In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
151~
1
5
9
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
1.pp
1
51-
15
9
151
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Modelling and de
s
ign of PID
con
tr
oller for voltage control of
AC h
ybrid
micro-grid
I
b
r
a
hi
m
A
l
h
a
m
r
o
u
ni
1
, M.
A. Hai
rullah
2
,
N
.
S
.
O
m
a
r
3
,
M
o
ha
m
e
d
Sa
l
e
m
4
,
A
w
an
g J
u
soh
5
,
T
. Sut
i
k
no
6
1,
2
,
3
El
ectri
cal E
n
g
ineeri
n
g
S
ection,
Univ
e
rsit
y
Ku
al
a Lum
p
u
r
(UniKL
BM
I), M
alaysi
a
4
School
o
f Electrical
a
nd El
e
c
t
r
o
n
ic E
ngine
eri
n
g,
Univers
iti Sa
i
n
s
M
al
aysia, M
al
aysi
a
5
Faculty of
E
l
ec
trical
E
ngi
n
eeri
ng,
Universiti
T
e
k
n
ol
ogi Malays
i
a, M
alay
si
a
6
D
e
partm
e
n
t
o
f El
ectri
cal E
ng
in
eeri
n
g
, Univ
e
rsitas
Ah
m
ad Dah
la
n
,
I
nd
on
esi
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Jun
12
,
2
0
18
Re
vise
d N
ov
8,
2018
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
No
v
2
6
,
2
018
Th
e
g
r
owi
n
g
d
e
man
d
f
or
pow
er
t
hat
need
s
to
b
e
rem
o
t
e
l
y
t
ran
s
por
ted
creates
a
f
a
s
t
a
nd
e
ff
ecti
v
e
solu
tio
n
o
f
D
i
st
rib
u
ted
E
n
erg
y
R
esou
rces
(
DERs
)
integrat
ion.
D
is
tribut
ed
E
nergy
Reso
urces
(
DE
Rs)
can
l
ess
e
n
th
e
e
l
ectrical
and
p
hys
ical
d
ist
a
nce
betw
een
l
oad
l
o
s
s
a
n
d
g
enerat
or,
tran
smis
si
on
a
nd
di
st
rib
u
ti
on
,
an
d
t
h
e
lev
e
l
of
carbo
n
em
issio
n
s
.
S
uch
ch
allen
g
e
s
can
b
e
ov
ercom
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
mi
crog
rids,
w
h
i
c
h
co
mb
in
e
vari
ou
s
t
ype
s
of
D
E
Rs
without
interrupti
ng
the
gr
id
o
pe
r
a
ti
on
,
a
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
po
w
e
r
sy
s
te
m
to
d
etect
and
co
nt
rol
t
h
e
errors
m
o
r
e
effi
ciently
,
a
l
l
o
wing
t
he
s
hedd
ing
lo
ad
a
nd
aut
o
m
a
ti
c
switc
h
i
n
g
t
hrou
gh
c
ont
rol
al
go
rit
h
ms
s
o
t
h
at
b
lacko
u
t
s
and
powe
r
rest
orati
o
n
tim
e
s
are
sh
ort
e
ned,
e
n
a
bl
ing
e
i
th
er
a
r
elev
ant
g
r
i
d
or
i
sla
n
d
e
d
mode
o
perati
on,
a
nd
i
mproving
s
yste
m
rel
i
abilit
y
and
flexibili
t
y
v
i
a
D
E
R
s
.
Thi
s
w
ork
i
n
cludes
modelling
o
f
h
ybri
d
AC
m
i
c
r
o
-grid
as
w
el
l
as
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
g
an
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
con
t
rol
t
echn
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
mi
cro
-
gri
d
.
In
t
h
e
p
re
s
e
n
t
w
ork
th
e
perf
o
r
man
ce
o
f
h
y
b
ri
d
A
C
m
ic
ro
gri
d
s
ystem
is
a
nal
y
zed
i
n
the
i
s
l
a
nded
m
o
d
e
.
P
hotov
o
l
tai
c
s
ys
te
m
an
d
fuel
cell
stack
a
re
u
sed
f
o
r
t
h
e
dev
e
lo
pm
ent
of
m
icrog
r
id.
It
a
l
s
o
i
n
c
l
udes
m
i
crogri
d
c
ontro
l
o
b
j
ecti
v
es
a
nd
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
com
m
o
n
pro
b
l
e
ms
e
nco
unt
ered
a
nd
t
h
e
ir
s
o
l
ution
s
.
Th
e
em
p
l
oyed
c
on
trol
te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
i
s
a
b
le
t
o
c
o
ntro
l
the
ou
tpu
t
v
ol
ta
g
e
a
t
a
de
sire
d
an
d
st
andard
val
u
e.
T
h
e
c
ontrol
strat
e
gi
e
s
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
A
C
m
i
crogri
d
a
re
s
i
mulat
e
d
in
MATLAB
/
SI
M
U
LINK.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
te
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
R
e
s
our
ce
s
(DERs)
Islan
d
ed
M
ode
M
i
c
r
o-gr
id
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
Vol
t
a
g
e
co
n
t
ro
l
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ibra
hi
m
A
l
ha
mr
ou
n
i
,
Elec
tric
a
l
Eng
i
n
eer
ing
S
e
cti
on,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ty K
ua
la
Lum
p
u
r
Brit
i
s
h
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
n Inst
itu
te
(
U
n
iK
L
B
M
I)
,
Gom
b
ak 53100,
Malaysia.
Em
ail:
i
b
r
a
him
.
moha
me
d@u
n
i
k
l
.e
d
u
.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Fa
ci
n
g
t
h
e
n
eed
s
o
f
e
l
e
ct
ri
city
s
u
ppl
y
wit
h
h
igh
e
r
st
abi
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
qua
l
i
t
y
,
gr
adua
ll
y
dec
r
ea
se
i
n
foss
il
ene
r
g
y
,
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
n
etw
o
rk
a
gi
n
g
,
inc
r
ea
se
i
n
e
nvir
onm
en
tal
pol
l
ut
ion
a
nd
gl
o
b
al
w
a
r
m
i
ng,
a
nd
req
u
ire
t
h
e
deve
l
opm
en
t
o
f
t
he
m
icro
gri
d
.
Thi
s
m
icro
gr
id
s
e
r
ves
a
w
i
d
e
r
ang
e
of
c
us
t
o
me
rs,
for
exa
m
ple,
h
o
u
s
i
ng
a
r
ea
,
com
m
e
r
cia
l
e
n
t
i
ties,
a
nd
ind
u
s
tria
l
a
r
ea
s
an
d
g
i
ve
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
ge
t
o
b
o
t
h
of
t
he
g
r
i
d
an
d
t
h
e
cons
ume
r
[
1
]
.
The
di
stri
b
u
te
d
e
n
ergy
reso
urc
e
s
(D
ERs)
s
om
e
of
w
hic
h
a
re
f
ue
l
ce
ll
s,
w
ind
ge
ne
r
a
tor,
w
ind
t
u
rb
i
n
e
s
,
ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
em
(
P
V
)
and
dis
t
rib
u
tio
n
s
t
ora
g
e
stor
age
(
D
S
)
uni
t
a
r
e
use
d
i
n
a
m
i
c
r
ogr
id.
W
h
ile
,
bo
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
di
st
rib
u
ti
on
g
en
era
tio
ns
(
DGs
)
a
n
d
st
ora
g
e
un
it
s
(DSs)
a
r
e
inc
l
u
d
e
in
t
he
d
is
t
r
ib
ut
ed
e
nergy
re
so
ur
ces
(D
ER)
and
ha
ve
a
d
iss
i
m
ilar
c
a
pab
i
lit
ies
a
nd
c
h
ara
c
ters.
The
m
i
c
r
o
g
rid
elec
trica
l
c
on
ne
ct
ion
p
o
i
n
t
t
o
t
he
ut
ili
ty
s
ys
tem
in
l
ow
-v
ol
t
a
ge
bus
t
ran
s
form
e
r
s
ubsta
tio
n,
c
on
si
s
t
o
f
m
i
crogr
id
p
oi
n
t
o
f
com
m
on
co
u
p
l
i
ng
(P
CC).
T
he
d
is
tri
bute
d
e
nergy
resourc
e
s
(D
ERs)
t
ha
t
ru
n
in
t
he
l
o
ca
l
grid
m
ode
h
ave
tw
o
m
ode
o
f
ope
rati
on.
I
t
c
a
n
e
i
t
h
e
r
b
e
i
n
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
m
o
d
e
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
e
nerg
y
reso
urc
e
s
(
D
ERs)
i
s
con
n
ec
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
15
1
–
159
15
2
gr
id
o
r
in
i
sl
a
nde
d
m
ode
w
he
r
e
t
he
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
e
d
e
ner
g
y
r
e
sour
ces
(
D
E
R
s
)
is
d
i
s
c
onn
e
c
ted
a
t
t
he
p
oi
n
t
o
f
co
mmo
n
c
o
up
li
ng
(
PCC
)
f
rom t
h
e
ma
in
ut
ili
ty
g
ri
d
.
H
o
w
ev
e
r
,
i
f
t
he m
icr
o
gr
i
d
i
s o
p
era
t
ing
u
nde
r the
is
l
a
n
d
e
d
m
ode,
m
i
cr
ogr
i
d
w
i
l
l
i
nde
pe
nde
n
t
l
y
o
pe
r
a
t
e
s
and
pr
ov
i
d
e
pow
er
t
o
t
h
e
end
user
by
it
s
ow
n
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on.
I
n
b
o
th
c
ase
s
,
p
a
rt
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
s
e
p
a
r
at
ed
s
h
oul
d
su
ppl
y
a
co
nt
i
nuou
s
en
ergy
t
o
t
h
e
conn
ec
t
e
d
lo
ad
.
Mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
i
s
ex
p
ect
ed
t
o
p
r
ov
id
e
cap
acit
y
,
co
nt
rol
and
o
p
e
ra
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
tha
t
en
o
u
g
h
t
o pr
ovi
de a
t
l
e
ast
s
o
m
e
of
t
h
e
l
oa
ds
a
fter
d
isc
o
nne
c
t
ed
f
r
o
m
the
m
a
in
u
t
i
l
i
t
y
g
r
i
d
a
t
t
h
e
poi
nt
o
f
co
mmo
n
co
upl
i
n
g
a
n
d
op
e
r
a
t
e
a
u
to
nom
o
u
s
l
y
or
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d
i
sl
ande
d
mod
e
.
[1]
-
[4]
.
T
he
m
a
i
n
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
es
i
n
co
ntr
o
l
lin
g
a
nd
m
o
del
l
i
ng
t
h
e
A
C
M
i
cr
ogr
i
d
i
s
t
o
p
r
o
vi
de
t
he
m
ost
eff
i
c
i
e
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
co
nt
r
o
l
t
o
m
atch
t
he
d
ynam
i
c
d
e
m
a
nd,
e
nvir
o
nm
en
t
sus
t
ai
na
bi
l
ity
a
nd
c
os
t-
e
f
fe
ct
ive
n
e
ss.
T
y
p
e
of
p
ow
er
s
o
u
r
c
e
t
h
e
c
a
p
abil
it
y
of
t
h
e
s
ou
rc
e
to
s
u
ppl
y
power
t
o
the
loa
d
a
n
d
p
a
r
am
eter
s
sett
i
n
g
o
f
t
he
p
ower
s
ource
s
als
o
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
c
o
ns
idere
d
.
Un
sta
b
le
v
o
l
tage
c
on
tro
l
sys
t
em
l
e
a
ds
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
syst
e
m
i
nsta
b
ili
t
y
o
n
i
t
s
oper
a
t
i
on
and
c
on
t
r
ol
a
s
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
c
onta
i
ns
v
ari
e
ty
o
f
so
u
r
c
e
s
w
h
ic
h
nee
d
d
i
f
fe
r
e
nt
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
appr
oa
ches.
T
h
e
a
i
m
of
t
hi
s
re
se
arc
h
i
s
t
o
d
esi
g
n
and
mo
d
e
l
a
suit
a
b
l
e
A
C
m
icr
o
g
r
id
m
ode
l
a
n
d
v
o
l
tage
c
on
tro
l
m
e
tho
d
f
or
m
ic
r
o
g
i
r
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
on
a
n
i
sla
n
de
d
m
ode
i
n
or
de
r
to
e
ns
ur
e
t
h
e
sta
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
t
he
pow
e
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
r
e
li
a
b
le
a
nd
ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
ope
r
a
ti
on
of
a
m
icr
ogr
id.
T
hi
s
pa
pe
r
also
f
oc
us
o
n
de
si
gn
i
ng
a
sta
b
le
v
o
l
tage
c
on
tr
o
l
m
e
tho
d
f
or
h
ybr
id
A
C
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
sys
t
em
o
n
a
n
i
s
l
a
nde
d
mo
de
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
by
u
s
in
g
MATLAB
/
SIMULI
NK.S
e
lec
t
ed
r
es
u
lts
w
e
r
e
ob
tai
n
e
d
o
n
or
der
to
i
n
v
e
st
iga
t
e
the
v
o
lta
ge
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
ssue
s
i
n
m
i
cr
ogr
id
s
yst
e
m
.
2.
S
T
RU
CT
URE
AND
C
H
A
R
ACT
ERISTICS
O
F MIC
R
O
G
RID
M
i
c
r
ogr
id
i
nc
l
ude
s
t
h
e
pa
r
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
tr
ici
t
y
d
i
str
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
sys
t
e
m
that
pos
i
t
i
one
d
at
t
he
d
o
w
nstr
ea
m
of
t
h
e
di
st
ri
but
i
o
n
sub
s
t
a
t
i
on
,
pl
us
c
on
ta
in
s
a
s
so
rt
ed
o
f
di
st
rib
u
t
e
d
ene
r
gy
r
e
so
ur
ce
s
(
D
ERs)
u
n
i
ts
a
n
d
v
a
r
i
o
us
k
i
nd
s
o
f
e
nd
u
se
r
.
B
ot
h
of
t
he
d
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
o
n
u
n
it
s
(
DGs)
a
n
d
st
o
r
a
ge
u
n
its
(
D
S
s)
a
r
e
i
nc
l
ude
i
n
the
di
str
i
b
u
t
ed
e
n
erg
y
r
e
s
o
u
rce
s
(
DERs)
an
d
have
a
d
issi
m
i
la
r
ca
pac
i
tie
s
an
d
c
h
arac
t
e
rs.
M
i
crog
rid
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
onne
ct
ion
po
i
n
t
t
o
t
he
u
t
ili
ty
s
ys
t
e
m,
i
n
t
h
e
low
-
vol
t
a
ge
b
us
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
e
r
s
ubsta
t
i
on,
c
o
n
s
i
sts
of
m
i
c
r
ogr
i
d
p
oi
nt
o
f
c
o
mm
on
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
(
P
C
C
)
.
T
his
m
i
cr
o
g
r
i
d
a
t
t
e
n
d
s
a
w
i
de
r
ange
o
f
c
ust
o
m
e
r
s
,
for
exa
m
ple,
h
ousi
n
g
a
r
ea
,
c
o
mm
er
cial
e
n
t
i
tie
s,
a
nd
in
du
str
i
a
l
a
r
eas
[
1]
.
A
s
s
how
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
m
i
cr
ogr
i
d
u
sua
l
ly
r
uns
i
ts
o
per
a
ti
on
in
a
gr
id-
c
on
nec
t
e
d
m
ode
t
hr
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
a
s
ubs
tat
i
o
n
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er
.
I
n
a
dd
iti
on,
m
ic
r
ogr
i
d
a
l
s
o
r
e
qu
ir
e
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
d
eq
ua
te
c
a
p
a
c
it
y,
c
on
tr
o
l
,
and
w
o
r
k
ing
pla
n
s
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
a
t
le
as
t
par
t
o
f
the
l
o
a
d
a
f
t
er
b
ei
ng
de
tac
h
e
d
f
r
o
m
di
str
i
b
u
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
a
t
po
i
n
t
o
f
c
omm
on
c
oup
l
i
n
g
(
P
C
C
)
a
nd
con
t
i
n
u
e
t
o
o
p
e
r
a
te
i
n
isla
nde
d
m
ode.
F
i
gur
e
1.
M
icr
ogr
id
s
tr
uc
tur
e
l
a
y
out
w
ith
l
oa
ds
a
n
d
d
i
s
tr
i
b
u
t
ed
e
ner
gy
r
e
so
ur
c
e
s
(
D
ER
)
u
n
i
t
s
2.
1.
M
i
cro
gr
i
d
m
od
elin
g
No
wa
d
a
y
s
g
re
en
e
n
e
rgy
reso
u
r
c
e
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
ch
oi
ce
t
ha
t
can
n
ev
er
be
que
st
ione
d
am
on
g
t
h
e
e
n
g
i
ne
ers
a
n
d
resea
r
che
s
a
s
an
e
le
ctric
a
l
g
ener
at
ion
tha
t
i
s
fr
ee
f
r
om
car
bo
n
em
i
s
s
i
o
n
.
The
glo
b
a
l
e
ne
g
y
de
ma
nd
i
s
pr
e
d
ic
te
d
t
o
b
e
in
cr
e
a
sin
g
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
t
o
g
e
t
he
r
w
i
t
h
the
r
a
p
i
d
ur
ba
niza
tio
n
a
nd
in
du
str
i
a
l
i
zati
o
n.
Th
is
i
nc
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
e
n
er
gy
de
m
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
w
i
l
l
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
n
v
i
r
o
nme
n
t
i
f
t
he
w
or
ld
i
s
de
pe
nd
i
ng
o
n
c
on
v
e
nti
ona
l
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es
.
Thus,
H
ybr
i
d
m
ic
r
ogr
i
d
b
ec
om
es
a
v
er
y
i
m
por
ta
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
cent
l
y
to
ove
r
c
om
e
th
is
i
ss
ue
.
The
a
r
ch
i
t
ec
tur
e
o
f
AC
/DC
H
ybr
id
m
icr
ogr
id itse
l
f
t
u
rn
o
u
t
t
o
b
e
a
n
i
nter
e
s
t
i
n
g
t
o
p
i
c for
a
further
r
e
sea
r
ch
a
s
it
s
des
i
gn
c
ombi
n
i
n
g
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
of
p
ow
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
w
h
ich
ar
e
betw
e
e
n
AC
(
alter
n
a
t
i
ng
c
u
r
r
ent)
a
n
d
D
C
(
d
i
r
ec
t
c
u
r
r
e
nt
)
.
T
he
p
ur
p
o
se
o
f
m
i
c
r
ogr
id
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
is
t
o
ge
t
the
un
der
sta
n
di
n
g
a
nd
s
t
u
dy
a
bo
ut
t
he
o
ut
c
o
me
f
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
M
ode
l
lin
g
a
nd
des
i
gn o
f
PI
D
con
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r v
o
l
t
age
c
o
n
t
r
o
l of AC hyb
r
id m
i
cr
o-
gr
id
(
I
bra
h
im
Alh
a
m
r
o
u
n
i)
15
3
se
v
e
r
a
l
de
sig
n
s
o
f
m
i
c
r
ogr
id
b
ef
or
e
i
t
s
be
ing
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
te
d
i
n
r
e
al.
T
h
e
m
odel
can
b
e
fur
t
her
a
n
a
l
yz
ed
t
o
i
m
p
r
ov
e
t
h
e power q
u
a
l
ity
an
d
rel
i
ab
ili
t
y
of
t
h
e sy
st
em i
n
th
e
futu
r
e
.
2.
2.
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
of
m
icrogr
i
d
A
dissim
i
l
a
r
con
t
r
o
l
pur
p
o
se
s
for
mic
r
o
g
r
i
d
nee
d
t
o
be
c
on
si
de
r
ed
a
s
m
i
crogr
id
h
a
v
e
var
i
o
u
s
va
r
i
a
t
i
on,
c
ond
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
nd
sit
u
a
t
i
o
ns
[
5]
.
T
he
m
ain
m
o
t
i
ves
of
m
ic
r
ogr
id
c
ontr
o
l
ar
e
:
a.
A
n
e
c
onom
ic
o
per
a
tio
n
of
m
ic
r
ogr
i
d
a
nd
i
t
s
m
i
c
r
o
sour
c
e
s.
b.
C
oor
d
i
nat
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
e
d
e
ne
r
g
y
r
e
sou
r
ce
(
D
E
R)
a
nd
appr
o
pr
ia
te
l
oa
d
sha
r
i
ng.
c.
A
st
a
b
le
p
r
o
ce
ss
on
ei
ther
i
sl
ande
d
or
g
r
i
d-
r
e
con
n
ec
tin
g
mode.
d.
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
of
p
ow
er
f
low
in
m
icr
o
gr
i
d
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
m
i
cr
ogr
id
t
o
ma
in
g
rid
.
e.
I
m
pr
ove
me
nt
a
nd
inc
r
ea
sin
g
m
ic
r
ogr
i
d
e
ff
ic
ienc
y.
f.
To
e
ns
ur
e
the
d
e
m
a
nd
s
of
t
h
e
h
e
a
t
a
nd
t
h
e
e
l
ectr
i
c
i
t
y
a
r
e
f
ul
fi
ll
ed
by
t
h
e mi
cro
s
ou
rc
es.
g.
To
e
ns
ur
e
an
a
deq
u
a
t
e
ope
r
a
ti
on
b
o
nds
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
cr
ogr
i
d
w
i
t
h
b
u
l
k
p
o
w
e
r
pr
o
v
i
d
er
.
h.
S
upp
or
t
o
f
t
he
E
ner
gy
S
t
or
a
g
e
S
y
stem
(
ES
S)
t
ow
ar
ds
t
he
m
icr
ogr
i
d
a
nd
im
pr
o
v
e
t
h
e
ef
f
i
c
i
enc
y
a
nd
r
e
lia
bi
lit
y o
f
t
h
e
system
2.
3.
Hier
arch
ic
al
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
mi
c
r
ogr
id
c
on
t
r
ol
s
yst
e
m
The
d
i
ffe
r
en
t
im
porta
nc
e,
t
i
m
e
sc
ales
a
n
d
nee
d
s
for
m
i
c
r
ogri
d
s
re
qui
re
a
h
i
e
r
a
rchi
ca
l
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
of
m
i
cr
ogr
id
c
ont
r
o
l
sys
t
e
m
t
o
tac
k
l
e
e
ver
y
n
e
e
d
a
t
e
ve
r
y
l
evel
s
o
f
th
e
hie
r
arc
h
y
st
ru
ct
ure.
T
h
e
h
i
e
ra
rch
i
c
a
l
str
u
c
t
ur
e
of
m
i
c
r
ogr
i
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
sys
t
e
m
c
an
b
e
separ
a
te
i
n
t
o
t
h
r
e
e
l
e
vels
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
,
se
con
d
ar
y,
a
nd
ter
tia
r
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
[
6]
.
The
pr
i
m
ar
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
is
a
ime
d
t
o
m
a
ke
s
t
a
b
l
e
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
fr
e
que
nc
y.
F
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
t
he
is
lan
d
e
d
e
ven
t
s,
m
i
c
rogri
d
s
m
i
gh
t
l
o
se its
s
tab
i
li
ty of vol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
d
u
e
t
o
t
he inc
o
n
s
i
ste
n
c
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
powe
r
g
e
n
era
t
e
d
a
nd
c
ons
um
ed.
Also,
to
p
r
ovide
t
he
c
apab
i
l
ities
o
f
plu
g
a
nd
pla
y
f
or
t
he
Aπ
r
e
di
str
i
b
u
te
d
e
n
e
r
gy
s
o
ur
c
e
s
(
D
ERs)
a
nd
t
o
s
h
a
r
e
t
he
a
c
t
iv
e
and
r
eac
tive
p
o
we
r
betwe
e
n
t
hem
,
w
it
h
out
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
n
y
com
m
u
nic
a
ti
on
lin
ks.
[
6
]
-
[8]
.
T
he
s
e
c
on
dar
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
n
t
he
h
i
er
a
r
chy
str
u
c
t
ur
e
i
n
t
he
c
e
n
t
r
ali
z
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
w
i
l
l
s
ta
bi
lize
bac
k
t
he
v
ol
ta
ge
a
n
d
f
r
e
que
ncy
of
t
he
m
i
c
r
ogr
id
a
nd
c
o
r
r
ec
t
ba
c
k
t
he
d
e
v
iat
i
ons
t
ha
t
ca
u
s
ed
f
ro
m
th
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
c
o
n
t
ro
l
.
T
h
i
s
se
co
nd
ary
cont
ro
l
i
s
d
ev
e
l
o
pe
d
t
o
p
r
oduc
e
a
sl
ow
d
y
n
am
i
c
r
eac
t
i
o
n
ove
r
the
pr
im
ar
y
c
ontr
o
l,
w
hic
h
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
es
t
he
d
ec
o
u
p
l
e
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
of
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
a
n
d
s
ec
on
da
r
y
l
o
op
a
n
d
e
xpe
d
i
t
e
s
e
a
c
h
o
f
the
i
r
de
s
i
g
n
s
i
t
se
l
f
[
9]
-
[
1
1
]
.
T
he
l
as
t
and
s
lo
we
st
c
on
t
r
o
l
u
nd
e
r
t
he
h
i
e
ra
r
c
hy
c
on
t
r
o
l
i
s
c
a
lle
d
as
t
he
t
er
t
i
a
r
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l.
T
he
t
er
t
i
ar
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
is
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
le
i
n
co
ns
ide
r
i
ng
th
e
ec
o
n
om
ic
a
nx
i
e
tie
s
in
m
i
cr
ogr
id
o
pt
i
m
a
l
ope
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
c
o
ntr
o
l
the
pow
er
f
l
o
w
be
tw
ee
n
t
h
e
m
i
c
ro
-g
ri
d
a
nd
th
e
mai
n
g
r
i
d.
T
h
e
pow
e
r
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
m
icr
o
-
g
r
i
d
a
nd
th
e
ma
in
g
r
i
d
ca
n
b
e
c
on
tr
o
l
l
e
d
b
y
a
d
j
us
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
t
h
e
a
m
pli
t
u
d
e
o
f
the
di
str
i
b
u
t
e
d
e
ner
g
y
s
our
ce
s
(
D
ER
s)
v
o
lta
ges
i
n
a
gr
i
d
-
t
i
e
d
m
o
de
[
4]
,
[6]
-
[8]
.
H
ie
r
a
r
c
hic
a
l
str
u
c
t
ur
e
of
m
ic
r
ogr
i
d
c
on
t
r
o
l
s
yste
m
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
F
i
gur
e
2.
H
ier
a
r
c
hi
c
a
l
s
tr
uc
t
u
r
e
o
f
m
i
c
r
ogr
i
d
c
on
t
r
o
l
s
ys
t
e
m
3.
PROPOSED C
O
N
TROL
Cons
i
d
er
ing
th
e
abo
v
e
me
nti
one
d
a
dva
n
t
a
g
es
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
ling
th
e
m
icr
o
-
g
r
i
d,
t
his
sec
tio
n
pr
o
v
i
des
a
n
ove
r
v
iew
of
t
h
e
c
ontr
o
l
tec
h
niq
u
e
em
pl
o
y
ed
i
n
t
h
is
w
or
k.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
15
1 –
15
9
15
4
3.1.
Ba
s
i
c pa
ram
e
te
r
s
C
o
n
t
ro
lli
ng
t
h
e
m
i
cro-gr
i
d
a
nd
kee
p
i
ng
t
h
e
vo
lta
ge
a
nd
p
o
w
e
r
at
s
ta
nda
rd
v
al
ues
is
a
t
edi
o
us
w
ork
com
p
ari
ng
t
o
c
on
ve
nt
i
ona
l
p
o
w
e
r
sys
t
em
.
Tha
t
’
s
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
c
om
pl
ex
s
truc
ture
o
f
mic
r
o-grid
a
n
d
t
h
e
nat
u
re
of
the
a
lloca
t
e
d D
E
Rs a
l
o
n
g
t
he
gr
i
d,
t
he m
ain
p
a
ra
me
t
e
r
s to foc
us
on
are
as
f
ol
lo
w
s
:
3.1.
1. V
ol
t
age
s
tab
ility
The
v
o
l
t
age
r
e
gu
la
ti
on,
v
olta
ge
d
is
t
o
rt
i
o
n,
v
olta
ge
p
r
o
fi
l
e
a
nd
v
olta
ge
qua
lit
y
are
inc
l
u
d
i
ng
in
t
er
ms
rela
t
e
d
w
ith
v
o
lta
ge
s
ta
bi
li
ty.
The
v
o
l
t
age
st
abi
l
ity
i
s
t
o
r
et
ain
a
sta
b
le
v
o
lta
ge
a
mp
l
itu
d
e
a
t
req
u
ire
d
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
the
mic
r
o
g
ri
d.
V
ol
t
a
ge
c
o
n
tro
llers
l
oca
t
e
d
a
t
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
str
i
b
u
t
e
d
e
ner
g
y
so
urc
e
(
D
E
R)
uni
t
is
t
o
pro
v
i
d
e
a
loca
l
sta
b
ili
ty.
Wi
t
h
o
u
t
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
c
o
n
t
r
oller
,
t
he
s
ys
t
e
ms
c
o
ul
d
e
xpe
r
i
enc
e
an
o
sc
i
l
l
a
tio
ns
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
nd
/
o
r
rea
c
ti
ve
p
ow
er
.
3.1.
2. F
req
u
e
ncy,
f
U
nde
r
t
h
e
is
la
nde
d
m
o
de,
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
ed
e
ne
rgy
sour
ces
(
D
E
Rs)
need
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
fre
que
nc
y
o
f
mic
r
ogri
d
s
c
o
o
p
era
t
i
v
e
l
y
a
n
d
sim
u
l
t
a
n
e
ous
ly
.
S
i
nce
t
h
e
r
e
is
no
d
o
mina
n
t
s
ourc
e
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
i
s
l
an
de
d
m
o
de,
i
t
is
a
c
ha
l
l
e
n
ge
f
or
t
he
freq
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
t
rol
a
n
d
sync
hr
o
n
iz
at
ion
pr
o
c
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
l
i
n
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
g
o
bey
o
nd
the
pre-
set
val
u
e.
T
he
m
in
imum
a
nd
m
a
x
i
mum
fre
que
nc
y
r
a
n
ge
f
or
50H
z
g
r
ids
i
s
4
8H
z
t
o
5
1H
z
whil
e for 60Hz
grids is 59.
3H
z to
60.5Hz
[12]-[15].
3.1.
3. Lo
a
d
-
sharin
g act
i
ve
a
n
d
r
e
ac
tive p
ower
,
LS
P
&
Q
C
ons
ide
r
i
ng
t
h
e
sha
r
i
ng
of
l
oa
d
s
b
e
t
w
een
t
he
d
istr
ib
u
t
e
d
e
ner
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
(
D
E
R
s
)
i
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
pri
n
ci
p
l
e
in
p
o
w
er
m
ana
g
em
ent
sys
t
em
s
(PMS
)
t
o
r
e
duce
the
l
o
sse
s
of
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
po
w
e
r
.
T
he
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
e
d
ene
r
g
y
sourc
e
(
D
E
R)
load
sh
a
r
in
g is to e
n
su
r
e
tha
t
eac
h o
f
i
t
s
up
plies
its p
r
e
set pr
op
ortio
n
i
n
s
t
e
ad
y sta
t
e.
3.2.
Mat
h
em
atica
l
analys
i
s
3.2.
1. P
o
w
er
eq
u
a
tion
s
pt
v
t
it
V
mImc
o
s
wt
θ
co
s
wt
θ
(1
)
W
h
ere:
V
m =
max
i
mu
m v
a
l
u
es
o
f
vol
t
a
g
e
Im = m
axim
um
v
alues of c
ur
rent
3.2.
2. Act
i
v
e p
o
w
e
r, P
Q
|
I
||V
|
sin
θ
(2
)
3.2.
3. Reactive
pow
e
r,
Q
|
|
|
|
(3
)
3.2.
4. Apparent
power,
S
S
P
j
Q
|I|
|
V
|
co
s
θ
j
|
I||V
|
sin
θ
(4
)
S
|
I
||
V
|
cos
θ
j
|
I
||
V
|
s
in
θ
3.2.
5. Capacitor,
C
Xc
(5
)
3.2.
6.
Ind
u
ctor,
L
XL
ωL
(
6
)
3.2.
7.
Per u
n
i
t
val
u
e
,
PU
PU
(7
)
3.3.
Resear
c
h
comp
one
n
ts
The
s
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
nt
s
t
h
a
t
h
a
v
e
be
en
u
se
d
i
n
t
he
s
im
ula
t
io
n
to
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
a
l
o
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
(
L
C
)
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
i
s
c
ont
ro
l
me
t
hod
i
s lo
c
a
t
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
p
ri
ma
ry
c
o
n
t
r
ol
o
f
th
e
mi
crogr
id
c
o
n
t
r
ol h
iera
rchy.
The
com
p
one
n
t
s a
r
e:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
M
ode
l
lin
g
a
nd
des
i
gn o
f
PI
D
con
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r v
o
l
t
age
c
o
n
t
r
o
l of AC hyb
r
id m
i
cr
o-
gr
id
(
I
bra
h
im
Alh
a
m
r
o
u
n
i)
15
5
3.
3.
1.
E
n
e
r
gy
sou
r
ce
s
Ener
gy
so
ur
ce
s
a
r
e
the
sour
c
e
s
of
t
he
e
ner
gy
tha
t
c
a
n
b
e
pr
oduc
e
by
s
e
ve
r
a
l
gener
a
ti
on
m
e
t
h
od
s.
Re
ne
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
is
o
n
e
o
f
the
com
m
on
cho
i
ces
t
o
be
u
se
d
in
m
i
c
r
o
gr
i
d
.
The
most
c
om
m
o
n
r
e
n
e
w
a
ble
en
e
r
gy
s
ou
rce
s
a
re
i
n
c
l
u
din
g
o
f
p
hot
ovo
lt
aic
sy
st
e
m
(
P
V
),
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
,
w
i
n
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
.
A
s
for th
is re
s
ear
ch,
pho
tov
o
lta
ic
a
nd fue
l
c
el
l
s
w
ill
be use
d
on
the
si
m
u
lat
i
on
[16]
-
[
1
8
]
.
3.
3.
2.
C
a
p
a
cit
o
r
,
C
The
c
a
p
ac
it
or
o
f
t
e
n
c
o
n
n
ec
ts
b
e
t
w
e
en
t
he
e
ner
g
y
so
ur
ce
a
nd
i
n
v
e
rt
er.
T
h
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
ito
r
is
t
o
les
s
en
t
h
e
volta
ge
r
i
p
p
l
es,
stabi
l
i
ze
th
e
vo
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
pr
o
vide
o
r
a
b
s
o
r
b
e
ne
r
g
y
f
o
r
a
shor
t
pe
r
i
o
d
o
f
in
ter
r
up
tio
n.
T
he
c
a
p
ac
i
t
or
a
l
s
o
w
i
l
l
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
the
diss
imi
l
ar
p
o
w
e
r
di
ff
er
e
n
ce
betw
ee
n
t
h
e
ene
r
gy
s
our
ce
a
nd
the
in
p
u
t
of
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
t
e
r.
Cap
ac
i
t
or
a
ls
o
c
a
n
char
ge
a
n
d
d
i
s
cha
rge
en
er
gy
i
n
a
c
i
rcu
i
t
t
o
b
a
l
a
n
ce
u
p
an
d
t
o
im
pr
o
v
e
t
h
e
t
h
e
pow
er
qual
i
t
y
of
t
he
c
ir
c
u
it.
3.
3.
3.
In
d
u
c
t
or
,
L
T
h
e
in
du
c
t
o
r
w
h
i
ch
a
l
s
o
so
met
i
m
es
call
e
d
as
r
ea
ct
o
r
o
r
c
o
il
i
s
a
n
e
l
e
ct
ri
cal
c
o
m
po
n
e
nt
t
hat
wh
en
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
f
l
o
w
t
h
r
ough the
c
o
i
l
s
,
it
w
i
l
l
s
t
o
r
e
t
he
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
m
a
gne
t
i
c
f
i
el
d.
T
he
v
olta
g
e
t
ha
t
appe
ar
s
ac
ro
ss an
i
nduc
t
o
r
i
s
d
u
e
t
o
i
t
s o
w
n
mag
n
e
tic
fi
e
ld
a
nd
F
a
r
a
d
ay
's l
aw o
f e
l
ec
t
r
o
m
ag
n
e
ti
c i
n
du
ct
ion
.
3.
3.
4.
L
oc
al
c
o
n
t
r
oller
(
L
C
)
Th
e
lo
c
a
l
c
o
nt
ro
ll
e
r
s
(
L
C
s
)
wi
ll
c
on
t
r
ol
t
he
d
i
s
t
r
ib
ut
e
d
e
n
e
r
-
g
y
so
ur
ce
(
D
E
R)
a
nd
s
o
m
e
of
t
he
l
ocal
loa
d
s
an
d
stri
v
e
t
o
b
a
l-anc
e
t
he
a
c
tive
a
n
d
r
eac
tive
p
o
we
r.
A
s
f
o
r
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h,
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
rt
io
na
l
i
n
te
g
r
al
(
P
I)
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
will
be
u
se
d
on
t
h
e
l
o
ca
l
co
n
t
ro
ll
e
r
(
LC).
T
he
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
ona
l
i
n
t
e
gr
al
(
P
I
)
c
ont
r
o
ller
w
i
ll
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
a
c
ti
ve
a
n
d
r
e
acti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
of
t
he
c
om
po
ne
n
t
s
to
a
chie
ve
t
he
acc
u
rate
f
lows.
3.
3.
5.
V
olt
age
s
ou
rc
e
i
n
ver
t
er
(
VS
I)
The
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
o
urce
i
n
v
er
t
e
rs
(
VSI
s
)
are
nor
ma
l
l
y
used
t
o
c
o
n
t
ro
l
t
h
e
ne
t
w
or
k
vo
lta
ge
a
nd
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
nd
the
p
o
w
e
r
ou
tp
u
t
w
hi
l
e
s
a
tisf
y
t
h
e
r
eq
uir
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
he
g
r
i
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
s
ho
wn
i
s
MATLA
B/Simu
l
i
nk
c
i
r
c
u
it
des
i
g
n
f
o
r
c
ontr
o
l
o
f
h
ybr
id
A
C
mic
r
ogr
id.
F
i
gur
e
3.
M
A
TLA
B
/
S
i
m
u
lin
k
cir
c
ui
t
de
sig
n
f
or
c
on
tr
o
l
o
f
h
ybr
id
AC m
icrogr
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
15
1 –
15
9
15
6
4.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
The
ana
l
ys
i
s
w
il
l
be
d
e
liber
a
t
i
n
g
a
bou
t
the
v
o
lta
ge
c
o
n
t
ro
l
str
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
on
a
d
if
f
e
ren
t
c
on
dit
i
on
f
o
r
t
h
e
loa
d
d
em
and
a
nd
p
o
w
e
r
sour
ce
from
the
d
i
stri
bu
t
i
on
gene
r
a
ti
o
n
s
(
D
G
s
)
of
t
he
m
icro
gr
id
.
O
t
he
rs
c
omp
one
nts
parameter
such
a
s
the
gain,
P
I
c
ontro
ller
,
uni
ve
rsal
b
r
i
d
g
e
(i
n
ver
t
er),
r
esis
tor
inductor
(R
L
)
,
ca
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
(
C
)
a
nd
t
h
re
e-ph
a
s
e
RLC
l
o
ad
w
e
r
e
a
l
so
t
a
k
en
i
nt
o
con
s
id
era
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
set
a
t
perm
issi
ble
values.
The
perform
ance
ana
l
ys
is
o
f
t
h
e
vol
tage
c
o
n
tr
o
l
i
s
d
one
b
y
usin
g
the
s
i
mu
la
t
e
d
re
su
l
t
s
from
t
he
M
A
TLA
B/S
I
MU
LIN
K
.
F
r
om
the
re
su
lts
o
b
t
aine
d,
its
s
h
o
w
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
mic
r
ogr
id
h
as
a
s
ta
ble
v
o
l
tag
e
c
o
n
tr
ol
l
e
r
a
nd
th
e
con
t
ro
ller
als
o
w
as
able
t
o
co
n
t
rol
the
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
ge
by f
o
ll
ow
i
ng t
h
e
si
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
the
r
efere
n
ce
value.
4.1.
Con
t
rol of
hybrid
AC
m
icro-
g
r
i
d
The
first
b
l
ock
on
t
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
s
t
he
g
a
i
n.
T
h
e
g
ai
n
b
l
oc
k
w
ill
b
e
fu
nc
ti
o
n
ing
as
t
he
r
e
f
er
ence
v
a
l
u
e
for
the
base
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e.
T
he
g
a
i
n
b
l
oc
k
is
c
o
n
n
ecte
d
t
o
the
p
h
a
s
e
l
oc
ked
l
o
op
(
P
LL)
a
nd
t
h
e
abc
to
dq
b
l
oc
k.
The
func
tio
n
o
f
t
he
phas
e
l
oc
ke
d
l
o
o
p
(
P
L
L)
i
s
t
o
s
y
n
c
h
r
oniz
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
g
r
id
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
sca
l
e
d
acc
or
di
ng
t
o
the
in
p
u
t
sig
n
a
l
.
The
a
b
c
t
o
d
q
b
l
oc
k
w
ill
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
t
h
e
t
h
re
e
ax
e
s
t
o
t
w
o
axes
m
agn
i
tu
d
e
w
hich
w
il
l
m
a
ke
i
t
ea
sie
r
t
o
c
o
mp
ute
d
.
T
h
e
abc
t
o
d
q
b
l
oc
k
w
i
l
l
b
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
t
h
e
se
lec
t
or
b
l
o
ck.
The
fu
nct
i
on
of
t
he
s
e
l
e
c
t
o
r
bl
oc
k
is
t
o
se
le
ct
t
he
i
np
u
t
e
l
e
m
e
nt
e
ither
f
r
o
m
the
ve
c
t
or,
ma
t
r
i
x
o
r
mul
t
i
d
i
m
ens
i
o
n
a
l
s
i
gna
l.
B
efor
e
the
P
I
con
t
ro
l
l
er
b
l
o
c
k
,
V
d
a
n
d
V
q
b
l
oc
ks
w
er
e
i
n
st
alle
d.
T
h
e
V
d
b
l
o
c
k
i
s
s
e
t
a
t
1
p
.
u
a
s
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
a
l
u
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
V
q
w
a
s
a
s
s
u
m
i
n
g
t
o
b
e
z
e
r
o
.
T
h
e
n
,
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
(
V
ab
c
)
,
i
s
ta
p
p
ed
a
t
the
o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
the
t
h
ree
-
pha
se
V
-I
me
asure
m
e
n
t
b
e
fore
t
he
t
hr
ee
-
phase
s
erie
s
R
L
C
loa
d
.
The
v
a
lue
f
rom
the
s
e
nsor
w
il
l
be
c
ompu
te
d
an
d
the
P
I
con
t
ro
l
l
er
w
il
l
c
a
lcu
l
a
t
e
it
t
o
g
et
t
h
e
a
m
o
unt
o
f
va
lue
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
b
een
s
et
a
t
t
h
e
g
a
i
n
a
nd
V
d
b
lo
ck
.
The
o
u
t
p
ut
from
t
he
P
I
con
t
r
o
ller
w
ill
be
i
nj
e
c
te
d
t
o
t
he
P
WM
g
e
n
e
r
at
or.
I
t
w
ill
ge
nera
te
t
he
c
ontro
l
t
h
a
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
I
c
ont
r
o
l
to
i
nver
t
e
r
t
o
c
o
n
t
ro
l
t
h
e
ou
tp
ut
of
t
he
r
ene
w
able
s
ourc
e
s.
P
WM
g
e
n
era
t
or
w
i
l
l
ca
rry
t
he
i
nfor
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
on
t
r
o
l
s
ig
nal
to
t
he
i
nve
rter
e
i
t
her
to
b
uc
k
or
b
o
o
s
t
t
he
o
ut
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
b
y
fo
l
l
ow
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
fere
nce
va
lue
o
f
t
he
p
.u
t
ha
t
ha
s
bee
n
s
et
e
a
r
l
i
e
r.
T
he
e
mpl
o
yed
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
e
c
h
ni
q
u
e
has
b
e
e
n
tes
t
ed under dif
ferent
s
c
e
na
ri
os
a
s fo
l
l
ow
s:
4.2.
S
c
en
ario 1:
Vari
ati
o
n
in
l
oa
d
,
f
ixed
r
e
n
ewable
e
ne
rgy
so
u
rce
s a
n
d
P.U
vol
t
age
r
efe
ren
ce
valu
e
s
O
n
t
he
f
irst
s
c
e
nar
i
o,
t
he
p
a
r
am
eter
s
of
t
he
p
h
o
to
vo
l
t
aic
and
f
ue
l
ce
ll
sta
c
k
w
e
re
a
ssu
m
ed
a
t
one
fi
xe
d
va
lue
as
m
enti
one
d
on
t
h
e
par
a
m
e
ters
s
et
ti
ng
a
bove
.
The
r
e
f
er
ence
v
o
l
tage
f
or
t
h
i
s
system
h
as
b
e
e
n
set
a
t
4
1
5
V
v
a
l
u
e
.
W
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
s
e
r
i
e
s
R
L
C
l
o
a
d
w
a
s
s
e
t
a
t
v
a
riou
s
l
o
ad
c
on
di
t
i
on
.
Ta
bl
e
1
sho
w
s
th
e
summ
ar
y of
t
h
e
simula
t
e
d
ca
s
es.
O
n
t
he
f
irst
s
c
e
na
ri
o,
t
he
p
ar
am
eters
of
t
he
p
h
o
t
o
vol
ta
ic
a
nd
f
uel
c
e
l
l
s
t
ac
k
w
e
r
e
a
ss
um
ing
a
t
o
ne
fi
xe
d
va
l
u
e.
W
h
i
le
t
he
r
efe
r
enc
e
v
o
l
ta
ge
w
a
s
s
e
t
a
t
415
V
a
nd
t
he
t
hree
-phase
s
er
i
e
s
RL
C
l
o
ad
w
as
s
e
t
a
t
vari
ous
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
iti
on.
A
t
l
o
ad
v
al
ue
o
f
1
0
k
W,
i
t
sh
ow
s
tha
t
v
o
lta
ge
c
o
n
tr
ol
h
as
b
ee
n
bo
os
te
d
fr
om
3
16.2
6
9
V
inp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
t
o
41
7.8
46
V
ou
tpu
t
v
o
lta
ge
s.
W
hile
a
t
loa
d
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
5
0
k
W
,
t
h
e
vol
tage
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
35
6.1
92
V
h
a
s
b
e
en
b
oo
ste
d
u
p
t
o
3
8
3
.
26
8
V
out
put
vol
t
a
g
e
s.
H
o
w
eve
r
,
a
t
l
oa
d
va
lu
e
i
f
1
0
0
k
W
t
h
e
o
u
tp
ut
v
al
ue
s
t
a
rte
d
t
o
d
e
c
rea
s
e
f
r
om
3
61
.2
69
V
i
n
put
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
o
3
2
3
.
26
9
V
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
A
lso,
a
t
l
o
a
d
v
al
ue
o
f
15
0k
W
th
e
o
u
t
p
ut
v
alu
e
s
ta
rt
e
d
t
o
d
e
c
r
ea
se
f
ro
m
3
6
5
.
551
V
i
nput
v
ol
t
a
g
e
t
o
27
6.8
1
2
V
out
pu
t
vo
lta
ge
s.
T
h
i
s
s
how
s
t
h
a
t
the
sys
t
em
i
s
no
l
o
n
g
e
r
a
b
l
e
to
b
o
o
s
t
u
p
t
h
e
in
pu
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
i
n
o
rder
t
o
get
the
de
s
i
r
e
d
ou
t
p
u
t
v
olta
g
e
.
The
syste
m
has
l
os
t
i
t
s
c
o
ntro
l a
s
t
he loa
d is
g
e
tti
ng
h
i
gher
t
h
an
t
h
e
vol
t
a
g
e
c
ont
rol
l
er
c
an
r
e
c
t
i
fy
.
Re
su
lt
s
hown
in
F
i
g
u
r
es
4
-
7
.
Ta
ble
1.
S
ummary
o
f the
s
i
m
u
late
d
case
s
s
tu
dy
o
n
e
N
o
.
L
o
a
d
v
a
r
i
a
ti
on
(
W
)
Inp
u
t
volta
ge
(
V
)
O
utput
volt
a
ge
(
V
)
P
e
r
u
ni
t
(
P
.
U
)
Output
vol
ta
ge
r
e
d
uc
tion
(%
)
1.
10K
361.
26
9
417
.
8
4
6
1.
00
0
2.
50K
356.
19
2
383
.
2
6
8
0.
92
7
.
6
5
3.
100K
361.
26
9
323
.
2
6
9
0.
77
22.
10
4.
150K
365.
55
1
276
.
8
1
2
0.
66
33.
30
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
M
ode
l
lin
g
a
nd
des
i
gn o
f
PI
D
con
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r v
o
l
t
age
c
o
n
t
r
o
l of AC hyb
r
id m
i
cr
o-
gr
id
(
I
bra
h
im
Alh
a
m
r
o
u
n
i)
15
7
Fi
g
u
r
e 4
.
I
n
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
wit
h
10kW
l
o
a
d
Fi
g
u
r
e 5
.
In
p
u
t an
d
o
u
tp
ut
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
wit
h
50kW
l
o
a
d
F
i
gur
e
6.
I
nput
a
nd
ou
t
p
u
t
v
ol
t
a
ge
w
ith
1
00k
W
loa
d
F
i
gur
e
7.
I
npu
t
and
out
pu
t
v
o
l
t
age
w
i
t
h
1
5
0
k
W
l
oa
d
4.
3.
S
c
ena
r
io
2
: Fix
e
d ren
ew
a
b
l
e
energ
y
so
urces
a
nd lo
a
d
v
alues
w
i
th
vari
a
b
l
e
P.
U
volt
a
ge
ref
ere
n
c
e
As
f
or
s
ec
o
n
d
scena
r
i
o
,
t
h
e
p
hot
ov
o
lta
ic,
fu
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
p
ar
am
eters
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
a
r
e
a
s
s
u
m
i
n
g
a
t
f
i
x
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
.
The
r
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
vol
tage
f
or
t
h
i
s
sys
t
em
h
a
s
b
ee
n
se
t
a
t
4
1
5
V
v
al
u
e
.
Whi
l
e
p
.u
r
ef
e
r
e
n
ce
v
o
lt
a
g
e
i
s
s
et
a
t
a
di
ff
er
e
n
ce
val
u
e.
T
able
2
s
ho
w
s
t
he
s
um
ma
ry
o
f
t
h
e
sim
u
la
ted
c
a
ses
on this
case study
A
s
o
n
t
h
e
se
c
o
nd
s
ce
n
a
r
i
o,
(
F
i
xe
d
Re
ne
w
a
b
l
e
Ene
r
g
y
S
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
L
o
a
d
V
alues
w
i
t
h
V
ar
i
a
b
l
e
P.
U
V
o
l
t
age
R
e
fe
r
e
nce
)
,
the
r
e
su
l
t
s
ob
ta
i
n
ed
s
h
o
w
s
t
ha
t
,
c
ha
n
g
in
g
t
he
v
a
l
ue
o
f
p.
u
v
o
lta
ge
r
e
f
er
ence
c
a
u
se
s
the
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
r
e
s
ults
f
r
o
m
the
i
n
v
e
r
t
er
w
er
e
a
l
so
c
ha
ng
i
ng
ac
c
o
r
din
g
l
y
.
Ph
o
t
ovo
lt
ai
c
,
f
u
e
l
cel
ls
p
a
r
a
m
et
ers
an
d
lo
ad
a
re
a
ssu
mi
n
g
at
f
ixe
d
v
alu
e
.
T
h
e
re
fe
ren
c
e
vo
lt
ag
e
fo
r
t
h
i
s
sys
t
em
h
as
b
een
s
et
a
t
4
1
5
V
v
a
l
ue
.
Wh
ile
p
.u
r
efe
r
enc
e
v
ol
ta
ge
i
s
se
t
a
t
a
d
iffe
re
nce
va
lue.
A
t
p.
u
referen
c
e
v
o
ltag
e
of
1
p
.
u
,
s
i
mu
lated
resul
t
s
sh
o
w
t
h
a
t
from
t
h
e
inp
u
t
vo
lt
ag
e
of
316
.0
19
V
h
a
s
p
ro
du
c
e
d
417
.
84
6
V
ou
tp
ut
v
olta
ge
.
Wh
i
l
e
at
p
.
u
r
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
f
0.
5
p.
u,
f
r
o
m
the
i
n
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
5
2
8
.
0
1
6
V
i
n
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
h
a
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
20
5.
7
57
V
ou
tp
u
t
vo
l
t
age.
A
t
p.
u
r
e
f
e
r
e
nce
v
o
lt
age
of
0
.
2
5
p.
u,
f
r
o
m
the
i
n
pu
t
v
ol
t
a
g
e
555
.
0
62
V
i
np
ut
v
ol
t
a
g
e
h
a
s
p
r
o
d
u
ced
10
7.
228
V
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
.
Thi
s
p
r
o
v
e
s
tha
t
t
h
i
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
ler
i
s
a
b
l
e
to
c
o
n
t
ro
l
t
h
e
ou
tp
ut
v
ol
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
cr
ogr
id
acc
o
r
di
ng
t
o
i
ts
p
r
e
se
t
va
lue
.
Res
u
lt
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
s
8-
10.
Ta
ble
2:
S
umm
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
si
m
u
la
t
e
d
c
a
ses
st
ud
y
tw
o
No.
Pe
r
Unit Re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e Volt
a
g
e Va
ri
a
tion
(P.
U
)
Inp
u
t Volta
g
(V)
Out
put
V
olt
a
g
e
(V
)
O
u
tput
V
olta
g
e
Re
duc
ti
on
(%)
1.
1
3
61.
01
9
417.
84
6
100
2.
0
.
5
5
28.
01
6
205.
75
7
49.
58
3.
0
.
2
5
5
55.
06
2
107.
22
8
25
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
15
1
–
159
15
8
F
i
gur
e
8.
I
npu
t
a
nd
ou
t
p
u
t
v
olta
g
e
w
i
t
h
1
p.
u
r
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
volta
ge
v
al
ue
F
i
gur
e
9.
I
npu
t
and
ou
t
p
u
t
v
ol
tage
w
i
t
h
0.
5
p.
u
ref
e
ren
c
e
v
o
l
t
ag
e v
a
lu
e
F
i
gur
e
1
0
.
I
nput
a
n
d
o
utp
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
0
.
2
5
p.
u
r
e
f
e
r
e
nce
vol
ta
ge
v
a
l
ue
5.
CONCLUSION
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
a
hy
br
i
d
A
C
m
i
cr
o-
gr
id
h
as
b
e
e
n
suc
c
e
s
sfu
l
l
y
m
ode
l
l
e
d
a
n
d
f
u
ll
y
ut
iliz
e
d
t
he
a
dva
n
t
age
s
o
f
u
s
in
g
the
d
i
st
r
i
bu
te
d
e
n
er
gy
r
e
so
ur
ce
s
D
E
Rs.
The
i
n
cl
us
i
on
of
D
E
R
s
h
a
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
e
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
ent
c
h
al
le
ng
es
t
o
t
h
e
m
i
cr
o-
gr
i
d
w
hic
h
i
ncr
ease
d
t
he
n
ee
d
t
o
d
es
ig
n
a
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
t
o
m
a
i
n
ta
in
t
he
s
ta
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
t
he
m
i
cro-
grid.
A
PID
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
esi
g
ned
an
d
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
t
o
c
o
ntr
o
l
a
n
d
kee
p
t
he
m
ic
r
o
-
g
r
i
d
par
a
me
t
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
he
l
im
i
t
.
T
h
e
pr
o
p
o
se
d
c
o
ntr
o
l
t
e
c
h
n
i
que
h
as
t
h
e
a
b
i
lit
y
t
o
b
oos
t
an
d
b
u
c
k
t
he
v
olta
ge
v
al
ues
a
ccor
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
he
l
oa
d
r
e
q
u
ir
em
ents.
D
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
sc
e
n
ar
ios
have
b
e
en
c
rea
t
e
d
t
o
test
t
h
e
a
pp
li
c
a
b
il
ity
a
n
d
c
a
pab
i
l
ity
o
f
t
h
e
des
i
gne
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
The
ob
ta
ine
d
r
esu
lts
s
ho
w
th
a
t
,
t
h
e
p
r
op
o
s
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
ol
t
echni
qu
e
to
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
the
m
i
cr
o-
gr
id
h
as
a
g
oo
d
r
e
spo
n
se
t
ow
a
r
ds
t
he
v
ar
io
us
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
c
ond
it
i
ons.
ACKNOWLEDGE
ME
N
T
S
The
au
t
hor
s
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
ke
t
o
e
xpr
ess
the
i
r
gr
ati
t
ude
t
o
U
n
i
v
er
si
ti
K
ua
la
L
um
pur
f
or
s
u
ppor
ti
ng
a
n
d
f
u
ndi
n
g
t
h
i
s
r
e
sear
ch
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
nt
N
o.
s
tr
18
0
05.
REFERE
NC
E
S
[1]
Shi
,
W
e
n
bo
,
X
i
a
o
ro
ng
X
ie
,
Ch
i
-
Che
n
g
Pe
te
r
Chu
,
a
nd
R
a
j
it
G
a
d
h
.
"
D
is
trib
ut
e
d
O
ptim
al
E
n
e
rgy
Man
a
gem
e
n
t
i
n
M
i
crogri
d
s
.
"
IEE
E
Tr
an
s. S
m
art Grid
,
vo
l6,
pp
.
1
1
3
7
-
11
46
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2]
E
i
d,
B
ilal
M.
,
Nasrudin
A
bd
Rahim
,
Jey
r
aj
S
el
varaj
,
and
A
h
m
ad H
.
El
K
ha
t
e
b.
"
Co
nt
rol m
e
th
ods an
d
o
bj
ectiv
es for
el
ectron
i
cal
ly
c
o
u
pled
d
i
s
t
r
ib
ute
d
e
nerg
y
res
o
u
r
ces
i
n
micro
g
ri
ds:
A
rev
i
ew
,
"
IEEE
System
s Journ
a
l
,
vo
l.
1
0
,
pp.
4
4
6
-
458
,
2
01
6.
[3]
Y
a
ng
,
Nan
f
ang
,
D
am
ien
P
a
ire,
F
ei
G
ao,
and
Ab
del
l
atif
M
i
r
aoui
.
"
20
13
IEEE In
du
stry
App
lic
at
io
n
s
So
c
i
e
t
y
An
nu
al
M
eeting
,
Lake B
u
e
na Vi
s
t
a
,
FL
,
p
p
. 1
-9,
20
13
.
[4]
Bi
dram
,
Ali,
a
nd
Ali
Davo
ud
i.
"
Hi
e
r
arch
ical
s
tructure
o
f
micro
g
ri
ds
c
o
n
trol
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansact
i
o
n
s
o
n
Sm
a
r
t
Gr
id
,
v
o
l
.
4
.
p
p
.
196
3-1
9
7
6
,
2
012.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Mo
del
l
i
n
g
a
nd
des
i
g
n
o
f
P
I
D
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller f
o
r v
o
lt
age
co
n
t
r
o
l
of
A
C
hyb
r
i
d
m
i
cr
o-gr
id (
I
bra
h
im
Al
ham
ro
u
n
i)
15
9
[5]
F
.
M
oeh
r
ke
a
n
d
J.
M
y
r
zik,
"
Co
ntro
l
m
e
t
hods
f
o
r
m
i
c
rog
r
ids,
"
20
14
49
th In
ter
natio
nal Univer
siti
es Po
wer
En
gi
neeri
ng Co
n
f
er
ence
(
U
P
E
C)
,
C
l
u
j
-
N
apo
ca, pp
.
1
-6
, 2
01
4.
[6]
H.
W
en,
H.
Y
u
an
d
Y.
H
u,
"
M
o
d
e
li
ng
and
an
alysi
s
o
f
c
o
ord
i
n
a
ted
control
s
t
rategi
es
i
n
A
C
m
icrogri
d
,"
201
6 IEEE
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Conf
eren
ce
o
n
Ren
e
wab
l
e En
ergy R
e
sear
ch a
nd App
licati
ons
(
I
CRE
R
A)
,
Bi
rm
in
gham,
p
p.
7
02
-707,
20
16
.
[7]
Guan
gq
ian,
D
.
I
.N.G.,
Fen
g
,
G
.
A
.
O.
,
Zhan
g,
S
.,
Loh
,
P
.
C
.
an
d
B
l
a
a
b
je
r
g
,
F
,
"
C
o
nt
r
o
l
o
f
h
yb
r
i
d
A
C
/D
C
m
i
c
r
og
r
i
d
under
islanding
o
pera
ti
onal
conditions
,
"
J
o
urna
l
of Mod
e
r
n
Po
we
r Sy
ste
ms an
d C
l
e
a
n
En
e
r
gy
,
vol.
2,
p
p
.
2
2
3
-
232
.
20
14
.
[8]
Do
ng
,
Bo
,
Y
ongd
ong
L
i,
Z
h
i
x
u
e
Zhen
g,
a
nd
L
ie
X
u.
"
Con
t
rol
s
t
rat
e
g
ies
of
m
icrogri
d
w
ith
hybri
d
D
C
an
d
AC
bu
ses
.
"
In P
r
o
ceedin
gs
of
t
h
e 2
0
1
1
-1
4th
E
u
ro
pean
Co
nf
eren
ce
on
Po
wer E
l
ect
ronics
an
d
App
l
i
c
atio
ns (
EPE 2
0
1
1
)
,
p
p
. 1-8
,
20
11
[9]
S
a
lem
,
M
o
h
am
ed,
Awan
g
J
us
oh
,
N.
R
um
zi
N
.
Idri
s,
H
im
ad
ry
S
hek
h
ar
D
a
s
,
a
nd
Ibra
him
Alha
m
r
ou
ni.
"
R
e
s
on
a
n
t
po
wer
con
v
e
r
ters
w
it
h
resp
ect
t
o
pass
iv
e
sto
r
age
(LC)
e
lem
e
nt
s
an
d
con
t
rol
techn
i
q
u
es
–An
overv
iew
.
"
Re
n
e
w
a
bl
e
an
d S
u
sta
i
na
b
l
e
En
erg
y
Revi
ews,
vo
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01
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[10]
S
a
lem
,
M
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u
s
oh,
A
.
an
d
Idris,
N
.
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N
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"Implem
e
n
t
in
g
bu
ck
c
on
ve
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
tech
niq
u
es
,"
20
1
3
IEEE
7
t
h In
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l P
o
wer E
ngineer
in
g and Op
ti
miza
tio
n
Con
f
er
ence
(
P
EOCO)
,
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a
ng
kawi
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pp
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1
88-1
9
2
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2
0
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M
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d
r
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N
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u
ti
kn
o,
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and
Abi
d
,
I.
"
Z
V
S
f
u
l
l
b
ri
dge
s
eries
reso
nant
b
oo
st
c
o
n
v
e
rt
er
w
it
h
seri
es-con
nect
ed
t
ran
s
f
o
rm
er."
Inter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l Jo
urn
a
l
of P
o
wer
El
ectr
onics a
nd
D
r
ive S
y
stem
s
(
I
JPE
D
S),
v
o
l
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,
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12
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le
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a
nd
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lh
a
m
ro
un
i,
I
.
"
E
x
t
e
n
si
o
n
o
f
Z
e
r
o
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
r
a
n
g
e
f
o
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
reso
nant
c
on
vert
er.
"
20
15
IEEE
Con
f
er
ence o
n
Ener
gy Co
nvers
i
on
(
C
E
N
C
O
N)
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S
a
l
e
m
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M
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u
s
o
h
,
A
.
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I
d
r
i
s
,
N
.
R
.
N
.
a
n
d
A
l
h
a
m
r
o
u
n
i
,
I
.
"
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
a
n
i
n
d
u
ctive
pow
er
t
ran
s
f
e
r
sy
st
em
f
or
E
V
bat
t
ery
charger.
"
Eur
o
p
e
an
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Sc
i
e
ntifi
c
Res
e
ar
ch
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p
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1-5
6
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201
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Salem,
M
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,
J
u
s
o
h
,
A.
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I
d
ri
s,
N
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and
Alha
mro
u
n
i
,
I.
"
Comp
ari
s
o
n
of
L
CL
r
es
onan
t
c
on
verter
w
it
h
fixed
f
r
equ
e
ncy,
a
nd
v
a
riab
le
f
requ
ency
c
on
trol
lers
,
"
20
17
IEEE
Conferen
ce
on
En
erg
y
Co
nv
ers
i
o
n
(
C
E
N
CO
N)
,
Ku
ala
Lu
m
pur,
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,
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01
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Al
h
a
mro
u
n
,
I
.,
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e
m,
M
.,
Ju
so
h,
A
.
,
I
d
r
i
s
,
N.R
.
N.
,
Isma
il,
B
.
an
d
A
l
b
a
tsh,
F
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,
.
"Com
pariso
n
o
f
t
w
o
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
sw
it
ches
i
n
v
ert
e
r
f
eedi
n
g
s
e
ries
r
eso
n
an
t
conv
ert
e
r,"
2
017
IE
EE
Con
f
er
ence
on
En
erg
y
Con
vers
i
o
n
(
C
E
NCON)
,
Ku
ala
L
u
m
p
u
r
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Caramia,
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.,
G
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C
arpinelli,
F
.
Mot
t
ola,
a
nd
G.
R
usso.
"An
opti
m
al
c
on
trol
o
f
d
i
s
t
ri
bu
ted
en
ergy
r
esou
rces
t
o
improve
t
he
p
o
w
er
q
uality
a
nd
t
o
reduce
energy
c
ost
s
o
f
a
hybri
d
A
C
-D
C
mi
crogrid,
"
201
6 IEEE
1
6
t
h
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce on
En
vir
o
n
m
ent
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
ri
ca
l
En
gi
neer
ing
(
E
E
E
IC)
, F
l
o
rence, p
p. 1-7
,
2
0
16
.
[17]
Y
i
Z
,
B
a
b
q
i
A
J
,
W
a
n
g
Y
,
S
h
i
D
,
E
t
e
m
a
d
i
A
H
,
W
a
n
g
Z
,
H
u
a
n
g
B
.
"
F
i
nite-Control-Set
M
ode
l
P
redi
cti
v
e
Control
(FCS-M
PC)
f
o
r
Isl
a
nd
ed
H
yb
rid
M
i
crog
rids
,
"
20
1
8
.
[18]
Haif
eng
L.,
W
e
i
X.,
Jial
in
L
.
&
Li
n
B.,
"
R
es
earc
h
on
st
abili
t
y
c
o
n
t
rol
o
f
A
C/DC
h
yb
rid
m
i
c
r
o
-
gri
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
mul
t
i
agen
t s
y
stem
,"
I
n
te
rna
tio
na
l Co
nfe
r
e
n
c
e
on
Re
n
e
wa
ble
Po
we
r
G
e
ne
ration
(RP
G
2
0
1
5
)
,
Beijin
g,
p
p.
1
-6
,
2
015
.
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