
s
the
schem
a
t
i
c
di
a
g
r
a
m
of
t
he
s
i
m
u
la
ted
fa
u
l
t.
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
2.
(
a)
S
C
fau
l
t
on
LV
w
in
di
n
g
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
A,
(
b)
S
c
h
e
m
a
ti
c
d
i
agr
a
m
of
t
he
w
in
d
i
n
g
a
nd
f
a
u
lt
l
o
c
a
tion.
(a)
(b
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
(
a)
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
on
t
a
p
3-
4
of
p
hase
B
,
(
b)
S
che
m
a
t
i
c
d
ia
gr
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
and
fa
ul
t
l
o
ca
t
i
o
n
4.
THE
ANALYSIS
O
F
S
H
ORT CIRCUIT EFFEC
T
T
O
O
T
HE
R
WI
N
D
I
N
G
P
H
A
S
E
S
F
i
gur
e
4
a
nd
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
the
f
r
e
q
u
enc
y
r
esp
onses
o
f
tw
o
d
i
f
f
e
rent
t
r
a
nsf
o
rmer
s
b
e
fo
r
e
t
h
e
f
ault
is
sim
u
la
t
e
d
o
n
t
he
t
r
a
ns
for
m
e
r
w
i
n
di
n
g
s.
F
r
om
F
igur
e
4
,
t
he
l
ow
f
r
e
q
u
enc
y
r
eg
io
n
of
F
RA
r
esp
o
n
se
f
or
p
ha
se
B
,
w
h
ic
h
is
m
i
d
d
l
e
pha
se
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
show
s
a
sl
i
ght
v
ar
i
a
ti
on
f
r
o
m
the
o
t
he
r
tw
o
pha
ses
.
A
s
disc
usse
d
i
n
[
13]
,
t
h
i
s
i
s
due
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
et
ic
pa
th
o
f
mi
dd
le
p
ha
se
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
sli
g
h
t
ly
d
if
fe
r
e
nt
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
i
de
p
h
a
s
e
s
(
si
de
l
i
m
bs)
.
M
ea
nw
h
ile,
the
var
i
a
t
i
o
n
of
F
R
A
r
e
spon
ses
a
t
m
edium
fr
e
que
nc
y
r
e
gi
on
is
a
ff
ec
ted
b
y
t
he
thr
ee-
ph
a
s
e
cou
p
l
i
ng
be
t
w
ee
n
the
w
i
n
d
i
ngs.
F
i
gur
e
5
sh
ow
s
the
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
r
e
s
pon
se
s
o
f
e
nd
to
e
n
d
o
pen
cir
c
ui
t
test
o
n
the
500
kVA
tr
ansform
e
r.
C
l
ear
l
y
i
t
s
h
o
w
s
the
r
e
ar
e
sl
i
g
h
t
v
a
r
ia
tio
ns
b
etwee
n
pha
se
s
A,
B
an
d
C
.
S
uch
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
due
t
o
the
co
nd
i
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
t
r
a
ns
for
m
er
w
hich
i
s
n
o
t
ne
w
.
T
he
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er
i
t
s
e
l
f
w
a
s
m
a
n
u
f
act
u
r
ed
i
n
19
84
a
n
d
w
as
t
a
k
en
o
ut
o
f
se
r
v
ice
due
t
o
a
f
a
u
l
t
ne
ar
b
u
s
h
i
ng.
T
he
w
i
n
din
g
s
ha
ve
s
e
v
er
a
l
de
n
t
s,
b
ut
t
he
se
w
er
e
m
i
nima
l.
T
he
t
ur
n
r
a
t
i
o
a
nd
w
i
nd
ing
r
e
sis
t
ance
t
e
s
t
f
o
r
bot
h
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
s
i
nd
ic
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
t
he
win
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e still
in
g
oo
d co
nd
i
tio
ns
.
4
.
1
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
p
ha
s
e
A
F
i
gur
e
6
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
s
w
h
e
r
e
F
R
A
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
i
s
c
on
d
u
cte
d
at
phas
e
A
o
f
HV
wi
ndi
ng
. Th
e
shor
t
cir
c
u
i
t
f
a
ul
t
is
s
imu
l
ate
d
o
n
pha
se
a
,
b
a
nd
c
of
L
V
w
i
nd
i
ng
c
ons
e
c
ut
ive
l
y
.
F
r
o
m
F
i
gu
r
e
6
,
r
e
spo
n
s
e
‘
N
orm
a
l
A’
r
epre
sen
t
s
the
re
spo
n
se
b
e
f
ore
the
s
h
ort
c
i
r
c
ui
t
fa
u
l
t
i
s
a
ppl
ied
o
n
t
he
w
in
di
n
g
.
The
othe
r
r
e
spo
n
se
s re
prese
n
t
the r
e
sp
o
n
se a
fter
f
a
u
l
t
ha
v
e
ap
p
lie
d o
n
th
e
w
i
nd
ing
r
e
spe
c
tive
l
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
409
–
41
6
41
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
F
R
A
r
e
s
ponse
o
n
n
o
r
ma
l
w
i
ndin
g
c
on
d
iti
on
of
3
6
0
V
A
tr
a
n
sfor
m
e
r
F
i
gur
e
5.
F
RA
r
e
s
po
nse
o
n
nor
ma
l
w
i
ndi
ng
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
of
500
k
VA
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
mer
F
i
gure
6. Fre
q
u
e
nc
y
response
s of
phas
e
A
from
360VA
transfor
me
r
F
i
gur
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
on
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
n
or
m
a
l
A
an
d
w
h
en
S
C
fa
ult
has
occ
u
r
r
ed
o
n
i
t
s
L
V
win
d
i
n
g.
I
t
is the
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
t
he
F
R
A
m
easur
em
ent
tha
t
w
as con
d
u
c
t
ed
a
t
t
h
e
sa
me
p
h
a
se
a
s
th
e
f
a
ul
ty
w
in
din
g
.
The
r
e
sponse
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
sh
if
t
e
d
t
o
r
i
g
h
t
,
to
w
a
r
d
s
hi
g
h
e
r
f
r
e
que
nc
ies.
T
his
ca
n
be
e
xp
lai
n
ed
u
si
n
g
(
1)
,
∝
(1
)
Eq
uat
i
on
(
1
)
show
s
tha
t
t
he
a
moun
t
o
f
f
l
u
x
,
i
s
dir
e
ct
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
ona
l
t
o
t
he
p
r
o
duc
t
o
f
t
he
numb
e
r
of
t
u
r
n
s
,
N
an
d
t
h
e
cur
r
ent
fl
ow
i
n
t
h
e
w
i
nd
i
ng,
I
.
In
g
e
n
era
l
,
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
rn
a
l
S
C
l
ead
s
t
o
r
edu
c
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
tr
ica
l
l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
t
he
w
i
n
di
ng,
m
e
a
ni
n
g
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
N
[
2
0
]
.
W
he
n
th
e
num
ber
o
f
t
ur
ns
r
ed
uc
es,
the
f
l
u
x
fo
rmed
i
n
t
h
e
co
i
l
al
so
r
e
d
u
ced
.
As
a
r
esu
l
t,
d
u
r
in
g
SC
f
a
u
lt
,
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
tiz
i
n
g
i
n
duc
ta
n
c
e
of
t
he
r
ig
ht
-
s
ide
limb
is
d
r
a
st
ic
a
l
l
y
r
e
d
uce
d
a
nd
ca
use
d
t
he
m
agni
t
ude
i
n
low
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
egi
on
to
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e.
T
he
l
ar
ge
a
moun
t
of
s
hi
ft
i
s
a
f
fe
c
t
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
a
gne
t
i
z
i
n
g
i
nd
ucta
nce
i
n
t
he
l
i
m
b
of
t
h
e
c
o
r
e
c
a
u
sed
by
t
h
e
S
C
f
aul
t
i
n
t
he
se
co
ndar
y
w
i
n
din
g
o
f
t
h
e
sam
e
p
ha
se.
I
t
c
a
uses
a
s
ubs
ta
nt
ial
e
f
fe
c
t
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
sponse
o
f
pha
se
A
.
F
i
gur
e
6
a
l
so
s
how
s
t
h
e
r
e
spo
n
se
s
w
h
e
n
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
i
s
o
n
p
h
a
s
e
b
(
LV
w
indin
g
)
.
T
he
r
espons
e
of
L
F
r
e
gi
on
is
s
ee
n
to
b
e
sl
i
ght
ly
s
hif
t
e
d
t
ow
a
r
ds
h
ig
he
r
fr
e
que
n
c
ie
s.
T
he
s
h
i
f
t
ing
is
m
uc
h
le
ss
w
he
n
com
p
a
r
ed
t
o
the
p
r
evi
o
us
c
ase
.
T
h
i
s
is
b
ec
ause
t
he
f
au
lt
y
is
n
o
t
l
oca
t
ed
a
t
t
he
s
a
m
e
p
h
ase
as
t
he
m
ea
sur
e
d
w
i
nd
i
n
g
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y,
f
or
r
espo
nse
w
h
e
n
f
a
u
l
t
o
cc
ur
r
e
d
i
n
p
hase
c
,
the
i
n
it
i
al
a
ntir
e
s
on
a
n
ce
of
t
he
r
es
po
nse
is
m
ar
gina
ll
y
shi
f
t
e
d
to
wards
hig
h
e
r-
f
r
e
quen
c
i
e
s.
T
h
e
d
e
g
re
e
of
s
hi
ft
ing
i
s
s
ma
l
l
e
r
w
he
n
com
p
ar
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
pr
ev
i
ous
c
a
s
e
s
.
Th
is is
be
ca
use
the
fa
u
lt
oc
c
u
r
r
e
d a
t
w
in
d
i
n
g
pha
se
c
t
ha
t
is l
o
c
a
t
e
d
f
u
r
t
h
est
a
w
ay
f
ro
m th
e
me
asu
r
e
d
wi
n
din
g
(
P
hase
A
).
Basica
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
re
s
p
o
n
se
o
f
wind
in
g
p
h
ase
A
whe
n
f
au
l
t
y
i
n
p
h
a
s
e
b
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
whe
n
fa
u
lt
in
p
hase
c
.
This ca
n
be
exp
l
a
i
n
e
d
with
t
he he
l
p
o
f
F
igur
e
7,
(
2)
a
nd
(
3
)
.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gur
e
7.
(
a)
T
he
c
or
e
of
a
t
hr
ee
-
phase
t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
e
r
w
i
t
h
F
R
A
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
a
t
pha
se
A
,
(
b
)
Equiva
le
n
t
m
a
gne
tic
cir
cu
it
o
f F
R
A m
easur
em
ent a
t
p
ha
se
A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
h
e Ef
fe
c
t
of
s
hor
t
circ
u
it fa
u
l
t
in t
h
re
e-p
h
a
s
e
core-
t
y
p
e
d
t
r
ans
f
o
rm
e
r
(N.
F. M. Y
a
s
i
d)
41
3
Where
R
B
i
s
t
h
e
re
l
u
ct
an
ce
o
f
c
e
n
t
r
al
l
i
m
b
(p
h
a
se
B
),
R
C
r
e
p
rese
nt
s
t
h
e
re
l
u
ct
an
ce
o
f
l
e
f
t
-si
d
e
li
mb
(phase
C
),
ᶩ
B
i
s
t
he
l
en
g
t
h
of
centra
l
lim
b
(phase
B
),
ᶩ
C
i
s
t
he
l
en
g
t
h
of
l
e
f
t-si
de
lim
b
(pha
se
C
)
,
i
s
t
h
e
ma
gnet
i
c pe
rmea
bil
i
t
y w
h
ic
h is the
pr
o
d
u
c
t
of
and
A
is the cross-sect
ional area
ref
ers
to geom
e
tr
y
of
t
he
core.
µ
(2)
F
r
om
F
igure
7
,
w
hen
F
R
A
m
easur
em
ent
i
s
p
erform
ed
a
t
w
i
ndi
ng
of
ph
ase
A
,
c
urre
nt
f
l
o
w
s
i
n
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
in
g an
d fl
ux
is
pro
d
u
c
e
d
i
n t
h
e
c
o
r
e
.
The fl
ux fl
o
w
i
n
t
h
e
cor
e
an
d
p
a
s
s thr
o
u
g
h
e
a
c
h lim
b. The le
n
gth o
f
fl
u
x
p
at
h
flow
ing
from
p
hase
A
(
so
urce
)
a
n
d
pass
t
hro
u
g
h
t
h
e
ce
ntr
a
l
l
i
m
b
,
l
B
(
p
h
ase
B
)
i
s
me
asure
d
f
r
o
m
po
int
E,
A
,
B
to
F
.
M
e
anw
h
i
l
e
,
t
h
e
le
ng
t
h
o
f
flu
x
p
a
t
h
f
o
r
the
le
ft-side
lim
b,
l
C
(pha
se
C
)
i
s
m
easur
ed
f
r
o
m
p
o
i
n
t
E
,
A
,
C
,
D
,
B
to
F
.
T
h
e
l
B
i
s
sho
r
t
e
r
co
mp
a
r
ed
t
o
t
h
e
l
C
,
t
h
us
t
he
r
e
l
uc
ta
nce
of
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
al
l
i
m
b
R
B
is
low
e
r
t
h
a
n
R
C
a
s
i
n
(
2).
ꭕ
in
(
2)
i
s
e
i
ther
pha
se
A
,
B
or
C
.
A
s
t
he
r
eluc
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ntra
l
lim
b,
R
B
i
s
l
o
w
e
r
,
the f
l
ux
tha
t
pa
ss thro
ug
h
cen
t
r
a
l
l
i
m
b,
Φ
B
i
s hi
ghe
r tha
n
the
flux
i
n
left-si
d
e
l
im
b,
Φ
C
.
4
.44
Φ
m
(3)
N
o
w
tha
t
w
e
have
e
sta
b
lis
h
e
d
t
h
a
t
Φ
B
i
s
hi
g
h
er
t
ha
n
Φ
C
,
let
re
l
a
te
t
he
f
l
u
x
w
ith
t
h
e
b
ac
k
EMF
.
The
o
re
tic
al
ly,
the
bac
k
E
M
F
o
f
p
h
ase
B
is
h
ig
he
r
com
p
ar
e
d
t
o
ba
c
k
E
MF
o
f
ph
as
e
C
.
T
hi
s
i
s
b
e
cau
se
Φ
B
i
s
hi
ghe
r
tha
n
Φ
C
a
s
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
(
3
)
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
i
s
a
t
p
h
a
se
b
i
s
mo
re
a
f
f
ect
ed
com
p
are
d
t
o fa
ul
t
at p
ha
se c
a
s
ca
n be
s
een
i
n
F
i
gure
6.
F
i
gure
8
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
F
R
A
r
e
sp
onse
f
o
r
D
y
n
11,
500
kV
A
tra
n
sf
orm
e
r
w
her
e
t
h
e
m
ea
surem
e
nt
i
s
con
d
u
cte
d
a
t
P
h
ase
A
,
w
hi
le
t
he
S
C
fau
l
t
i
s
s
imula
t
e
d
o
n
pha
se
a,
b
a
n
d
c
w
i
nd
ing
c
o
nsec
ut
i
v
el
y.
C
l
e
a
r
ly,
w
h
en
f
au
l
t
i
s
s
i
m
u
l
a
te
d
a
t
t
he
s
a
m
e
phase,
t
h
e
r
e
sp
on
se
s
i
gni
fi
cant
l
y
s
hif
t
ed
t
o
w
ard
s
h
i
g
h
e
r
fre
qu
en
c
y
.
It
i
s
a
l
s
o
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
d
u
e
t
o
f
a
u
l
t
y
i
n
p
h
a
s
e
b
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
m
o
r
e
com
p
are
d
t
o
fau
l
ty
i
n
p
h
a
s
e
c
.
T
his
find
i
ng
i
s
si
m
i
lar
t
o
t
he p
r
e
vi
ous
c
a
s
e
o
n
the
first tra
ns
form
er.
4.2
R
e
sp
on
se p
h
a
se
B
I
n
t
h
i
s
c
a
se,
th
e
F
R
A
m
easure
m
e
n
t
is
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
a
t
w
in
di
n
g
o
f
th
e
m
i
d
d
le
l
im
b,
p
hase
B
,
w
h
i
l
e
fa
u
l
t
is
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
on
th
e
LV
w
ind
i
ngs
c
onsec
ut
i
v
el
y.
T
he m
ea
sured respo
nses
a
re
give
n
i
n
F
i
gure
9.
F
i
gur
e 8.
F
reque
nc
y r
e
spo
n
se
of
phase
A
from
500
kV
A
transf
orme
r.
F
i
gure
9.
F
reque
nc
y re
spo
n
se
of
phase
B
f
or
360V
A
tr
ans
f
orm
e
r
F
r
om
F
ig
ure
9
,
t
he
r
es
po
nse
show
s
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
pat
t
ern
o
f
e
ff
ect
w
he
n
c
o
m
p
are
d
t
o
the
pr
evi
o
us
c
a
s
e
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
c
a
s
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
w
h
e
n
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
h
a
s
e
a
an
d
c
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
a
lmo
s
t
si
mil
a
rly.
T
h
i
s
i
s
bec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
fa
ul
t
is
on
phase
a
a
nd
c
tha
t
a
re
l
oca
t
e
d
a
d
j
a
c
e
nt
t
o
t
h
e
me
asure
d
p
ha
se
w
hic
h
i
s
p
h
ase
b.
T
hi
s
ca
n be
e
xp
la
i
n
ed
b
y
F
i
g
u
re
1
0 a
nd (2)
.
F
r
om
F
igure
1
0
,
when
F
RA
m
easure
m
e
n
t
i
s
p
erform
ed
a
t
HV
wind
i
n
g
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
B,
c
urr
e
nt
f
l
o
w
s
i
n
the
w
i
nd
ing
a
n
d
fl
ux
is
p
r
o
du
c
e
d
in
t
he
c
ore
.
T
he
l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
t
he
f
l
u
x
p
a
t
h
f
l
o
w
i
ng
f
ro
m
ph
a
s
e
B
(sou
rc
e)
a
n
d
pass thro
u
gh th
e
righ
t-s
i
de l
im
b, l
A
(p
h
ase A
)
is co
ns
i
d
ere
d
f
r
o
m poi
nt E, C,
D
to
F
.
M
e
a
nw
hi
le,
th
e le
ng
t
h
o
f
fl
u
x
pa
t
h for th
e
lef
t
-
s
ide
limb
,
l
C
(phase C)
is
m
ea
sured fro
m
poi
n
t
E,
A
,
B
to F
. The l
e
n
gth
for b
o
t
h
flu
x
p
at
h
is
s
im
i
l
ar
,
th
us
t
he
r
e
l
uc
tan
c
e
for
b
o
th
r
ig
ht
a
nd
left-s
ide
li
mb
,
R
A
and
R
C
a
re
a
l
s
o
s
i
mil
a
r.
T
hi
s
ca
n
be
p
rov
e
us
i
n
g eq
ua
ti
o
n
(
2
)
.
A
s
t
he re
l
u
c
t
a
nce of b
oth li
m
b
s
a
r
e si
m
i
l
a
r
,
t
h
e
fl
u
x
tha
t pass
t
h
ro
u
gh in b
o
t
h ri
g
h
t
a
nd le
ft
side
l
imb are
a
l
s
o
si
m
i
l
ar.
In add
i
tio
n to
t
ha
t
,
Φ
A
i
s
al
mo
st
si
m
il
ar t
o
Φ
C
.
The
r
efor
e, the
b
ack E
MF o
f p
h
ase
A
is
a
ls
o
a
l
m
o
st
s
imi
l
ar
t
o
ba
c
k
E
MF
o
f
pha
se
C
a
s
re
fer
r
e
d
t
o
(3
).
F
or
t
hi
s
re
ason,
t
he
F
RA
r
espons
e
w
h
en
shor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
fa
ul
t oc
c
u
rs in p
h
ase a a
n
d c, t
he resp
o
n
se i
s al
m
o
s
t
s
im
ila
r
l
y
a
f
f
ec
ted
a
s
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
9.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
409
–
41
6
41
4
O
n
t
he
o
the
r
h
and,
w
he
n
t
h
e
fau
l
t
is
l
oc
ate
d
a
t
the
sa
me
p
h
a
se
of
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
ed
w
i
ndi
ng
,
th
e
ef
fe
ct
o
f
fa
u
lt
on
the
r
e
sp
on
se
i
s
ver
y
l
ar
ge
.
This
i
s
sim
i
l
a
r
t
o
t
he
c
ase
of
F
R
A
m
easure
m
ent on p
h
a
s
e A
a
nd
fa
u
lt is o
n
p
h
ase
a.
A
g
ai
n,
t
he
p
r
o
c
e
dur
e
is
r
epe
a
ted
on
the
se
c
o
n
d
t
r
a
ns
for
m
er
t
o
v
er
i
f
y
t
h
is
i
n
i
ti
a
l
f
i
n
di
n
g
.
F
i
gur
e
1
1
shows the FRA responses
for D
yn11,
500kVA
t
r
ansform
e
r when m
eas
ur
em
ent is c
o
ndu
c
t
ed a
t p
h
ase
B.
F
r
o
m
f
i
g
u
r
e
1
1
,
t
h
e
F
R
A
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
a
t
p
h
a
s
e
a
a
n
d
c
sh
o
w
s
a
sli
g
ht
v
a
r
i
a
ti
on
.
He
re,
we
a
r
e
expec
t
ing
t
h
a
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
p
h
ase
B
wit
h
f
a
u
lt
a
t
pha
se
a
a
n
d
ph
as
e
c
wi
ll
h
av
e
si
mil
a
r
v
a
ri
a
tio
ns.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
b
o
t
h
r
e
sponse
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
e
xac
t
l
y
s
im
il
a
r
.
This
i
s
pr
o
b
a
b
ly
d
ue
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
of
t
he
w
i
n
di
n
g
(
p
h
a
s
e
a
and
c)
i
tse
l
f
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
no
t
per
f
ec
t
l
y
i
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
eve
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
he
s
a
m
e
fau
l
t
s
a
r
e
b
e
i
ng
a
ppl
ied.
A
s
m
e
nt
i
one
d
e
a
r
l
i
e
r
,
t
h
i
s
i
s
a
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
t
h
a
t
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
d
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
3
0
y
e
a
r
s
a
g
o
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
s
uc
h
sli
g
h
t
d
if
fe
r
e
n
t
be
t
w
ee
n
fau
l
t
a
t
pha
se
a
a
nd
f
a
ul
t
at
pha
se
c
i
s
a
cce
p
t
ab
le.
4
.
3
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
p
ha
s
e
C
The
la
st
c
ase
p
r
esents
t
he
F
RA
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nt
c
o
nduc
ted
a
t
t
he
H
V
w
i
n
d
in
g
of
t
he
l
ef
t-
si
de
lim
b
or
pha
se
C
,
w
h
il
e
the
fau
l
ty
w
i
n
di
n
g
i
s
o
n
t
he
L
V
w
i
nd
in
g
of
phase
a
,
b
and
c
c
onse
c
u
t
i
v
e
l
y
as
p
r
e
vi
ou
s
c
a
ses.
Fi
g
u
r
e
12
(a
)
sh
o
w
s
t
h
e
re
sp
on
se
s
exp
e
rie
n
ce
t
he
s
ame
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
as
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
c
a
s
e
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
urem
ent
is
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
o
n
p
h
a
s
e
A.
Bas
ic
all
y
i
f
the
fa
ul
t
loc
a
t
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
sam
e
pha
se
a
s
me
asur
e
d
w
i
n
d
i
ng
,
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
n
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
i
s
h
u
g
e
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
i
f
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
i
s
l
o
cat
ed
f
u
r
t
h
er
a
way
fro
m
t
h
e
me
as
u
r
e
d
w
i
n
d
i
n
g,
t
he
e
f
f
ec
t
i
s
s
m
a
ller
or
r
educe
d
.
S
i
milar
tr
en
d
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
on
t
h
e
s
ec
ond
t
ra
ns
fo
rme
r
a
s
sh
own
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
2
(
b
)
.
Th
ese
re
sult
s
v
e
r
i
f
y
t
he
i
ni
ti
a
l
f
i
ndi
ng
i
n
[1
].
T
a
b
l
e
3
s
how
s
the
sum
m
a
r
y
of
t
he
r
esu
lts
ob
ta
ine
d
.
F
i
gur
e
1
0
.
Equ
i
va
le
nt
m
a
gne
t
i
c
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
o
f
F
RA
me
asure
m
e
n
t con
d
u
cte
d
at
p
h
a
s
e B
F
i
g
u
r
e
11
. Freq
u
e
n
c
y
resp
onse
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
B f
o
r
5
00k
VA
t
r
a
n
sfo
r
mer
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
1
2
.
Fr
eque
nc
y
r
e
spo
n
s
e
of
pha
se
C
f
or
(
a)
360V
A
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r,
(
b)
500
kV
A
tr
ans
f
or
me
r
Ta
b
l
e
3:
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
f
au
l
t
o
n
one
w
i
n
di
n
g
t
o
r
e
spo
n
se
o
f
o
t
he
r
wi
ndi
ng
s
Si
m
u
l
a
tion
studi
e
s
(c
h
a
n
g
e
s
of
p
a
r
ame
t
e
r
s)
S
i
gnific
a
nt c
h
a
ng
es
i
n
low
fre
que
n
c
y
re
gion
S
e
v
e
r
e
l
y
a
f
f
ect
e
d
L
e
s
s
af
f
ect
ed
L
eas
t
af
f
ect
ed
Inte
r
a
c
t
i
o
n be
twee
n w
i
ndings
of sim
ila
r ph
a
s
e
FR
A
me
asure
m
e
n
t
is
a
t s
a
me ph
a
s
e
as fa
ulty
√
ꭕ
ꭕ
Inte
r
a
c
t
i
o
n be
twee
n w
i
ndings
of
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
pha
s
e
F
R
A
mea
s
u
r
emen
t
i
s
n
e
x
t
p
h
as
e (
a
d
j
ac
e
n
t
)
t
o
the
f
a
ulty
ꭕ
√
ꭕ
FR
A
m
e
asure
m
e
n
t
is
a
t
fur
t
he
r
pha
s
e
to
f
a
ulty
ꭕ
ꭕ
√
5.
CONCLUSION
A
s
a
c
onc
l
u
si
o
n
,
it
w
a
s
pr
ove
n
t
h
a
t
f
a
u
lt
y
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
d
i
n
w
i
n
din
g
o
f
o
t
h
er
p
ha
ses
c
o
u
l
d
ac
tua
l
ly
a
ffec
t
t
h
e
r
e
sp
on
se
o
f
me
a
s
u
r
e
d
p
ha
se
w
i
ndi
ng
.
Th
e
l
o
cati
o
n
of
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
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s.
ACKNOW
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MEN
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The
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f
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sup
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t
for the
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xperim
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n
t
a
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te
s
ts.
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is w
ork
is su
p
p
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f
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nc
ia
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y
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Islam
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i
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r
ch gra
nt
PRG-IUNAJAF-
2019
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
N
.
F
.
M
.
Y
a
s
i
d
,
M
.
F
.
M
.
Y
o
u
s
o
f
,
R
.
A
.
R
a
h
m
a
n
,
H
.
Z
a
i
n
u
d
d
i
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
.
Gh
ani,
"
Th
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
sho
r
t
ci
rcuit
f
a
u
l
t
on
o
ne
w
in
di
ng
t
o
o
th
er
w
indin
g
s
i
n
F
RA,
"
In
tern
atio
nal J
o
ur
na
l of
Po
wer El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s an
d
D
r
i
ve
S
y
s
t
ems
(I
J
P
E
D
S
)
, v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
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2
01
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.
M
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K
e
n
n
e
d
y
,
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J
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c
g
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a
i
l
,
J
.
A
.
L
a
p
w
o
r
t
h
,
a
n
d
D
.
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g,
"
T
r
an
sf
o
r
mer
s
w
eep
f
re
q
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
anal
ys
is
(
S
F
R
A
),"
En
e
r
gi
ze
, pp
. 2
8
–
3
3
, 20
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D.
Z
h
ou,
Z
.
Li,
C.
K
e,
a
n
d
Z
.
H
a
o,
"
S
i
m
u
l
a
tion
of
t
ran
s
f
o
rmer
w
i
ndin
g
s
m
echan
ical
c
h
a
ract
eris
ti
cs
duri
n
g
t
h
e
ext
e
rnal
s
h
o
rt
-circui
t
f
ault,"
IEEE
co
nf
e
r
ence on
E
l
ectric Utilit
y
Der
e
gu
lati
o
n
an
d Res
t
r
u
ctu
r
i
n
g
a
nd Po
wer
T
echn
o
lo
gi
es
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
8
–
1
073
,
201
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[4]
A.
K
raet
ge,
M
.
K
rü
ger,
J
.
L.
V
el
ásqu
ez,
M
.
H
e
in
dl
,
an
d
S
.
T
en
b
o
hlen
,
"
E
xp
eriences
w
it
h
th
e
practi
cal
a
pp
lication
of
S
w
eep
F
req
u
en
cy
R
es
po
nse
An
a
l
ysis
(
S
FRA
)
o
n
p
o
w
er
t
ran
s
f
o
r
mers
,"
i
n
16t
h
Internation
a
l Symp
osiu
m
on
Hi
gh Volt
age
En
gineeri
n
g
, p
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–
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, 2
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.
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ag
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N
aderi
,
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.
Bl
ackb
u
rn,
an
d
T
.
P
h
u
n
g
,
"
F
req
u
en
cy
r
es
po
nse
anal
ysi
s
a
nd
s
h
o
rt
-circuit
im
p
e
d
a
nc
e
m
easu
r
em
en
t
in
d
et
ecti
on
o
f
w
i
nding
d
ef
ormati
on
w
ith
i
n
p
o
wer
tr
an
sf
orm
e
rs
,"
IEEE El
e
c
tri
c
al
Insul
a
tion
M
a
gazin
e
,
v
o
l.
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–4
0,
2
0
13.
[6]
A.
K
raet
ge
a
nd
M
.
K
rüger,
"
F
r
equ
e
ncy
res
pon
s
e
a
nal
y
si
s
–
status
o
f
t
h
e
wo
rl
d
w
id
e
stan
dardi
zati
on
activiti
e
s,"
IEEE
,
v
o
l.
9
78,
pp
.
1
–4
,
20
08
.
[7]
A.
P
and
y
a
and
B.
R
.
P
a
re
k
h
,
"Int
erpretat
io
n
o
f
s
w
e
e
p
freq
u
en
c
y
r
e
sp
on
se
a
na
ly
sis
(
SFR
A)
t
r
a
c
e
s
f
or
t
h
e
o
pe
n
circu
it
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
circu
i
t
wi
nd
i
n
g
f
a
ul
t
dam
a
g
e
s
o
f
t
he
p
ow
er
t
r
ans
f
orm
e
r,"
In
te
rn
atio
na
l J
o
u
r
n
a
l of Ele
c
t
ric
a
l
Po
wer a
nd En
ergy
Syst
ems
,
v
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62
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M.
F
. M
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You
s
o
f
, C
.
Ekan
ayak
e, a
n
d
T
. K. S
aha,
"
Locat
in
g i
n
t
e
r-
di
s
c
f
aul
t
s
i
n
t
r
a
nsf
o
rm
er
wi
ndi
n
g
u
si
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
response
a
nalys
i
s,"
Po
wer E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
Conf
er
en
ce
(
A
UPEC)
,
2013
A
ust
r
alasi
a
n
Uni
v
ersitie
s,
n
o.
O
ctober,
p
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. 1–
6
, 2
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3.
[9]
M
.
W
an
g,
a
.
J
.
V
an
derm
aar,
an
d
K
.
D
.
S
r
i
v
asta
v
a
,
"
I
m
p
ro
ved
d
e
te
ct
io
n
o
f
p
ow
er
t
rans
fo
rm
er
w
indi
ng
m
o
v
e
m
ent
by
e
xten
di
ng
t
he
F
RA
h
ig
h
f
r
equ
e
ncy
ran
g
e
,
"
Power
Deli
very, IEEE
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
0
(
3),
pp
.
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30
–1
938
,
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05
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[10]
M
.
F
.
M
.
Y
o
u
s
o
f
,
"
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
f
o
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
w
ind
i
ng
c
on
di
tio
n
m
o
n
i
to
r
i
ng
,"
Un
iv
e
r
s
i
ty
o
f
Queensl
and
,
2015.
[11]
M
.
F
.
M.
Y
ou
so
f
,
C
.
E
k
anay
ake,
a
nd
T
.
K.
S
ah
a,
"
Ex
am
in
ing
the
a
g
e
ing
of
t
rans
form
er
i
n
s
ul
a
t
i
on
u
s
i
n
g
F
R
A
an
d
F
D
S t
echn
i
qu
es
,"
IE
EE
Tra
n
sa
cti
o
n
s
o
n
Diel
ectrics
and
E
l
ectrica
l In
su
la
tio
n
,
v
o
l
.
22,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
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1
2
5
8
–
126
5,
2
0
15.
[12]
J.
R
.
S
ecue
an
d
E
.
M
om
bello,
"
S
w
e
ep
freq
u
en
cy
r
esp
ons
e
an
aly
s
is
(
SFRA)
f
or
t
he
a
ss
essment
o
f
w
i
n
ding
di
splacem
ent
s
a
nd
d
ef
orm
a
tion
in
power
t
ran
s
f
o
rm
ers,"
E
l
ect
r
i
c P
o
wer S
y
st
ems R
e
sea
r
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D.
M
.
S
o
fi
an,
Z.
W
ang,
a
n
d
J
.
Li,
"Interp
r
etat
ion
of
t
ransf
o
rm
e
r
FRA
re
s
p
ons
e
s
-
Part
II:
I
nfluence
of
t
rans
f
o
r
m
e
r
st
ructu
r
e,"
I
EEE Transactions
on Power
De
li
very
,
vo
l
.
25
,
no
. 4
,
p
p
. 2
58
2–
25
8
9
,
20
10
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[14]
S
.
T
.
J
a
n,
R
.
A
f
zal
,
and
A
.
Z
.
Kh
an,
"Tran
s
f
o
rm
er
f
ail
u
res
,
cau
ses
&
i
m
pact,
"
Int
e
rn
atio
nal
Conf
eren
ce
D
a
t
a
Mi
ni
ng
,
Civil a
n
d
M
ech
ani
ca
l
En
gi
neer
ing
(
I
CDM
C
ME’2
01
5)
,
v
o
l
.
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.
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,
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[15]
W
.
H
.
B
a
r
t
l
e
y
,
"
A
n
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
nalysis
of
T
rans
f
o
rm
er
F
ail
u
r
es
,
Part
2
,
"
In
te
rna
t
io
na
l Asso
c
i
at
io
n o
f
En
gi
neeri
ng Insur
e
rs (
I
M
I
A)
,
vol.
78,
n
o
.
1
,
2
005.
[16]
G. D. H
e
rm
ann
, "S
h
o
r
t
-
circu
it w
ithstan
d cap
abi
l
i
t
y
of p
ow
e
r
tra
nsf
o
rm
ers
,
"
201
5.
[17]
Kas
z
tenn
y,
M
.
T
h
o
m
pso
n
,
an
d
N.
F
i
s
ch
er,
"
F
u
ndam
e
n
t
als
o
f
s
hort
-
circuit
p
r
otect
io
n
f
o
r
t
r
ansf
o
r
m
e
rs,"
20
10 6
3
rd
An
nu
al
Conf
ere
n
ce fo
r
P
r
otecti
v
e Rel
a
y Eng
i
n
eers
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ol
.
2
, no
.
3
, p
p. 4
–7
, 2
01
0
.
[18]
W
.
H
.
P
o
r
t
i
l
l
a
,
G
.
A
.
M
a
y
o
r
,
J
.
P
.
G
u
e
r
r
a
,
a
n
d
C
.
G
o
n
z
a
l
e
z
-
g
a
r
c
i
a
,
"
D
etec
ti
on
o
f
t
r
ansf
orm
e
r
fau
l
t
s
u
s
i
ng
f
r
equ
e
ncy-res
p
o
n
se
t
races
i
n
the
lo
w-f
r
equ
e
ncy
b
a
nd
wid
t
h,"
IE
EE
Tran
sac
t
io
n
s
on
In
du
st
ria
l
Ele
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
61
(9),
p
p.
4
9
7
1
–
49
78
,
2
014
.
[19]
V.
B
ehj
a
t,
A
.
V
a
hed
i
,
A
.
S
et
aye
s
hm
ehr,
H
.
Bo
rs
i
,
a
nd
E
.
Gock
enb
ach,
"Diag
n
o
s
i
ng
s
hort
e
d
tu
rns
o
n
t
h
e
w
in
d
i
ngs
of
p
ow
er
t
ran
s
form
ers
bas
e
d
u
p
o
n
o
nli
n
e
FRA
us
in
g
cap
aciti
ve
a
n
d
ind
u
ct
iv
e
cou
p
li
ngs,"
IEE
E
Tran
sac
t
io
ns o
n
Power De
livery
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o.
4
,
p
p
.
21
23
–21
33
,
2
0
1
1
.
[20]
V.
S
.
L
a
r
i
n,
"
Int
e
rnal
s
hort
-c
i
r
cui
t
s
faul
ts
l
ocali
z
ati
on
i
n
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
u
sin
g
F
RA
a
nd
n
a
t
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s,
"
CIGRE Study
C
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mmit
t
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A
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ctob
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p
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N: 2
0
8
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c
&
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l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
409
–
41
6
41
6
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Nu
rul
F
a
rahw
ahid
a
b
t
M
d
Yas
i
d
rec
e
iv
ed
h
er
b
achelo
r’s
d
egr
ee
in
E
l
e
ct
rical
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
ng
f
r
o
m
Un
iv
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
s
s
e
in
O
nn
M
alay
si
a
(UTHM)
i
n
20
17
.
S
h
e
i
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
tl
y
p
u
rs
ui
ng
her
m
a
st
e
r’s
deg
r
ee
i
n
e
l
ectri
c
a
l
en
gi
neerin
g
at
U
ni
versiti
T
un
H
uss
e
in
O
n
n
M
a
lay
s
i
a
.
H
e
r
research
i
n
t
erest
in
clu
d
es
h
i
gh
volt
a
ge
e
q
u
ipm
e
nt and
c
on
di
ti
on
mon
ito
rin
g
o
f t
r
a
nsf
o
rm
er
u
si
n
g
FR
A
.
Ah
m
e
d
A
llaw
y
M
oh
amm
e
d
Ala
w
ady
recei
ved
B.E
ng.
i
n
E
l
ectri
cal
f
ro
m
University
o
f
Ku
f
a
,
Iraq
in
20
07
.
He
r
e
c
ei
ved
M
.
En
g.
i
n
Elect
rical
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
r
o
m
(
SH
UAT
S
)
,
India
i
n
2
01
2.
H
e
is
a
lect
urer
a
t
th
e
Depart
men
t
o
f
Co
m
p
ut
er
T
echn
i
cal
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
,
C
o
l
l
a
ge
o
f
Tech
nical
E
ng
in
eering
at
I
s
la
m
i
c
Un
iv
e
r
s
i
ty
,
I
r
a
q
s
i
n
c
e
2
00
7.
C
ur
r
e
nt
ly
h
e
is
p
u
r
su
in
g
P
h.D
.
D
egree
in
U
niversiti
Tun
Hu
ssei
n
On
n
M
a
l
a
ysia.
His
research
i
s
o
n
m
o
t
ors f
a
ults
d
et
ecti
on
u
s
ing
FRA.
M
o
h
d
F
airo
uz
M
o
h
d
Y
o
u
s
of
r
eceiv
e
d
Di
p.E
n
g
,
B
.
E
ng.
a
nd
M
.E
ng.
f
r
o
m
U
ni
versiti
T
e
kn
ologi
M
a
lay
s
i
a
(
UTM)
i
n
2
005
,
20
08
an
d
20
10,
r
es
pe
cti
v
el
y
.
I
n
2
015
,
h
e
ob
tai
n
ed
P
h.
D.
d
eg
ree
f
r
o
m
T
h
e
Un
iv
ersi
ty
o
f
Q
u
eens
l
and
,
A
ust
r
ali
a
.
He
i
s
w
i
t
h
t
he
D
ep
artm
ent
of
E
lect
rical
P
ower
E
ngi
neeri
ng
at
Un
iv
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
s
s
e
in
O
nn
M
alays
i
a
s
i
n
ce
200
9.
H
e
was
a
vi
siti
n
g
r
es
earcher
a
t
T
e
naga
N
asi
o
n
a
l
Berhad
R
ese
a
rc
h
f
r
o
m
201
8
to
2
019
.
His
mai
n
r
es
earch
i
s
con
d
iti
on
b
a
s
e
d
m
on
ito
r
i
n
g
a
nd
ass
e
ss
m
e
nt
o
f
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
r and
rot
a
ti
ng
m
achi
n
e.
M
o
h
d
Aizam
T
ali
b
h
as o
ver 1
9
years o
f
exp
eriences i
n d
eali
ng
w
i
th
tra
ns
fo
rme
r
d
i
a
gn
ostic
,
c
on
di
ti
o
n
and
lif
e ass
e
ssment
and
f
a
il
ure an
alys
is
o
f
po
wer
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r.
After
grad
uat
e
d,
h
e
has
wo
rked
w
i
t
h
ABB
Tra
n
sm
issi
on
a
nd
D
istrib
u
t
io
n Sd
n Bh
d
a
s
D
e
s
ig
n
Eng
i
n
e
e
r
a
n
d
i
n
1
99
8;
h
e
has
j
o
i
n
ed
T
N
B
Research
S
dn
Bhd
as Res
earch E
ngi
neer. He is cu
rrent
ly
holdi
n
g
a position as
T
echnical
Expert
(Tran
s
f
o
rm
er) wit
h
TNB Res
earch S
d
n
Bh
d
.
M
u
h
a
m
m
ad
S
aufi
b
i
n
K
a
m
arud
in
o
btai
ned
h
i
s
B.
E
ng.
a
n
d
M
.
E
ng.
D
eg
rees
i
n
Electri
cal
E
ng
in
ee
rin
g
(P
ow
er)
f
r
o
m
U
ni
vers
iti
Tek
n
o
l
og
i
M
a
lay
s
i
a
(
UTM
)
i
n
20
03
a
n
d
2
0
05
,
respectiv
ely
,
a
nd
a
P
h
.D.
i
n
Hi
gh
V
o
l
tage
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
f
r
o
m
C
ardiff
U
niv
e
rs
it
y,
UK,
i
n
20
14
.
Current
ly
,
h
e
i
s
a
s
e
ni
or
l
ectu
r
er
i
n
th
e F
acul
t
y
o
f
Elect
rical
& El
ect
ro
ni
c En
gin
eering at
U
niv
e
rsi
t
i
Tu
n H
u
s
s
ei
n
O
n
n
M
a
lay
s
ia
(
UTHM
).
Hi
s
research
i
nt
erest
s
i
n
c
lud
e
g
as
d
is
charges
,
h
i
gh
v
o
ltage
s
ur
g
e
a
rres
t
ers,
a
n
d
d
i
e
lect
rics
a
n
d
elect
rical in
s
ulati
o
n
sy
st
em
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.