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DC
C
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E
lectr
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v
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Ph
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Sp
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Switch
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titu
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I
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av
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d
asar
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Glo
b
al
p
o
llu
tio
n
is
a
m
ajo
r
c
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s
tr
ain
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th
at
is
w
o
r
r
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n
g
t
h
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wo
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ld
th
ese
d
ay
s
.
Veh
icles
wi
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ter
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co
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b
u
s
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to
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s
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Af
f
o
r
d
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b
le
an
d
clea
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v
eh
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tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
ca
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im
p
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v
e
th
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q
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ality
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f
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cin
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clim
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ch
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g
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d
h
ea
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h
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k
s
.
T
ec
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n
o
lo
g
y
in
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e
p
lacin
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co
n
v
en
tio
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al
e
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g
in
es
(
u
s
in
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f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els)
with
clea
n
en
er
g
y
en
g
in
es
th
at
ex
cl
u
d
e
tailp
ip
e
em
is
s
io
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s
is
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
v
e
h
icu
lar
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
.
E
lec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
ar
e
th
e
o
n
e
th
at
em
p
lo
y
s
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
f
o
r
its
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
n
ee
d
s
n
o
g
aso
lin
e
f
u
els
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
p
e
r
io
d
ar
o
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n
d
,
b
u
t
th
e
E
V
co
n
ce
p
t
g
ain
e
d
its
in
ter
es
t
in
th
e
last
d
ec
ad
e
am
id
s
t
g
lo
b
al
p
o
llu
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
au
to
m
o
b
ile
s
ec
to
r
.
W
ith
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
e
lectr
ical
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
d
iv
er
s
if
ied
an
d
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
E
Vs
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
with
h
i
g
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
B
atter
y
d
r
iv
e
n
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
d
r
iv
en
E
V
[
3
]
−
[
6
]
c
an
r
u
le
th
e
au
to
m
o
b
ile
s
ec
to
r
in
t
h
e
m
er
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
R
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
[
7
]
o
r
f
u
el
ce
ll
ca
n
s
o
u
r
ce
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le.
PV
en
er
g
y
is
f
r
ee
ly
av
ailab
le
an
d
in
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
in
a
co
u
n
tr
y
lik
e
I
n
d
ia.
PV
s
y
s
tem
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
p
h
o
to
n
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
allo
ws
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ass
ag
e
g
en
er
atin
g
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
u
r
th
er
.
T
h
is
PV
s
y
s
tem
g
en
er
atin
g
elec
tr
icity
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
g
en
e
r
atin
g
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
[
8
]
−
[
1
0
]
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
PV
en
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
r
iv
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
So
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
wh
ich
is
at
p
ea
k
d
u
r
in
g
d
ay
tim
e
ca
n
g
en
e
r
ate
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
[
1
1
]
an
d
ca
n
b
e
s
to
r
ed
i
n
b
at
ter
ies to
s
o
u
r
ce
th
e
E
V.
PV
s
y
s
tem
g
en
er
ates
elec
tr
ic
al
en
er
g
y
at
lo
w
v
o
ltag
es.
T
h
e
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
PV
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y
s
tem
ca
n
n
o
t
d
r
iv
e
th
e
elec
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ic
m
o
to
r
o
f
E
V
a
n
d
n
ec
ess
itates
a
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
t
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
t
cir
cu
it
g
ain
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
2
75
-
288
276
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Switch
-
m
o
d
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
d
o
a
jo
b
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
er
.
I
s
o
lated
an
d
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
a
r
e
t
h
e
ty
p
es
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
I
s
o
lated
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
[
1
4
]
in
d
u
ct
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
f
o
r
is
o
latio
n
b
et
wee
n
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
ter
m
i
n
als
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
co
s
t
an
d
s
p
ac
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
No
n
-
is
o
lated
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
d
o
n
o
t
n
ee
d
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
[
1
5
]
−
[
1
7
]
as
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
is
o
latio
n
b
etwe
en
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
ter
m
in
als
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
es
less
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ilter
s
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
is
o
lated
ty
p
e.
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
8
]
−
[
2
0
]
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
atter
ies o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
[
2
1
]
an
d
b
r
ak
i
n
g
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
to
r
is
th
e
h
ea
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
E
V
cir
cu
it.
A
s
u
itab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
m
o
t
o
r
ca
n
r
u
n
E
V
[
2
3
]
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ma
ch
in
e
s
u
ch
as
s
witch
ed
r
e
lu
ctan
ce
m
o
to
r
(
SR
M)
g
ain
e
d
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
th
e
r
ec
en
t
d
a
y
s
.
Simp
le
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
with
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
[
2
4
]
m
ak
e
Switch
ed
r
elu
ctan
ce
m
o
to
r
v
ia
b
le
in
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
e
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
[
2
5
]
.
Activ
e
s
witch
h
as
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
eq
u
al
to
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
co
n
v
er
ter
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
two
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices
in
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
ON
p
er
io
d
an
d
o
n
e
d
ev
ice
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
OFF
d
u
r
a
tio
n
,
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
less
h
ig
h
g
ain
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
co
n
v
er
ter
-
1
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t
s
witch
m
o
d
e
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
[
2
7
]
with
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
wh
ee
ls
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ar
e
co
u
p
led
to
s
witch
ed
r
elu
ct
an
ce
m
o
to
r
.
C
lo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
SR
M
d
r
iv
es
th
e
wh
ee
ls
o
f
E
V.
Asy
m
m
etr
ical
co
n
v
e
r
ter
f
ee
d
s
th
e
ex
citatio
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
th
e
co
ils
o
f
6
/4
p
o
le
c
u
r
r
en
t
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
SR
M.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
n
-
is
o
latin
g
t
y
p
e
h
y
b
r
id
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
to
d
r
iv
e
SR
M
m
ac
h
in
e.
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
less
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
co
n
v
e
r
ter
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
ize
an
d
av
o
id
s
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
/elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
(
E
MI
/EM
C
)
ef
f
ec
ts
,
is
a
n
ad
d
ed
ad
v
an
tag
e.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
p
e
r
ated
in
clo
s
e
d
-
lo
o
p
a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
c
tio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
m
o
d
e.
T
wo
in
d
u
cto
r
s
with
th
e
s
am
e
lev
el
o
f
in
d
u
ctan
ce
ar
e
ch
ar
g
e
d
in
p
a
r
allel
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
witch
-
o
n
p
er
io
d
an
d
ar
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
in
s
er
ies
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
witch
-
o
f
f
p
er
io
d
.
No
v
elty
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
k
:
−
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t
s
witch
m
o
d
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
[
2
7
]
with
PV
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
.
−
PV sy
s
tem
is
tak
en
as in
p
u
t a
n
d
s
witch
ed
r
elu
ctan
ce
m
o
to
r
(
SR
M)
d
r
iv
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as l
o
ad
.
−
C
lo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
a
ly
s
is
o
f
SR
M
d
r
iv
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
−
Asy
m
m
etr
ical
co
n
v
er
ter
f
ee
d
s
th
e
ex
citatio
n
cu
r
r
en
t to
th
e
c
o
ils
o
f
6
/4
p
o
le
cu
r
r
en
t
-
co
n
tr
o
l
led
SR
M.
−
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
p
er
ated
in
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
an
d
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e.
2.
H
YB
RID
B
O
O
ST
CO
N
VE
R
T
E
R
C
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
ct
o
r
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
e
g
iv
es
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
.
W
ith
lo
w
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
[
2
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
m
o
d
if
ie
d
b
o
o
s
t
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
with
s
witch
ed
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
r
ee
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices
ar
e
in
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
cu
r
r
en
t
p
at
h
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
witch
ON
p
er
io
d
an
d
two
d
ev
ices
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
OFF
in
[
2
6
]
.
Activ
e
s
witch
h
as
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
eq
u
al
to
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
v
o
lv
in
g
two
p
o
we
r
d
ev
ices
in
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
ON
p
er
io
d
an
d
o
n
e
d
ev
ice
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
OFF
d
u
r
a
tio
n
,
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
less
h
ig
h
g
ain
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
co
n
v
er
ter
-
1
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
in
[
2
7
]
wh
ich
is
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
in
t
h
is
ar
ticle.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
wi
tch
is
less
th
an
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
tr
ess
is
ab
o
u
t
h
al
f
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
in
[
2
6
]
.
2
.
1
.
H
y
brid
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
re
presenta
t
io
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
it
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
tw
o
s
w
it
c
h
es
S
1
a
n
d
S
2
.
Al
s
o
,
i
t
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
w
o
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
o
i
l
s
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
,
a
d
i
o
d
e
D
a
n
d
a
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
.
R
e
s
is
ti
v
e
l
o
a
d
is
c
o
n
n
e
c
te
d
a
c
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
ls
.
B
o
t
h
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
es
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
r
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
s
i
m
u
l
ta
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
wi
t
h
n
o
p
h
a
s
e
d
e
l
a
y
.
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
w
h
e
n
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
s
wi
t
c
h
u
n
i
ts
S
1
a
n
d
S
2
i
n
ON
s
t
a
t
e
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
h
e
n
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
s
w
i
tc
h
u
n
i
ts
S
1
a
n
d
S
2
i
n
O
FF
s
t
a
t
e
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
V
i
n
L
1
L
2
S
1
S
2
D
C
R
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hy
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
h
yb
r
id
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter fed
s
w
itch
ed
r
elu
cta
n
ce
mo
to
r
d
r
ive
(
R
a
vi
K
ir
a
n
Da
s
a
r
i
)
277
V
i
n
C
R
L
1
L
2
V
i
n
L
1
L
2
C
R
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Hy
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
wh
en
b
o
th
S1
&
S2
ar
e
ON
(
Mo
d
e
-
1)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Hy
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
wh
en
b
o
th
S1
&
S2
ar
e
OFF (
Mo
d
e
-
2)
−
Mo
d
e
-
1:
W
h
en
b
o
th
th
e
s
witch
es
ar
e
ON,
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
p
r
esen
t
ac
r
o
s
s
ea
ch
in
d
u
c
to
r
an
d
b
o
th
L
1
an
d
L
2
ar
e
c
h
ar
g
e
d
u
p
to
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
o
f
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
tim
e
p
er
io
d
,
th
e
l
o
ad
is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
=
1
=
2
(
1
)
−
Mo
d
e
-
2
:
I
f
b
o
th
th
e
s
witch
ab
le
u
n
its
S1
an
d
S2
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
OFF
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
1
)
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
)
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
2
)
.
Sin
ce
alr
ea
d
y
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
ar
e
ch
ar
g
ed
u
p
to
th
e
lev
el
o
f
in
p
u
t
v
alu
e,
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
to
th
r
ice
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
p
u
t so
u
r
ce
.
Vo
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
(
L
1
=L
2
)
is
g
iv
e
n
(
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
OFF tim
e)
b
y
(
2
)
.
=
(
−
0
2
)
(
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
tim
in
g
an
d
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
s
ig
n
als o
f
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
witch
es
ON
an
d
s
witch
OF
F
p
er
io
d
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
.
Ma
k
in
g
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
(
with
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
)
,
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
o
v
er
th
e
co
m
p
let
e
cy
cle
y
ield
s
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
D
T
s
(
1
-
D
)
T
s
T
s
M
o
d
e
–
1
M
o
d
e
–
2
I
o
V
o
I
c
I
D
I
L
1
I
L
2
V
G
S
1
V
G
S
2
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Op
e
r
atio
n
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
∗
+
(
−
0
2
)
(
1
−
)
=
0
(
3
)
=
0
=
1
+
1
−
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
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l.
13
,
No
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1
,
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ar
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h
20
22
:
2
75
-
288
278
Fu
r
th
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o
r
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∗
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u
r
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5
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Du
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cle
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r
s
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ltag
e
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ain
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le
1
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V
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3.
P
H
O
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O
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L
T
A
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T
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T
H
H
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I
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O
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T
CO
NVER
T
E
R
F
E
D
SR
M
D
RIVE
3
.
1
.
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
wit
h c
lo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p hy
brid bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
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So
lar
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g
y
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r
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ly
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d
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le
in
ab
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n
d
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t
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an
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s
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
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h
t
f
o
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th
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p
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d
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o
f
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th
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asic
o
p
er
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n
o
f
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h
o
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o
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V)
s
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tem
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PV
ce
ll
is
a
s
im
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f
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icate
d
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N
ju
n
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d
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ates
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tr
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h
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co
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v
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is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
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6
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PV w
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3
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2
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Switc
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m
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h
r
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-
p
h
a
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6
/
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p
o
l
e
SR
M
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
Simp
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co
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s
tr
u
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with
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
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an
d
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h
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ca
p
ab
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o
f
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ig
h
s
p
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p
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n
s
m
ak
e
Switch
ed
r
elu
ctan
ce
m
o
to
r
(
SR
M)
v
iab
le
i
n
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Hig
h
s
p
ee
d
m
a
ch
in
es
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ad
eq
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ate
p
o
we
r
d
en
s
ity
,
wh
ic
h
is
v
er
y
m
u
ch
an
i
n
ter
est
in
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tr
ic
v
eh
icle
m
o
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
h
ases
o
f
SR
M
ar
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
an
d
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
in
o
n
e
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h
ase
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o
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o
t
in
ter
r
u
p
t
t
h
e
d
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o
p
e
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atio
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.
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ase
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ath
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d
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o
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s
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ase
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e
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s
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ter
.
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h
e
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d
in
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s
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SR
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it th
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h
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s
elf
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an
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is
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o
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o
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ag
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h
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asy
m
m
etr
ical
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n
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ter
t
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ex
cite
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d
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n
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s
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6
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o
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h
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wn
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F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
Asy
m
m
etr
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
to
d
r
iv
e
SR
M
cir
cu
it
with
r
eg
en
er
atio
n
an
d
f
r
ee
-
wh
ee
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
E
ac
h
p
h
ase
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
s
witch
es
(
T
1
an
d
T
2
f
o
r
Ph
as
e
-
A)
an
d
two
d
io
d
es.
T
u
r
n
in
g
o
n
b
o
t
h
T
1
an
d
T
2
e
x
cites
th
e
p
h
ase
co
il
an
d
th
e
s
to
r
e
d
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
c
o
il
r
em
ain
s
in
th
e
s
am
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
u
n
til
it
is
d
e
p
leted
.
T
u
r
n
in
g
o
f
f
T
1
an
d
T
2
f
o
r
war
d
b
iases
th
e
tw
o
d
io
d
es
an
d
th
e
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
co
il
is
f
ed
b
ac
k
to
r
e
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
u
r
n
in
g
o
n
T
1
a
n
d
tu
r
n
in
g
o
f
f
T
2
m
a
k
es
d
io
d
e
D2
f
o
r
war
d
b
iased
an
d
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
s
to
r
e
d
en
er
g
y
in
t
h
e
co
il
is
f
r
ee
wh
ee
led
allo
win
g
co
m
p
lete
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
co
il.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
h
ase
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
d
ar
k
b
lack
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
is
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
at
h
an
d
t
h
e
lig
h
ter
p
a
r
ts
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
ar
e
in
ac
tiv
e
in
F
ig
u
r
e
9
.
E
ac
h
p
h
ase
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
s
witch
es
(
T
1
an
d
T
2
f
o
r
Ph
ase
-
A)
an
d
t
wo
d
io
d
es.
T
u
r
n
in
g
o
n
b
o
th
T
1
a
n
d
T
2
in
F
ig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
ex
cites
th
e
p
h
ase
co
il
a
n
d
th
e
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
il
r
em
ain
s
in
t
h
e
s
am
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
u
n
til it is d
ep
leted
.
T
u
r
n
in
g
o
n
T
1
an
d
tu
r
n
in
g
o
f
f
T
2
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
m
a
k
es d
io
d
e
D2
f
o
r
war
d
b
iased
an
d
th
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
s
to
r
ed
en
e
r
g
y
in
th
e
co
il
is
f
r
ee
wh
ee
led
allo
win
g
co
m
p
lete
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
co
il.
T
u
r
n
in
g
o
f
f
T
1
an
d
T
2
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
c)
f
o
r
war
d
b
iases
th
e
t
wo
d
io
d
es
a
n
d
th
e
s
to
r
ed
e
n
er
g
y
in
t
h
e
co
il
is
f
e
d
b
ac
k
to
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
1
+
_
V
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
D
2
D
4
D
1
D
3
D
6
D
5
P
h
-
A
c
P
h
-
B
P
h
-
C
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
r
ee
-
Ph
ase
6
/4
SR
M
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
asy
m
m
etr
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
SR
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
2
75
-
288
280
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Op
e
r
atin
g
m
o
d
es o
f
SR
M
(
a)
e
x
citatio
n
,
(
b
)
f
r
ee
-
w
h
ee
lin
g
,
an
d
(
c)
r
eg
en
e
r
atio
n
3
.
3
.
P
V
wit
h hy
brid bo
o
s
t
c
o
nv
er
t
er
f
ed
SRM
driv
e
f
o
r
E
V
a
pp
lica
t
io
n
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
g
o
in
g
to
tr
en
d
s
in
th
e
c
o
m
in
g
d
ay
s
,
r
ep
lacin
g
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
I
C
en
g
in
es,
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
v
eh
icu
l
ar
p
o
llu
tio
n
.
SR
M,
b
ein
g
a
lig
h
t m
ac
h
in
e
an
d
ca
p
a
b
le
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
is
a
g
o
o
d
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
i
cle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
So
lar
s
y
s
t
em
wh
ich
is
f
r
ee
ly
av
ailab
le
ca
n
s
o
u
r
ce
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
th
e
PV
with
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t
C
o
n
v
er
ter
f
ed
SR
M
Dr
iv
e
f
o
r
E
V
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
f
ed
to
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
f
o
r
s
tep
p
in
g
th
e
PV
o
u
t
p
u
t.
Hy
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
r
u
n
i
n
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
f
o
r
m
t
o
g
iv
e
o
u
t d
esire
d
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
o
u
tp
u
t
is
co
u
p
le
d
to
asy
m
m
etr
ical
co
n
v
er
ter
to
s
eq
u
en
tially
s
witch
th
e
p
h
ase
w
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
s
witch
ed
r
elu
ctan
ce
m
o
to
r
.
Switch
ed
r
elu
ctan
ce
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
is
o
p
er
ated
in
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
m
o
d
e
wh
er
e
th
e
ac
tu
al
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
is
f
ed
b
ac
k
f
o
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
to
r
u
n
th
e
m
o
to
r
p
r
ec
is
ely
at
d
esire
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
a
n
g
u
la
r
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
is
s
en
s
ed
an
d
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
h
ap
e
is
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
p
o
s
itio
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
is
s
en
s
ed
an
d
is
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
t
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
er
r
o
r
is
co
r
r
ec
ted
u
s
in
g
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
g
en
er
ates
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
T
h
e
ea
r
lier
g
e
n
er
ated
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
h
ap
e
is
m
u
ltip
lied
with
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
t
o
g
en
e
r
ate
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t sig
n
al.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
al
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
ac
tu
al
s
tat
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
al
an
d
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
al
th
r
o
u
g
h
Hy
s
ter
esis
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
HC
C
)
g
e
n
er
ates
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
p
u
ls
es
to
th
e
p
o
we
r
s
witch
es
o
f
asy
m
m
etr
ical
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
Seq
u
en
tial
s
witch
in
g
o
f
SR
M
win
d
in
g
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
asy
m
m
etr
ical
co
n
v
er
ter
e
x
cites
th
e
s
tato
r
co
ils
an
d
m
ak
es
r
o
to
r
to
r
o
tate
g
en
er
atin
g
to
r
q
u
e.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ated
to
r
q
u
e
f
r
o
m
SR
M
is
co
u
p
led
t
o
th
e
elec
tr
ical
v
eh
icle
f
o
r
its
w
h
ee
l r
o
tatio
n
.
L
1
L
2
S
1
S
2
D
C
P
I
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
S
i
g
n
a
l
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d
c
_
r
e
f
V
d
c
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a
c
t
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u
l
s
e
s
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r
e
f
D
R
s
h
R
s
e
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V
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T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
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2
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1
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3
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6
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5
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h
-
A
c
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h
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h
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6
/
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S
R
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h
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P
h
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B
P
h
-
C
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l
e
c
t
r
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c
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h
i
c
l
e
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a
t
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p
u
l
s
e
s
t
o
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o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
f
S
R
M
ω
P
V
w
i
t
h
H
y
b
r
i
d
B
o
o
s
t
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
A
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
PV sy
s
tem
with
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
f
e
d
SR
M
d
r
iv
e
f
o
r
E
V
ap
p
licatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
h
yb
r
id
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter fed
s
w
itch
ed
r
elu
cta
n
ce
mo
to
r
d
r
ive
(
R
a
vi
K
ir
a
n
Da
s
a
r
i
)
281
4.
RE
SU
L
T
ANAL
YSI
S
T
ab
le
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
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s
y
s
tem
p
ar
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r
s
u
s
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o
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PV
with
h
y
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o
o
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t
co
n
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d
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d
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h
e
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s
y
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tem
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en
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ates
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u
t
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h
e
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n
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co
n
v
er
ter
to
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I
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