Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 92
1
~
93
0
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p92
1-9
30
9
21
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Desi
gn and perf
orm
a
nce analysis
of stand-alone PV system at
Al-Nahrain Universi
ty, Baghdad, Iraq
Ana
s
L
a
t
e
e
f
M
a
h
m
o
o
d,
Amin
a
Ma
h
m
ou
d
Shak
i
r,
Bah
a
a
A
b
d
u
lkhaliq
Nu
ma
n
Ele
c
tro
n
i
c
and
C
o
mmu
nicatio
ns
En
gine
erin
g
D
e
p
a
rtemen
t,
Co
lleg
e of Engin
eering
,
Al-Nah
rain Uni
v
ers
i
ty,
Iraq
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Re
ce
ive
d
Oc
t 9, 2
019
Re
vise
d De
c 8,
2
0
1
9
Acc
e
pt
e
d
Fe
b 7, 2
0
2
0
Th
e
u
s
e of
th
e
st
and
-
al
on
e
P
V
s
y
st
ems f
o
r
el
e
c
tr
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
gen
e
r
a
ti
on
is
imp
o
rtan
t
to m
eet th
e n
eed
s of
ele
c
tric po
wer
,
especi
ally
in
co
un
tries
that
hav
e
majo
r
pro
b
l
ems
in
th
e gen
e
ration
and
con
t
in
uity
of
e
l
ec
tric
ity
su
ch
as
Iraq.
The
aim o
f
this rese
arch
i
s
to
d
e
sign
an
d
sim
u
la
te a st
an
d
-
a
l
on
e
P
V
syste
m
in
sta
l
le
d on
t
h
e
ro
of
of t
h
e pa
rkin
g
g
a
ra
ge
i
n
th
e Col
l
e
g
e of
En
gine
erin
g a
t
A
l
-N
ahrain Un
iv
ers
i
ty fo
r
th
e p
u
rpo
s
e o
f
u
s
ing
th
e
e
l
ec
trical
energ
y
gen
e
ra
te
d b
y
th
is
sy
stem
to
me
et th
e en
er
gy
deman
d
o
f
th
e d
a
ily
ligh
t
for the
park
in
g
garag
e
and en
gineer
in
g l
a
bo
ratori
es b
u
ild
i
ng
s bes
i
d
e
it.
Th
e
main
fa
cto
r
in
the
d
e
sign
was
th
e
to
tal
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
roo
f
of
th
e park
in
g
gar
a
g
e
.
T
h
e P
v
sy
st
6 p
r
og
r
a
m
is
u
s
ed
to
s
i
mu
la
t
e
th
e
su
gg
est
e
d
P
V
s
y
st
em
and
to
de
term
in
e
the
e
ffe
ct
of
p
a
rti
a
l
s
h
ading
wh
ich
caus
e
d b
y
the trees
su
rrou
nding
th
e
gar
a
ge
on
the
a
v
ailabl
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
ted
p
o
w
e
r of
th
e
sy
stem
.
A
comp
ar
iso
n
wa
s
mad
e
b
e
tw
ee
n
f
o
ur
ty
pes
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
ls
t
o
se
e
th
e
sui
t
abilit
y of these
types t
o
t
h
e
wea
t
her
conditions
i
n
Iraq,
i
n
ad
dit
i
on to
t
h
e
i
m
pac
t
of the
sha
d
ows surro
un
di
n
g
th
e ga
ra
g
e
.
Th
e
s
e
t
y
p
e
s o
f
so
la
r pa
ne
l
s
were (CIS
S
L
2-
14
5,
CdTe
F
-
411
2-3
,
P
o
ly
JAP
6
-
60
-260
, an
d M
o
no
JA
M6
-
60
-26
0
), Cd
Te
typ
e
s
how
ed
bett
er
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
ce
comp
ar
ed to
o
t
h
e
r ty
pes
in
terms
of
ava
i
la
ble
energy
g
e
n
e
rat
e
d be
cau
se
it has s
m
all lo
s
s
es d
u
e to
temp
eratur
e
and
sh
ado
w
s
.
It
w
a
s
fo
un
d th
at the
best til
t
ang
l
e
o
f
the
solar
p
a
ne
l
s
i
n
t
h
e
ca
se
of sha
d
ows i
s
1
9
o
to
t
h
e
so
ut
h.
Fin
a
lly
, the
fi
na
nc
ial
analysi
s
was made to
see
th
e
economi
c f
easibi
lity of t
h
i
s
PV
system and
it
i
s
fo
un
d t
h
at
the
P
V
syste
m
t
h
a
t
u
s
e
s
C
d
T
e
pa
n
e
ls ha
s the
sm
al
le
st
k
W
h uni
t
p
rice
(0.236
$/k
W
h) as
comp
are
d
w
i
th
the
o
t
h
e
r
th
ree
ty
pes
.
Ke
yw
ords:
P
a
r
t
i
a
l sh
ad
ing
P
V
sy
s
t
em
s
Pvs
y
st
6
S
o
la
r ce
ll
s
St
and
-
al
o
n
e
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
Anas
Lat
e
e
f
M
a
hm
oo
d,
El
ect
roni
c
an
d
Commu
ni
ca
ti
ons D
e
p
a
rte
m
e
n
t,
C
o
l
l
e
g
e o
f
E
ngi
neeri
n
g
Al
-N
a
h
rai
n
U
n
i
v
ersi
t
y
, Ja
dri
y
ah,
B
a
g
hda
d,
Iraq
.
Emai
l:
anas.la
t
e
e
f@
e
n
g
.
na
hra
i
nu
niv.e
d
u.iq
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
Th
e i
s
su
e of
c
l
e
a
n
ele
c
t
r
i
c
ity
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
on
u
s
in
g so
la
r
cel
l syst
em
s is on
e o
f
th
e
mo
s
t
imp
o
rt
an
t
th
ing
s
r
i
gh
t
now
,
esp
e
c
i
a
l
ly
in
cou
n
tr
ie
s wh
i
c
h h
a
v
e
p
r
ob
le
ms in
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
ci
ty ge
n
e
ra
ti
on fro
m fo
ssi
l-
fu
e
lle
d p
o
wer
stations. T
h
e
problems a
r
e apprehende
d
a
bout the way
of
e
n
ergy
harnessing and
utilization.
In this
point,
fas
t
pac
e
re
v
o
lut
i
o
n
ary te
ch
ni
q
u
e
s
a
r
e in
ve
n
t
e
d
to solve
t
h
ese
pr
o
b
le
ms, re
ne
wabl
e
e
n
er
g
y
re
so
urces
tra
n
s
-
fo
rm
t
h
e passi
ve
e
n
erg
y
t
o
a
c
l
e
a
n ac
ti
ve en
e
r
g
y
use
d
t
o
gene
rat
e
el
ec
tric
it
y wi
th n
o
emissi
ons
s
u
ch a
s
PV
sy
st
ems
[1
].
O
v
er
t
h
e
pas
t
yea
r
s, i
n
t
e
rest
has
be
en
give
n t
o
t
h
e iss
u
e
o
f
t
h
e el
ec
t
r
i
c
p
o
we
r
ge
ne
rat
i
o
n
t
h
at
r
e
l
y
o
n
so
l
a
r e
n
e
r
gy
, many
re
se
a
r
c
h
es
pub
lish
e
d
by
r
e
sear
ch
er
s a
n
d
engin
e
er
s i
n
th
is
impo
r
t
an
t fi
eld
.
So
la
r
ene
r
g
y
s
y
st
em
s a
r
e
di
vide
d i
n
t
o
t
w
o
mai
n
t
ype
s:
the
st
an
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
gri
d
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
p
v
s
y
ste
m
s
.
A
st
an
d-
a
l
o
n
e
PV sy
stem use
to
fe
ed th
e
l
o
a
d
d
i
r
e
ct
ly
an
d it
is iso
l
at
ed
fro
m
th
e ma
in
e
l
ec
tr
ic
a
l
gr
id
, dur
ing
da
y
lig
h
t
i
t
ge
ne
ra
t
e
s el
e
c
t
ri
ci
ty t
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
dema
n
d
l
o
a
d
an
d c
h
a
r
ge
t
h
e
bat
t
e
r
i
e
s w
h
i
l
e a
t
nig
h
t
and
c
l
ou
dy
d
a
ys it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
2
1
–
930
92
2
depe
n
d
s o
n
the
ba
tt
ery ba
n
k
t
o
sup
p
l
y
the
d
e
ma
n
d
l
o
a
d
. T
h
e P
V
pa
ne
ls a
nd
bat
t
eri
e
s ge
ne
rat
e
DC
pow
er an
d
t
h
e i
n
verte
r
c
o
nve
rt
s i
t
t
o
A
C
pow
e
r
i
n
order
t
o
s
u
ppl
y t
h
e
loa
d
.
In
I
r
aq
th
er
e is a
p
r
o
b
l
em in
th
e
pr
ov
ision
o
f
el
ec
tr
ic
po
we
r
th
ro
ugh
out th
e
c
o
un
t
r
y
.
Th
is pro
b
l
em
has
bee
n
go
i
n
g
on
si
nc
e t
h
e
e
i
ght
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
l
a
st
cent
u
ry
n
o
t
beca
use
of t
h
e
l
a
c
k
of
fuel
b
e
c
a
use
Iraq
i
s
a
ri
c
h
cou
n
t
r
y i
n
oi
l
i
t
is one
o
f
t
h
e oil
-
e
x
p
o
rt
in
g
co
unt
ri
es an
d
has t
h
e sec
o
n
d
re
se
rve i
n
th
e
w
o
rl
d.
It
a
l
so
has
re
se
rves
o
f
nat
u
ral
gas
i
n
fo
u
r
t
h
pl
ac
e i
n
t
h
e
wo
rl
d
[
2
]. The
pro
b
l
e
m of
l
u
c
k
o
f
c
o
nt
inui
t
y
i
n
el
ect
ric
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
Ira
q bec
a
u
s
e
of
t
h
e
de
st
ruct
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
u
mbe
r
of el
ect
ri
c
p
o
w
er sta
t
i
ons
a
s
a
res
u
l
t
o
f
su
cc
essive
wa
rs
i
n
t
h
is
cou
n
t
r
y i
n
a
ddi
t
i
on
t
o
t
h
e
age
,
p
o
o
r
ma
int
e
na
nce a
n
d
d
e
vel
o
pme
n
t o
f
t
h
e
re
ma
ini
n
g sta
t
i
ons
.
Ira
q
’s el
e
c
t
ri
cal
i
n
fra
st
ruc
t
ure
pro
b
l
e
ms a
r
e
n
o
t
uni
q
u
e
a
n
d
ot
he
r
c
o
u
n
trie
s ha
ve
fac
e
d
si
mi
l
a
r p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
an
d
have
fo
un
d s
o
la
r
P
V
sy
st
em
s t
o
b
e
a
v
i
a
b
le so
lu
tio
n
[2
,
3].
In
thi
s
re
se
arc
h
, a
n
el
ec
tric
a
l
p
o
we
r ge
ne
ra
ti
on
syste
m
w
a
s
desi
gne
d
and
si
mul
a
te
d
u
s
i
n
g st
a
n
d-
al
one
P
V
s
y
st
e
m
fo
r t
h
e
pu
rp
ose
o
f
op
era
t
i
n
g t
h
e i
n
t
e
rnal
li
ght
in
g s
y
st
em
o
f
t
h
e l
a
bo
rat
o
ri
es
bui
l
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
Col
l
e
ge
o
f
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g (E
n
g
i
n
ee
ri
ng
Wo
rksh
o
p
s) a
nd
t
h
e
e
x
t
e
rnal
l
i
ghti
n
g
of
the
ca
r
pa
rki
n
g
gara
ge
bel
o
ngi
ng
t
o
t
h
e
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
of
En
g
i
ne
eri
n
g
at
A
l
-Na
h
ra
i
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
. T
h
e
desi
g
n
de
pe
nd
s
o
n
c
a
l
c
ul
at
i
ng t
h
e
space
a
r
ea
of the
c
a
r pa
rk
i
ng ga
ra
ge
ro
of
a
nd t
h
e
p
o
ssibl
e
nu
mbe
r
of
t
h
e P
V
mo
dul
es sui
t
abl
e
fo
r
t
h
e
i
n
st
al
la
t
i
on in t
h
is ga
ra
ge. T
h
e ma
in
re
aso
n
of t
h
i
s
desig
n
i
s
t
o
p
r
ovi
de co
n
t
inuo
us
l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
for
l
a
bo
ra
torie
s
a
nd c
a
r
par
k
in
g
g
a
rage
d
u
e
t
o
fre
qu
e
n
t i
n
t
e
rr
u
p
t
i
ons i
n
t
h
e el
e
c
t
ric
i
ty fro
m t
h
e mai
n
g
r
id
a
s
we
ll
as fo
r t
h
e
p
u
rpos
e o
f
ge
ne
rat
i
ng
c
l
ean e
n
e
r
g
y
fre
e
of
p
o
ll
ut
ion
.
Fi
gu
re 1 s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
bl
oc
k di
a
g
ra
m o
f
t
h
e st
an
d-al
one
syst
em
.
F
i
gu
re 1.
S
y
st
e
m
bl
oc
k
di
a
g
ra
m.
Th
e
f
i
r
s
t s
t
e
p
i
n
d
e
sign
ing
a
P
V
sy
ste
m
is
t
o
ch
oo
se th
e su
ita
b
l
e
lo
c
a
t
i
on
f
o
r
so
la
r
p
a
ne
ls a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
suc
h
as ba
t
t
e
r
i
e
s, c
h
arge
co
nt
ro
l
l
er a
nd i
n
ve
rt
er. Ot
he
rwi
s
e
,
t
h
e
res
u
l
t
from
t
h
e syst
em
wi
l
l
not
have
de
sired
p
o
we
r out
put
[4
]. A
s
ment
i
o
ne
d a
b
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r pa
nel
s
wi
ll
be
pl
ac
ed
o
n
t
h
e
gara
ge
ro
o
f
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
rest
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
(e
.g.
i
n
verte
r
, c
h
a
r
ge
c
ont
rol
l
er
a
n
d
t
h
e
bat
t
e
rie
s
) w
i
l
l
be
pla
c
e
d
i
n
sid
e
t
h
e
wo
rksh
op
bui
ldi
n
g
s
near
t
h
e
gara
ge
. F
i
gu
re
s
1 a
n
d
2 s
h
ow
t
h
e
p
r
op
ose
d
l
o
cat
i
o
n
of t
h
e
st
an
d
-
al
o
n
e P
V
sys
t
e
m
i
n
t
h
e
ga
ra
ge
bel
o
ngs
t
o
t
h
e C
o
l
l
e
ge
of En
gine
e
r
i
n
g of Al
-Na
h
rai
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
sit
y
i
n
Ba
ghda
d.
Th
er
e a
r
e
fou
r
ca
r
sh
ed
s
i
n
th
e g
a
r
a
g
e
each
sh
e
d
ac
co
mmo
d
a
te
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
nu
mb
e
r
o
f
ca
r
s
,
t
h
e
f
our
she
d
s ha
ve
di
f
f
ere
n
t
are
a
s
w
i
t
h
dime
nsi
o
ns
of (
A
=
5
m×
25
m,
B=
5m×
2
0
m
, C
=
5m×
1
7
m
, D
=
5m×
1
1.
5m). It
seems c
l
ear fr
o
m
the
a
b
ove
fi
g
u
re
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
gara
ge i
s
su
rro
unde
d b
y
a
nu
mbe
r
o
f
t
a
ll
t
r
ees. The
s
e
t
r
ee
s,
in
tu
rn
,
w
ill
ca
u
s
e
th
e
pr
ob
le
m
o
f
th
e
pre
s
en
ce o
f
sh
ad
ow
s
on
th
e
so
lar
p
a
n
e
ls
, wh
i
c
h
w
i
ll r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
ra
te
d
ene
r
g
y
of
t
h
e
s
e
pa
nel
s
.
The
r
e
f
o
r
e
it
is
ver
y
i
m
p
o
rt
a
n
t
t
o
t
a
ke i
n
t
o
a
c
c
o
un
t
the
p
r
oble
m
of sha
d
ow
s ca
use
d
by
t
h
ese
trees
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
ute
r
si
mula
ti
on
of
t
h
e p
r
op
ose
d
s
o
l
a
r s
y
st
em.
T
h
e
P
v
syst
6 s
o
ft
ware
pa
ck
age
wi
l
l
be
use
d
to
p
r
e
d
ic
t t
h
e sim
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
res
u
lt
s
of
the
p
r
opose
d
st
and
-
a
l
one
P
V
s
y
st
e
m
wi
t
h
t
a
ki
ng
int
o
acc
ou
nt
t
h
e
p
r
oble
m
o
f
sha
d
o
w
s
fa
ll
i
n
g on
t
h
e
sola
r pa
nel
s
.
Th
e
i
d
e
a
o
f
ex
p
l
o
itin
g
ca
r sh
ed
s i
n
un
iv
er
sit
i
es
ex
ists
and
is i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
te
d i
n
a nu
mb
e
r
of
i
n
te
rnat
i
o
nal
uni
ve
rsit
i
e
s, fo
r
exam
pl
e i
n
re
fe
renc
e
[4
] a
st
and
-
al
o
n
e
ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
(P
V) s
y
ste
m
wi
t
h
sol
a
r PV
pea
k
p
o
we
r o
f
1
2
8
5
kW
i
s
desi
g
n
e
d
t
o
me
et
the
da
il
y l
i
ght
e
n
e
r
gy
dema
n
d
o
f
Fl
ars
h
ei
m
Ha
ll
at
t
h
e
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
of
Mi
sso
uri
-
K
a
nsa
s
C
i
ty.
Sy
st
em A
d
viso
ry
M
o
del
(S
A
M
) an
d
P
V
wat
t
s
s
i
mula
ti
on
t
o
ols
we
re
u
s
ed
to
d
e
s
i
gn an
d
op
t
i
miz
e
t
h
e sy
st
em, the
r
e
is no
sh
ad
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
i
n
th
is w
o
rk
. In
[5
]
mu
lt
ip
le
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
s
were a
ssesse
d Ill
i
noi
s St
at
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
t
o
de
t
e
rmine
t
h
e
fea
s
i
b
i
l
it
y o
f
i
n
sta
l
li
ng pa
rki
n
g
ca
no
pie
s
c
o
upl
e
d
wi
th
sola
r
ph
ot
ovol
t
a
i
c
(PV
)
s
y
st
e
m
s an
d e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ve
hic
l
e
(EV
)
char
gin
g
st
at
i
ons a
n
d t
o
sh
o
w
t
h
e
s
e
t
w
o
sy
st
ems’
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Desi
g
n
a
n
d
pe
rf
orm
a
nce
an
a
l
ysi
s
of
St
an
d
-
alo
n
e
PV
Sy
st
em
at Al-N
ahr
ai
n … (A
nas L
a
t
e
e
f
Ma
hm
o
o
d
)
9
23
effec
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
i
f
t
h
ey
a
r
e
i
m
ple
m
e
n
t
e
d t
oget
h
e
r
.
In [
6
] A
det
a
i
l
ed
wo
rk ha
s
bee
n
d
one
for
so
l
a
r c
a
r
pa
rki
ng
si
t
e
sel
e
c
t
i
on a
n
d
maxi
mum s
o
l
a
r el
e
c
t
r
i
c
po
we
r
ge
nerat
i
o
n
a
nd i
t
s
ca
pac
i
t
y
e
ffe
ct
s wi
t
h
t
h
e
sha
d
in
g
of
ne
arb
y
t
r
ee
s
an
d b
u
il
d
i
ngs
by
usi
ng t
h
e He
li
o
S
co
pe
onl
i
n
e s
o
ft
wa
r
e
deve
l
ope
d
by
F
o
l
s
o
m
La
bs, i
t
i
s
fou
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
mono
pi
t
c
h
can
op
y is
the
best
t
o
mou
n
t
a
t
s
o
l
a
r
c
a
r pa
rki
n
g
l
o
t
s
.
Ot
he
r
rel
a
t
e
d
wo
rks
c
oul
d
be
fou
n
d
i
n
[7,
8
]
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
C
a
rs
gara
g
e
s
h
e
d
s
A
a
n
d
B
.
Fi
gu
re
3. C
a
rs ga
ra
ge
s
h
e
d
s C
an
d D
.
2.
S
O
LAR
IRRA
DIATION
IN
BAGHD
AD
Whe
n
st
art
i
n
g
t
h
e
de
sig
n
pr
ocess
f
o
r t
h
e
st
a
n
d
-
al
o
n
e
PV s
y
st
em
i
t
is
imp
o
rt
ant
t
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
met
e
orol
o
g
i
cal
dat
a
of t
h
e
ar
ea
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
syst
e
m
wi
l
l
be
i
n
st
al
l
e
d. Ta
bl
e
1
be
lo
w
s
h
ows
t
h
e
met
e
orol
o
g
i
cal
d
a
t
a
f
o
r Ja
dri
y
ah
re
gi
o
n
i
n
B
a
gh
da
d
ci
t
y
whe
r
e
Al-
N
ah
ra
in
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
l
o
cat
e
d
i
n
cl
udi
ng
g
l
o
b
a
l ho
r
i
zo
n
t
a
l
i
r
r
a
d
i
an
ce
(G
HI),
w
i
n
d
spe
e
d
and
av
er
age ai
r te
mp
era
t
ur
e
.
Th
ese
d
a
ta
w
e
re
ob
ta
in
ed
f
r
o
m
a
me
te
o
r
o
l
og
ic
a
l
o
b
se
rv
at
ory
bel
o
ng
to
th
e Iraq
i
M
i
n
i
str
y
of Sc
ie
n
c
e an
d Te
c
h
no
logy
lo
cate
d
in
t
h
e
s
a
me
a
r
ea
f
o
r
th
e
y
ear
201
7
.
The
l
a
t
i
t
ude
o
f
B
a
g
h
d
ad
, Ira
q
i
s
33
.3
1
280
5,
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
o
n
g
i
t
ude
i
s
4
4
.
3
61
48
8.
Ot
he
r
i
n
fo
rmat
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
su
gg
e
s
t
e
d
p
l
ace
i
n
A
l
-Na
h
r
a
i
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
ty
co
u
l
d
b
e
f
oun
d
in
[
9
]
inc
l
ud
es
mo
n
t
h
l
y
mea
n
sun
sh
i
n
e h
o
u
r
s,
yea
r
l
y
sol
a
r ra
di
at
i
on
wi
th
di
ffe
rent
t
i
l
t
ang
l
es a
n
d
he
nce
t
h
e be
st
di
re
ct
ion
of t
h
e t
i
l
t
a
ngle
fo
r t
h
e
sol
a
r
pane
ls
.
Ta
ble
1. Met
e
o
r
ol
ogi
ca
l
dat
a
of
Jad
r
iya
h
re
g
i
on.
M
onth GH
I
(kWh/m
2
)
W
i
n
d
s
p
ee
d
(m/
s
)
Av
era
g
e
ai
r
t
e
mp
.
o
C
Ja
nuar
y
78
2.
45
10.
4
F
e
br
uar
y
107.
6
2.
55
11.
4
M
a
rc
h
136.
9
2.
63
18
A
p
ril
162.
4
2.
94
23.
6
M
a
y
200.
6
2.
97
31.
2
June
229.
7
3.
58
35.
5
July
222.
8
3.
63
39.
8
A
ugu
s
t
199.
1
3.
46
39.
5
Sept
em
be
r
141.
8
2.
74
35.
8
Oc
tober
103.
6
2.
38
27.
3
Nove
m
b
er
73.
09
2.
33
19.
7
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
76.
9
2.
53
14.
6
B
e
c
a
use o
f
t
h
e
oc
cu
rre
nce
of Ira
q
i
n
t
h
e
no
rt
hern he
mi
sp
he
re
, t
h
e
best
o
r
i
e
nt
at
ion
of
s
o
l
a
r
pa
nel
s
is
t
o
t
h
e
so
ut
h
i
n
or
der t
o
o
b
ta
in
t
h
e
hi
g
h
est
a
m
o
unt
o
f
s
o
l
a
r ra
di
at
i
on fal
l
ing
o
n
t
h
e
pa
ne
l
s
an
d t
h
us
obt
ai
n t
h
e
best
e
n
er
gy
o
f
t
h
e
pane
ls
. T
h
e
an
n
u
al
l
y
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
t
i
l
t
an
ge
l
h
a
s b
e
e
n
obta
i
n
e
d f
o
r Ba
g
hda
d ci
ty
i
n
[1
0,
1
1
] a
n
d
i
t
i
s
fou
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e t
h
e
pe
ak
o
u
t
put
p
o
w
e
r s
o
la
r pa
ne
l
be i
n
so
ut
h
fa
ci
n
g
o
r
i
e
nt
at
i
on
beca
use
t
h
e
su
n
pat
h
be
pro
p
o
r
t
i
onal
l
y
perpe
ndic
u
la
r to sola
r pa
nel
wit
h
ma
ximu
m
a
nnua
l
l
y s
o
l
a
r
ra
di
at
i
on
at
ti
l
t
be
twe
e
n 3
0
°
a
n
d
35
°.
A
t
w
o
a
x
i
s
sola
r
ra
di
at
i
o
n
t
r
ac
ker wa
s
pro
p
o
se
d
b
y
t
h
e
aut
h
or for Ba
ghda
d
c
i
t
y
i
n
[1
2].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
2
1
–
930
92
4
3.
SY
ST
E
M
DE
SIG
N
The
desi
g
n
e
d
sol
a
r
p
o
w
er
syste
m
c
o
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
fo
ur
ma
i
n
part
s:
s
o
l
a
r
pa
nel
s
,
bat
t
e
r
i
e
s, c
h
a
r
ge
cont
rol
l
e
r
a
n
d i
nve
rt
er. F
o
ur t
ypes o
f
sol
a
r pane
ls w
e
re
t
e
st
ed for
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
se
of co
mp
ariso
n
be
twe
e
n
t
h
em
a
n
d s
ee wh
i
c
h
o
f
th
ese
p
a
n
e
ls w
ill
g
i
ve
gre
a
t
er
en
ergy
in
th
e w
e
a
t
h
e
r c
ond
iti
o
n
s
of I
r
aq
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
cha
r
ac
te
ri
zed
b
y
hi
gh t
e
m
p
era
t
ure i
n
s
u
mme
r. Al
so t
o
see t
h
e effec
t
o
f
t
h
e
sha
d
o
w
s
fa
ll
en
o
n
t
h
e
s
e
pane
l
s
as
a re
s
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
prese
n
c
e
o
f
ma
ny
t
r
ee
s su
rr
ou
ndi
ng
the
g
a
ra
ge
.
The
mai
n
fac
t
or i
n
t
h
e
sel
e
c
t
i
on
of s
o
la
r
panel
ty
p
e
s i
s
th
e con
v
e
rg
en
c
e
in th
e
e
ffi
ci
en
c
y
va
lu
e
s
of
th
ese
p
a
n
e
ls.
Tab
l
e
2 show
s t
h
e
c
h
a
r
ac
te
ri
stic
s
o
f
t
h
e
PV
modul
es
[13
-
1
6
].
Tab
l
e 2
.
P
V
mo
du
l
e
s
ch
ar
a
c
ter
i
st
ic
s.
P
V
m
ode
l
Max
i
mu
m
pow
er
P
ma
x
(W
)
Ma
x
i
mu
m
powe
r
vol
tage
V
m
p
(V
)
Max
i
mu
m
p
o
w
er cu
rr
en
t
I
m
p
(A)
Shor
t cir
c
ui
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
I
SC
(A)
Open c
i
rc
uit
volta
g
e
V
OC
(V
)
Ef
f
i
c
i
enc
y
η
JA
M
6
-60-
260 260
30.
81
8.
44
8.
92
38.
08
15.
9
JA
P6-
60-260
260
30.
63
8.
49
9.
04
37.
98
15.
9
F
S
-
4112-3
112.
5
68.
5
1.
64
1.
83
87
15.
6
S
L
2-145 145
87.
4
1.
66
1.
81
107.
8
15.
4
3.1 In
te
r r
o
w sp
aci
n
g
The
e
ffe
ct
of i
n
t
e
r ro
w
s
p
ac
i
n
g
for ti
l
t
ed or
gro
u
n
d
mo
u
n
t
e
d PV syst
ems
i
s
e
ssent
ia
l as
the
r
e i
s
a
p
o
s
s
i
b
ili
ty
of
i
n
t
e
r
-ro
w sh
a
d
i
n
g.
In
t
e
r-
row
sh
ad
i
n
g o
c
c
u
rs wh
en
th
e
so
la
r
PV
mo
du
le
in f
r
on
t c
a
s
t
s a
sh
a
dow
on
t
h
e
mo
d
u
le
be
hi
nd
it
an
d
h
e
nce
t
h
e
r
e i
s
a
re
d
u
ct
io
n
of
P
V
yi
el
d. T
h
e
ma
in pa
ramet
e
rs t
h
at
m
u
st
be
k
n
o
w
n
t
o
ca
lc
ul
at
e the
mini
m
u
m spa
c
i
ng be
t
w
ee
n t
h
e
row
s
i
n
ord
e
r
t
o
mi
ni
mi
ze
t
h
e int
e
r
r
o
w
s
h
adi
n
g
a
r
e
[17
]
:
M
odu
le
l
e
ng
t
h
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
.
R
e
qui
re
d
a
r
ra
y
le
ngt
h, wi
dt
h a
nd area
.
Mo
d
u
l
e
orie
nt
a
t
ion.
Tilt a
n
g
l
e
.
S
u
n pa
th c
h
a
r
t.
F
o
r t
h
e t
w
o
row
s
sh
o
w
n
i
n
fi
g
u
re
4, t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r r
o
w
spa
c
i
ng
D ca
n
be
fo
u
nd
usi
ng t
h
e
fol
l
ow
in
g
equa
ti
o
n
[
18]:
D
co
s
z
(1
)
W
h
ere
D
is
t
h
e ro
w
s
p
ac
e, H
i
s
th
e
modu
le
h
e
ig
h
t
,
α
is th
e
a
l
titu
d
e
ang
l
e.
The
mo
dul
e
h
e
i
ght is t
h
e
ve
rt
i
c
a
l
di
st
anc
e
fr
om t
h
e
ho
ri
z
ont
al
pl
ane
o
n
w
h
ic
h
al
l
t
h
e st
ands
a
r
e
to
t
h
e t
o
p
of
t
h
e
mo
dul
e.
It
ma
y
be
ca
lc
ula
t
ed
usi
n
g P
y
t
h
a
g
oras t
h
e
o
rem
H
Mo
du
le le
ng
t
h
L
si
n
β
(2
)
Whe
r
e
β
is th
e
a
r
ray
tilt
a
n
g
l
e
.
The
al
ti
t
ude
an
gl
e
α
c
a
n b
e
fou
nd
using
th
e
su
n
p
a
th ch
a
r
t fo
r
th
e sp
e
c
if
ied
lo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
at
a
cer
tai
n
t
i
me. Fi
g
u
re
5
sho
w
s
the
s
u
n
pat
h
c
h
a
r
t for t
h
e
ge
o
g
rap
h
i
c
a
l
l
o
ca
ti
on
(l
at
i
t
ude
3
3
.
2
8° N
,
l
o
n
g
i
t
ude
4
4
.3
7° E
)
[1
9].
F
o
r mi
ni
mum ro
w
s
p
a
c
i
ng
t
h
e al
ti
t
ude
angl
e is t
a
ke
n
fo
r the
w
o
rst con
d
i
t
i
on
(S
un
wi
n
dow
"s
un
n
y
h
o
u
rs
per da
y"
from
9:
0
0
AM
to
1
5
:
00
PM
on
2
1
De
cem
ber
(wi
n
t
e
r
s
o
l
s
t
i
c
e
)
).
F
o
r
a
m
o
d
u
le
l
e
ngt
h
L=
1 m
mo
unt
e
d
o
n
a t
i
l
t
angl
e
of 3
0
°
fa
ci
n
g
t
h
e
so
ut
h (z
=0
) a
nd t
h
e al
ti
t
ude
angl
e
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y t
a
ke
n a
s
1
8
°
(fi
g
ure
5
)
the
mi
ni
mu
m ro
w
spaci
ng
is e
qua
l
t
o
1
.
5
6
2
m (i
n t
h
is
p
a
pe
r it
i
s
t
a
ke
n
a
s
2m
). In
or
der t
o
mi
ni
mi
z
e
the
effe
ct
o
f
ro
w
sha
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
fro
nt
row
i
s
t
a
ke
n t
o
be
ha
l
f
of the
he
i
ght
of the
bac
k
ro
w.
Th
e
to
ta
l ar
ea
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
sh
ad
s
equ
a
l to
367
.5
m
2
and
i
t
i
s
fou
nd t
h
at by
u
s
i
ng 2 m
r
o
w
sp
a
c
i
ng a
nd
fa
ci
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
ne
l
s
t
o
t
h
e s
out
h t
h
a
t
t
h
is area ca
n ha
n
d
l
e
(4×3
2
)
pa
ne
ls from
t
h
e m
onoc
ryst
al
li
ne JA
M6
-60
-
26
0,
or (4×
3
2
)
pan
e
ls from
the
p
o
lyc
r
ysta
l
l
i
n
e
JAP
6
-6
0-26
0,
o
r
(2×
1
45)
pa
nel
s
fr
om t
h
e
C
d
Te F
S
-
411
2
-
3,
o
r
(2×
1
11) pa
n
e
l
s
from
the
C
I
S
SL2
-
1
45.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
& Dri
Sy
st
I
SSN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
De
si
g
n
a
n
d
pe
rf
orm
anc
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
of
St
an
d
-
al
o
n
e PV
Sy
ste
m
at
Al
-
N
ahr
ai
n
… (A
nas
L
a
t
e
e
f
Ma
hm
o
o
d
)
9
25
Fi
g
u
re
4
.
Sid
e
v
i
e
w
of
t
ilte
d
PV
-
a
r
r
a
y
.
Fi
g
u
re
5
.
Su
n Pa
th
f
o
r
th
e g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
lo
c
a
tio
n
.
3.
2 De
si
g
n
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
Th
e d
e
si
g
n
p
r
o
c
e
dur
e
o
f
t
h
e
pr
opo
sed
sy
stem w
ill
b
e
d
i
vid
e
d i
n
to t
w
o
c
a
se
s;
Ca
se 1
.
PV
sy
s
t
e
m
a
n
al
ysis wit
h
o
u
t
t
h
e sha
d
i
ng effec
t
of
trees,
C
a
se
2.
PV
s
y
st
em anal
ysi
s
wi
th t
h
e
s
h
a
d
in
g
effect
of
t
r
e
e
s.
The m
o
del
l
i
ng
of
t
h
e
det
a
i
l
e
d s
h
ad
o
w
ana
l
ysi
s
, l
o
sses, a
nd a
n
nu
al
ge
n
e
rat
i
on
was
pe
r
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
Pv
sy
s
t
6 so
ft
war
e
p
a
c
k
ag
e.
A
f
te
r
a d
e
t
a
i
l
ed
sh
a
dow
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
th
e
o
p
timi
zatio
n
o
f
th
e PV
sy
st
em
s is
p
e
rfo
r
me
d
at
d
i
ff
er
en
t ti
lt a
n
g
l
e
s
fo
r th
e m
a
x
i
mu
m
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
tio
n
o
f
photo
v
o
l
ta
ic
en
er
gy
and
max
i
m
u
m ef
fi
cie
n
cy
.
Each
c
a
se wi
ll
be
de
scri
be
d in
det
a
i
l
s
as sh
ow
n
b
e
l
o
w
.
Case
1
.
P
V
sy
ste
m
an
al
y
s
i
s
w
i
t
h
ou
t
t
h
e s
h
ad
in
g
e
ffe
c
t
of
t
r
e
e
s.
T
h
e Pv
s
y
st6 pro
g
r
a
m is u
s
e
d
t
o
ca
lcu
l
a
t
e
the
to
ta
l
no
m
i
n
a
l
so
l
a
r pow
e
r
fo
r th
e av
ai
lab
l
e a
r
ea
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
sha
d
s (
A
,
B
,
C
,
an
d
D
)
f
o
r
ea
c
h
t
ype
of
the
P
V
pa
ne
ls
sh
o
w
n
i
n
t
a
bl
e
2
.
Al
l t
h
e
pa
ne
ls
we
re
ori
e
n
t
e
d
t
o
th
e
sou
t
h
and
th
e
t
ilt an
g
l
e of th
e
PV
p
a
n
e
l
s
w
a
s c
h
a
n
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
1
7
o
to
38
o
in o
r
der
t
o
fi
n
d
t
h
e
best
angl
e
whi
c
h
gi
ves
ma
ximu
m ge
ne
r
a
te
d
e
n
e
r
gy
,
a
nd i
t
i
s
f
o
un
d
t
h
at
the
be
st
t
i
l
t
a
ngle
f
o
r al
l
t
y
pes
of
P
V
pa
ne
l
s
was
30
o
as sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
6.
F
i
g
u
r
e
6.
S
y
ste
m
ge
ne
rat
e
d e
n
er
g
y
wi
t
h
out s
h
adi
n
g
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r,
ta
b
l
e 3
sh
ow
th
e
v
a
l
u
es
of
th
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
av
a
ila
b
l
e
en
e
r
gy
,
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
r
a
tio,
irr
a
d
i
at
io
n
lo
ss
a
nd te
mpe
r
at
u
r
e
l
o
ss f
o
r
e
ach
t
ype
of t
h
e P
V
pa
nel
s
wi
th
out
s
h
a
d
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
ct
. I
t
i
s
cl
ea
r tha
t
f
r
o
m fi
gu
r
e
6 a
n
d
ta
b
l
e
3 th
a
t
the
Cd
T
e
FS-411
2
-
3
PV
p
a
n
e
ls g
a
v
e
t
h
e
h
i
gh
e
s
t a
n
nu
al
ava
ila
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d th
is
i
s
b
ecau
s
e
of
th
e
sm
al
l
v
a
l
u
es of
irra
d
i
a
tion
an
d te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
lo
ss of th
i
s
t
y
p
e
,
al
so
i
t
hav
e
th
e
h
i
gh
est p
e
rf
orm
a
n
c
e
r
a
tio.
In
t
h
is
simu
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
n
e
a
r
by
tr
ee
sh
a
d
i
n
g ef
f
e
c
t
ar
e
ignor
ed
t
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
max
i
mu
m
n
o
mi
n
a
l
so
la
r
en
e
r
gy
ge
ne
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d t
h
e
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ure
i
s
c
o
nsid
e
r
ed
t
h
e
big
g
e
st
fa
ct
or
in
t
h
e
ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
m
o
d
u
l
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
pe
r
f
o
r
ma
nc
e.
Ta
b
l
e
3
.
S
y
stem annu
a
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
and
l
o
sses a
t
t
ilt a
n
g
l
e
3
0
o
w
i
thou
t
sha
d
ing
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
9
2
1
– 93
0
92
6
P
V
m
ode
l
An
nua
l a
v
aila
ble
e
n
er
gy (kWh/yr
)
Pe
r
f
orm
a
nc
e r
a
t
i
o
%
I
r
r
a
d
iat
i
on loss %
T
e
mp
e
r
at
u
r
e l
o
s
s
%
JA
M6-60-
260 5348
0
74.
6
0
.
29
11.
06
JA
P6-
60-260
5145
9
7
3
.
6
5
0
.
39
12.
2
F
S
-
4112-3
5525
6
76.
5
0
.
16
7.
88
S
L
2-145 5322
4
7
6
.
4
6
1
.
01
8.
79
C
a
se
2.
PV
s
y
st
em
a
n
a
l
ys
is wi
th
t
h
e
sha
d
i
n
g
ef
fe
ct o
f
t
ree
s.
The c
a
r
ga
ra
ge
is c
ove
re
d b
y
near
b
y
ta
ll
t
r
e
e
s,
so
i
t
i
s
nece
ssa
r
y
t
o
per
f
o
r
m
the
s
h
ad
o
w
ana
l
ysi
s
of
th
e
s
e
tr
ee
s t
o
kn
ow
t
h
e
d
i
ff
u
s
e
d
so
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
at
io
n on
PV mo
du
le
s an
d th
e
effe
c
t
on
ann
u
a
l
so
lar
P
V
g
e
n
e
ra
tio
n.
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s t
h
e
3
D
pl
ot
o
f
ca
r
gara
ge
u
s
i
ng
the
P
v
sy
st6
pr
o
g
ra
m;
it
i
s
ass
u
me
d t
h
at
the
t
r
ee
s ha
ve
(
1
5
m
h
e
i
g
h
t
,
5
m
med
i
u
m
d
i
a
m
et
er
, and 2.
5m t
r
unk
)
.
Th
e
t
ilt
an
gl
e of
the
P
V
pa
n
e
ls
w
a
s ch
ang
e
d fr
o
m
17
o
to
3
8
o
i
n
o
r
der
t
o
fi
n
d
t
h
e
be
st
a
n
gl
e
whi
c
h
gi
ves
ma
ximu
m ge
ner
a
te
d
e
n
er
gy
,
a
n
d it
i
s
fo
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
be
st
t
i
l
t
angl
e
f
o
r
a
l
l
ty
pe
s of
PV pa
nel
s
w
a
s
19
o
a
s
sh
own
in
f
i
gu
r
e
8
.
Ta
b
l
e
4 show th
e v
a
lu
es
of th
e
a
nnu
a
l
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e en
er
gy
,
p
e
r
f
or
man
c
e
r
a
t
i
o
,
ir
r
a
d
i
at
io
n loss and
t
e
mper
at
ure l
o
ss f
o
r
e
a
c
h
t
ype
of
t
h
e P
V
pane
ls
wi
t
h
sh
adi
n
g
e
f
fe
ct
. T
h
e Cd
Te
F
S
-
4
112
-
3
P
V
pa
n
e
l
s
st
i
ll
g
a
v
e
t
h
e h
i
gh
est a
nnu
a
l
av
a
ila
b
l
e
en
ergy
(41
3
6
3
kW
h
/
y
r), t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e, th
e au
th
or
s r
ecomm
end
e
d t
o
use
th
i
s
t
ype
o
f
P
V
pa
n
e
l
s
in
t
h
e
desi
g
n
o
f
t
h
e
pr
opo
s
e
d P
V
s
y
st
e
m
due
t
o
it
s
hig
h
ava
i
l
a
b
l
e
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
pe
r
f
o
r
m
anc
e
r
a
t
i
o
wi
th sma
l
l te
mpera
t
ur
e
a
n
d
i
rra
dia
t
io
n l
o
sses a
s
c
o
mpa
r
ed
wi
th
the
ot
her
t
h
ree
t
y
pes.
Fi
gu
re
7.
3
D
pl
ot
o
f
ca
rs ga
ra
ge
usi
n
g Pvs
y
s
t
6.
F
i
gu
r
e
8.
S
y
ste
m
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d e
n
er
g
y
wi
t
h
s
h
a
d
i
ng.
Ta
ble
4.
S
y
st
e
m
an
n
u
al
g
e
ne
ra
t
i
on
an
d
l
o
ss
es
a
t
t
i
l
t
a
ngle
19
o
wi
th
sha
d
i
n
g
.
P
V
m
ode
l
An
nua
l a
v
aila
ble
e
n
er
gy (kWh/yr
)
Pe
rf
or
m
a
nc
e r
a
tio
%
I
r
r
a
dia
tion loss
%
T
e
mp
e
r
at
u
r
e l
o
s
s
%
JA
M6-60-
260 4032
4
59.
9
0.
75
9.
43
JA
P6-
60-260
3889
7
57.
71
0.
88
10.
37
F
S
-
4112-3
4136
3
62.
36
0.
19
6.
82
S
L
2-145 3912
0
61.
08
1.
66
7.
57
The
si
mula
ti
o
n
of
the
P
V
syst
em
f
o
r
ea
c
h
t
ype
of
P
V
pa
ne
l
w
i
t
h
sha
d
i
n
g
ef
fe
c
t
sh
ow
s t
h
at
th
e
nu
mb
er of b
a
tte
ri
es
use
d
(t
yp
e Ro
l
l
s S1
2-2
9
0
A
G
M
)
a
r
e
eq
u
a
l to (8
×
1
2
)
for
e
ach
c
a
se
a
l
so
th
e d
a
i
l
y
ge
ne
ra
te
d
e
n
er
gy
(
E
L
)
a
r
e
e
q
u
a
l
to
1
4
6
6
88
Wh/
d
ay
fo
r
the
C
d
Te
PV
pan
e
l
ty
pe
w
h
i
l
e
f
o
r
the
ot
he
r
t
h
r
e
e
t
y
p
e
s
it i
s
eq
u
a
l
t
o
1
464
00
Wh
/
d
a
y
. The
r
ef
ore
,
th
e
fo
l
l
o
w
i
n
g re
su
lt
s
w
ill
focu
s
on
t
h
e
C
d
Te
typ
e
w
ith
shad
i
n
g
ef
f
e
c
t
b
e
c
a
u
s
e of
it
s
h
i
gh
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
en
ergy
a
m
on
g th
e
o
t
h
e
rs
.
F
i
gu
r
e
9 show
s t
h
e e
f
fec
tiv
e
e
n
e
r
gy
a
t
t
h
e
out
put
of
t
h
e a
r
r
a
y a
g
ai
n
s
t gl
o
b
al
i
n
ci
d
e
nt
i
r
r
a
di
at
i
on
whi
l
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
1
0
s
how
s t
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
e
n
er
gy
f
o
r
e
ach m
ont
h
du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
ye
a
r
.
Ta
ble
5 sho
w
s
the
mai
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
f
o
r t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
ed s
y
ste
m
usi
n
g
CdTe
P
V
p
a
ne
ls.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Desi
g
n
a
n
d
pe
rf
orm
a
nce
an
a
l
ysi
s
of
St
an
d
-
alo
n
e
PV
Sy
st
em
at Al-N
ahr
ai
n … (A
nas L
a
t
e
e
f
Ma
hm
o
o
d
)
9
27
Fi
g
ur
e 9
.
Eff
ectiv
e
en
er
gy
of
t
h
e
a
r
ra
y
.
Fi
g
ur
e 10
.
N
o
r
ma
liz
ed
en
er
gy
of
th
e P
V
s
y
st
em.
Tabl
e 5. S
i
mul
a
t
i
on varia
n
t b
a
l
a
nc
es
a
n
d
ma
i
n
res
u
lt
s.
G
l
obH
or
kWh/m
2
G
l
obE
f
f
kWh/m
2
E
_
Ava
il
kW
h
E
U
nused
kWh
E
_
Miss
kWh
E_U
s
e
r
kWh
E_
Lo
a
d
kWh
SolF
ra
c
Jan
uar
y
83.
6
67.
0
20
19
0.
3
250
6
204
2
45
47
0.
449
F
ebr
uar
y
10
1.
0
82.
0
24
40
0.
6
177
5
233
2
41
07
0.
568
Ma
rch
14
8.
4
12
0.
9
35
14
0.
6
108
6
346
1
45
47
0.
761
Apr
i
l
16
8.
9
13
8.
3
39
51
0.
5
55
4
384
7
44
01
0.
874
Ma
y
19
7.
2
15
8.
9
44
20
0.
6
22
9
431
8
45
47
0.
9
5
Jun
e
21
2.
5
16
9.
4
46
34
59
.
8
0
440
1
44
01
1.
000
July
21
5.
4
17
3.
6
46
92
11
7.4
0
454
7
45
47
1.
000
Aug
u
st
20
1.
9
16
7.
9
45
43
0.
9
0
454
7
45
47
1.
000
Sep
t
em
be
r
17
2.
5
14
3.
5
39
61
0.
0
40
3
399
8
44
01
0.
908
Oc
to
be
r
13
0.
2
10
5.
5
30
00
0.
9
163
0
291
7
45
47
0.
642
No
v
e
mb
er
96.
8
78.
6
23
20
0.
0
215
1
224
9
44
01
0.
511
De
c
e
mb
er
77.
8
62.
4
18
68
0.
3
272
8
181
9
45
47
0.
400
Yea
r
1
806
.2
1
467
.9
4
136
3
18
1.9
1
306
3
40
47
8
535
41
0.
756
Le
gen
ds
G
l
obHo
r
H
o
r
i
zont
al glo
bal ir
ra
diation
E_
Mi
s
s
Missing
en
er
gy
G
l
obEf
f
E
ffective
G
l
oba
l, cor
r
.
for
IA
M and sha
d
ing
s
E_
U
s
er
E
n
er
gy
s
u
pp
l
i
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
us
e
r
E_
A
v
ai
l
A
v
ail
a
ble Solar
E
n
er
gy
E_
L
o
ad
Ene
r
g
y
ne
ed
of the
user
(
Load)
E
U
nuse
d
U
n
u
s
ed
ene
r
g
y (bat
ter
y
full)
SolF
ra
c
Sola
r f
r
a
c
ti
o
n
(
E
Used
/ E
l
o
ad)
4.
FINA
NC
IA
L A
NALYSIS
The
fi
na
nci
a
l
ana
l
ysi
s
mu
st
be ca
rri
e
d
out
acc
o
r
di
ng t
o
t
h
e l
onge
st l
i
f
e c
o
mp
on
ent
of al
l
syst
em
p
a
rt
s. For
th
e
PV mo
du
le
s used
t
h
e lif
e
cy
cle
is aro
und
25
y
e
a
r
s, wh
ile
for
t
h
e
st
o
r
ag
e
ba
tte
r
i
e
s
it
is 10 y
e
ars.
There
f
ore
t
h
e
ba
tt
e
r
i
e
s ne
e
d
t
o
be
re
pl
ac
ed
t
w
i
c
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
2
5
yea
r
s.
T
h
e
P
V
m
o
dule
co
st
s (
PV
C
),
st
o
r
ag
e
b
a
tte
r
i
e
s
co
st (
B
C
)
,
i
nve
rt
er c
o
st
(
Inv
C
) a
n
d
c
h
arge
co
nt
rol
l
er c
o
st (
C
C
)
costs were
taken
f
r
om
t
h
e Free
Cl
ea
n
S
ol
ar.co
m
we
b
si
t
e
. T
h
e
i
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
on c
o
st
(
I
C
) i
s
t
a
ke
n a
s
1
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
pane
ls
c
o
st
.
Gi
v
e
n
a
n
i
n
fl
at
ion
ra
t
e
(i
)
of
4% a
n
d
di
sco
unt
rat
e
(d)
o
f
8%
, t
h
e s
y
st
e
m
l
i
f
e c
y
c
l
e
cost
a
n
d t
h
e
uni
t
el
ec
tric
al
c
o
st
ca
n
be est
i
mat
e
d as
sh
ow
n
bel
o
w
[
20].
The
a
nnua
l
O
p
erat
ion
an
d Ma
int
e
na
nc
e c
o
st
(
OM
C
)
c
o
st
s ca
n
be
ca
lc
ul
at
e
d
a
s
fol
l
o
w
s;
2%PV
(3
)
Si
nce
the
l
i
fe c
y
c
l
e
of t
h
e
use
d
bat
t
e
ry i
s
eq
ual
t
o
1
0
yea
r
s t
h
en i
t
must
b
e
re
pl
ace
d two
t
i
m
e
s
duri
n
g t
h
e 2
5
yea
r
s
.
T
h
e
fi
rs
t
and s
eco
n
d
ba
tt
ery
re
pl
ac
ement
c
o
st
s (
B
C1
and
B
C2
) ar
e ca
l
c
ul
at
ed af
te
r 1
0
a
n
d
2
0
ye
ars
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
e
l
y
a
s
fo
ll
o
w
s;
B
(4
)
B
(5)
The syst
em
’s li
fe
c
y
cl
e cost
(
LC
C
) c
a
n
be
c
a
l
c
ul
at
ed
as
f
o
ll
o
w
s;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
2
1
–
930
92
8
(6
)
The
a
n
nual
l
i
fe
cyc
l
e c
o
st
(
ALC
C
) ca
n
be
ca
lc
ul
at
ed a
s
fol
l
o
ws;
LC
(7
)
The a
n
n
u
al
li
fe
c
y
cl
e cost
i
n
a
ddi
ti
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
d
a
il
y ge
nerat
e
d
ener
gy (
E
L
) b
y
t
h
e PV
syst
e
m
ca
n be
use
d
t
o
fi
n
d
th
e
un
it el
ec
tr
ic
al
c
o
st (
U
C
) in
$/k
W
h
as
fol
l
ow
s [2
1];
(8
)
Acco
rdi
n
g to t
h
e a
b
o
v
e m
e
t
h
od
olo
g
y
,
t
a
bl
e 6 s
u
mmariz
e
s
the
c
o
st ana
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
syst
em
fo
r
ea
ch t
ype
of t
h
e
fo
u
r
P
V
p
a
nel
s
.
The
c
o
s
t
s
of c
a
b
l
e
s,
d
e
si
gn, m
e
t
e
ri
ng
a
n
d c
o
ntrol
devi
ce
s
are
l
a
mpe
d
t
oget
h
e
r
as
1
0
%
o
f
e
qui
p
m
e
n
t
cost
.
Tabl
e
6. C
o
st
a
n
a
l
ysi
s
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
syst
em.
PV
m
odel
PV
m
odule unit
cos
t/tota
l cost
Ba
tte
ry unit
cos
t/tota
l cost
Inve
rte
r
uni
t
co
s
t
/
t
o
t
a
l
co
s
t
C
ontrol
l
er
unit
cost
/tota
l cost
D
a
ily gene
ra
te
d
en
e
r
gy
(
E
L
)
Unit e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
al
co
s
t
(
U
C
)
JA
M
6
-
6
0-
260
$390/
$49
920
$590/
$66
080
$100
0/$2
000
$100
0/$2
000
1464
00 Wh/
d
a
y
0247 $/
kWh
JAP
6
-60-
260
$390/
$49
920
$590/
$66
080
$100
0/$2
000
$100
0/$2
000
1464
00
Wh/
d
a
y
0247
$/
kWh
FS-
4112-
3 $150/
$43
500
$590/
$66
080
$100
0/$2
000
$100
0/$2
000
1466
88
Wh/
d
a
y
0236
$/
kWh
SL
2-145
$260/
$57
720
$590/
$66
080
$100
0/$2
000
$100
0/$2
000
1464
00 Wh/
d
a
y
0259 $/
kWh
5.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
In
th
is r
e
s
ear
c
h
,
th
e
car
sh
ed
s in
t
h
e
g
a
rag
e
of t
h
e Co
lle
g
e
of Eng
i
nee
r
ing
w
e
re
uti
liz
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
pu
rpose
of
desi
g
n
in
g
a
st
a
n
d
-
al
o
n
e
PV
s
y
st
em. T
h
e e
l
e
c
t
r
i
cal
ene
r
g
y
gene
rat
e
d
fr
om t
h
is
P
V
syst
e
m
was
sug
g
este
d
f
o
r
use i
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
ng el
ec
tri
cal
e
n
erg
y
for t
h
e
e
x
te
rnal
li
ght
i
ng
o
f
t
h
e
gar
a
ge a
nd t
h
e
i
n
te
rnal
li
g
h
tin
g
o
f
t
h
e
wo
rk
sho
p
s
loc
a
t
e
d
in th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
ad
ja
cen
t to th
e
g
a
r
a
g
e
.
Fo
ur
ty
p
e
s of
s
o
la
r ce
ll
s
w
i
th
com
p
ara
b
le
e
ffi
ci
ency
we
re
u
s
e
d
a
n
d c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
see
whi
c
h
of t
h
ese
t
y
p
e
s i
s
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e
f
o
r us
e i
n
Ira
q
’s hi
gh
te
mp
e
r
atu
r
e sum
m
er c
lim
at
e.
Th
e
r
e
su
lts sh
ow
th
at
Cd
Te
so
la
r p
a
n
e
l i
s
b
e
tt
er
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r t
h
re
e ty
p
e
s
because it has f
e
w losses due
t
o
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
rise
. The ec
o
n
o
mi
c ana
l
ysi
s
of the
syst
em sho
w
e
d
tha
t
t
h
i
s
t
ype
pro
v
i
d
es t
h
e l
o
w
e
st
p
r
ic
e per
kil
o
wa
tt
h
o
u
r
uni
t w
h
e
n
co
m
p
are
d
wit
h
ot
h
e
r p
r
evi
o
us
w
o
rk
s
(0.2
3
8
$/
k
W
h i
n
Ira
q)
suc
h
a
s
i
n
[22
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
s
ence
o
f
hi
g
h
t
r
ee
s
su
rro
u
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
gara
ge
a
n
d
t
h
e
res
u
l
t
i
ng
sha
d
ows
fro
m
i
t
ha
d
a noti
c
ea
bl
e ef
fec
t
i
n
re
d
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e el
e
c
t
r
i
cal
ener
g
y
ge
ne
ra
t
e
d b
y
the
s
y
st
e
m
. T
h
e prese
n
c
e
o
f
s
h
a
d
ow
s has a
n
e
f
f
e
ct
o
n
th
e op
ti
mal
ti
lt
an
g
l
e
o
f
so
lar p
a
n
e
ls
; f
o
r e
x
a
m
p
l
e, i
t
i
s
f
oun
d b
y
sim
u
la
tion
th
at t
h
e
b
e
st
ti
lt a
n
g
l
e
is
19
de
gre
e
s
i
n
s
t
ea
d
of
3
0
de
gre
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
syst
e
m
. It
i
s
p
o
ssib
l
e t
o
re
duc
e t
h
e
i
m
pact
of s
h
ad
o
w
s
ca
use
d
b
y
t
r
ees
sur
r
o
u
ndi
ng
t
h
e
si
t
e
by c
o
nd
u
c
t
i
ng
a
pru
n
i
n
g
p
r
oc
ess
o
f
t
h
e
s
e t
r
ee
s, f
o
r
e
x
ample
,
it
is
p
o
ssi
bl
e
t
o
i
n
c
r
ease
t
h
e a
nnu
a
l
e
n
e
r
gy
fro
m
t
h
e
pa
nel
s
by
7
.
6
% i
f
t
h
e t
r
ee
s ha
ve
(1
2m
h
e
i
ght
, 3
.
5
m
me
di
u
m
di
amet
er). O
n
e
of
t
h
e
mai
n
p
r
obl
e
m
s
t
h
at
ma
y fa
ce the
wo
rk
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
op
ose
d
s
y
st
em
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
obl
e
m
of
t
h
e
ac
cum
u
la
ti
on
of du
st
a
n
d
l
e
a
v
es fal
l
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e sol
a
r pa
nel
s
, w
h
i
c
h
wi
ll
lead to re
d
u
ce t
h
e gene
ra
t
e
d e
n
erg
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
nel
,
es
p
e
ci
al
ly si
nce
t
h
e at
mos
p
here
o
f
Ira
q
i
s
c
h
ara
c
t
e
ri
z
e
d
by
t
h
e
prese
n
c
e
of
dust
in
s
u
mmer
.
There
f
ore
,
re
g
u
la
r c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g o
f
the
s
o
la
r
pa
n
e
l
s
sh
o
u
ld
be
c
a
rri
e
d
out
for t
h
e
p
u
rpo
s
e
of
rem
ovi
ng
t
h
e
i
m
pact
o
f
d
u
st
an
d d
i
r
t
ac
c
u
mu
la
te
d on
th
e
m
.
A
s
a
fu
tur
e
wo
rk to
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
it
is po
ssib
l
e
to re
duc
e
th
e sh
a
d
i
n
g
e
f
fe
c
t
by
usi
n
g P
V
a
r
ray
co
nfi
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
o
me
o
f
t
h
ese
co
nfi
g
u
r
at
i
ons
c
oul
d
be
fo
un
d
i
n
[2
3-2
5
].
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
Z
a
id Hu
sse
i
n Ali
,
Ab
du
ll
a
h
Kha
l
i
d
Ahm
e
d, A
m
e
r
Ta
ye
s Sa
e
e
d,
“
M
o
d
el
in
g
sol
a
r
m
o
du
le
s p
e
rform
a
n
ce
u
nder
temp
era
t
ur
e and
solar rad
i
at
io
n
of wes
t
ern Ir
aq
”
Intern
at
io
nal
Jour
na
l of
Pow
e
r
Ele
c
tro
n
ics
and
Drive Syst
e
m
(IJP
E
DS)
,
Vol.
9
,
No
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
842-1
8
5
0
,
Dec
20
1
8
.
[2]
Curti
s
Austi
n
,
Ralph
Borja, and
Jeffery
P
h
illip
s
, “A stud
y ex
amin
in
g ph
otovo
ltaic so
lar
p
o
w
e
r as an
alt
e
rnat
ive
f
o
r
th
e reb
u
i
lding
o
f
the
Ir
aqi e
l
e
c
trical p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
tion
infrastru
ct
ure,”
mb
a p
r
of
e
s
sio
n
a
l
re
po
rt
,
nav
a
l
po
st
gra
d
u
a
t
e
sc
ho
ol
(np
s
)
: M
o
nterey
, C
a
lifor
n
ia,
200
5.
[3]
F
a
yad
h
M
.
Ab
e
d
, Y. A
l
-Do
u
ri,
Gh
azy M
.
Y. A
l
-S
h
a
hery
, “Rev
iew
on
th
e en
erg
y
and
ren
e
w
a
ble
energ
y
sta
t
u
s
in
Iraq: Th
e
ou
tloo
ks,
”
Ren
e
wab
l
e
&
S
u
staina
bl
e En
ergy Rev
i
ews
, vol
. 3
9
,
pp.
8
1
6
-827
,
No
v 2
0
1
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Desi
g
n
a
n
d
pe
rf
orm
a
nce
an
a
l
ysi
s
of
St
an
d
-
alo
n
e
PV
Sy
st
em
at Al-N
ahr
ai
n … (A
nas L
a
t
e
e
f
Ma
hm
o
o
d
)
9
29
[4]
Ahm
e
d
Al
a
h
m
e
d,
Sa
la
hu
di
n Iq
b
a
l
Sid
i
ki,
Ya
hy
a Al
ha
rt
hi,
Gh
ulam
M.
Ch
a
u
dhry
,
Ma
h
b
u
b
e K. S
i
dd
i
k
i
,
“
D
e
s
i
gn,
sim
u
la
ti
on
a
n
d
fi
na
n
c
ia
l
a
n
a
l
ysi
s
of Sta
n
d
-
alo
n
e
Ph
ot
ov
olt
a
ic
Sy
st
e
m
a
t
Un
ive
r
si
t
y
of Mi
sso
u
ri-Ka
n
sa
s
Cit
y
,
Mi
ss
o
u
r
i
, U
S
A,
”
IE
E
E
43
rd
Ph
ot
ovolta
ic S
p
e
c
i
alists
Conferen
c
e
(
P
VSC)
,
p
p
.
32
87
-3
29
1, 201
6
.
[5]
Au
stin
Bu
sh
ur,
K
e
v
i
n
Ward,
Tommy
Fl
ahav
en
, To
m K
e
lly
,
Ji
n H. J
o
,
an
d M
a
tt
Aldem
a
n,
“
T
echno
-
econ
o
m
i
c
e
v
a
l
ua
ti
o
n
of i
n
sta
l
li
ng
EV a
n
d P
V
c
o
m
b
ine
d
i
n
fra
s
tru
c
t
u
re
on
Aca
d
e
m
i
c
In
st
it
uti
o
n
’
s
Pa
rk
in
g
Ga
rage
s i
n
Il
li
no
is,
”
AI
M
S
E
n
er
gy
,
U
S
A,
vol.
7
,
n
o
.
1,
2
0
1
9
,
pp.
31
-45
.
[6]
F
a
rhan
a
U
m
er
,
et a
l
, “D
esign
a
n
d op
timiza
tio
n
of s
o
lar c
a
rp
or
t
can
op
ies
fo
r
maximu
m po
we
r gen
e
ra
tion
an
d
effic
i
ency
at
B
a
haw
a
lp
ur,”
Hi
ndawi
Inte
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of Ph
oto
e
ne
rgy
, vo
l. 2
0
1
9
,
pp.
1-8,
2
019
.
[7]
P
e
ter G
e
v
o
rk
ian
,
“S
olar P
o
wer i
n
b
u
ilding
d
e
s
i
g
n
th
e eng
i
ne
er’s
compl
e
te d
e
sig
n
res
o
u
r
ce,”
McGr
aw-Hil
l
, 2
008
,
DOI:
10
.
1
0
3
6
/
00
71
48
56
35
.
[8]
C.
Ja
c
k
son, G H
a
rt
nel
l
“
S
o
l
a
r
c
a
r
p
a
rk
s:
a
g
u
i
d
e
fo
r own
e
rs a
n
d
de
ve
l
ope
rs,”
BR
E
N
a
ti
on
al
C
e
n
t
r
e
,
20
16.
[9]
A.
L.
Ma
hm
o
od, “
D
e
s
i
gn
a
n
d
sim
u
la
tio
n
of
sta
n
d
-
a
l
on
e p
v
sy
st
em
fo
r
e
l
ec
tro
n
i
c a
n
d
c
o
m
m
uni
ca
ti
on
s
e
ngin
e
e
r
i
n
g
d
e
pa
rtm
e
n
t
l
a
bora
t
orie
s i
n
Al
-Na
h
ra
in
Uni
v
e
r
si
ty
,”
EA
I En
do
re
s
d
Tran
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
on
En
e
r
g
y
We
b
. Vol
.
6,
Issu
e 2
1
,
20
19
, Do
i:
1
0
.4
1
0
8
/
ea
i.13
-7-2
01
8
.
1
564
38
.
[10]
Afan
een
A
.
Abb
o
o
d
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
A
.
Sa
lih
,
H
a
sa
n
N
.
M
u
slim,
“
M
an
agem
ent
o
f
ele
c
tricity
p
e
ak
load
fo
r
res
i
den
t
i
a
l
se
c
t
o
r
i
n
Ba
g
h
d
a
d c
i
t
y
by
u
s
i
n
g
so
la
r ge
ne
rat
i
o
n
,
”
In
t
e
rn
at
io
nal
J
ourna
l
of
E
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
, vol
. 8
,
no
. 1
,
p
p
.
63
-72,
20
17.
[11]
Emad
J
a
lee
l
M
a
hdi, S
a
h
i
b
N
a
ma Ab
du
l-Wahid
,
S
a
rmad
S
h
ak
er
A
bdu
ls
tar, S
a
bih
a
A. S
a
hab
,
As
maa
H
a
ssan
M
o
sli,
“Opt
imum Orientat
ion
of
Sola
r Pa
n
e
ls i
n
Ba
g
hda
d c
i
t
y
,”
J
o
urna
l of Ba
srah
Re
searc
h
e
s
((Sci
e
n
c
e
s))
, v
o
l
.
37
,
no
.
3
,
Jun
e
20
11
.
[12]
An
as Lateef
M
a
hmo
od,
“Da
t
e/
Time
Oper
ated
Two
Axis S
o
lar
Radi
ation
Tr
ac
king
S
y
s
t
em
for
Bag
h
d
a
d
City
”
In
te
rna
t
io
na
l J
ourna
l o
f
A
p
plied
En
gine
ering
Res
e
arch
, v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
7
,
pp
.
55
34
-5
53
7,
20
18
.
[13]
http
:/
/ww
w
.
s
olar
des
i
gn
to
ol
.com
/
c
ompo
nen
t
s
/
mo
d
u
le-pan
e
l
-sol
a
r
/JA-Sol
a
r/
16
55
/JAM
6-60-260-SI/
s
p
ecification-
data-sheet
.
h
t
m
l
[14]
ht
tp
s:
//
www
.so
l
a
r
s
u
p
p
ly
.s
e/c
m
s/
wp
-c
o
n
tent
/u
plo
a
ds
/2
01
2/0
2
/JA
P
6-60
-24
0
-26
0
-3
BB.pd
f
[15]
http
:/
/ww
w
.
s
olar
des
i
gn
to
ol
.com
/
c
ompo
nen
t
s
/
mo
d
u
le-pan
el
-sol
ar
/First-Solar
/3895
/
FS
-41
1
2
-
3/specific
a
tio
n
-d
ata-
sh
eet.h
tml
[16]
ht
tp
s:
//
sol
i
b
r
o-
so
lar.co
m/fi
le
ad
min/image
/
05
_N
ew
s_
Dow
n
load
s
/
Dow
n
load
s/D
a
ta_
s
heets/G2
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/S
olibro
_d
atas
hee
t
_
S
L2
_G2
-
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20
17-0
4
_
R
ev0
3_EN.p
d
f
[17]
So
te
ri
s
A. Ka
l
ogiro
u,
“
S
o
l
a
r En
erg
y
En
gi
ne
e
r
i
ng,
” 2
n
d
ed.
(Acad
e
m
ic
P
r
ess
)
, 2
014
.
[18]
Olatu
nde
Isiol
a
o
t
an, Hartmu
t An
dro
s
ch,
D
r
.
H
e
lmut St
adter
,
“
Sola
r
Ph
o
t
ov
ol
taic Inst
al
lati
on
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
sio
n
,
”
3rd
e
d
.
(GIZ,
NESP),
2016.
[19]
http
:/
/s
olard
a
t.u
o
r
eg
on.
edu
/
P
o
lar
S
unCh
a
rtP
r
o
g
ram.p
hp
[20]
E
.
T. El Shen
awy,
et
a
l
, “Des
ig
n
and
Op
tim
iza
t
i
on o
f
S
t
an
d-alo
n
e P
V
S
y
stem f
o
r Eg
ypt
ian
Rur
a
l Co
mm
u
n
i
t
ies
,
”
In
te
rna
t
io
na
l J
ourna
l o
f
A
p
plied
En
gine
ering
Res
e
arch
,
vol. 12
, n
o
. 2
0
,
pp.
10
43
3
-
10
44
6,
20
1
7
.
[21]
Elies
e
r
Tar
i
g
a
n
,
Djuw
ari, Las
m
a
n
P
u
rb
a, “Ass
ess
m
e
n
t o
f
PV
Power
Generati
on
for
H
o
u
s
e
h
ol
d
in
Su
ra
ba
y
a
Usi
n
g
So
la
r GIS-pv
Pl
a
n
n
e
r
S
i
m
u
lat
i
on
,”
En
erg
y
Pr
oc
edi
a
,
v
o
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5
-9
3, 20
14
.
[22]
A.
Al-Karagh
o
u
li and
L.
Kazm
er
s
k
i,
“Op
t
im
iza
t
i
o
n
an
d
lif
e
-cy
c
l
e
cos
t
of h
e
a
l
th
cl
in
ic
PV
s
y
stem
f
o
r
a
rura
l
are
a
in
southern Iraq
using HOMER
soft
w
a
r
e
,
”
So
la
r En
er
gy
, v
o
l
.
8
4
,
n
o
.
4,
pp
71
0-71
4
,
20
10.
[23]
M
o
h
a
m
m
ad
S
y
a
h
ir Bin
Is
hak
,
R
a
hma
t
u
l
H
i
day
a
h S
a
limin
,
Ism
a
il M
u
s
i
rin,
Zulk
iffli Ab
du
l H
a
mi
d,
“D
ev
elopm
en
t
o
f
PV
a
r
ra
y c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
tio
n
un
d
e
r d
i
ffe
r
e
n
t p
a
rtia
l sha
d
in
g c
o
ndit
i
on
”
Internat
ion
a
l Journal
of
P
o
wer
E
l
ectronics
an
d D
r
ive S
y
s
t
e
m
(IJP
E
D
S)
,
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.
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p
.
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6
3
-1
26
9,
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p
2
0
1
9
.
[24]
M.
Z. Sha
m
s El-De
i
n
,
Me
h
r
d
a
d
Ka
ze
ra
ni, M.
M.
A.
Sa
l
a
m
a
,
“Optim
al
Ph
oto
v
o
ltaic
A
rra
y
R
econfigu
r
ation
t
o
Redu
ce P
a
rtial
S
h
ad
in
g Los
s
es
,”
IEEE T
r
an
sa
c
t
io
ns
on
S
u
staina
bl
e En
ergy
,
vo
l.
4
,
n
o
.
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Jan
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13
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[25]
G.
S
a
i K
r
is
hn
a,
Tu
kara
m
M
o
ger
,
“Re
c
o
n
fig
u
r
a
tion
s
t
ra
te
g
i
es
for
redu
cing
pa
rtial
sh
ading
effects
in
ph
otovo
lt
aic
arrays
: S
t
ate
o
f
th
e ar
t,”
So
lar
En
erg
y
,
Vo
l. 182
,
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. 4
2
9
-
45
2, Apr
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Int
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o
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1
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.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
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2
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–
930
93
0
BIOGRAPHIES
OF AUTH
O
R
S
An
a
s
Lat
e
ef Mah
m
oo
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
hi
s
B.S
c
. in Elec
t
r
on
ic
a
nd Com
m
u
n
i
ca
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i
o
n
s
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
n
g
from
A
l
-Nah
rain
U
n
i
v
ersity
in
1
9
9
9
.
He r
e
c
e
iv
ed
h
i
s
M
.
Sc.
an
d P
h
.D
. in
E
l
ectro
n
i
c an
d
Com
m
un
ica
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io
ns En
g
i
ne
e
r
in
g
/ El
ec
t
r
on
ic Ci
rcui
ts
a
nd Sy
st
e
m
s fro
m Al
-Na
h
ra
i
n
Uni
v
e
r
sity
Co
llege
o
f
eng
i
n
e
ering
in
2
002
, a
n
d 2
0
0
7
res
p
e
c
tively.
He
is
curr
e
n
tly
th
e
he
ad
of
Electron
i
c
an
d
Com
m
un
ica
t
io
ns De
pa
rtm
e
n
t
.
Hi
s re
se
a
r
c
h
i
n
te
re
st i
n
cl
ud
e
s
powe
r
el
ec
tro
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ic
s a
nd re
n
e
wa
ble
en
ergy.
A
m
in
a M
a
hmou
d S
h
akir
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e B.S
c
. d
e
gr
ee
in
Ele
ctrical
Engine
ering
fro
m
the
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
of Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
/Ba
g
hd
a
d
, Ira
q
in 19
9
0
,
h
e
r M.Sc
.
i
n
po
we
r
a
nd m
a
c
h
in
e e
ngin
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e
r
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ng
fro
m the
U
n
iversity
of
Te
chn
o
log
y
/Ba
g
hd
ad, Ir
aq
in 19
98
, her P
h
.D
. in
p
o
w
er s
y
stem
and
mach
ine fro
m
Ba
gh
d
a
d u
n
i
ve
rsi
t
y
i
n
20
07,
she
is n
o
w a
lec
t
ure
r
at
Al
Na
hra
i
n
Uni
v
e
r
sit
y
/
El
ec
tr
onic
a
nd
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s En
gi
ne
e
r
in
g De
pa
rt
me
nt
.
He
r inte
re
st
r
e
sear
ch
es
includ
e ph
otov
o
l
taic mod
e
lin
g
an
d con
t
rol,
energy
co
nv
er
sion from re
new
a
ble so
urc
e
s
an
d po
we
r e
l
ectro
n
i
cs.
(amin
aalk
a
fa
jiam@
g
mail.com)
Bah
aa
Ab
dulkh
aliq
N
u
man
is
ass
i
s
t
an
t le
ctu
r
er in
co
lleg
e
of
eng
i
n
eering
,
electron
i
c
an
d
co
mmuni
ca
tion
s
d
e
par
t
men
t
, A
l
-
N
ah
rain U
n
iv
ersity
, Ir
aq. S
h
e g
o
t
h
e
r
BS
c
.
deg
r
e
e
in e
l
ectron
i
c
en
gine
erin
g fro
m Diyal
a
un
iver
s
i
ty,
Iraq 2
005
,
M
S
c. d
e
gre
e
in
ele
c
tro
n
ic
and
co
mmun
i
c
a
ti
on
s
en
gi
ne
er
in
g f
r
o
m A
l
-
N
ahr
a
in
Un
iver
s
i
t
y
,
I
r
a
q
,
20
16
. Her
mai
n
in
ter
e
st
in
th
e
el
e
c
tr
o
n
i
c
an
d
co
mmuni
ca
tion
s
fie
l
d,
po
wer ele
c
tron
ic a
n
d
re
n
e
wab
l
e en
ergy
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.