Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ow
er El
ectron
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ys
te
m
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
1
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
357
~
365
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
10
.i
1
.
pp
357
-
365
357
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
escore.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJPE
D
S
Perform
ance ana
lysis of
DC
/
DC
bid
irec
ti
onal c
onverter w
ith
slidi
ng mode an
d pi
co
nt
ro
ll
er
Chandr
a She
kher P
urohi
t
1
,
Geet
ha M
.
2
,
P. San
jeev
ik
u
mar
3
, P
and
av
Kiran
M
aroti
4
,
Shrut
i
Swami
5
, V
i
gn
a K
. Ra
mach
an
d
ar
am
urthy
6
1,5
Depa
rtment
of
Control a
nd
Aut
om
at
ion,
VI
T, Ve
ll
or
e, T
N,
India
2
School
of El
ec
t
ric
a
l
Eng
ineeri
n
g,
VIT
,
Ve
ll
ore
,
TN,
Indi
a
3
Depa
rtment of
Ene
rg
y
Technol
og
y
,
Aalbor
g
Un
ive
rsit
y
,
Esbj
erg
6700,
Denm
ark
4
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s E
ng
ineeri
ng,
Univer
si
t
y
of
Johann
esburg,
South Afr
ic
a
6
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Pow
er
Engi
n
ee
ri
ng
,
U
nive
rsiti T
ena
g
a Nasional
,
Mal
a
ysia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
1
7
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Oct
2
2
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
Dec
3
, 2
01
8
A
slidi
ng
m
ode
cont
roller
for
a
non
-
isola
t
ed
DC/DC,
bidi
re
ct
ion
al
conve
r
te
r
is
pre
sente
d
and
compara
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
with
PI
cont
r
oll
er
is
done
a
lo
ng
with
ISE
ana
l
y
sis,
in
orde
r
to
do
per
form
anc
e
anal
y
s
is.
T
he
proposed
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
uti
lized
in
m
any
appl
i
ca
t
io
ns
such
as
elec
tri
c
a
l
vehicle,
distr
i
bute
d
power
gene
ra
ti
on
or
s
m
al
l
grids.
Sec
ond
the
ore
m
of
L
y
apunov
is
uti
lized
and
stabi
lit
y
of
th
e
cl
osed
loop
s
y
st
em
is
m
at
hemat
ic
a
lly
prove
n
.
T
he
adopted
cont
rol
st
rateg
y
ac
h
ie
ves
eff
e
c
ti
ve
ou
tput
vo
l
ta
ge
reg
ul
at
ion
a
nd
good
d
y
nami
c
stabi
l
ity
.
R
ej
e
ction
of
disturba
nc
e
is
als
o
an
inhe
ren
t
c
har
acte
rist
i
c
of
thi
s
t
ec
hniq
ue.
Furth
ermore,
it
is
il
lustr
at
ed
that
th
e
s
y
stem
can
succ
essfull
y
fo
l
low
cha
ng
es
o
f
loa
d
d
emand
and
compensa
te
s
sudden
disturba
nc
es
in
oper
ating
cond
iti
on.
The
design
is
ev
al
u
at
ed
a
nd
ver
if
ie
d
using
Matl
ab
/Si
m
uli
nk.
Resul
ts
of
Matlab
sim
ul
at
ion
are
provid
ed
to
show
the
fe
asibi
l
ity
of
the
proposed
s
y
stem
and
eff
e
c
ti
ven
ess
of
control
m
et
hod.
Sim
ula
ti
on
resul
ts
show
tha
t
th
is
te
chn
ique
ca
n
p
rovide
a
consider
abl
e
ed
g
e
over
cont
ro
l
t
echnique
s
which
are
pre
s
ent
l
y
av
ai
l
abl
e
(
applied)
over
thi
s
t
y
p
e
of
conv
ert
e
r
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Distrib
uted p
ower
g
e
ner
at
io
n
Ele
ct
rical
v
ehi
cl
e
Non
-
i
s
olate
d D
C/
DC conv
e
rte
r
PI
c
ontrolle
r
Sli
din
g m
od
e c
on
t
ro
ll
er
Copyright
©
201
9
Ins
t
it
ut
e
o
f
Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
e
er
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Pandav
K
i
ran
Ma
ro
ti
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng Scienc
e,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f
J
oh
a
nnes
burg,
B2 La
b 111, K
ing
s
way Ca
m
pu
s, PO
Bo
x 5
24
Au
c
klan
d Pa
rk, J
oh
a
nnes
burg
20
06, So
uth Afric
a.
Em
a
il
:
kiran
pa
nd
a
v88@y
ah
oo.c
o.
in
4
,
sa
n@et
.aau.dk
3
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Pr
ese
ntly
,
the
trans
portat
ion
sect
or
is
m
a
inly
dep
en
de
nt
on
ve
hicle
s
wh
i
ch
us
e
p
et
r
oleum
or
fo
ssil
fu
el
as
a
n
ene
r
gy
source
.
The
rate
at
wh
ic
h
us
e
of
f
os
sil
f
ue
l
is
increasin
g,
it
will
dep
le
te
so
on
[
1]
.
Us
es
of
fo
ssil
f
uel
are
al
so
pro
ve
n
to
be
haza
rdo
us
t
o
the
e
nv
ir
onm
ent
an
d
cause
s
su
dde
n
cl
im
a
te
change.
Be
ca
use
of
the
m
any
disad
van
ta
ges
of
f
ossi
l
fu
el
burn
i
ng
an
d
it
s
no
n
-
a
va
il
abili
ty
in
fu
ture
,
f
oc
us
of
re
searche
rs
is
sh
i
fted
to
fin
d
ne
wer
te
chnolo
gies
f
or
t
ran
s
portat
ion.
Ba
tt
ery
fe
d
el
ect
ric
ve
hi
cl
e
is
a
prom
is
ing
te
c
hnology
in
thi
s
reg
a
rd.
In sp
it
e
o
f
it
s h
i
gh init
ia
l cost it
is fo
und
t
o be m
os
t prom
isi
ng
b
ec
ause
of it
s zer
o ca
r
bon
em
issio
n an
d
low
c
os
t
of ope
rati
on.
Ba
tt
ery
fed
el
ect
rical
veh
ic
le
basical
ly
ta
kes
power
from
a
set
of
batte
rie
s
and
runs
a
m
otor
for
it
s
op
e
rati
on.
A
D
C/
DC
conver
te
r
has
to
be
use
d
to
supp
ly
po
wer
f
ro
m
batte
ry
or
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
to
load
[2
]
,
[3
]
or
m
oto
r
of
an
el
ect
rical
veh
ic
l
e
[4
]
.
This
pa
pe
r
de
al
s
with
a
non
-
isolat
ed
DC/DC
bid
ire
ct
ion
al
co
nvert
er
wit
h
Sli
din
g
Mo
de
Con
tr
ol
(S
MC
)
f
or
r
eg
ulate
d
volt
age
s
uppl
y.
Sli
ding
m
ode
te
ch
nique
is
pro
ven
to
be
a
good
con
t
ro
l
te
ch
ni
que
f
or
bo
os
t
D
C/
DC
co
nv
e
rter
[
5]
,
[
6],
s
o
th
is
pap
e
r
e
xten
ds
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
sl
idin
g
m
od
e
con
t
ro
ll
er t
o bi
directi
onal
con
ver
te
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dri
Syst
, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
357
–
365
358
The
f
oc
us
are
a
of
this
pa
pe
r
is
in
con
tr
ol
of
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
of
non
-
iso
la
te
d
DC/DC
bid
irect
io
nal
conve
rter
for b
oth
t
ran
sie
nt a
nd steady st
at
e
conditi
on. S
te
ppin
g
-
up a
nd stepp
i
ng do
wn of
vo
lt
age
can
be
.
M
ai
n
S
ou
r
c
e
/
B
at
t
e
r
y
DC
-
DC
B
i
di
r
e
c
t
i
on
al
C
on
v
e
r
t
e
r
L
oad
P
W
M
S
li
di
n
g M
ode
C
on
t
r
ol
l
e
r
i
o
V
o
V
o
D
e
s
ir
e
d
R
e
gu
l
at
e
d
V
o
Figure
1. Bl
oc
k d
ia
gram
p
rop
os
e
d
syst
em
done
acc
ordin
g
to
the
re
qu
i
rem
ent
of
volt
age.
In
t
his
pa
per
,
sta
te
sp
a
ce
aver
a
ge
d
m
od
el
of
co
nverter
is
represe
nted [7
]
w
it
h
m
od
e
of
op
e
rati
on a
nd s
li
din
g
m
od
e
contr
oller is
desi
gn
e
d f
or
c
onve
rter
op
e
rati
on.
Desig
n
pa
ram
e
te
r
is
discuss
e
d
so
t
hat
the
m
ini
m
u
m
req
uir
ed
capaci
ty
of
passive
c
om
ponen
t
ca
n
be
sel
ect
ed
[
8]
.
T
he
sta
bili
ty
is
analy
zed
by
L
ya
punov’s
the
or
em
[9]
.
P
I
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
has
be
en
im
ple
m
ent
ed
to
com
par
e
the
r
esult
[
10
]
-
[
16
]
.
Ma
tl
ab/Sim
ul
ink
platf
or
m
is
us
e
d
for
sim
u
la
ti
on
of
t
he
s
yst
e
m
.
Bi
directi
on
al
DC/DC
c
onve
r
te
r
can
be
us
e
d
f
or
va
rio
us
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
li
k
e
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
con
t
ro
l,
ene
r
gy
stora
ge
syst
em
fo
r
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
,
re
new
a
ble
en
erg
y
sto
ra
ge
syst
e
m
.
This
co
nverter
with
sli
di
ng
m
od
e
co
ntr
ol
can
al
s
o
be
use
d
to h
a
r
ness
e
nergy f
ro
m
r
ege
ne
rati
ve bra
king
of ele
ct
ric v
e
hi
cl
e.
2.
DC
/
DC BIDI
RECTIO
N
AL
CON
VERTE
R
The
propose
d
non
-
isolat
ed
conve
rter
ca
n
al
te
r
the
outp
ut
volt
age
in
two
m
od
es.
R
egu
la
ti
on
of
vo
lt
age
co
uld be
ac
hieve
d
in
two
w
ay
s.
Firs
tl
y,
it
can
incre
ase
the
volt
age
by b
oost
m
ode
an
d
sec
ondly
,
it
can
decr
ease
the
m
agn
it
ude
of
ou
tpu
t
vo
lt
age
b
y
bu
c
k
m
od
e
a
ccordin
g
t
o
th
e
giv
e
n
ref
e
re
nce
value
set
by
us
er
.
Ou
t
pu
t
v
oltage
fo
ll
ows
re
fer
e
nce
val
ue
an
d
the
ci
rcu
it
topolo
gy
ga
ve
in
ve
rted
outp
ut
volt
age.
I
n
this
ty
pe
of
conve
rter
,
boost
op
e
rati
on
is
fo
ll
owe
d
by
a
bu
c
k
op
e
rati
on
so
it
has
an
a
nalo
gy
to
buck
-
bo
os
t
co
nv
e
rter
but
with
in
ver
te
d
outp
ut
volt
age
.
I
n
the
c
onve
rter
,
the
ca
pacit
or
has
been
util
iz
ed
f
or
tra
ns
fe
r
of
e
ne
rg
y
a
nd
sam
e
capaci
tor
is
util
iz
ed
fo
r
se
rv
i
ng
the
pur
po
se o
f
ene
r
gy
stora
ge.
Com
po
ne
nt
of
this
conve
rters
is
two
indu
ct
or
s,
two
ca
pacit
ors,
one
diode a
nd
on
e
MOS
FET
wh
ic
h
act
s as
a
sw
it
ch
.
The
DC/DC
bid
irect
io
nal co
nverter
with no
n
-
isolat
ed
to
polog
y ca
n be u
se
d
f
or
elec
tric
al
v
ehicl
e
du
e
it
s ad
va
ntage
s
su
c
h
as
:
a.
It can
work i
n a hig
h
e
ff
ic
ie
nt m
ann
er.
b.
As
c
onve
rter t
opology i
s
non
-
iso
la
te
d t
ype
it
is li
gh
t i
n we
igh
t
with c
om
pactness in si
ze.
c.
No cou
pling i
nduct
or
s
are
u
se
d
s
o
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
inte
rf
e
re
nce is
quit
e lo
wer t
ha
n other
topolo
gy.
d.
It is able t
o
c
ontr
ol the fl
ow
of powe
r
e
ve
n i
f
there
is
var
ia
ti
on
in
in
pu
t
vo
lt
age
.
Fo
r
bet
te
r
ef
fic
ie
ncy of the
conv
e
rter,
losse
s
of p
assi
ve
el
e
m
ents and s
witc
hing lo
sses s
houl
d be m
ini
m
i
zed
2
.
1.
Circui
t
T
opolo
gy
2.1.1
.
M
od
e
of
Op
er
at
i
on
2.1.1.
1.
M
od
e
(0 < t <
t
ON
)
Figure 2
sho
ws
Ci
rcu
it
to
polo
gy
of D
C/
DC
Bi
directi
on
al
c
onve
rter
.
Fig
ure
3
sho
ws
c
on
ver
te
r
ci
rc
uit
durin
g ON m
od
e
.
D
V
in
C
2
S
C
1
L
2
L
1
D
V
in
C
2
S
C
1
L
2
L
1
Figure
2. Ci
rcui
t t
op
ol
og
y
of
DC/DC
Bi
directi
on
al
c
onve
rter
Figure
3. Co
nverter circ
uit d
uri
ng
ON
m
od
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of
DC/DC bi
direct
ional co
nverter wi
th slidin
g m
ode
... (
Chan
dra
Sh
ek
her
Puro
hi
t
)
359
Fo
r
t
he
tim
e
durati
on
“t
ON
”
switc
h
(MO
S
FET)
is
switc
hed
ON
at
t=
0
an
d
the
cu
r
ren
t
flo
wing
thr
ough induct
or
L
1
in
creases
.
A
t t
he
sam
e in
sta
nt,
di
od
e
ha
s b
een
re
ver
se
d
biase
d
an
d
tu
rn
e
d
O
FF beca
us
e of
vo
lt
age
sto
re
d i
n
capaci
t
or
C
1
.
The
ca
pacit
or
has
to
disc
harge
it
s
ene
r
gy
into
t
he
ci
rc
uit
form
ed
by
C
2
,
L
2
an
d
loa
d.
E
qu
at
io
ns
f
or
“t
ON
”
m
od
e
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.1.1.
2.
M
od
e
(t
ON
< t
< t
OFF
)
Wh
e
n
s
witc
h
(
MOSFET
)
is
tur
ne
d
OFF
at
t=
t
on,
the
vo
lt
ag
e
acro
ss
L
1
ch
a
ng
e
s
it
s
po
la
rit
y
in
order
to
m
ai
ntain
it
s
cur
re
nt
uninter
rupted.
Highe
r
pote
ntial
is
offe
red
at
a
node
of
di
od
e
D
,
s
o
it
beco
m
es
fo
r
ward
bias.
T
he
passi
ve
com
pone
nt
C
1
wh
ic
h
is
no
t
hing,
bu
t
t
he
e
nergy
tran
sfe
r
capaci
tor
is
c
ha
rg
e
d
by
input source
V
in
an
d
the
e
ne
rg
y
is
sto
red
in
an
oth
e
r
pas
sive
com
ponent
L
1
.
Ene
rg
y
st
or
e
d
in
passi
ve
el
e
m
ent
L
2
and
t
he
energy
store
d
i
n
C
2
is
util
iz
ed
to
m
eet
the
req
ui
rem
ent
of
load
c
urre
nt.
T
he
cu
rr
e
nt
w
hi
ch
flo
ws
th
r
ough
t
he
inducto
r
L
1
dec
reases li
n
ea
rly
durin
g
ti
m
e “t
O
FF
”.
Fig
ur
e
4 s
hows
c
onve
rter
circuit
durin
g OFF
m
od
e
.
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Stat
e Sp
ace
eq
uation afte
r
ac
com
plishing
a
ve
rag
i
ng is g
i
ve
n by:
D
V
in
C
2
S
C
1
L
2
L
1
Figure
4. Co
nverter
ci
rc
uit d
uri
ng
OF
F m
ode
Cx
Y
Bu
Ax
X
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.
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,
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rch
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365
360
Wh
e
re,
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
)
1
(
0
RC
C
L
L
d
C
d
C
d
L
d
A
;
0
0
0
1
1
L
B
;
0
0
0
1
C
;
0
D
2
2
1
1
4
3
2
1
v
i
v
i
x
x
x
x
X
2
.
2
.
Desi
gn
P
arameter
The val
ue
of t
wo in
du
ct
or
L
1
an
d
L
2
of
pro
pose
d
c
onver
te
r i
s calc
ulate
d
as
(
9
)
(
10
)
The val
ue
of t
wo capacit
or
C
1
an
d
C
2
of
pro
po
s
ed
con
ver
te
r
is cal
culat
e
d as
(
11
)
(
12
)
3.
SLIDI
NG M
ODE
CONTR
OLL
ER
Sli
din
g
m
od
e
c
on
t
ro
l
te
ch
niqu
e
is
first
pro
posed
by U
K
TI
N
[17].
This p
a
pe
r
prese
nts
a
sli
din
g
m
od
e
con
t
ro
l
m
et
hod
to
c
ontr
ol
ou
tpu
t
vo
lt
age
of
co
nv
e
rter
.
Sli
ding
m
od
e
co
nt
ro
ll
er
is
a
c
on
trol
s
olu
ti
on
f
or
no
n
-
li
near
syst
em
s.
It
featur
e
s
re
m
ark
able
properti
es
li
ke
accu
racy
and
r
obust
ness.
Sli
di
ng
m
od
e
con
tr
ol
m
et
hod
is
a
kind
of v
ar
yi
ng
str
uctu
re co
nt
ro
l
in which
al
te
rati
on
of the
dynam
ic
s
of
a
no
nlinear
s
yst
e
m
is
achie
ved
by
app
ly
in
g
s
witc
hing
c
on
tr
ol
a
nd
t
his
s
witc
hi
ng
is
done
at
high
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
[18]
-
[
22
]
.
I
n
sta
te
sp
ace
c
urren
t
po
sit
io
n
is
c
he
cked
for
eac
h
i
n
sta
nt
a
nd
sw
it
chin
g
is
do
ne
to
va
ry
the
syst
e
m
structur
e
i
n
sta
te
sp
ace
f
rom
on
e
con
ti
nu
ous
str
uctu
re
to
a
no
t
he
r
as
pe
r
requi
rem
ent.
SMC
is
a
c
on
t
ro
l
so
l
ution
wh
ic
h
ca
n
handle
i
nacc
ur
aci
es
of
m
od
el
in
g,
wh
et
her
it
is
in
the
f
or
m
of
pa
ram
et
ric
u
ncer
ta
inti
es
or
un
st
ru
ct
ur
e
d
un
ce
rtai
nties.
These
un
ce
rtai
nties ar
e h
a
nd
le
d usin
g rob
us
t co
ntr
ol
.
Sli
ding m
od
e
contr
ol consist
of tw
o
m
ajo
r
par
ts
a.
Desig
ning
of sl
iding s
urface
b.
Con
tr
ol law
3.1.
S
li
ding
s
urf
ace
The
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
is
desig
ne
d
to
force
the
syst
em
s
ta
te
s
to
re
a
ch
a
nd
rem
ai
n
on
the
pre
-
de
fi
ned
surface
,
wh
ic
h
s
houl
d
l
ie
in
sta
te
s
pac
e.
T
he
sta
te
s
a
re
dr
i
ven
by
di
sco
ntinuo
us
c
ontr
ol
to
the
sli
ding
s
urface.
Wh
e
n
the
syst
em
’s
sta
te
trajecto
ry
i
s
“ab
ove”
the
s
li
din
g
surface
,
on
e
gai
n
li
ke
‘
-
1’
will
be
t
here
in
feedba
c
k
wh
ic
h
will
turn
OFF
the
switc
h
f
or
ve
ry
sho
rt
durati
on
or
ti
ll
it
reach
to
refe
ren
ce
surface
and
if
syst
em
’s
sta
te
trajecto
ry
goes
“below
”
,
the
su
r
face
fee
dba
ck
path
will
hav
e
an
oth
e
r
ga
in
su
c
h
as
‘+1’
w
hich
will
turn
ON
switc
h
ti
ll
it
r
e
aches at
ref
e
re
nce level
[23
]
.
Con
si
der a
general n
on
-
li
nea
r sy
stem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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Ele
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ri
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IS
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N: 20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of
DC/DC bi
direct
ional co
nverter wi
th slidin
g m
ode
... (
Chan
dra
Sh
ek
her
Puro
hi
t
)
361
(
13
)
Gen
e
ral f
orm
o
f
sli
ding
surfac
e is gi
ven b
y
(
14
)
Wh
e
re,
(
)
=
−
e(t)
is
the
error
betw
een
CV
a
nd
re
fer
e
nce
val
ue,
Lam
bd
a
is
a
con
sta
nt
w
hich
is
po
sit
ive
in
m
agn
it
ude
a
nd
it
is
decided
by
the
us
e
r,
q
is
cal
le
d
to
be
rela
ti
ve
degree
of
the
syst
e
m
.
It
can
be
wr
it
te
n
as
(
15
)
3.1.1
.
L
yapun
ov
st
ab
il
it
y
Ly
apun
ov
a
p
proac
h
is
us
ed
t
o
determ
ine
the
sta
bili
ty
.
A
diff
e
re
ntiable
fu
nctio
n
ha
s
to
be
def
ine
d.
Let
V(
r
)
be
tha
t
fu
nctio
n.
It
sh
ould
be
co
ntinuo
us
an
d
s
hould
ha
ve
do
m
ai
n
with
ori
gi
n.
A
f
un
ct
io
n
is
s
ai
d
to
be
posit
ive
if
V(0)
=
0
a
nd
V(r)
<
0
for
r
.
I
t
is
sai
d
to
be
ne
gative
def
init
e
if
V
(0)
=
0
an
d
V
(r)>
0
f
or
x.
Syst
e
m
is cal
le
d
to
be st
able w
he
n
th
e f
un
ct
io
n
is
ne
gative
def
i
nite.
The
sta
bili
ty
su
r
face
for
the
c
onve
rter is
def
i
ned as
(16)
Var
ia
bles h
a
s t
o be
kep
t al
ong sl
idin
g
s
urface
, So,
4
,
xk
4
0
x
Abo
ve
e
qu
at
io
ns
wh
e
n ap
plied
ov
e
r
e
quat
io
ns
of stat
e sp
ac
e of c
onver
te
r
11
12
1
1
2
1
3
22
1
32
22
11
0
3
11
d
x
x
V
g
LL
dd
x
x
x
CC
d
x
x
k
LL
xk
C
RC
(17)
To
pro
ve
sta
bili
ty
us
ing
Ly
ap
unov’s
ap
proa
ch,
a
f
unct
io
n
wh
ic
h
is
c
onti
nuously
d
iffe
re
nt
ia
ble
has
t
o
be defi
ned. T
hi
s fun
ct
io
n sh
ou
ld b
e
posit
ive a
nd d
e
finite
as
well
.
Let
V
(
r) b
e
tha
t functi
on a
nd
V(r)
is
g
i
ven by
(18)
Wh
e
re,
k is t
he
v
ect
or
represe
ntati
on
.
1
2
3
T
X
X
X
X
is t
he
sta
te
vari
able eq
uili
br
iu
m
g
iven
by
.
1
2
3
t
e
e
e
e
X
X
X
X
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I
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Ele
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, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
357
–
365
362
And p is
gi
ven
by
1
2
3
1
2
3
,
,
,
0
p
d
i
a
g
m
m
m
m
m
m
To fin
d ou
t t
he
stabil
it
y of
t
he
fun
ct
io
n, the
de
rivati
ve o
f
V
(
r)
m
us
t be
n
e
ga
ti
ve
de
finite
, whe
re,
(19)
If
1
=1
000
a
nd
2
=
3
=
1
are
sel
ect
e
d,
Vr
f
or
al
l
≠
is
ne
gative.
The
re
fore,
Vr
is
ne
gat
ive
def
i
nite functi
on a
nd V(r
)
is a
Ly
apun
ov fun
c
ti
on
.
3.
2
.
C
ontr
ol
law
The
m
os
t
te
dio
us
w
ork
is
to
de
sign
s
witc
h
con
t
ro
l
f
or
this
syst
e
m
becau
se
syst
e
m
will
be
dri
ve
n
to
sli
din
g
s
urface
by
it
an
d
will
be
m
ai
ntained
on
it
as
well
.
Con
tr
ol
la
w
(u(t))
ha
s
t
wo
pa
rts
No
m
inal
Con
t
rol
(
)
an
d Disco
ntin
uous
C
ontr
ol
(
)
, S
uc
h
t
hat
n
o
m
d
i
s
u
t
u
u
(21)
The
Disc
on
ti
nuous
co
ntr
ol
w
il
l
br
ing
the
sta
te
of
syst
e
m
on
the
sli
ding
su
r
face
an
d
no
rm
al
con
trol
act
s as a negati
ve feed
bac
k
a
nd it
wo
rk
s
in
a
ccorda
nce s
uch that sy
ste
m
r
em
ai
ns
on s
li
ding s
urface
.
To
c
om
pu
te
contr
ol law ta
ke deri
vative
of e
qu
at
io
n
(20)
Her
e
u is de
fin
ed
as
a f
ee
dbac
k
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
gi
ven b
y
(21)
Wh
e
re,
k is a
ga
in m
at
rix
wh
i
ch
ca
n be
ob
ta
i
ned usi
ng P
ole
Plac
e
m
ent o
r
Ack
e
rm
an’
s fo
rm
ula.
(22)
Wh
e
re,
G
is s
witc
hing
gain
(23
Fr
om
(2
2)
is
the
Sli
ding
m
od
e
c
ontrol
la
w
.
Fig
ure
5
s
hows
s
im
ulatio
n
DC/DC
bi
directi
onal
conve
rter
with
sli
din
g m
od
e c
on
t
ro
l
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of
DC/DC bi
direct
ional co
nverter wi
th slidin
g m
ode
... (
Chan
dra
Sh
ek
her
Puro
hi
t
)
363
D
V
in
C
2
S
C
1
L
2
L
1
Con
s
t
an
t
40
I
n
t
e
gr
at
or
1
/
S
-
1
G
ai
n
-
1
Re
l
ay
G
ai
n
V
0
i
in
Figure
5.
Sim
ulati
on
D
C/
DC
bid
irect
io
nal c
onve
rter
with s
li
din
g
m
od
e
contr
ol
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULT
A
ND D
I
SCUS
S
ION
The
Pro
posed
bid
irect
io
nal
conve
rter
is
si
m
ulate
d
in
Ma
tl
ab
R2
016a
wit
h
sim
ulatio
n
pa
ram
et
er
as
arti
culat
ed
in
T
able 1.
A
com
par
iso
n
of
re
spo
ns
e
of
both
te
ch
niques
ha
s
bee
n
pr
ese
nt
f
or
20
%
load
var
ia
ti
on
,
for
bot
h
boos
t
a
nd
buc
k
op
e
rati
ng
m
od
e
of
c
onve
r
te
r.
I
SE
perform
ance
analy
sis
is
al
so
perf
or
m
ed
as
s
hown
in
Table
-
2
w
hich
ind
ic
at
es
that
SMC
is
able
t
o
ha
nd
le
la
r
ge
erro
rs
as
I
SE
va
lue
for
SMC
is
low
for
both
bu
c
k
and bo
os
t m
ode.
Fig
ure
6
s
hows
c
om
par
iso
n o
f
re
spo
ns
e
of SMC
and
PI
duri
ng nor
m
al
o
per
at
in
g
c
ondit
ion
.
Table
1.
Sp
eci
f
ic
at
ion
Pa
ram
e
te
r
Table
2.
IS
E
Analy
sis f
or
L
oa
d Variat
io
n of
20%
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Inp
u
t
Vo
ltag
e (
Vin
)
75V
Ind
u
cto
r
L
1
4
5
0
μ
H
L
2
1
.2
m
H
Cap
acito
r
C
1
3
5
0
μ
F
C
2
1
0
0
μ
F
Sr.
No.
Mod
e of
op
eration
SMC
PI
1
Bo
o
st Mod
e
0
.00
0
1
2
7
1
.00
5
2
Bu
ck
M
o
d
e
1
.39
4
e
-
0
.5
0
.07
1
6
1
A
c
om
par
ison
of
res
ponse
of
both
syst
em
s
has
been
sh
ow
n
for
bo
t
h
bu
c
k
a
nd
boos
t
m
od
e
of
op
e
rati
on of th
e conver
te
r
an
d
IS
E a
naly
sis i
s also p
er
form
ed.
Ta
ble 3
sho
ws
the r
es
ult o
f
IS
E a
naly
sis. V
al
ue
of
I
SE
analy
si
s
sh
ows
that
S
MC
te
chn
iq
ue
is
good
at
ha
ndli
ng
la
r
ge
er
r
or
as
c
om
par
e
to
PI
co
ntr
ol
le
r.
He
re
IS
E
val
ue
of
S
MC
is
m
uch
l
ow
e
r
tha
n
PI
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
f
or
both
buc
k
an
d
boos
t
m
od
e,
s
o
we
ca
n
sugge
st
that
SMC
is
a
m
uc
h
bette
r
te
ch
ni
qu
e
tha
n
P
I.
F
igure
6
s
hows
a
com
par
ison
of
the
respo
nse
of
SMC
an
d
PI
for
norm
al
o
per
at
i
ng con
diti
on
.
Figure
7
an
d
Figure
8
re
pr
e
sent
a
com
par
ison
of
res
ponse
s
of
PI
a
nd
SMC
con
troll
ed
DC/DC
bid
irect
io
nal
c
onve
rter
w
he
n
load
is
var
ie
d
f
ro
m
20
%
of
norm
al
op
erati
ng
co
ndit
ion.
H
ere
in
bo
t
h
gr
a
ph
s
w
e
can
obser
ve
that
PI
co
ntr
olled
conve
rter
sh
ows
high
osc
il
la
ti
ng
wh
il
e
SM
C
con
trol
le
d
conve
rter
sho
w
s
sm
oo
th
res
ponse
an
d
al
so
fro
m
IS
E
analy
sis
,
we
ca
n
say
th
at
SMC
is
capa
ble
of
ha
ndli
ng
la
rg
e
e
rror.
Ta
ble
3
IS
E
A
naly
sis f
or
Loa
d Va
riat
ion
of
20 p
e
rce
nt
.
Figure
9
an
d
F
igure
10
Shows
response
of
PI
an
d
SMC
con
t
ro
ll
ed
c
onve
rter
w
hen
20%
par
am
et
ric
var
ia
ti
on
is
present
in
co
nve
rter
desi
gn
para
m
et
er
and
f
rom
the
resu
lt
s
we
can
say
th
at
SMC
is
capab
le
of
handlin
g
the
se
kinds
of unce
rtai
nties. ISE a
na
ly
sis shows
t
ha
t even u
nder
this varia
ti
on S
MC
is able to
handle
la
rg
e e
rror
s
as
co
m
par
e to
t
he
PI
co
ntr
oller
with e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
.
O
u
t
pu
t
Vol
t
age
(
V
)
80
60
40
20
0
100
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
120
S
M
C
PI
S
e
t P
oin
t
(
D
ote
d L
in
e
)
0
.
6
O
u
t
pu
t
Vol
t
age
(
V
)
200
150
100
50
0
250
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
S
M
C
PI
S
e
t P
oin
t
(
D
ote
d L
in
e
)
0
.
6
Figure
6. Com
par
is
on of
res
ponse
of
SMC
a
nd PI
durin
g n
or
m
al
op
e
rati
ng c
ondi
ti
on
Figure
7. Com
par
is
on of
res
ponse
whe
n
t
he
conve
rter is
op
erati
ng i
n b
oo
s
t
m
od
e a
nd un
der 2
0
%
load va
riat
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dri
Syst
, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
357
–
365
364
O
u
t
pu
t
Vol
t
age
(
V
)
80
60
40
20
0
100
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
S
M
C
PI
S
e
t P
oin
t
(
D
ote
d L
in
e
)
0
.
6
120
O
u
t
pu
t
Vol
t
age
(
V
)
200
150
100
50
0
250
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
S
M
C
PI
S
e
t P
oin
t
(
D
ote
d L
in
e
)
0
.
6
300
Figure
8. Com
par
is
on of
res
ponse
whe
n
t
he
conve
rter is
op
erati
ng in b
uck m
od
e an
d und
er
20 % l
oad v
a
riat
ion
Figure
9. Com
par
is
on of
res
ponse
whe
n
t
he c
onve
rter is
op
e
rati
ng in
bo
os
t m
od
e a
nd und
e
r 2
0
%
par
am
et
ric v
ari
at
ion
s
O
u
t
pu
t
Vol
t
age
(
V
)
80
60
40
20
0
100
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
S
M
C
PI
S
e
t P
oin
t
(
D
ote
d L
in
e
)
0
.
6
Figure
10. C
om
par
ison
of r
e
sp
onse
whe
n
t
he
c
onve
rter is
op
e
rati
ng in
bu
ck
m
od
e a
nd und
e
r 2
0
%
pa
ram
et
ric v
ariat
ion
s
Table
3.
IS
E
a
naly
sis f
or
loa
d va
riat
ion
of
20 p
e
rcen
t
Sr.
No.
Mod
e of
op
eration
SMC
PI
1
Bo
o
st Mod
e
4
.18
4
e
-
07
1
.06
2
Bu
ck
M
o
d
e
1
.32
8
e
-
05
0
.01
6
1
3
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
resea
rc
h
pa
per
,
we
analy
zed
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
s
of
DC/DC
Bi
dire
ct
ion
al
conve
rter
with
two
con
t
ro
l
te
ch
ni
qu
e
SMC
and
PI
.
F
or
perform
ance
analy
sis
three
cases
are
co
ns
ide
red
and
th
os
e
cas
es
are
norm
al
op
erati
ng
c
onditi
on,
load
var
ia
ti
on
and
par
am
et
er
var
ia
ti
on
.
F
or
al
l
three
cases
conve
rter
is
op
e
rated
i
n
two
op
e
rati
ng
m
od
e
buc
k
m
od
e
and
bo
ost
m
od
e
and
a
f
te
r
analy
zi
ng
a
ll
con
diti
ons,
i
t
can
be
infe
rred
that
SMC
is
a
ve
ry
rob
us
t
te
ch
ni
qu
e
an
d
pro
vid
es
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
c
on
t
ro
l
durin
g
norm
al
op
erati
ng
co
ndit
ion
a
nd
it
is
able
to
handle
la
rg
e
e
rror.
A
s
far
as
tra
ns
i
en
t
conditi
on
is
c
on
ce
r
ned
PI
c
ontr
oller
gi
ves
os
ci
ll
at
ing
res
ponse
,
wh
e
reas
SMC
ou
t
pu
t
do
es
no
t show oscil
la
ti
ng r
es
ponse
which is
a
good
featur
e
of
SMC
techn
i
qu
e
bu
t i
t al
so
sh
ows
c
hatte
ri
ng
phen
om
enon
du
rin
g
a
tra
ns
ie
nt
sit
uatio
n.
Othe
r
tha
n
chatt
erin
g
SM
C
giv
es
ver
y
s
m
oo
th
respo
ns
e
a
nd
be
tt
er
respo
ns
e
,
sta
bili
zat
ion
th
an
P
I
co
ntr
oller.
I
n
this
pa
per
IS
E
a
naly
sis
is
al
so
pe
rfo
rm
ed
to
check
e
rror
ha
nd
li
ng
ca
pacit
y
and
f
ro
m
resu
lt
s,
it
can
be
con
cl
ud
e
d
that
SMC
giv
e
s
ve
ry
low
I
SE
val
ue
the
n
PI
f
or
al
l
cond
it
ion
s
an
d
both
op
e
rati
ng
m
ode
(i.e.
buck
m
od
e
an
d
boost
m
od
e)
and
hence
are
able
to
handle
un
ce
rtai
nties
as
com
par
e
to
PI
co
ntr
oller
for
al
l
three
op
e
ra
ti
ng
co
ndit
ion
s
and
bo
t
h
buck
and
boos
t
ope
rati
ng
m
od
e.
Als
o
c
oncl
ude
t
hat
S
MC
is
able
t
o
work
f
or
a
wi
de
ra
ng
e
of
i
nput
and
loa
d
va
riat
ion
as
com
pa
re
to
P
I.
Howe
ver, eli
m
inati
on
of c
hatte
rin
g
a
nd pract
ic
al
i
m
plica
t
ion
is
require
d.
REFERE
NCE
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“
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-
DC
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rte
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d
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roll
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at
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PI
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an
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Fuzz
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ic
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as
ed
con
trol
str
ate
gie
s
for
h
armoni
c
red
u
ct
ion
in
Grid
in
t
egr
a
te
d
W
ind
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