In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
1894~
19
05
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp1894-1905
1894
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
A fuzzy logic co
ntroller based
brushless DC m
o
tor using PF
C
cuk
converter
S
a
n
a
tan
Ku
mar
, D
e
b
an
jan
R
oy,
M
ad
hu
S
i
n
gh
D
e
partem
en
t of El
ectri
c
a
l
E
ngi
n
eeri
n
g
, Natio
nal Ins
t
it
u
t
e o
f
T
e
c
h
no
lo
gy
,
Ind
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Mar
13,
2
0
1
9
Re
vise
d A
p
r
20,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
8
,
2019
Th
is
p
ap
er
p
res
e
nt
s
a
PF
C
(P
ower
F
act
or
C
o
r
rectio
n)
C
u
k
c
o
n
vert
er
f
ed
BLD
C
(
Brushle
s
s
DC)
m
o
tor
driv
e
an
d
t
h
e
s
p
eed
o
f
BLDC
m
oto
r
i
s
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
P
F
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
re
empl
oyed
t
o
e
nhance
t
h
e
power
qu
ality.
The
Brushl
ess
DC
m
o
t
or
s
peed
i
s
un
der t
h
e co
nt
ro
l
of
D
C-bus v
oltage
o
f
V
S
I-V
o
ltag
e S
o
u
r
c
e
I
nv
er
t
e
r
in
w
hich
sw
it
chin
g
o
f
l
o
w
f
req
u
ency
i
s
use
d
.
Th
i
s
h
e
l
ps
i
n
the
electro
ni
c
com
m
u
tati
on
of
B
LDC
m
o
to
rs
t
h
u
s
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n
g
th
e
s
w
itchi
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l
oss
e
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in
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S
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.
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D
BR
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iode
Brid
ge
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ectifier)
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e
xt
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o
t
h
e
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uk
c
on
verter
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o
n
t
r
ol
s
th
e
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at
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C
li
nk
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i
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te
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B
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hl
es
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ot
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B
L
D
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)
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nver
t
e
r
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nti
nuo
u
s
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od
e
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i
sco
n
tin
uo
us C
urre
nt
M
ode
(DCM)
F
u
z
z
y Lo
gic
Con
t
ro
l
l
er
(
F
L
C)
P
o
w
e
r F
a
c
t
or
C
orre
ction
(P
FC)
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
S
a
natan
K
u
ma
r,
D
e
pa
rtem
ent o
f
E
lectr
i
c
a
l E
n
gi
nee
r
in
g,
Na
t
i
o
n
a
l
In
s
titu
t
e
of
Te
ch
n
o
lo
gy
,
Jam
s
hed
pur,
Jhark
h
a
nd-
8
3
1
014,
Ind
ia
.
Em
ail:
201
5r
se
e00
1
@
n
i
tj
sr.
a
c
.
in
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Brus
h
l
ess
D
C
m
ot
ors
a
r
e
m
o
st
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
m
ot
ors
ga
i
n
i
n
g
imp
o
rta
n
c
e
be
ca
use
of
p
ow
er
q
ual
ity
enha
nc
em
en
ts.
The
s
e
m
o
t
o
rs
posse
ss
h
i
gh
relia
b
i
lit
y,
h
igh
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y,
h
igh
ru
g
g
ed
ness,
h
i
gh
p
o
w
e
r
de
nsit
y,
l
o
w
E
M
I
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
e
s
[
1
-
3
]
.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
u
m
a
n
d
l
ow
pow
er
a
pplica
t
io
ns
s
uc
h
a
s
h
o
u
s
e
hol
d
equ
i
pme
n
t,
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
e
qu
ipm
e
nt,
i
n
dus
t
r
i
a
l
t
o
ol
s,
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
,
ve
nt
il
at
ing
and
air
co
n
d
i
t
i
on
in
g
(HVAC
)
[
4
]
.
B
LD
C
mo
t
o
r
i
s
a
s
ync
h
r
on
ou
s
mot
o
r
i
n
w
hi
c
h
t
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
se
w
i
ndin
g
s
a
re
pre
s
en
t
o
n
t
he
s
ta
tor
w
h
e
r
ea
s
on
t
h
e
rot
o
r
there
w
i
l
l
b
e
perm
ane
n
t
ma
gne
ts.
T
h
e
H
a
ll
Effe
c
t
s
e
n
so
rs
s
ense
the
p
o
s
iti
on
o
f
t
h
e
rotor
f
o
r
el
ectronic
com
m
uta
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
m
o
t
or.
Th
is
c
o
m
m
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
ccor
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
he
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
ta
ble
hav
i
ng
si
x
sw
itc
he
s
o
f
V
S
I
-
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
our
ce
I
nverter
t
ha
t
a
r
e
turne
d
O
N
and
O
F
F
base
d
on
th
e
c
urre
nt
r
o
t
or
p
os
it
io
n.
T
hus
t
he
p
r
oble
m
s
ca
use
d
b
y
co
nve
n
t
i
ona
l
D
C
m
o
t
ors
li
k
e
n
oi
se,
spar
ki
n
g
,
EMI-
El
e
c
trom
ag
net
i
c
Inte
rfa
ce
e
t
c
.
c
an
b
e
elimi
n
a
t
e
d
by t
h
i
s
com
m
u
t
a
ti
on
[5-6].
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
ll
y,
B
LD
C
mot
o
r
is
s
e
r
ved
b
y
a
D
io
de
B
r
i
d
g
e
R
ec
tif
i
e
r-D
BR
a
nd
a
h
i
g
h
v
alue
D
C
lin
k
c
a
p
a
c
ito
r,
d
ra
wi
ng
h
igh
cu
rre
n
ts
w
it
h
hig
h
d
ist
o
rt
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
m
AC
m
a
ins
s
u
p
p
l
y
[
7
].
S
uch
c
u
rre
nt
h
as
r
e
d
uc
e
d
pow
er
f
ac
tor
i
.
e.
,
a
s
l
ow
a
s
0.7,
h
igh
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
ha
rm
on
i
c
s
resu
lt
ing
hi
g
h
TH
D
(Tota
l
H
a
r
m
oni
c
D
i
stor
tio
n)
i.e.
,
a
s
h
ig
h
as
6
5
%
a
t
A
C
m
ains,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
no
t
un
de
r
the
l
i
m
i
t
s
me
nt
ion
e
d
in
I
nt
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
St
a
n
dard
o
f
Pow
e
r Q
u
ality
IEC
6
1
0
0
0
-3-2
.
The
r
efor
e a si
ng
le p
h
a
se PF
C
(p
o
w
e
r
fa
c
t
o
r
corre
cti
on)
c
on
verter
s ar
e uti
l
i
z
e
d
for
p
o
w
e
r
qua
lit
y
im
pr
ovem
e
nt
a
t
A
C
m
ains.
Li
te
rature
[
8]
r
epor
ts
t
he
c
o
n
f
i
gur
at
ion
s
o
f
pow
er
c
on
ve
rsi
o
n
a
t
sing
le
s
ta
ge
w
i
t
h
iso
l
a
t
i
o
n an
d
w
itho
u
t
is
o
la
tio
n.
Differe
n
t
co
n
f
i
g
ura
t
ions
o
f
powe
r
f
ac
tor
c
o
rrec
t
ed
c
o
n
v
erte
r
b
a
sed
BLD
C
m
o
t
ors
ha
ve
b
ee
n
me
ntio
ne
d i
n
l
i
t
e
r
at
ure
. A
P
FC b
o
o
st c
o
n
ve
r
t
er servi
ng BL
D
C
m
ot
or dr
i
v
e
is re
porte
d
i
n
[9, 10],
w
h
ic
h P
W
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A fuzzy
lo
gic
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
b
a
se
d
brus
hles
s D
C
m
o
t
o
r us
in
g P
F
C cuk
c
onv
er
ter (
S
a
nat
an
Kum
a
r)
1
895
(P
u
l
se
W
idt
h
M
odul
a
t
i
o
n
)
b
a
s
e
d
V
S
I
c
o
n
t
ro
l
i
s
u
sed
fo
r
sp
e
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
B
ut
t
he
h
i
gh
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
freq
u
e
ncy
of
P
W
M
p
u
l
se
s
c
a
use h
i
gh l
o
s
s
e
s
of sw
itc
hi
n
g
. The tec
h
ni
q
u
es
use
d
f
o
r
feed
i
ng BLD
C
a
l
s
o ca
u
s
e
h
i
gh los
s
e
s
in
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g.
T
h
u
s
D
C
l
i
n
k
v
o
l
t
a
ge
c
o
n
ce
pt
h
a
s
r
isen
f
or
r
educ
in
g
t
h
e
s
e
l
o
s
s
e
s
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
V
S
I
i
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
opera
tio
n
i
n
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
a
t
l
o
w
freque
nc
y.
B
r
i
dge
l
e
ss
co
nfi
gura
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
F
C
bu
ck
-bo
o
s
t
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r,
C
uk
con
v
er
t
e
r,
S
EPI
C
c
o
nve
r
t
er
a
nd
Ze
ta
c
on
ver
t
er
a
re
p
rop
o
se
d
i
n
[
1
2
-1
3]
r
espe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y.
T
h
e
se
r
e
duce
los
s
e
s
but
mor
e
n
um
ber
of
a
c
t
i
v
e
as w
ell
as
p
assi
ve
c
om
pone
n
t
s is r
equ
i
red
t
hu
s i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
c
o
s
t
.
The
op
tim
um
l
eve
l
o
f
perfor
m
a
n
ce
from
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
or
m
ig
ht
b
e
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
by
t
h
e
use
of
s
u
i
tab
l
e
spee
d
c
o
n
t
ro
lle
rs.
S
e
ver
a
l
con
t
ro
ll
e
r
s
like
pr
op
ort
i
ona
l
i
n
te
gr
al
(
PI),
F
u
z
z
y
l
ogi
c
co
nt
roll
e
r
(
F
L
C
)
a
nd
N
eu
ra
l
N
e
tw
ork
(N
N
)
a
re
o
ffer
ed
f
or
s
peed
c
o
n
tr
ol
o
f
suc
h
e
lec
t
ri
ca
l
d
r
i
ve
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
[
14]
.
The
P
I
c
ont
r
o
ller
is
m
a
i
n
l
y
use
d
d
u
e
t
o
its
e
ff
ort
l
e
s
s
c
o
n
t
ro
l
str
u
c
t
ure
a
n
d
ease
of
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
tio
n.
T
he
se
c
o
n
t
r
oll
e
r
s
a
t
the
sa
m
e
tim
e
pos
e
seve
ral
di
ff
i
c
u
lti
es
s
uc
h
as
c
on
t
r
o
l
c
om
plic
a
t
i
o
n,
n
o
n
line
ar
it
y,
l
oad
dist
urba
nc
es,
p
a
ra
me
t
r
i
c
v
a
r
ia
tio
ns
and
tim
e
d
e
la
y
e
d
sy
s
t
em
[15].
F
o
r
faster
d
yna
mic
re
sp
onse
F
u
zz
y
lo
g
i
c
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
e
r
o
r
in
c
om
bin
a
t
io
n
w
i
th
P
I
is
freq
u
e
n
t
l
y
acc
es
sed
con
t
ro
l
l
er
f
or
t
he
s
pee
d
c
on
trol
o
f
a
BLD
C
m
otor
d
r
i
ve.
A
p
p
l
ica
t
i
o
n
o
f
fuz
z
y
log
i
c
in
f
avor
o
f
a
p
o
w
e
r
fa
ctor
corr
ecti
o
n
co
n
v
erter
c
a
n
y
i
e
l
d
im
provem
e
n
t
s
due
t
o
it’s
e
nha
nc
e
p
e
r
fo
rman
c
e
o
f
th
e
sy
st
em
a
nd
c
an
o
f
f
er
g
ood
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
t
h
r
oug
hout
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
ti
on
s
o
f
l
o
a
d
o
r
outp
u
t
v
o
l
t
age
re
fere
nce
va
l
u
e.
T
here
a
r
e
n
u
m
erous
w
o
rks
t
h
a
t
u
se
f
uz
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
f
o
r
AP
F
C
,
but
t
he
se
w
or
ks
a
p
p
l
y
a
h
i
g
h
n
u
m
be
r
of
r
u
l
es,
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
an
add
i
tio
na
l
c
o
s
t
a
nd
dec
r
ea
se
t
he
r
a
p
idi
t
y
o
f
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
.
Thus,
in
thi
s
w
ork,
w
e
t
r
y
usin
g
F
L
C
w
ith
a
s
ma
l
l
numbe
r of ru
l
e
s
c
om
pare
d to pre
v
i
ous
w
orks
.
The
c
h
o
i
ce
o
f
opera
tin
g
m
o
d
e
a
t
fr
on
t
e
nd
con
v
e
r
ter
is
a
n
im
por
t
a
nt
c
rite
ri
on
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
a
dj
us
t
the
st
re
ss
al
lo
wed
o
n
PFC
and
a
t
t
h
e
s
ame
time
ma
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
st
.
Th
e
P
F
C
conv
er
te
rs
a
re
opera
t
e
d
i
n
con
t
in
uou
s
a
n
d
d
i
sc
on
t
i
n
uou
s
c
ond
uc
tio
n
m
ode
s
CCM
a
nd
D
CM
r
espe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
I
n
C
C
M
,
a
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
appr
oa
ch
i
s
e
m
plo
y
e
d
f
or
P
F
C
c
o
n
v
erte
r
w
i
t
h
l
ess
stre
ss
o
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
sw
itch
b
u
t
t
h
r
ee
sens
ors
a
r
e
neede
d
.
These
ar
e
use
d
i
n
m
e
d
i
um
a
nd
h
i
g
h
pow
er
a
pp
lica
t
io
ns
.
Where
a
s
i
n
DC
M
,
vol
t
a
g
e
f
oll
o
wer
met
h
od
i
s
em
plo
y
e
d
w
it
h
hi
gh
s
t
r
e
ss
on
c
on
v
e
rter
s
w
itc
h
an
d
i
s
u
se
d
in
l
o
w
po
we
r
a
p
pli
c
at
ion
s
.
Ba
sed
on
t
h
e
d
esi
gn
para
me
ters
t
h
e
c
on
verter
o
pe
rates
in
e
i
t
her
C
C
M
or
D
CM.
In
t
h
i
s
p
aper
,
fo
ur
opera
tio
n
mod
e
s
ar
e
in
ves
tiga
t
e
d
f
o
r
P
F
C
C
u
k
c
on
verte
r
w
i
t
h
BL
D
C
m
ot
or
f
or
oper
a
tin
g
o
v
er
h
i
g
h
spe
e
d
r
an
ge
m
ain
t
a
i
n
i
ng
u
n
i
t
y
P
F
near
A
C
m
a
ins.
T
he
d
iffere
nt
ope
ra
ti
o
n
m
ode
s
a
r
e
C
C
M
us
ing
c
u
rre
nt
m
ulti
pl
ie
r
tec
h
n
i
que
a
n
d
t
hre
e
D
C
M
me
th
ods
u
si
ng
vo
lta
ge
fo
l
low
e
r
me
tho
d
.
2.
SY
S
T
E
M
D
ESIGN
F
i
gure 1
a
nd
F
i
g
u
re
2
d
e
p
icts
a
B
LD
C
(
B
r
u
s
h
le
ss
D
C
)
m
a
c
h
ine
dri
v
e
i
s
f
e
d
b
y
a
P
F
C
(
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
t
o
r
Cor
r
ec
t
i
on)
C
u
k
c
on
ve
rter
u
s
i
ng
t
w
o
m
e
t
ho
d
s
s
uc
h
a
s
c
urr
e
nt
m
ul
t
i
p
lier
a
n
d
v
o
lta
ge
f
oll
o
w
e
r
me
thods.
The
hi
gh
freq
u
e
n
c
y
M
O
S
F
ET
a
nd
in
c
u
k
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
and
IG
BTs
w
ith
l
ow
f
re
q
u
e
ncy
o
f
o
per
a
t
i
on
has
bee
n
u
se
d
i
n
V
S
I
(V
oltag
e
S
ource
I
nve
rte
r)
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
th
e
pow
er
f
ac
t
o
r
and
v
o
l
t
a
ge.
The
sw
i
t
c
h
ing
m
ode
o
f
fu
n
d
a
m
ental
fre
que
nc
y
f
o
r
IG
BTs
is
a
c
h
ie
ve
d
beca
use
o
f
e
l
e
ctro
n
i
c
c
o
mm
utat
i
o
n
o
f
B
L
D
C
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
t
u
r
n
c
a
u
s
e
s
reduc
tio
n
i
n
s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
lo
sses
.
i
L i
BL
D
C
Mo
t
o
r
S
2
S
4
S
6
S
1
S
3
S
5
+
-
C
d
+
-
+
-
C
f
L
f
L
i
Si
n
g
l
e
Ph
a
s
e
AC
Su
p
p
l
y
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
C
o
mmu
t
a
t
i
o
n
PW
M
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
V
dc
*
D
B
R
D
C
Filt
e
r
PF
C
Ba
s
e
d
C
u
k
Co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
VS
I
6
Ha
l
l
Si
g
n
a
l
s
L
s
+
-
-
V
in
S
w
v
s w
i
a
V
s
L
o
v
C1
+
-
C
1
V
dc
D
i
sw
i
Lo
i
a
i
b
i
c
a
b
c
R
e
f
.
V
ol
t
a
ge
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
3
Sa
w
To
o
t
h
m
d
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
Co
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
V
cc
V
dc
V
c
H
1
-H
3
N*
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
Co
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
*
|U
|
—
Up
e
a
k
V
e
i
in
*
i
in
i
e
V
s
+
‐
‐
+
F
i
g
u
r
e
1.
Brus
hle
ss D
C
m
ac
hi
ne
dr
i
ve
f
e
d
b
y a
P
F
C
Cuk c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
w
ith
c
urr
e
nt m
ult
i
p
l
ie
r tec
h
n
i
que
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
1
8
9
4
– 1
905
1
896
I
n
F
igur
e
1,
w
he
re
P
F
C
C
u
k
c
on
verter
w
ork
s
i
n
CC
M,
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
throu
g
h
t
he
i
n
d
uc
t
o
r
s
(
L
2
and
L
1
)
and
vol
tage
a
c
r
oss
c
a
pac
itor
(C
1
)
st
a
y
c
o
n
ti
nu
o
u
s
d
u
ri
ng
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
p
e
r
io
d,
w
he
rea
s
i
n
F
i
gure
2,
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
Cu
k
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
fu
n
c
ti
on
s
in
D
CM
,
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
t
h
ro
ug
h
e
ith
e
r
o
f
t
he
i
n
d
u
ct
ors
(
L
2
and
L
1
)
or
v
o
l
t
a
ge
acr
oss
ca
paci
t
o
r
(C
1
)
turn
i
nto
d
i
s
c
on
t
i
nu
ou
s
m
ode
d
urin
g
sw
itc
hi
n
g
p
er
io
d.
H
e
r
e
fo
ur
c
on
d
u
ct
i
on
m
ode
s
a
r
e
con
s
i
d
ere
d
f
or
C
uk
c
o
nver
t
er
i
.e
.,
t
hre
e
d
isc
o
nt
i
n
u
o
u
s
a
nd
a
co
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
duc
t
i
on
m
o
de w
hose
pe
rformanc
e
i
s
e
sti
m
at
e
d
ma
i
nt
ai
ni
ng
u
ni
ty
p
o
w
er f
a
c
t
o
r n
e
ar AC mai
n
s.
i
L i
BLD
C
Mo
t
o
r
S
2
S
4
S
6
S
1
S
3
S
5
+
-
C
d
+
-
+
-
C
f
L
f
L
i
Sin
g
le
Ph
a
s
e
AC
Su
p
p
l
y
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
C
o
mmu
t
a
t
i
o
n
PW
M
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
V
dc
*
DB
R
DC
Fi
l
t
er
P
F
C Ba
s
e
d
C
u
k
Co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
VS
I
6
Ha
ll
Si
g
n
a
l
s
L
s
+
-
-
V
in
S
w
v
s w
i
a
V
s
L
o
v
C1
+
-
C
1
V
dc
D
i
s
w
i
Lo
i
a
i
b
i
c
a
b
c
Re
f
.
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
G
e
ne
r
a
t
o
r
,
E
qn
.
-
1
9
3
Sa
w
T
o
o
t
h
m
d
R
e
f
.
V
ol
t
a
ge
C
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
E
qn.
-2
0
V
cd
V
dc
V
c
H
1
-H
3
N*
F
i
gure
2.
B
r
u
shle
ss
D
C
ma
chine
dr
ive fe
d b
y
a
P
F
C
C
uk
c
o
n
v
erte
r
w
it
h v
o
l
t
a
g
e
fo
l
l
ow
er
m
e
t
hod
3.
O
P
E
R
AT
I
O
N
M
O
D
E
O
F
C
U
K
C
O
NV
E
R
TE
R
The
Cuk
c
o
nve
rter
w
orks
i
n
fo
ur
v
ar
i
o
us
m
odes
o
f
c
ont
i
n
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
du
c
t
i
o
n
mo
de
(
CCM
)
and
di
sc
o
n
t
i
n
uo
us
c
on
d
u
ct
i
on
m
ode
(
D
C
M).
The
D
C
M
is
a
ga
in
d
iv
i
d
e
d
i
nt
o
tw
o
mo
r
e
c
a
t
e
g
ories
suc
h
a
s
D
i
sco
n
tin
uo
us
I
nd
uc
tor
Cur
r
ent
M
o
de
(
D
I
C
M
)
an
d
D
i
sc
ont
in
u
o
u
s
C
a
pacitor
Voltage
M
ode
(D
C
V
M).
In
CCM
,
th
ere
i
s
a
c
on
tin
uou
s
fl
o
w
o
f
cu
rre
n
t
t
h
ro
ugh
i
ndu
c
t
o
r
s
(L
1
and
L
2
)
a
n
d
vo
ltage
t
hro
u
g
h
i
nt
e
r
m
e
dia
t
e
ca
paci
t
o
r
(C
1
)
r
e
spec
tive
l
y
in
s
w
itc
h
i
ng
p
erio
d.
I
n
D
C
I
M
,
t
h
e
c
u
rr
ent
th
rou
g
h
eit
h
er
i
np
ut
i
nd
u
c
to
r
(L
1
)
or
ou
tpu
t
i
nduc
to
r
(L
2
)
becom
e
d
i
s
co
n
tin
uo
us
b
ase
d
on
the
i
r
re
sp
e
c
t
i
ve
oper
a
t
i
o
n
m
ode
s
an
d
i
n
D
CV
M,
v
ol
t
a
ge
across
capac
i
tor
(C
1
)
turn
o
u
t
t
o be
d
i
s
c
o
n
tin
uo
us
duri
n
g
sw
itc
hi
n
g
p
e
r
i
o
d.
D
iffe
re
n
t
m
ode
s
for
o
p
er
at
i
o
n
an
d
its
p
erforma
n
c
e
a
re e
valua
t
e
d
f
or
w
i
d
e
vo
lta
ge
c
on
tro
l
w
it
h
uni
t
y
pow
er
fa
c
tor
are
discus
sed a
s
fo
l
l
o
w
s
.
3.1.
C
C
M
o
p
e
r
a
ti
on
I
n
t
hi
s
mo
de
,
t
h
e
Cu
k
c
o
nve
r
t
er
i
s
o
p
era
t
e
d
i
n
tw
o
i
n
te
rva
l
s
In
t
e
r
v
a
l
I
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
I
I
o
f
a
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
peri
od
a
s
s
h
ow
n
in
F
i
gure
3(a
)
a
nd
(
b)
r
espe
c
tive
l
y,
a
n
d
F
i
gure
3
(
c
)
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
s
t
h
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
ent
i
re
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
p
eri
o
d.
D
uring
In
te
rva
l
I
,
w
h
en
s
w
i
tc
h
(
S
W
)
is
O
N,
t
he
i
npu
t
in
duc
t
o
r
L
1
get
s
c
ha
rged
wher
eas
t
he
c
a
p
aci
t
o
r
C
1
d
i
sc
harge
s
e
ner
gy
and
trans
f
e
r
s
to
D
C
l
i
n
k
c
a
p
ac
i
t
or
(
C
d
).
H
e
r
e
t
h
e
curr
ent
through
in
duc
t
o
r
i
L1
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
h
i
l
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
c
r
o
s
s
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
V
C1
decr
ease
s
.
D
u
rin
g
I
nte
r
va
l
II,
w
he
n
the
sw
itc
h
is
OF
F
,
t
h
e
i
nd
uc
t
o
r
L
1
d
i
sch
a
rge
s
i
ts
e
ner
gy
and
tra
n
sfers
to
capa
c
i
t
o
r
C
1
,
w
h
ere
a
s
the
dc
l
i
n
k
ca
pac
i
to
r
ge
t
s
ene
r
g
y
fr
o
m
the
out
p
u
t i
n
duc
t
o
r L
2
.
3.2.
D
IC
M (
L
1
) op
erat
i
on
I
n
D
CIM,
t
he
C
uk
c
o
nver
t
e
r
ope
rate
s
i
n
t
hre
e
v
ari
o
us
i
nter
va
l
s
of
s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
p
e
r
io
d
wh
i
c
h
are
dep
i
c
t
ed
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
4
(a
)
to
(
c)
a
nd
the
w
a
v
e
for
m
s
ar
e
show
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
4(d
)
.
D
u
r
i
ng
I
i
n
te
rva
l
,
w
h
en
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
O
N
,
i
nduc
tor
L
1
g
e
t
s
ch
arg
e
d
,
c
ap
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
1
disc
har
g
es
e
n
e
rgy
a
nd
tra
n
sf
ers
to
D
C
l
i
nk
c
apa
c
itor
v
i
a
sw
it
c
h
.
H
e
r
e
c
urr
e
nt
t
h
r
ou
gh
in
duc
tor
L
1
,
i
L1
i
n
c
re
as
es
w
h
e
re
as
t
h
e
v
ol
t
a
g
e
t
h
r
ough
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
1
dec
r
ea
se
s.
D
urin
g
II
i
n
t
e
rv
al
,
t
h
e
swi
t
ch
i
s
OFF
,
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
1
ha
nd
o
v
e
r
s
its
s
t
o
red
e
n
erg
y
t
o
ca
paci
t
o
r
C
1
th
rou
gh
d
i
ode
D
t
i
ll
it
is
di
sc
harge
d
c
o
m
ple
t
e
l
y.
I
n
III
i
n
t
e
r
va
l,
a
s
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
e
n
erg
y
i
n
L
1
,
c
u
rrent
i
L1
e
q
u
a
l
s
z
e
r
o
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
nduc
t
o
r
L
2
sup
p
l
i
es
e
ner
g
y
to t
he
D
C
lin
k
capa
c
i
t
or
C
d
in
co
n
tin
uo
us
m
ode.
3.3.
D
IC
M (
L
2
) op
erat
i
on
F
i
gure 5(a) to (c
) depic
t
s t
h
e
C
uk co
n
v
erte
r ope
ra
ti
o
n
i
n D
I
CM
in thr
ee in
t
e
rva
l
s o
f
sw
itc
hi
n
g
per
io
d
and t
h
e
w
a
v
e
fo
r
m
s
associate
d
w
it
h
t
h
em
a
re
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
5(d)
.
D
u
ring
I
interva
l
,
t
h
e
oper
a
tio
n
is
s
a
m
e
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A fuzzy
lo
gic
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
b
a
se
d
brus
hles
s D
C
m
o
t
o
r us
in
g P
F
C cuk
c
onv
er
ter (
S
a
nat
an
Kum
a
r)
1
897
in
D
ICM
(L
1
)
o
p
er
at
ion.
I
n
i
n
t
e
rval
I
I,
L
1
an
d
L
2
t
r
a
n
s
m
it
t
h
eir
s
t
or
ed
e
nerg
y
to
C
1
a
nd
C
d
resp
ect
iv
el
y
.
In
III
i
nt
erva
l,
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
L
2
is
d
i
s
cha
r
ge
d
co
m
p
lete
l
y
i
.
e
.,
unti
l
i
I
L2
eq
u
a
l
s
0
.
Th
e
ca
p
acit
o
r
C
1
ge
ts
e
nergy
fr
om
in
duc
t
o
r
L
1
t
hrou
g
h
d
i
ode
i
n
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
ode.
The
para
me
ters
f
or
a
l
l
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
s
of
ope
ra
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
give
n
in
Tab
l
e
2.
I
n this
m
ode im
p
rove
d
pow
er
qua
l
ity
opera
t
i
o
n
is a
c
hie
ve
d
for
th
e
e
n
t
i
re
r
ange
o
f spee
d c
o
n
t
r
o
l.
3
-
ph
ase
VS
I
Fe
d
BL
DC
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
In
d
u
c
t
o
r
Ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
Ca
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
Ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
+
‐
S
W
V
s
+
‐
L
f
C
f
+
‐
i
s
Ca
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
D
i
sc
h
a
rg
i
n
g
In
d
u
c
t
o
r
Ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
3
-
ph
as
e
VS
I
F
e
d
BL
DC
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
I
n
duct
or
D
i
sc
h
a
rg
e
d
C
a
paci
t
o
r
D
i
s
c
har
g
i
n
g
+
‐
S
W
L
f
C
f
+
‐
Ca
pa
c
i
t
o
r
C
h
ar
gi
ng
I
n
duct
or
D
i
s
h
ar
gi
ng
V
s
+
‐
i
s
(a)
(b)
S
w
On
S
w
Off
V
g
i
L1
V
C1
i
L2
V
dc
M-I
M
-
I
I
1/
f
s
(c)
F
i
gure
3.
Cuk
con
v
e
r
ter
oper
a
ti
o
n
in
CC
M
at (
a-b)
var
i
ous
ins
ta
n
c
e
of swi
t
c
hi
ng
z
on
e
a
n
d
(c)
t
h
e resulting waveform
s
3
-
ph
as
e
VS
I
Fe
d
BL
DC
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
Ca
p
a
c
i
to
r
Ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
+
‐
S
W
V
s
+
‐
L
f
C
f
+
‐
i
s
In
d
u
c
t
o
r
Ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
3
-
ph
as
e
VS
I
Fe
d
BL
DC
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
C
apac
i
t
or
C
h
ar
gi
n
g
+
‐
S
W
L
f
C
f
+
‐
I
n
du
c
t
or
D
i
s
h
ar
gi
n
g
+
‐
i
s
V
s
(a)
(b)
3-p
h
a
s
e
VS
I
F
e
d
BL
DC
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
C
apac
i
t
or
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
‐
S
W
L
f
C
f
+
‐
Indu
c
t
or
D
i
s
h
ar
gi
n
g
V
s
+
‐
i
s
+
S
w
On
S
w
Of
f
V
g
i
L1
V
C1
i
L2
V
dc
M
-
I
M
-
I
I
M
-I
II
1/f
s
DI
C
M
(c)
(d)
F
i
gure
4.
C
u
k
c
on
ver
t
e
r
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
in D
I
CM
(
L
1
)
at (
a
-
c)
various inst
a
nce
of
switching z
one and
(d)
th
e
r
e
sulti
n
g
w
a
v
efor
ms
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
1
8
9
4
– 1
905
1
898
3
-
ph
as
e
VS
I
Fe
d
BL
DC
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
I
n
duct
or
C
h
ar
gi
ng
C
apaci
t
o
r
C
h
a
r
gi
n
g
+
‐
S
W
V
s
+
‐
L
f
C
f
+
‐
i
s
3-
p
h
a
s
e
VS
I Fe
d
BL
D
C
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
I
n
du
c
t
or
D
i
s
h
ar
gi
n
g
C
apaci
t
o
r
C
h
ar
gi
ng
+
‐
S
W
L
f
C
f
+
‐
+
‐
i
s
V
s
(a)
(
b
)
3
-
ph
ase
VS
I
Fe
d
BL
D
C
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
I
n
du
c
t
or
Di
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
C
apac
i
t
or
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
+
‐
S
W
L
f
C
f
+
‐
V
s
+
‐
i
s
S
w
On
S
w
Of
f
V
g
i
L1
V
C1
i
L2
V
dc
M
-
I
M
-
I
I
M
-III
1/f
s
DI
C
M
(c)
(
d
)
F
i
gure
5.
Cu
k
con
ve
rter
oper
a
t
i
o
n
in
D
I
CM
(
L2)
at (a-c
)
va
r
io
us
i
n
s
ta
n
c
e
of sw
i
tch
i
ng z
o
ne
a
n
d
(d)
th
e
r
e
sulti
n
g
w
a
v
efor
ms
3.4.
D
C
V
M
o
p
er
ation
The
Cu
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
fun
c
ti
on
i
n
g
i
n
D
CV
M
(C
1
)
i
n
t
hree
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
p
e
r
iod in
t
e
rva
l
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
6
(
a
)
t
o
(c
)
a
n
d a
sso
ci
a
t
ed
w
avef
o
r
ms
a
re
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fi
gu
re
6
(d
).
D
u
ring
I
i
n
t
e
rva
l
t
he
C
u
k
ope
ra
ti
o
n
is
sa
m
e
as
in
D
IC
M
(
L
1
) and D
I
CM (L
2
)
.
I
n
i
n
terva
l
I
I
,
t
he
s
w
i
tc
h is O
N
but a
s
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r C
1
g
e
t
s disc
harge
d
c
o
m
plete
l
y,
the
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
cross
t
h
e
c
a
p
ac
it
or
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
ze
ro
a
n
d
i
nd
uc
to
r
L
2
t
r
a
ns
fe
rs
pow
er
t
o
D
C
l
in
k
c
a
pa
c
i
to
r
.
D
ur
in
g
III
i
nter
va
l
t
h
e
sw
itc
h
i
s
O
F
F
,
in
d
u
c
t
or
L
1
be
g
i
ns
t
he
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
m
e
diate
ca
pac
i
tor,
w
he
rea
s
i
nd
uc
t
o
r
L
2
rem
a
ins
o
p
e
r
at
in
g i
n
c
on
ti
nu
o
u
s c
ond
uc
t
i
o
n
sup
p
l
yin
g
e
ner
gy t
o
D
C
l
in
k c
a
pac
i
t
o
r.
3
-
ph
as
e
VS
I
Fe
d
BL
DC
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
C
apaci
t
o
r
C
h
a
r
gi
n
g
+
‐
S
W
V
s
+
‐
L
f
C
f
+
‐
i
s
C
apaci
t
or
Di
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
3
-
ph
ase
VS
I
F
e
d
BL
D
C
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
C
a
p
a
ci
t
o
r D
i
sch
a
rg
i
n
g
+
‐
S
W
L
f
C
f
+
‐
C
apa
c
i
t
o
r
C
h
ar
gi
ng
V
s
+
‐
i
s
(a)
(b)
3-p
h
a
s
e
VS
I F
e
d
BL
DC
mo
t
o
r
+
‐
V
dc
C
d
i
L2
D
i
L1
V
c1
C
apac
i
t
or
C
h
ar
gi
n
g
+
‐
S
W
V
s
+
‐
L
f
C
f
+
‐
i
s
C
apac
i
t
or
Di
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
S
w
On
S
w
Off
V
g
i
L1
V
C1
i
L2
V
dc
M
-
I
M
-I
I
M
-I
I
I
1/
f
s
DC
V
M
(c)
(
d
)
F
i
gure
6.
Cu
k
c
on
ve
rter
oper
a
ti
o
n
in D
C
V
M
(
C
1
) a
t
(
a
-
c)
v
ario
us in
s
ta
n
c
e
of
s
w
i
t
c
hin
g
zone
a
nd
(d)
t
h
e related
w
a
vef
o
r
m
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A fuzzy
lo
gic
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
b
a
se
d
brus
hles
s D
C
m
o
t
o
r us
in
g P
F
C cuk
c
onv
er
ter (
S
a
nat
an
Kum
a
r)
1
899
4.
CONT
ROL
TE
CHNIQUE
Th
e
t
w
o
c
ont
ro
l
t
e
ch
niq
u
e
s
use
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
PFC
C
uk
c
onv
e
r
te
r
are
n
am
ed
a
s
current
m
ultiplier
met
hod
for
a
n
d
v
o
l
ta
ge
f
ol
low
e
r
t
e
c
h
n
i
que
f
or
oper
a
ti
ng
in
C
CM
a
n
d
D
C
M
r
espec
tiv
ely.
C
onve
nti
ona
l
l
y
P
I
con
t
ro
l
l
er
i
s
us
ed
a
s
a
class
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
a
nd
F
u
zz
y
l
o
g
i
c
cont
ro
l
l
e
r
i
s
mo
d
e
rn
c
o
n
t
r
ol
t
echni
qu
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r t
h
e
enh
a
n
cemen
t
t
h
e p
e
rfo
rma
n
ce
o
f
mo
t
o
r d
r
i
v
e a
s
c
o
m
p
r
e
ssi
on
to
cl
as
si
c
a
l
me
t
h
o
d
.
4.1.
Cu
rrent mu
l
t
i
p
li
e
r
t
ec
hn
i
q
ue
Re
fe
re
nce
V
o
lt
age
G
e
ner
a
t
o
r
genera
tes
the
r
e
fe
renc
e
vol
ta
ge
-V
dc
*
w
h
ic
h
e
q
u
i
vale
n
t
w
ith
r
e
s
pe
ct
t
o
the
r
e
fe
renc
e
spe
e
d-N
*
,
be
ca
use
BLD
C
m
o
t
or
s
pe
e
d
i
s
prop
ort
i
ona
l
t
o
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
t
D
C
l
ink
o
f
t
he
V
S
I
.
The
Cuk
co
n
v
e
r
ter
w
ith
c
urrent
m
ul
t
i
p
lie
r
sc
he
m
e
i
s
show
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
1
.
The
f
o
rm
ula
for
generating
r
ef
erence
vo
lta
ge i
s the
p
r
od
uct
of the
v
olta
ge
c
onsta
n
t
K
b and
t
h
e
sp
ee
d
N*,
**
V=
K
N
dc
b
(
1
)
The
c
o
mpa
r
ison
of
t
he
V
dc
*
w
ith
V
dc
i
.
e
.,
t
he
s
e
n
se
d
D
C
l
i
nk
vo
l
t
a
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
e
r
r
o
r
d
e
n
o
t
e
d
a
s
Ve
a
n
d
ca
l
c
ul
at
ed
a
t
i
n
st
an
t
‘K’
b
y
e
dc
d
c
*
V
(
k)
=
V
(
k
)
-
V
(
k)
(
2
)
The
v
o
lta
ge
e
rror
t
h
e
n sent
t
o
P
I
c
ontro
l
l
er
a
nd t
h
e
co
ntr
o
l
l
e
d
output V
C
i
s gene
rate
d
as,
cc
p
v
e
e
e
iv
V
(
k
)
=
V
(
k
-1
)
+
k
{
V
(
k
)
-V
(
k
-1
)
}
+
k
V
(
k
)
(3)
Her
e
k
pv
a
nd k
iv
d
en
ot
es th
e
pro
po
rt
i
o
n
a
l
an
d t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
l
g
a
i
ns
o
f
vo
lt
ag
e PI
co
n
t
roll
e
r
re
s
p
ect
iv
el
y
.
The
mu
lt
ipl
i
ca
t
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
ntr
o
ller
ou
t
p
u
t
a
nd
t
h
e
sup
p
l
y
vo
l
t
age
un
it
te
m
p
late
g
ive
s
t
he
r
e
f
e
r
enc
e
c
urrent
i
in
* as,
s
*
in
c
m
Vk
ik
=
V
k
V
(
4
)
Whe
r
e
V
s
(
k
)
/
V
m
r
epre
sents
un
it
tem
p
lat
e
o
f
sup
p
l
y
vo
lta
ge,
V
s
a
nd
V
m
i
nd
icate
s
t
he
s
up
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
am
plit
ud
e.
T
he
c
urr
e
nt
e
rr
or
i
s
ge
ne
rate
d
w
h
e
n
t
he
r
efere
n
c
e
c
u
rre
n
t
i
s
m
a
t
ch
ed
w
i
t
h
s
ense
d
i
npu
t
cu
rren
t
,
i
t
is
g
ive
n
a
s,
*
ei
n
i
n
ik
=
i
k
-
i
k
(
5
)
T
h
i
s
e
r
r
o
r
i
s
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
c
o
n
t
r
oll
e
r
t
h
at
g
e
n
er
at
e
s
a
c
o
n
t
r
ol
l
e
d
out
put
(V
cc
) give
n
as,
cc
cc
p
i
e
e
i
i
e
V
k
=V
k
-
1
+
k
i
k
-
i
k
-1
+k
i
k
(6)
Whe
r
e,
k
pi
a
nd
k
ii
r
e
p
resen
t
s
t
h
e
pro
p
o
rt
iona
l
ga
in
a
nd
i
ntegral
ga
in
o
f
the
curr
e
n
t
P
I
c
ontr
o
l
l
er.
F
i
nal
l
y,
V
cc
,
the
co
n
t
ro
ll
e
r
o
u
t
pu
t,
i
s
com
p
are
d
w
i
t
h
saw
t
o
o
t
h
w
a
ve
for
m
o
f
h
i
g
h
freq
u
enc
y
i
n
orde
r
t
o
p
ro
d
u
c
e
t
he
P
WM
signa
l
w
h
ic
h is
give
n
t
o con
v
e
r
ter
sw
i
t
c
h
a
s,
cc
d
m
(
t)
V
(
t)
,
then
W
S1
,
e
l
se
W
S0
(
7
)
Whe
r
e,
S
w
i
nd
i
c
a
t
es t
he
s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
si
gna
ls,
0 a
nd 1 f
o
r MO
S
F
ET
t
o
s
w
i
tc
h
OFF an
d
ON
r
es
p
ect
iv
el
y
.
4.2.
Volta
g
e
fol
l
ow
er
method
I
n
t
his
sc
h
e
me
,
a
re
fer
e
nce
vol
t
a
ge
(
V
dc
*
)
equ
i
va
le
n
t
t
o
th
e
ce
rtain
re
fer
e
nce
spee
d
N
*
i
s
ge
ner
a
te
d
rela
t
e
d to t
he
c
urr
e
nt m
ul
tip
l
i
e
r
te
c
hn
iq
ue a
s
,
**
V=
K
N
dc
b
(8)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
1
8
9
4
– 1
905
1
900
W
h
ere
kb
d
eno
t
es
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
c
on
sta
n
t
an
d
N
*
r
e
p
rese
nt
s
r
e
fer
e
nce
s
p
ee
d
.
A
nd
t
h
is
r
efe
r
e
n
ce
v
o
lta
ge
V
dc
*
i
s
com
p
are
d
wit
h
V
dc
,
sensed
D
C
lin
k
vol
ta
ge
gene
r
a
t
i
n
g a
vol
t
a
ge e
rror
(V
e
)
w
h
ich
is
g
iv
e
n
as
at ins
ta
nt
‘k’ as,
e
dc
d
c
*
V
(
k)
=V
(
k
)
-
V
(
k)
(9)
The
P
I
c
ontr
o
l
l
e
r
t
h
e
n
ha
n
d
l
es
t
hi
s e
rror and
gener
a
tes c
o
n
t
r
o
l
le
d
ou
tpu
t
(
V
c
d)
gi
v
en a
s,
pv
e
e
e
cd
cd
i
v
V
(
k
)
=V
(
k
-1
)
+
k
{
V
(
k
)
-V
(
k
-1
)
}
+
k
V
(
k
)
(10)
Whe
r
e,
k
pv
a
n
d
k
iv
a
r
e
the
pro
por
ti
o
n
al a
nd
i
n
t
e
gral ga
i
ns
o
f the
v
o
l
t
a
ge P
I
cont
ro
ll
er
.
Lastly
V
cc
,
t
h
e
c
o
ntr
o
lle
r
ou
tpu
t
i
n
c
o
mpa
r
i
s
on
w
i
t
h
sa
w
to
oth
of
h
ig
h
fr
eque
nc
y
w
a
v
e
form
p
ro
d
u
ce
s
t
h
e
P
W
M
signa
l
w
h
ic
h is
g
i
v
e
n
t
o
conve
r
t
er
s
w
i
t
c
h
is fo
l
low
s
,
dc
d
m
(
t)
V
(
t)
,
t
h
e
n
W
S1
e
l
s
e
W
S0
(11)
Whe
r
e
S
W
i
ndi
ca
tes t
h
e
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g si
gna
ls su
c
h
as
0
and
1 for
MO
S
F
ET sw
i
tc
h
O
F
F
and
O
N
respec
t
i
v
e
l
y.
4.3.
Fu
zzy
L
o
g
ic
C
ontr
oll
e
r
The
st
r
u
ct
ure
of
F
uzz
y
L
o
g
i
c
C
o
n
t
rol
l
er
i
s
show
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
7
(
a
)
,
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
t
a
g
e
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
Fu
zz
i
f
i
c
a
t
ion
, k
no
wl
edg
e
b
a
s
e
,
f
u
z
z
y
i
nf
ere
n
ce
mec
h
a
ni
sms a
n
d
D
e
f
uz
zifica
ti
o
n
.
Fuz
z
y
R
u
l
e
B
a
s
e
F
u
zzi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
In
t
e
rfa
c
e
F
u
zzy
In
fe
re
n
c
e
Me
c
h
a
n
is
m
D
e
f
u
z
z
if
i
c
a
t
io
n
in
te
r
f
a
c
e
BL
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
sy
st
e
m
in
p
u
t
out
put
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
7.
(a
)
S
how
s t
h
e
st
r
u
c
t
ure
of fuzz
y
l
o
g
ic
c
o
n
t
ro
llers
;
(
b) Mem
ber
s
h
i
p f
u
nct
i
ons
f
o
r
P
WM
The
kn
ow
led
g
e
b
a
s
e
c
o
m
p
ri
sing
a
d
a
ta
b
a
s
e
a
n
d
a
r
u
le
b
ase
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
to
a
t
t
a
i
n
goo
d
d
ynam
i
c
respo
n
ses
u
n
d
e
r
uncer
t
a
in
c
on
dit
i
o
n
s.
T
he
d
a
t
a
base
c
on
t
a
ins
of
i
np
ut
a
nd
o
utp
u
t
me
mb
e
r
s
h
i
p
f
un
ct
io
ns
a
n
d
gi
ves
in
for
m
a
tio
n
for
su
it
a
b
le
F
uzz
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on,
t
he
i
n
f
e
r
enc
e
me
c
ha
ni
sm
a
nd
D
e
fuz
z
i
fica
ti
o
n
o
p
e
rat
i
o
n
s
.
T
he
in
fere
nce
me
chan
ism
co
nver
t
s
t
h
e
i
n
pu
t
c
o
nd
iti
o
n
s
in
to
a
f
uzz
i
f
ie
d
o
u
t
p
ut
by
us
in
g
a
c
o
lle
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
in
gu
ist
i
c
rules.
L
astl
y,
D
efuz
z
i
fica
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
ts
t
he
f
uzz
y
o
u
t
pu
ts.
Mem
b
ersh
i
p
f
unc
t
i
o
n
o
f
F
L
C
is
c
o
n
t
ex
t
de
pen
d
e
n
t
and
its m
em
ber
s
hi
p
fu
nc
ti
on
i
s
c
hose
n
a
rbi
t
rar
ily
by ex
pe
ri
ence
,
i
n
t
his w
o
rk G
a
u
ssi
a
n
t
ype i
s pr
efe
rred.
Tab
l
e
1. F
uzz
y
r
ule
based
ma
tr
i
x
C
h
a
nge
I
n
E
r
r
o
r
Er
r
o
r
NB
N
M
N
S
Z
P
S
P
M
P
B
NB
P
B
PB
P
B
P
M
P
M
PS
Z
N
M
P
B
PB
P
M
P
M
P
S
Z
Z
N
S
P
B
PM
P
S
PS
Z
NM
N
B
Z
PB
P
M
P
S
Z
N
S
N
M
N
B
PS
P
M
P
S
Z
N
S
N
M
N
B
N
B
P
M
P
S
Z
NS
N
M
NM
N
B
NB
PB
Z
N
S
NM
N
M
NB
N
B
NB
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A fuzzy
lo
gic
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
b
a
se
d
brus
hles
s D
C
m
o
t
o
r us
in
g P
F
C cuk
c
onv
er
ter (
S
a
nat
an
Kum
a
r)
1
901
Eq
uat
i
on for
mem
b
ershi
p
fu
n
c
t
i
o
n
in
G
a
uss
i
a
n
is
2
1
-
2
x-
c
MF
=
e
σ
(12)
F
o
r
defuzzy
fic
a
tio
n
ce
ntroi
d
e
of
g
ravity (COG)
i
s
m
a
inly
p
reff
e
re
d
,
C
O
G
g
ov
e
r
ni
n
g
e
qua
t
i
on
i
s gi
v
e
n
bel
o
w
ν
ν
ν
ν
ν
μν
ν
d
ν
μ=
μν
d
ν
(13)
µ
o
i
s
the
co
n
t
ro
l ou
t
p
u
t
si
gna
l
gi
ve
n by
CO
G
D
e
fuzz
ific
a
tio
n
me
tho
d.
In
F
u
z
z
y
c
ont
ro
l
l
e
r
al
go
rith
m
th
e
o
p
ti
mu
m
v
a
l
u
e
of
f
u
zzy
g
ai
n
(
K
)
i
s
me
asured
by
fuz
z
y
i
n
fere
nc
e
syste
m
w
hic
h
r
ece
ive
s
a
s i
n
p
u
ts t
he
s
l
o
pe o
f D
.
C.
a
vera
ge b
us v
o
lta
ge
a
n
d
D
.
C
.
vol
ta
ge er
r
or. Both q
uan
t
i
t
ies
(er
r
or
a
nd
sl
o
p
e
o
f
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
ge
)
ar
e
norm
a
lize
d
b
y
s
u
ita
bl
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
e
a
c
h
r
a
n
g
e
i
s
f
r
o
m
-
1
t
o
1
a
n
d
norm
a
l
i
zed
t
o
un
ity.
T
h
e
K
’
s
va
lue
i
s
c
onsi
d
er
ed
t
o
be
n
e
a
r
un
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
f
u
z
z
y
r
u
l
e
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
a
b
l
e
1
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
to
m
ai
nta
i
n
K
gai
n
’s
v
a
l
u
e
t
o
be
n
e
a
r
un
ity.
To
c
hara
cter
iz
e
t
h
is
f
uzz
y
c
o
n
t
r
olle
r,
f
ive
s
e
ts
e
a
c
h
respec
tive
t
o
the
error
a
n
d
sl
ope inp
u
t
s
a
r
e
cho
s
en.
The
ou
tp
u
t
i
s
de
fi
ned by
f
i
v
e
se
ts.
The
err
o
r
‘e’
and
t
h
e
cha
n
ge
o
f
er
ror
‘c
e'
a
re
u
se
d
a
s
n
u
m
eri
c
al
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
s
fro
m
t
h
e
re
al
s
y
s
t
e
m
sh
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
7(b)
.
To
c
on
vert
t
hese
num
e
r
ical
varia
b
l
e
s
i
n
to
l
i
ngu
is
t
i
c
va
ria
b
le
s,
t
he
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
f
ive
fuzz
y
s
ets
are
us
e
d
:
N
B
(
ne
ga
t
i
ve
b
i
g
),
N
S
(
n
egat
i
v
e
sma
l
l)
, ZE (z
ero),
P
S
(posi
t
i
v
e
sma
l
l)
a
nd
PB (pos
i
tive
b
i
g
)
.
5.
SIMU
L
A
TION
R
ESULT
S
The
per
f
orm
a
nc
e
o
f
C
u
k
c
on
ve
rter
i
s
val
u
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
M
a
t
l
a
b
/
S
i
m
u
li
n
k
s
o
ft
w
a
re
i
n
four
v
a
r
io
us
m
o
d
es
of
o
pera
t
i
o
n
,
b
a
se
d
on
d
i
ss
imilar
pe
rform
a
n
c
e
para
me
ters.
The
f
ou
r
mo
d
e
s
a
r
e
Cont
i
n
u
o
u
s
C
ond
u
c
ti
on
M
ode
(CCM),
D
isco
nt
inu
o
u
s
I
n
d
u
c
t
or
C
ur
rent
M
ode
(
D
I
CM
(
L
1
)
)
,
D
i
sc
on
tin
u
ous
I
nd
uc
t
o
r
C
u
rre
nt
M
ode
(
D
I
CM
(L
2
)
)
,
and
D
i
sc
on
t
i
nu
ou
s
Ca
p
acit
o
r
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Mo
de
(
D
C
V
M
)
.
T
he
over
a
l
l
s
y
s
t
em
’s
pow
e
r
qua
li
ty
i
s
e
s
ti
m
a
ted
by t
h
e para
me
t
e
rs:
su
pp
l
y
c
ur
rent (i
s
)
an
d su
pp
ly v
o
l
ta
ge
(
V
s
)
.
T
he
B
LD
C
m
o
tor’s
o
peration
i
s
de
t
e
rm
ined
b
y
the
sta
t
or
c
ur
re
nt
(
i
a
)
,
t
he
s
pe
e
d
(
N
)
a
nd
the
e
l
e
c
tr
om
agne
t
i
c
torq
ue
(
T
e
)
of
t
he
m
otor.
The
perform
ance
o
f
the
P
F
C
Cuk
c
o
nv
erter
is
e
va
l
u
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
para
me
t
e
rs
s
uch
as
i
n
d
u
ct
or’s
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
ut
c
u
r
rents
(
I
L1
a
nd
I
L2
respe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
),
i
nt
e
r
m
e
d
i
ate
ca
pa
ci
t
o
r
v
o
l
tage
(
V
C
)
,
D
C
lin
k
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(V
dc
)
and
sw
i
t
c
h
v
ol
ta
ge
a
n
d
c
urre
nt
(
V
SW
and
i
sw
)
respe
c
tive
l
y.
T
he
p
erform
ance
o
f
C
u
k
c
o
n
v
erte
r
fed
BLD
C
m
ot
or
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
di
ffe
re
nt
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
o
p
era
t
i
on
usin
g
fuzz
y
l
o
gic
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
.
The
stre
ss
on
C
uk
c
o
n
v
erte
r
sw
itc
h
is
v
er
y
l
o
w
w
h
en it
s
o
pera
tin
g in CC
M
m
ode
s, bu
t
i
n th
i
s
m
ode curre
n
t
m
ul
t
i
plie
r
a
p
p
r
oac
h
is
u
t
iliz
e
d
f
or
P
F
C
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
.
Cur
r
ent
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
r
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
r
e
qu
ired
t
hre
e
s
ens
o
rs,
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
t
su
gg
est
e
d
fo
r
lo
w
co
ast
a
n
d
l
o
w
p
o
we
r
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns. Ta
b
le 2
s
ho
w
s
t
hat a
ll t
h
e
par
a
m
e
ters
f
or
v
arious
m
o
d
es ope
rati
on o
f
t
h
e
C
uk c
o
n
v
e
r
ter.
Ta
ble
2.
D
esign pa
ram
e
ter
s
of
cuk c
o
n
v
erter
in di
f
fere
nt
m
ode
s
o
f
op
e
ra
tio
n
Ope
r
ation L
i
L
o
C
1
C
d
CCM
2.
5 m
H
4
.
3
m
H
0.
66
µF
2200
µF
DI
CM
(L
i
)
100
µH
4
.
3
m
H
0.
66
µF
2200
µF
DIC
M
(L
o
)
DC
VM (
C
1
)
2.
5 m
H
2.
5 m
H
70
µH
4.
3 m
H
0.
66
µF
9.
1
nF
2200
µF
2200
µF
Powe
r
quali
t
y
p
erfor
m
a
n
ce
is
o
b
t
ai
ne
d
sat
i
s
f
ac
tor
y
f
or
a
ll
the
m
o
des
o
f
o
per
a
t
i
on.
F
igur
e
11
sh
ow
s
TH
D
and
pow
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
var
i
a
tio
n
by
t
h
e
va
r
i
a
tio
n
of
D
C
li
nk
vo
l
t
a
g
e
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
w
s
p
e
a
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
st
re
ss
o
f
s
wit
c
h
a
t
d
i
f
f
e
re
nt
l
o
a
di
n
g
c
on
di
t
i
on
s
.
T
he
T
H
D
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
cur
r
en
t
is
unde
r
ac
ce
p
t
a
b
l
e
lim
it
o
f
I
E
C
6
1
0
0
0
-
3
-
2
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
s
a
l
s
o
n
e
a
r
t
o
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
a
l
l
m
odes
w
h
i
c
h
sh
ow
s
a
un
ity
pow
er
f
a
c
t
o
r
opera
tio
n
at th
e
A
C
ma
ins.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
1
894
–
1
905
1
902
Ti
me
i
n
s
e
co
n
d
→
Ti
me in
second
→
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
9.
S
tea
dy
sta
t
e
per
f
o
r
m
ance
o
f
mot
o
r
dr
i
v
e
oper
a
ti
n
g
in
(a
)
C
C
M
mo
d
e
,
(
b
)
D
I
C
M
(
L
1
)
mode
A
n
a
na
l
y
sis
i
s
d
o
n
e
o
n
t
he
c
u
r
r
e
nt
s
tr
ess
thr
o
u
g
h
t
he
s
w
itc
h
an
d
pea
k
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
c
r
oss
the
sw
itch
w
i
t
h
the
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
o
f
l
o
a
d
o
n
B
LD
C
m
o
tor
.
W
her
e
t
h
e
vol
ta
ge
s
t
r
ess
f
or
D
CV
M
a
n
d
pe
ak
c
u
r
r
e
nt
s
tr
e
s
s
f
o
r
D
I
C
M
(L
1
)
i
s
v
er
y
h
i
gh
t
h
at
c
a
n
no
t
be
r
ec
omm
e
nde
d
bec
a
u
se
o
f
h
i
ghe
r
r
a
t
e
d
s
w
i
t
c
h
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
ents.
The
pr
op
ose
d
sc
h
e
m
e
u
se
s a
fu
n
d
am
enta
l
s
w
i
t
c
h
in
g
fr
e
que
ncy
f
o
r
V
S
I
oper
a
t
i
on
i
.
e
t
he
losses
i
n
v
ol
t
a
ge so
u
r
ce i
nve
r
t
er
a
r
e
si
gn
i
f
ica
n
t
l
y
r
e
duce
d
.
The
q
u
al
i
t
y
of
p
ow
e
r
a
t
A
C
m
a
i
ns
i
s
de
ter
m
ined
b
y
the
i
n
d
i
ces
o
f
th
e
po
wer
qu
ality
,
C
r
e
st
F
acto
r
(
C
F
)
,
D
i
spl
a
ce
me
nt
P
ow
e
r
F
actor
(
D
P
F
)
,
P
o
w
e
r
F
actor
(
P
F
)
a
nd
TH
D
(
T
otal
H
ar
mon
i
c
D
i
stor
tio
n)
o
f su
p
p
l
y
c
u
r
r
e
nt
.
F
i
gur
e
9
an
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
0
show
t
he
s
t
e
ady
s
t
a
t
e
per
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
Cuk
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
f
e
d
B
L
D
C
m
ot
or
d
ri
ve
ope
r
a
ti
n
g
i
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
o
des
of
oper
a
tio
n.
T
a
b
le
5
s
how
s
the
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
pr
o
pose
d
B
L
D
C
m
o
tor
f
e
d
Cu
k
c
o
n
v
erter
oper
a
tin
g
in
CCM,
DICM (L
1
),
DI
C
M (L
2
)
a
nd
D
C
V
M
m
ode
s
r
e
spec
t
i
ve
ly.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
3
sh
o
w
s
the
per
c
en
t
a
ge
o
f
har
m
on
i
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
or
d
if
fer
e
n
t
or
de
r
of
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
a
nd
l
o
sse
s
o
f
pr
opose
d
m
ot
o
r
d
r
i
ve
a
s
com
p
ar
is
on
of
c
on
ven
t
iona
l
mot
o
r
dr
ive.
Ta
b
l
e
4
shows
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
ara
t
i
v
e
si
m
u
la
te
d
r
e
sults
o
f
c
l
a
ssic
a
l
a
nd
mode
r
n
c
on
t
r
o
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
in
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
di
f
f
er
en
t
pow
e
r
qua
lit
y
i
n
d
i
ce
s.
Tabl
e.3. S
pecificati
o
n
o
f
B
LDC mo
to
r
S.
NO
P
a
r
a
m
et
er
s
V
a
l
u
e
1.
N
o.
o
f
P
o
le
s
(P)
4
Pole
s
2.
R
a
t
e
d
P
owe
r
(
P
rated
)
2
51.
32
W
3.
R
a
t
e
d
DC
li
n
k
V
ol
t
a
g
e
(
V
ra
t
e
d
)
200
V
4.
R
a
t
e
d
T
orque
(
T
ra
t
e
d
)
1.
2Nm
5
.
R
at
ed
S
p
eed
(
ω
rated
)
2000
r
p
m
6.
B
ac
k E
M
F
C
onsta
nt
(
K
b
)
78
V/
kr
pm
7.
T
or
que
C
onst
a
nt
(
K
t
)
0.
74
Nm
/A
8.
P
ha
s
e
Re
s
ist
a
n
c
e
(
R
ph
)
14.
56
Ω
9.
P
ha
s
e
I
n
duc
t
a
n
c
e
(
L
ph
)
25.
71
m
H
10.
M
o
m
e
n
t
of
I
ne
r
t
ia (J)
1.
3˟10
-
4
N
m
/
s
Ta
b
l
e
4.
S
i
m
ulati
on
r
e
sul
t
s
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
s
C
ontrolle
r
s
P
F
TH
D
(
%
)
C
F
T
or
que
R
ippl
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(
%
)
S
p
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i
ppl
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(%)
PI
0
.
999
6
.
4
3
1.
411
33.
3
0.
5
Fuz
z
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0.
998
4
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1.
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5
0.
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A fuzzy
lo
gic
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
b
a
se
d
brus
hles
s D
C
m
o
t
o
r us
in
g P
F
C cuk
c
onv
er
ter (
S
a
nat
an
Kum
a
r)
1
903
Ti
me
i
n
se
c
ond
→
Ti
me
i
n
se
c
ond
→
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
1
0
.
S
t
e
a
dy s
t
ate
perf
orm
a
nce
of
m
oto
r
d
rive
opera
ti
ng i
n
(
a) DICM (L1)
m
ode (b) DCVM
mode
(a)
(b)
F
i
g
u
r
e
11.
P
e
rform
ance
ana
l
y
sis of (a
)
%
THD
of sup
ply
cu
rr
ent,
(b)
Power factor,
for di
ffere
n
t m
ode
s of
C
u
k
c
o
nver
t
e
r
fed BL
D
C m
o
tor dri
v
e
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
1
2
.
P
e
r
f
orm
a
nc
e a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f (
a
) S
w
itc
h
peak
v
o
l
ta
ge
s
tre
ss,
(
b)
S
w
i
t
c
h
peak
current
s
tress for
diff
erent m
ode
s o
f
Cuk
c
onv
ert
e
r f
e
d
B
L
D
C
mo
to
r d
r
i
v
e
The
loss
es
i
n
a
BL
D
C
m
o
t
or
d
ri
ve
a
r
e
t
he
c
ombi
na
ti
o
n
o
f
losses
oc
c
u
rs
i
n
V
S
I,
P
F
C
c
onver
t
e
r
a
n
d
BL
D
C
m
otor.
The
s
e
l
o
sses a
r
e
me
asured
i
n t
h
ree
differe
nt
p
arts
of p
ro
po
se
d
ri
v
e
sep
e
r
at
el
y
.
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