Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r
2020
, pp.
1491
~
1498
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
3
.
pp
149
1
-
1498
1491
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Potenc
y of PR
controll
er
for multi
ple ha
rm
on
i
c compens
ation
for a
si
ngle
-
ph
ase
gr
i
d
co
nnect
ed syst
em
D.
Satti
anad
an
1
, Soume
n G
ora
i
2
,
G
.
R
.
Pr
udh
vi Ku
m
ar
3
, S.
Vidy
as
ag
ar
4
, V.
Sh
anmu
ga
s
und
ar
am
5
1,2,3,4
SR
M Insti
tut
e
of
Sci
enc
e
a
nd
Technol
ogy
,
Katt
anku
la
thur
,
Chenna
i
,
Ta
m
il
n
adu,
Ind
ia
5
Sona
Coll
ege
o
f
Technol
ogy
,
S
al
e
m, T
a
mi
ln
adu
,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
9
, 2
0
19
Re
vised
Feb
29
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
M
ar
18
, 20
20
Harm
onic
s
and
grid
synchronizat
ion
are
on
e
of
the
m
aj
or
pro
b
le
ms
fa
ce
d
when
de
al
ing
wi
th
a
singl
e
-
phase
sys
te
m.
Th
e
de
vel
opm
ent
o
f
te
c
hnology
in
the
PV
sys
te
m
ma
kes
th
e
cons
ume
r
to
use
i
t
i
n
a
wid
e
ran
g
e.
Th
e
power
tra
nsferre
d
fro
m
PV
to
grid
n
eeds
DC
to
AC
c
onver
sion
pro
ces
s
which
is
done
by
static
d
evi
c
es
oper
at
ing
with
the
high
er
fre
qu
enc
i
es
th
at
caus
es
th
e
har
monics
in
th
e
grid
conn
ec
t
e
d
sys
te
m.
Th
e
ma
in
ai
m
of
the
pape
r
is
to
im
plement
gr
id
synchroniz
a
ti
on
and
red
u
ce
to
t
al
h
arm
on
ic
dis
tort
ion
in
a
single
-
phase
gri
d
connect
ed
sys
t
em
.
Th
e
d
esign
of
LCL
fi
lt
e
r
is
addr
essed
in
thi
s
pap
er
whic
h
dep
ends
on
c
u
rre
nt
ripple,
fi
l
te
r
size
and
sw
i
tc
hing
ripp
le
at
t
enua
t
ion.
In
orde
r
to
account
the
h
arm
oni
c
c
onte
nt
,
th
e
FF
T
ana
lysis
is
ma
de
bo
th
in
an
al
ysis
and
Ma
tl
a
b
Simul
ink
.
Th
e
Proportiona
l
R
esona
nt
(PR)
cont
roller
is
de
vel
oped
and
work
a
long
with
LCL
filter
for
r
educ
ing
th
e
har
monic
conten
t.
Th
e
stab
il
i
ty
o
f
the
sys
te
m
w
ith
PR
is
ana
lyzed
using
root
loc
us
and
bode
plot
s
and
resul
ts
are
com
par
ed
with
PI
cont
rols
.
Th
e
result
show
s
tha
t
PR
c
ontrol
ler
p
erf
or
ms
better
co
mp
are
d
to
the
PI
c
ontrol
ler
for
red
uci
ng
the
ha
r
moni
c
content
pre
sent
in
th
e
s
ingl
e
-
ph
ase
sys
t
em
and
for
im
proving
the sys
te
m
st
abi
l
it
y.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Fast f
ourier t
ra
ns
f
orm
(F
F
T)
Gr
i
d
s
yn
c
hro
ni
sat
ion
Ph
ase
loc
ked loop
(P
L
L)
Pr
op
or
ti
onal
re
so
na
nt
(P
R)
con
t
ro
ll
er
Total
h
a
rm
onic
s d
ist
ort
io
n
(THD)
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
D.
Satt
ia
nad
a
n,
Dep
a
rteme
nt
of Elec
tric
al
and
Elec
tro
nics E
nginee
rin
g,
SRM In
sti
tute of Sci
ence
and
Tech
no
l
ogy, Chen
nai.
Emai
l:
satt
ia
.n
adan@
gm
ai
l.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
the
re
cent
e
nerg
y
tre
nds,
t
her
e
is
a
tre
m
endo
us
increa
s
e
in
the
dema
nd
for
re
new
a
ble
e
nerg
y.
So
la
r
bein
g
th
e
mo
st
a
bunda
nt
source
,
P
hotovolt
ai
c
sy
ste
ms
can
be
us
e
d
as
a
rep
la
ce
ment
f
or
co
nv
entional
energ
y
s
ources
.
T
o
St
udy
t
he
char
act
e
risti
cs
and
to
adj
us
t
the
par
a
mete
rs
of
P
V
s
ys
te
m,
it
mu
st
be
m
od
el
le
d
pro
per
ly
befo
r
e
connecti
ng
to
the
ne
tw
ork
.
The
a
uthor
pr
ese
nts
a
me
thod
to
m
odel
a
so
la
r
cel
l
us
in
g
equ
i
valent
ci
rc
uit
of
s
olar
ce
ll
.
This
m
od
el
for
P
V
s
ys
te
m
has
bee
n
de
velo
ped
base
d
on
a
m
at
he
mati
cal
e
qu
at
io
n
that
sh
ows
the
va
ri
at
ion
of
ou
t
put
of
the
s
olar
cel
l
with
varyi
ng
te
m
per
at
ure,
ir
rad
ia
ti
on,
series
resist
ance
an
d
shu
nt
re
sist
an
ce
[
1
-
3].
T
he
major
disa
dva
ntage
of
s
olar
energ
y
is
t
he
l
ow
us
able
ene
rgy
a
s
the
outp
ut,
whic
h
can
be
ov
e
rcome
by
us
in
g
a
M
axim
um
Power
Po
i
nt
Track
i
ng
(
M
P
PT)
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
M
a
ny
M
PP
T
te
ch
niques
has
be
en
dev
el
op
e
d
i
n
the
rece
nt
yea
r
s
amo
ng
w
hic
h
the
mo
st
c
ommo
nly
us
e
d
M
PP
T
te
chn
iq
ue
is
P
erturb
a
nd
Observ
e
meth
od
because
of
it
s
ease
for
impl
ementat
io
n
[
4
-
6].
The
ANN
base
d
con
t
ro
ll
ers
with
H
ILL
cl
im
bin
g
al
gorithm
r
eaches
the
ma
ximum
po
wer
po
i
nt
in
a
fast
man
ner
a
nd
in
crease
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
the
PV.
Ba
se
d
on
the
values
of
s
olar
ins
olati
on
a
nd
te
m
perat
ur
e,
the
ou
t
put
of
re
fer
e
nce
volt
age
has
been
dete
rmin
e
d
by
A
NN
a
nd
the
outp
ut
of
the
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
is
further
opti
mize
d
by
HILL
cl
imbin
g
al
gorithm
[
7]
.
The
de
velo
pme
nt
of
m
odern
co
ntr
ollers
increas
es
the
outp
ut
of
P
V
s
ys
te
m
e
ffec
ti
vel
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
14
91
–
14
98
1492
irres
pecti
ve
of
cl
imat
ic
con
di
ti
on
.
T
he
Sli
di
ng
Mod
e
C
ontrolle
r
(SMC)
i
s
best
su
it
ed
f
or
sli
di
ng
s
urf
aces
o
f
maxim
um
power
po
i
nt
trac
king
(
M
PP
T)
of
photov
oltai
c
(
PV)
pa
nel
us
in
g
a
buc
k
conve
rter.
T
he
in
put
to
the
sli
ding
m
ode
co
ntr
oller
i
s
giv
e
n
by
vo
lt
age
ref
e
rence
est
imat
or
wh
i
ch
est
imat
e
th
e
ref
e
ren
ce
vo
lt
age
unde
r
co
ns
ta
nt
irrad
ia
ti
on.
U
nd
e
r
par
ti
al
sha
dow
c
onditi
on
a
pa
rtia
l
sh
a
dow
al
go
rithm
is
us
ed
t
o
ef
fe
ct
ively
track
ma
xim
um
powe
r
[
8,
9]
.
T
he
s
olar
po
wer
has
bee
n
t
ran
s
mit
te
d
t
o
t
he
gri
d
th
rou
gh
by
po
wer
c
onve
rters
and
these
pow
er
c
onve
rters
c
on
sist
of
a
sin
gle
-
ph
ase
Vo
lt
age
Sour
ce
Inv
erter
(VSI
)
with
L
filt
er
oper
at
ed
at
high
s
witc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y
to
r
edu
ce
ha
rm
onic
s.
Howe
ver
,
with
the
us
e
of
an
LCL
filt
er,
the
t
otal
ha
rm
on
ic
s
can
be
r
ed
uce
d
to
fit
in
the
ac
ceptable
range
(3
-
6%
f
or
PR
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
).
T
he
Ph
ase
l
oc
ked
loop
(P
LL
)
has
bee
n
employe
d
to
m
ap
ou
t
t
h
e
ph
a
se
of
a
n
ou
t
pu
t
sig
nal
to
t
he
phase
of
the
i
nput
sig
nal.
T
he
vo
lt
age
an
d
cu
rr
e
nt
der
i
ved
from
gr
i
d
fe
d
to
PL
L
w
hich
c
ontr
ols
the
s
witc
hi
ng
l
og
ic
of
th
e
inv
e
rter
th
r
ough
S
PWM
t
o
get
a
sy
nc
hro
nized
volt
age.
Dif
fer
e
nt
ty
pes
of
PL
L
co
nf
i
gurati
on
a
nd
their
f
unct
ion
al
it
y
ha
s
been
disc
us
se
d
in
[
10
,
11].
Re
f.
[
12]
pro
vid
es
a
n
a
pprac
h
for
m
od
el
li
ng
an
d
desi
gn
of
S
ynch
r
onous
Re
fer
e
nc
e
Fr
am
e
P
hase
-
Loc
ke
d
Lo
op
(S
RF
P
L
L
).
Diff
e
re
nt
con
t
ro
l
te
ch
niqu
es
have
bee
n
a
dopted
t
o
the
i
nterme
diate
D
C/
DC
bu
c
k
c
onve
rter
interf
aces
the
PV
s
ource
an
d
the
DC
-
AC
in
ver
te
r
.
T
he
c
ontr
ol
of
sin
gle
-
ph
a
se
c
urren
t
s
ource
i
nv
e
rter
-
base
d
gr
i
d
ti
e
ph
otov
oltai
c
(PV)
s
yst
em
has
bee
n
a
ddresse
d
i
n
[
13]
.
A
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
t
ro
l
te
c
hn
i
que
for
a
sin
gle
-
ph
a
se
gr
i
d
co
nnect
ed
DC/AC
in
ver
t
er
w
hich
is
us
e
d
in
P
hoto
vo
lt
ai
c
power
c
on
diti
on
in
g
s
ys
te
m
has
bee
n
pre
sented
in
[14
].
T
he
sing
le
-
phase
sin
us
oi
dal
pulse
width
mod
ulate
d
(SPW
M)
in
ver
te
r
c
ontr
ol
with
m
od
ifie
d
un
i
po
la
r
switc
hing
is
presente
d
in
[15,
16].
T
he
d
-
q
the
ory
has
been
util
iz
ed
f
or
cal
c
ulati
on
curren
t
ref
e
rence
of
the
pa
rall
el
inve
rter
to
c
ontr
ol
the
act
ive
a
nd
reacti
ve
powe
r
of
distrib
uted
sources
i
n
the
micro
gri
d
[
17,
18].
Du
e
to
the
sim
ple
desig
n
a
nd
excell
ent
ref
e
r
ence
trac
ki
ng
c
apab
il
it
y
of
the
PR
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
makes
the
co
nt
ro
ll
er
us
e
d
in
the
wi
d
e
range
of
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
[
19
-
23].
I
n
this
pa
per,
a
perf
orm
ance
a
nalysis
of
a
sin
gle
-
pha
se
gri
d
connecte
d
P
V
sy
ste
m
with
a
Pro
portio
nal
Re
so
na
nt
(P
R)
co
ntr
oller
is
pr
ese
nted
.
T
hi
s
anal
ys
is
i
nclud
e
s
a
model
with
a
s
ing
le
le
vel
V
S
I
co
nn
e
ct
ed
to
the
LCL
filt
er
to
reduce
the
harmo
nic
co
nt
ent
an
d
this
le
vel
is
reduce
d
furthe
r
by
usi
ng
a
P
R
co
ntr
oller,
w
hich
w
orks
bas
ed
on
the
er
r
or
sig
nal
der
ive
d
bet
ween
gri
d
and
P
V
sy
ste
m.
T
his
w
ork
ca
rr
ie
d
out
on
a
si
ng
le
ph
ase
22
0V,
50H
z
syst
em
with
PV
syst
em
t
o
validat
e
th
e
po
te
ncy
of
PR
c
ontr
oller
on
har
m
onic
reducti
on
an
d
the
P
LL
te
ch
niques
e
ns
ures
su
ccess
fu
l
gr
i
d
sync
hro
nizat
ion
fo
r
the pract
ic
al
appli
cat
ion
s.
2.
PROP
OSE
D MO
DEL
The
im
pleme
nt
at
ion
of
Re
ne
wab
le
e
ne
rgy
so
urces
li
ke
S
olar,
Wi
nd
an
d
F
uel
cel
ls
in
the
netw
ork
needs
AC
to
D
C
an
d
DC
to
AC
co
nversi
on
process
.
T
he
sta
ti
c
switc
hs
op
e
rati
ng
with
highe
r
f
re
qu
e
ncy
are
involve
d
i
n
thi
s
c
onversi
on
proces
s
w
hich
induces
har
m
on
ic
s
in
the
s
ys
te
m.
The
Alte
rnat
ing
sig
nals
c
on
ta
in
harmo
nics,
w
hi
ch
are
harmf
ul
for
t
he
netw
ork
a
s
the
y
ca
us
e
a
s
pik
e
in
Zero
Se
quence
Cu
rr
e
nt,
e
sp
e
ci
al
ly
third
harmo
nic
s.
He
nce,
it
is
necessa
ry
t
o
el
imi
nate
Total
Harmo
nics
Dis
tortio
ns
to
a
n
acce
ptable
le
ve
l,
as
pr
esc
ribe
d
by
IEC
-
61642
to
be
within
3
-
6%
.
W
hen
injec
ti
ng
sin
gle
ph
a
se
po
wer
to
th
e
gri
d,
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
and
phase
of
t
he
net
w
ork
si
gn
al
matc
hes
with
the
gr
i
d.
In
orde
r
to
ac
hieve
s
ynch
r
oniz
at
ion
,
the
phase
of
the
gri
d
m
us
t
be
de
rive
d,
wh
ic
h
is
done
us
i
ng
a
P
has
e
Loc
ke
d
L
oop.
I
n
this
pa
pe
r,
a
Sec
ond
Orde
r
Gen
e
rali
zed
I
nt
egr
al
(SOG
I)
-
PLL
has
been
us
e
d
for
gri
d
s
yn
c
hro
nizat
ion
w
hich
se
r
ves
as
Qu
a
dr
at
ur
e
Sign
a
l
Gen
e
rato
r.
L
ow
pas
s
filt
er
an
d
f
reque
ncy
ph
ase
sh
ift gen
e
r
at
or
are o
the
r
c
ompone
nts
of SOGI
-
PLL
w
hi
ch
are
us
e
d
to e
nhanc
e the per
forma
nce
of
mu
lt
ipli
er
-
base
d
phase
d
et
ect
or. T
he f
irst orde
r
L
ow
pass fil
te
r
el
imi
nates
the
hi
gh
f
requ
ency
pa
rts
fro
m
P
hase
dete
ct
or
outp
ut.
A
V
oltage
C
on
t
ro
ll
ed
Oscil
la
tor
is
us
e
d
t
o
sh
ift
the
f
reque
ncy
of
t
he
outp
ut
si
gn
al
base
d
on
a
ref
e
ren
ce
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
c
.
T
he
ou
t
put
of
the
Ph
ase
detect
or
giv
es
the
phase
an
gl
e
dif
fer
e
nce
be
tween
PLL
osc
il
la
tor
volt
ag
e
an
d
i
nput
(refere
nce)
volt
age.
Fig
ur
e
1
s
how
s
the
fu
ct
io
nal
di
agr
am
of
an
e
le
ct
rical
netw
ork
with
PR
c
ontr
oller
us
e
d
f
o
r
re
duct
ion
in
ha
rm
onic
s
a
nd
gr
i
d
sy
nc
hro
nisati
on.
A
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
is
us
e
d
as
a
volt
age
s
ource
f
or
the
i
nv
e
rter
a
nd
ma
intai
ned
at
400V.
An
H
-
br
i
dg
e
I
nv
e
rter
co
ns
ist
s
of
4
-
Mos
Fet
switc
hes
wh
ic
h
ge
ne
rate
a
di
storted
si
nu
s
oi
dal
ou
t
pu
t
of
about
310V,
with
rip
ples
a
nd
disto
r
ti
on
s.
T
his
dist
or
te
d
sig
nal
ha
s
been
s
upplie
d
t
hro
ugh
a
L
CL
filt
er
to
sm
oo
t
hen
the
c
urve,
re
du
ce
the
dist
or
ti
ons.
V
oltage
is
der
i
ved
f
r
om
the
gri
d
an
d
supp
li
ed
to
the
P
LL
to
ob
ta
in
phase
o
f
the
gr
i
d
θ.
M
ea
nwhile
,
gri
d
si
gn
al
s
(Vgr
i
d,
I
gr
i
d)
are
ta
pp
e
d
an
d
tra
ns
f
ormed
to
α
-
β
for
m.
A
n
er
ror
sig
nal
ha
s
been
ge
ne
rated
by
c
ompari
ng
Vgrid
with
the
desire
d
val
ue
of
volt
age
(
Vref
=
310V
).
T
hi
s
error
sig
nal
i
s
fe
d
to
a
PR
c
on
tr
ol
le
r
wh
ic
h
pro
duces
res
onant
high
freq
ue
ncy
da
m
ping,
el
imi
nating
har
m
o
ni
cs
dist
or
ti
ons.
With
the
help
of
t
he
con
t
ro
ll
er
outp
ut
the
s
witc
hing
l
og
ic
of
t
he
I
nv
e
rter
is
c
on
t
r
olled,
bas
ed
on
SP
W
M
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
s
ynchro
nisati
on
of
the
gr
i
d
is ac
hi
eved
with
re
duced
h
a
rm
onic
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Potency
o
f
PR
con
tr
oller f
or
mu
lt
iple
harm
onic
com
pensati
on for
a
sin
gle
-
phas
e
…
(
D.
Satt
ianada
n
)
1493
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d Model
-
Si
ng
le
Ph
a
se
Gr
i
d
C
onnected
S
ys
te
m
with
PR
Con
tr
oller
3.
DESIG
N OF
LCL FILT
ER
VFO
R VSI
O
UTPUT
S
MO
OTHIN
G
VS
I
s
are
wide
ly
us
ed
f
or
t
he
gen
e
rati
on
of
a
lt
ern
at
ing
volt
age
or
c
urre
nt
(
from
a
DC
in
put)
in
hi
gh
and
medi
um
powe
r
in
dustrie
s.
A
sin
gle
-
ph
ase
fu
ll
bri
dge
Vo
lt
age
Sourc
e
I
nverte
r
us
e
s
4
switc
hes
to
ob
ta
in
an
al
te
r
nating
outp
ut.
T
hes
e
switc
hes
ar
e
powe
r
el
ect
ronic
dev
ic
es
su
c
h
as
MosF
et
,
IG
B
Ts,
w
hich
is
pr
e
ferred
ov
e
r
oth
e
r
de
vices
be
cause
of
it
s
e
ase
f
or
c
ontrol
.
T
he
s
witc
hes
op
e
rate
al
te
r
na
ti
vely
t
o
c
ondu
ct
bi
-
directi
onal
c
urren
t
an
d
pro
du
ce
a
sin
us
oi
da
l
outp
ut.
I
n
order
to
ob
ta
in
t
he
switc
hi
ng
l
og
ic
of
the
in
ver
te
r
switc
hes,
a
Si
nu
s
oi
dal
Pu
lse
Widt
h
Mo
du
l
at
ion
te
ch
niqu
e
(S
P
W
M
)
ha
s
bee
n
use
d.
I
n
SP
W
M
te
ch
nique
,
the
Si
gn
al
Modula
ti
on
Wa
ve
is
c
ompar
ed
t
o
a
high
f
reque
ncy
ca
r
rier
wav
e
of
kn
own
pea
k.
W
he
n
the
fr
e
que
ncy
of
t
he
car
rier
wav
e
is
great
er
tha
n
that
of
the
mod
ulati
on
wa
ve,
a
pos
it
ive
DC
up
r
ai
l
is
ob
ta
ine
d
a
nd
vi
ce
-
versa.
D
ue
to
the
co
mpa
r
ison
of
high
frequ
e
nc
y
wav
e
with
a
l
ow
e
r
f
reque
ncy
one,
so
me
com
pone
nts o
f
the
highe
r
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
wa
ve
ge
t
ad
ded
w
hich
gi
ves
rise
to
harm
on
ic
s
in
t
he
net
work. I
n o
rd
e
r
t
o
rem
ov
e
the
un
wan
te
d
disto
rtion
s
,
t
he
si
gn
al
is
ap
plied
t
o
a
LCL
Fil
te
r
wh
i
ch
is
desi
gn
e
d
accor
ding
t
o
c
urren
t
rip
ple,
filt
er
si
ze
a
nd
s
witc
hi
ng
ri
pp
le
at
te
nu
at
io
n,
t
o
re
du
ce
t
he
ha
rm
on
ic
s
.
LCL
filt
er
act
as
infe
rf
ac
e
betwee
n
the
P
V
syst
em
to
t
he
util
it
y
gr
id
f
or
rd
eci
ng
the
hormi
nic
co
ntent
an
d
im
prove
the
pow
er
qual
it
y
wh
ic
h
ha
s
bee
n
injec
te
d
t
o
th
e
gr
i
d.
T
he
des
ign
of
LC
L
filt
er
al
rea
dy
disc
us
se
d
in
[24
-
26]
.
The
same
de
sign
proc
dure
has
been
us
e
d
here
to
cal
culat
e
the
nomi
nal
values
of
LC
L
filt
er.
T
he
value
of
in
vert
er
side
inducto
r,
L
1
is
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
(
1
)
,
wh
e
re,
m.f
denotes
t
he
in
ver
te
r
mod
ulati
on
fact
or
for
SP
WM
i
nverter
and
sta
nds
f
or
i
nv
e
rter
outp
ut
vo
l
ta
ge
.
=
2
3
(
1
−
.
)
(
.
)
(
1)
M
a
ximum ri
pple
o
ccu
rs
a
t
ma
ximum
pea
k
to
p
ea
k
c
urren
t
(
2)
f
or a m
odul
at
ion
facto
r of
0.5.
∆
=
6
(
2)
=
6
∆
(
3)
Wh
e
re
∆
de
no
t
es
maxi
mum
current
t
hro
ugh
in
duct
or.
T
he
refor
e
,
f
or
V
in
=
400V,
t
he
inducto
r
value
is
cal
cul
at
ed
as
2.9
3mH (
3
)
. T
he
v
al
ue of
ma
ximum cu
rr
e
nt is
ob
ta
ined
us
in
g.
(
4
)
.
=
(
4)
Fo
r
a
10%
rip
ple
∆
becomes
0.1
I
m
wh
ic
h
is
c
al
culat
ed
from
the
values
of
nominal
power,
P
N
a
nd
R.M.S
vo
lt
age
,
E
N
. T
he value
of b
ase
impe
da
nce,
is cal
cula
te
d
usi
ng
(
5
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
14
91
–
14
98
1494
=
2
(
5)
The
value
of
ba
se
ca
pacit
a
nc
e
(
7
)
is
us
e
d
t
o
de
rive
ca
pacit
or
filt
er
for
5%
maxim
um
power
va
riat
ion
us
in
g
(
6
)
.
c
f
= 0.0
5
c
b
(
6)
=
1
2
∗
50
∗
(
7)
By
al
lowi
ng
5%
powe
r
fact
or
va
riat
ion
t
he
value
of
filt
er cap
aci
ta
nce,
C
f
is
cal
culat
ed
a
s
16µF. Now
consi
der
i
ng
a
20%
at
te
nuat
io
n
facto
r
the
va
lue
of
gr
i
d
sid
e
in
duct
or,
L
2
for
t
he
de
sired
at
te
nuat
ion
fa
ct
or
k
a
and sw
it
c
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
w
sw
10 KHz is
cal
cul
at
ed
as
9.6 x
10
-
5
µ
H usin
g
(
8
)
.
2
=
√
1
2
+
1
2
(8)
Af
te
r
pe
rfo
rmi
ng
the
cal
cula
ti
on
,
t
he
obta
ined
val
ues
f
or
LCL
filt
er
c
onnected
to
th
e
gri
d
a
re
enlist
ed
in
Ta
bl
e 1
.
Table
1.
Value
s of LCL
f
il
te
r wit
h Gr
i
d
Pa
ra
mete
rs
Grid f
requ
en
cy
f
g
5
0
Hz
PW
M
ca
rr
ie
r
f
requ
en
cy
f
sw
1
0
KHz
No
m
in
al po
wer
P
N
5
Kw
Ph
ase g
rid v
o
ltag
e
V
g
2
2
0
v
DC lin
k
Voltag
e
V
in
4
0
0
v
Inv
erter
sid
e ind
u
c
to
r
L
1
2
.98
m
H
Grid sid
e ind
u
cto
r
L
2
9
.6*
1
0
-
5
µH
Cap
acito
r
filte
r
C
f
1
6
µF
4.
CONTR
OL S
TRU
CTU
RE
FOR
PR C
O
NTRO
LL
E
R
In
orde
r
to
ac
hi
eve
gri
d
s
yn
c
hro
nisati
on,
the
ph
a
se
an
gle
of
the
gri
d
m
us
t
be
ob
ta
ine
d.
Th
us
,
a
phase
locke
d
l
oop
(PLL
)
te
ch
nique
has
bee
n
i
mp
le
mented
with
a
finite
d
-
q
t
ran
s
formati
on
te
c
hniq
ue
f
or
the
sing
le
-
ph
a
se g
ri
d
vo
lt
age.
Fig
ur
e
2
s
hows
the
c
ontr
ol
str
uctu
re P
R
co
ntr
oller
is d
esi
gn
e
d
f
or
cu
r
ren
t
c
ontr
ol.
T
he
DC
li
nk
volt
age
(
Vd)is
co
mp
a
re
d
with
a
ref
e
r
ence
volt
age
(
Vr
e
f)
of
310V
and
is
the
n
f
ed
to
a
P
I
Co
ntr
oller.
The
P
I
co
ntr
ol
le
r
ge
ner
at
es
a
n
er
ror
sig
nal
wh
ic
h
is
co
mpa
red
t
o
the
quadr
at
ur
e
C
urre
nt
obta
ine
d
f
rom
the
gr
i
d
(
Iq)
a
nd
f
ed
to
t
he
PR
c
on
t
ro
ll
er.
PR
with
har
m
onic
com
pensat
ors
f
un
ct
io
n
t
o
reje
ct
the
3rd
,
5t
h
and
7t
h
harmo
nics.
T
he
out
pu
t
of
th
e
PR
is
c
ompa
red
with
the
volt
age
f
rom
t
he
gr
id
(Vg)
a
nd
outp
ut
of
t
he
LCL
Fil
te
r
(I
c) t
o
ge
ner
at
e E
1.
M
ea
nwhile
, D
i
rect Cur
ren
t (
I
d)
a
fter compa
rin
g wit
h
a re
fe
re
nc
e curren
t
(Iref=
0), is
fed
to
a
P
I
co
nt
ro
ll
er.
T
hu
s
,
both
the
sig
nals
E1
a
nd
E
2
al
ong
with
θ
(
fro
m
PL
L)
is
us
e
d
t
o
c
on
t
ro
l
th
e
P
WM
of the
VSI.
Figure
2. Co
ntr
ol str
uctu
re
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
The
PR
c
ontr
ol
le
r
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
res
on
a
nt
pa
rt
that
pr
ov
i
de
s
in
finite
gain
at
the
AC
f
requen
c
y
(
w
0
)
and
no
phase
sh
ift
an
d
gai
n
at
ot
her
f
re
qu
e
ncies.
D
ue
to
these
res
ons
t
he
PR
c
on
tr
oller
is
us
ed
i
ns
te
ad
of
the con
ven
ti
onal
PI
c
ontrolle
r
.
T
he
tra
ns
fe
r f
un
ct
io
n f
or
t
he PR
contr
oller i
s d
e
fine
d
as:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Potency
o
f
PR
con
tr
oller f
or
mu
lt
iple
harm
onic
com
pensati
on for
a
sin
gle
-
phas
e
…
(
D.
Satt
ianada
n
)
1495
(
)
=
+
2
+
2
(
9)
An
i
deal
PR
Con
tr
oller
give
s
an
in
finite
gain,
al
t
hough
it
s
transf
e
r
f
unct
ion
suffe
rs
with
sta
bili
ty
pro
blems
(equ
at
ion
.
9) whic
h
can
be
a
vo
i
de
d b
y
ma
king t
he
PR c
on
tr
oller
with
finite
g
ai
n sh
own
i
n
(
10
)
.
(
)
=
+
2
2
+
2
+
2
(
10)
To
c
ompe
ns
at
e
the
sel
ect
ive
ha
rm
on
ic
s
s
uc
h
as
the
3
rd
,
5
th
,
a
nd
7
th
harmo
nics;
se
ver
a
l
ge
ner
al
ise
d
integrat
or
s
are
casca
de
d
as
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
3
a
nd tu
ned to
resonate at
a
desi
red
fr
e
quenc
y.
The
tra
nsfer
fu
nction f
or h
a
r
monic co
m
pensat
or
s
can
b
e
writ
te
n
as:
ℎ
(
)
=
∑
ℎ
2
2
+
2
+
(
ℎ
)
2
ℎ
=
3
,
5
,
7
(
11)
Figure
3. PR c
on
t
ro
ll
er
with
casca
de
d har
m
on
ic
c
ompe
ns
a
tors
5.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
main
obje
ct
ive
of
t
he
pa
per
is
to
re
duc
e
the
Total
Ha
rm
on
ic
Disto
rtion
s
that
a
rise
as
a
resu
lt
of
High
Fr
e
quenc
y
s
witc
hi
ng
de
vices
li
ke
in
ve
rters.
Althou
gh
with
the
us
e
of
a
LCL
Fil
te
r
t
he
T
H
D
has
bee
n
reduce
d
to
a
c
ertai
n
le
vel,
it
remai
ned
unf
it
fo
r
fee
ding
to
the
gr
i
d,
a
s
per
inter
natio
nal
sta
ndar
ds.
A
PR
con
t
ro
ll
er is
pr
efer
red o
ver th
e co
nv
e
ntio
nal
PI
c
ontrolle
r
due to
tw
o
maj
or
dr
a
wb
ac
ks o
f
PI
.
−
The
i
nab
il
it
y
of P
I
to
trac
k
a s
ine w
a
ve refe
r
ence
with ze
ro
ste
ady
-
sta
te
er
r
or.
−
PI
has p
oor dis
tur
ban
ce
r
ej
ect
ion
ca
pa
bili
ty.
In
ord
er
t
o
re
duce
t
he
harmo
nics
to
a
n
acc
eptable
le
vel,
a
PR
c
ontrolle
r
with
casca
de
d
harmo
nic
com
pensat
ors
was
desi
gn
e
d
to
el
imi
nate
the
odd
harmo
nics
pr
ese
nt
in
the
s
ys
te
m.
In
the
Fi
gure
4
the f
re
quenc
y r
esp
on
se
of the
plant, c
on
t
ro
ll
e
r
an
d
the
overa
ll
sy
ste
m h
as
be
en
co
mp
a
re
d bo
t
h
with
PI
a
nd
PR
con
t
ro
ll
er.
It
is
obser
ve
d
that,
the
diff
e
re
nce
is
only
at
l
ow
fr
e
quenc
y
ba
nd
f
or
the
overa
ll
sy
ste
m.
B
y
t
un
i
ng
the
PR
c
on
t
ro
l
le
r,
the
res
ona
nt
pea
k
occ
urr
ing
i
n
the
f
requen
c
y
res
ponse
can
be
el
imi
nated,
w
he
re
a
s
in
P
I
con
t
ro
ll
er
t
he
peak
sti
ll
app
e
ars.
In
case
of
PR
co
ntr
oller
,
the
gain
ma
r
gin
ca
n
be
re
duced
.
Si
nce
th
e
PR
con
t
ro
ll
er
has
gr
eat
er
ma
gn
it
ud
e
at f
unda
m
ental
f
re
que
nc
y,
it
ca
n
trac
k
t
he refe
ren
ce
wi
th zer
o
er
r
or
.
Figure
4. Fr
e
quenc
y res
pons
e
of (
a
) PI C
ontr
oller (b
)
PR c
ontr
oller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
14
91
–
14
98
1496
Figure
5
(a
),
(
b)
s
hows
the
r
oo
t
loc
us
we
re
pl
ot
of
the
s
yst
em
with
a
P
R
an
d
PI
c
on
tr
oller,
it
has
been
ob
se
r
ved
that
the
s
ys
te
m
is
fu
ll
y
sta
bl
e
with
PR
c
ontr
oller
as
al
l
po
i
nts
in
the
r
oo
t
l
oc
us
a
nal
ys
is
li
ed
betwee
n
brea
k
-
in
a
nd
break
-
a
way
points
al
ong
t
he
Y
-
a
xis,
wh
e
reas
in
cas
e
of
PI
c
ontroll
er,
no
t
al
l
the
po
i
nts
li
e
between
br
eak
-
i
n
an
d
break
-
a
wa
y
poin
ts
wh
ic
h
s
hows
that
the
s
ys
te
m
is
ma
rgi
nally
sta
ble
with
P
I
con
t
ro
ll
er.
Figure
5.
Stabi
li
ty an
al
ys
is
fo
r
(a
) PI C
ontrol
le
r
(
b) PR c
on
t
ro
ll
er
With
ref
e
ren
ce
to
the
Fi
gure
6.
(a)
the
sy
ste
m
is
s
yn
c
hro
ni
sed
us
in
g
a
PR
co
ntr
oller.
U
p
to
0.04sec
,
the grid is
not
sy
nc
hro
nise
d
be
cause t
he
brea
ker
is
off
a
nd t
hen the
br
ea
ke
r
is s
witc
hed on af
te
r 0.
05
sec
wh
ic
h
makes
the
s
yn
chro
nisati
on
possible
w
he
rea
s
w
he
n
gri
d
s
ynch
r
on
isa
ti
on
is
done
us
i
ng
P
I
c
ontrolle
r
s
how
n
in
Figure
6.
(b)
t
he
a
mp
li
tu
de
of
bo
t
h
t
he
volt
ages
i
.e.
t
he
i
nverter
a
nd
the
gr
i
d
vo
lt
a
ges
a
re
no
t
s
yn
c
hro
nised
wh
ic
h
ma
kes
the s
ys
te
m
with
PI
co
ntr
oller
unsta
ble.
Figure
6. G
rid synch
ronisat
io
n.
(a) PR C
on
t
r
oller (b
)P
I
cont
ro
ll
er
The
F
ourier
a
na
lysis
of
the
s
yst
em
Fig
ur
e
7.
(a)
c
onnecte
d
with
a
PR
c
ontrolle
r
is
ca
rr
ie
d
out
al
on
g
with
MATL
A
B
Simuli
nk,
a
nd
it
is
found
th
at
the
Total
Ha
rm
on
ic
s
Distort
ion
s
in
th
e
sy
s
te
m
after
excl
udin
g
the
od
d
harmo
nics
was
redu
ced
up
to
4.6
6%
f
or
volt
age
and
0.9
2%
f
or
cu
rr
e
nt
w
he
re
as
in
Fig
ur
e
7.
(
b)
the
T
HD
is
6.1
6%
for
volt
age
an
d
5.7
6%
for
cu
rr
e
nt
us
in
g
PI
c
ontrolle
r
.
F
igure.
7.
a
s
hows
t
hat
PR
c
on
trolle
r
giv
es
bette
r
pe
rformance
c
ompa
red
to
P
I
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
an
d
a
lso
with
the
syst
em
hav
i
ng
L
CL
filt
er
with
ou
t
PR
con
t
ro
ll
er.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Potency
o
f
PR
con
tr
oller f
or
mu
lt
iple
harm
onic
com
pensati
on for
a
sin
gle
-
phas
e
…
(
D.
Satt
ianada
n
)
1497
(a)
(b)
F
igure
7. Cu
rr
e
nt and
volt
age
four
ie
r
a
nalysi
s of s
ys
te
m
with
(a)
PR c
on
tr
ol
le
r
an
d
(
b) P
Ic
on
t
ro
ll
er
us
i
ng
M
A
TLAB
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
dev
el
opm
ent
of
te
ch
no
l
ogy,
co
mp
act
in
siz
e,
reducti
on
of
c
os
t
an
d
poll
uction
f
ree
of
PV
s
ys
te
m
enab
le
s
t
he
co
ns
ume
r
t
o
use
the
PV
sy
ste
m
in
a
wi
de
ra
nge.
T
he
powe
r
trans
ferred
fro
m
PV
t
o
gri
d
i
nvoles
DC
t
o
AC
co
nversi
on
proces
s
wh
ic
h
is
done
by
sta
ti
c
devi
ces.
T
hese
sta
ti
c
de
vices
operati
ng
with
hi
gh
e
r
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
wh
i
ch
ca
us
es
th
e
harmo
nic
in
t
he
low
volt
age
distrib
ution
syst
em.
T
he
design
of
LCL
filt
er
ha
s
been
a
ddresse
d
in
t
his
pa
per
wh
ic
h
de
pends
on
c
urre
nt
rip
ple,
filt
er
siz
e
and
s
witc
hing
rip
ple
at
te
nuat
ion.
In
order
t
o
acco
un
t
the
ha
rm
onic
co
ntent,
t
he
FFT
anal
ysi
s
has
be
en
made
a
nalytic
al
ly
and
us
i
ng
matl
ab
Simuli
nk.
Re
s
ults
shows
t
hat
current
harmo
nic
in
the
ra
ng
e
of
6%
a
nd
volt
age
ha
rm
onic
in
the
ra
ng
e
6.5
%
wh
ic
h
is n
ot acceptable acc
ordin
g
to the
i
ntern
at
io
nal stan
da
rd. H
e
nce,
it
has
be
en fo
und t
hat LCL filt
er alone
is
no
t
s
uffici
en
t
to
re
du
ce
the
harmo
nic
c
on
t
ent
prese
nt
in
t
he
sig
nal.
In
or
der
t
o
re
duce
t
he
har
m
onic
c
on
te
nt,
the
PR
co
ntr
ol
le
r
has
bee
n
de
velo
ped
a
nd
w
ork
al
on
g
with
LCL
filt
er.
T
o
make
t
he
PR
con
t
ro
ll
er
as
r
obus
t,
the
casca
de
d
ha
rm
on
ic
co
mpe
ns
at
or
has
be
en
de
velo
ped
wh
ic
h
reduce
the
3rd,
5th
,
7th
harmo
nic
at
the
gr
ea
t
extent.
T
he
sta
bili
ty
of
the
s
yst
em
with
PR
has
bee
n
a
naly
sie
d
us
i
ng
root
locus
a
nd
bode
plo
ts
an
d
re
s
ults
has
been
c
ompare
d
with
PI
co
ntr
oller.
The
res
ul
ts
sh
ow
t
hat
P
R
co
ntro
ll
er
re
du
ce
the
volt
age
harmoic
t
o
4.66
%
and cu
rr
e
nt
harmo
nic to 0.
92
% whic
h l
ess t
han co
mp
a
re
d t
o
P
I
c
on
tr
oller
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
J.P.
L
ee,
B.
D.
Min,
T.
J.
Ki
m,
D.W
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Yoo
and
J
.
Y.
Yoo,
“De
sig
n
and
Cont
rol
of
Novel
Topol
og
y
for
Photo
-
Volt
ai
c
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Converter
with
High
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fic
i
enc
y
und
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Wi
de
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El
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umpi
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axi
mum
Pow
er
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ng
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qu
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fo
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aic
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wer
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te
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”
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EE
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ans.
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tianada
n
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ff
ic
i
ent
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aic
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em
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Motor
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er
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l
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N
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t J
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ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
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,
V
ol
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1
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Se
ptembe
r
2020
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91
–
14
98
1498
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a
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Tra
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e
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ct
ronics
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an,
Bidy
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r
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ubudhi,
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e
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gra
l
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PT
C
ontrol
of
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olt
aic
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te
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”
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ada
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ara
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as
aga
r,
De
epa
k
K
uma
r
Naya
k
Ro
opam
Jha,
“Ma
x
im
um
Pow
er
Poi
nt
Tra
ck
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for
a
G
rid
Connecte
d
P
hotovol
taic
Sys
t
em
Us
ing
Slidi
n
g
Mode
Control,
”
Inte
rnat
ional
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ournal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(I
J
PE
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vo
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r
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[10]
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EE
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[11]
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ero
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in
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e
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ti
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Gene
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B
ase
d
Singl
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Pha
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f
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”
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on
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Top
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Re
ac
t
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ir
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ph
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sh
unt
hybr
id
activ
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power
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base
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ase
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esign
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