I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
4
6
2
~
469
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v
8
i
1
.
p
p
4
6
2
-
469
462
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JP
E
DS
Proton
Ex
cha
ng
e
M
e
m
bra
ne
F
u
el
Cell E
m
ula
tor
Us
ing
P
I
Co
ntrolled Buc
k
Co
nv
erte
r
H
i
m
a
dry
S
he
k
ha
r
Da
s
1
, C
he
e
Wei
T
a
n
2
,
AH
M
Ya
t
im
3
,
N
i
k
Din bi
n M
uh
a
m
a
d
4
1,
2,
3,
4
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
S
k
u
d
a
i
8
1
3
1
0
,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
0
3
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
an
0
9
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
J
an
1
9
,
2
0
1
7
A
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
re
b
e
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
n
o
w
a
d
a
y
s.
Am
o
n
g
o
th
e
rs,
F
u
e
l
c
e
ll
(F
C)
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
is
q
u
it
e
p
o
p
u
lar.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r,
th
e
F
C
u
n
i
t
is
c
o
stly
a
n
d
v
u
ln
e
ra
b
le
t
o
a
n
y
d
istu
rb
a
n
c
e
s
in
in
p
u
t
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
s.
T
h
u
s,
to
p
e
rf
o
rm
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
F
u
e
l
c
e
ll
e
m
u
lato
rs
(F
CE)
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
f
u
l.
F
CEs
c
a
n
re
p
li
c
a
te
a
c
tu
a
l
F
C
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
in
d
if
fe
re
n
t
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s.
T
h
u
s,
b
y
u
sin
g
it
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
a
re
a
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
term
in
e
d
.
In
t
h
is
st
u
d
y
,
a
F
CE
sy
ste
m
is
m
o
d
e
ll
e
d
u
si
n
g
M
AT
LAB/S
im
u
li
n
k
®.
T
h
e
F
CE
s
y
ste
m
c
o
n
sists
o
f
a
b
u
c
k
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
a
n
d
a
p
ro
p
o
rt
io
n
a
l
in
teg
ra
l
(P
I)
b
a
se
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
in
c
o
rp
o
ra
ti
n
g
a
n
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
p
ro
to
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
(
P
E
M
F
C)
.
T
h
e
P
E
M
F
C
m
o
d
e
l
is
u
se
d
to
g
e
n
e
ra
te
re
fe
re
n
c
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
w
h
ich
tak
e
s
th
e
lo
a
d
c
u
rre
n
t
a
s
a
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t.
T
h
e
c
h
a
ra
c
te
risti
c
s
a
re
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
w
it
h
Ba
ll
a
rd
M
a
rk
V
5
k
W
P
EM
F
C
sta
c
k
sp
e
c
if
ica
ti
o
n
s
o
b
tai
n
e
d
f
ro
m
th
e
d
a
tas
h
e
e
t.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
F
CE
s
y
ste
m
is
a
su
it
a
b
le
re
p
lac
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
re
a
l
P
EM
F
C
s
tac
k
a
n
d
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
f
o
r
re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
p
u
rp
o
se
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
E
m
u
lato
r
Fu
el
ce
ll
H
y
d
r
o
g
en
e
n
er
g
y
P
r
o
to
n
ex
ch
an
g
e
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
7
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
C
h
ee
W
ei
T
an
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
ala
y
s
ia
,
Sk
u
d
ai
8
1
3
1
0
,
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
i
a
.
E
m
ail:
c
h
ee
w
ei
@
u
t
m
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
r
en
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
b
a
s
ed
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
o
s
s
i
l
f
u
el.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
ar
e
g
ai
n
i
n
g
p
o
p
u
lar
it
y
f
o
r
th
eir
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
ea
s
-
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
p
o
r
tab
le
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
a
d
e
v
ice
w
h
ic
h
h
as
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
b
o
th
e
n
g
i
n
es
a
n
d
b
atter
ies,
as
it
co
n
v
er
ts
t
h
e
c
h
e
m
ical
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
f
u
el
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
li
k
e
e
n
g
i
n
es a
n
d
al
s
o
,
it
h
a
s
h
ig
h
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
u
n
d
er
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
li
k
e
b
atter
ies.
I
t c
a
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
o
f
b
atte
r
ies,
as
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
a
n
y
e
x
tr
a
s
o
u
r
ce
to
c
h
ar
g
e.
D
u
e
to
i
ts
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
u
s
ag
e
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
i
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
a
y
b
y
d
a
y
.
Fo
r
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
a
v
it
al
tas
k
,
as
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
o
u
tco
m
e
m
o
s
tl
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
m
o
d
elli
n
g
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
et
u
p
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
co
s
tl
y
an
d
co
m
p
lex
.
E
s
p
ec
iall
y
,
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
te
m
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
test
b
en
c
h
r
eq
u
ir
es
au
x
iliar
y
u
n
its
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
tan
k
f
u
ll
o
f
p
u
r
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
,
air
s
u
p
p
l
y
u
n
it
,
an
d
co
o
lin
g
u
n
it,
w
h
ic
h
n
ee
d
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
ce
r
tai
n
f
lo
w
r
ate
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
af
et
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
also
a
v
ital
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
in
itia
l
test
b
e
n
ch
e
s
.
A
n
y
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
ca
n
lead
to
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
ac
cid
e
n
ts
,
co
s
ti
n
g
li
f
e
an
d
m
o
n
e
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
ec
t
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
in
itia
l
test
b
en
ch
i
s
u
s
i
n
g
e
m
u
lato
r
s
.
T
h
e
e
m
u
lato
r
s
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
ep
ictin
g
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
R
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
,
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
an
d
f
u
el
ce
l
l e
m
u
lato
r
s
i
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t liter
at
u
r
es.
P
V
e
m
u
lato
r
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
r
ee
p
ar
ts
:
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
el,
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
te
r
,
an
d
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Fo
r
d
esi
g
n
i
n
g
P
V
m
o
d
el
m
o
s
t
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
s
e
eit
h
er
s
i
n
g
le
d
io
d
e
P
V
m
o
d
el
o
r
lo
o
k
u
p
tab
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
P
r
o
to
n
E
xc
h
a
n
g
e
Memb
r
a
n
e
F
u
el
C
ell
E
mu
la
to
r
Usi
n
g
P
I
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
B
u
ck
....
(
Hima
d
r
y
S
h
ek
h
a
r
Da
s
)
463
r
ese
m
b
li
n
g
t
h
e
P
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[1
]
,
[
2]
.
Oth
er
th
a
n
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t,
b
o
o
s
t,
an
d
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
f
o
r
P
V
em
u
lato
r
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
[3
]
-
[
5]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ec
o
m
es
co
m
p
le
x
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
o
th
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
R
ec
en
t
w
o
r
k
s
in
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
i
n
cl
u
d
es
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
zz
y
-
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
i
n
t
[
5
]
an
d
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
ased
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
[
6
]
.
W
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
e
m
u
lato
r
(
W
T
E
)
c
o
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
m
ec
h
a
n
icall
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
r
iv
es:
o
n
e
w
o
r
k
s
a
s
a
m
o
to
r
an
d
an
o
th
er
as
a
g
en
er
ato
r
.
T
h
e
m
o
to
r
e
m
u
late
s
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
to
r
q
u
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
elec
tr
icit
y
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
to
r
q
u
e.
Ma
j
o
r
ity
o
f
P
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
T
E
s
u
s
e
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
u
s
i
n
g
MA
T
L
A
B
/S
i
m
u
li
n
k
®
w
it
h
d
SP
A
C
E
[
7
]
,
Ma
th
W
o
r
k
s
x
P
C
tar
g
et
[
8
]
o
r
L
ab
VI
E
W
w
ith
Data
a
cq
u
is
itio
n
b
o
ar
d
[
9
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
em
u
lat
e
th
e
in
er
tia
to
r
q
u
e,
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
e
f
ir
s
t
o
r
d
er
f
ilte
r
[
7
]
o
r
a
m
o
v
i
n
g
av
er
ag
e
f
ilter
[
1
0
]
o
r
a
P
L
L
[
1
1
]
to
f
ilter
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
d
er
iv
ativ
e
ter
m
.
A
f
e
w
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
W
T
E
s
u
s
in
g
it
s
o
w
n
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
an
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
[
1
1
]
,
[
12]
.
Sim
ilar
to
o
th
er
e
m
u
la
to
r
s
,
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
e
m
u
lato
r
s
(
FC
E
s
)
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
eith
er
b
asic
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
r
d
ig
ital
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
[
1
3
]
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
th
e
FC
E
m
o
d
els
ar
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
u
s
in
g
M
A
T
L
A
B
/Si
m
u
li
n
k
®
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
te
d
u
s
i
n
g
DSP
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
r
d
SP
AC
E
b
o
ar
d
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
e
m
u
lato
r
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
DC
-
D
C
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
clu
d
e
s
th
e
F
C
m
o
d
el
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
d
r
iv
er
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
c
h
allen
g
e
o
f
F
C
E
s
y
s
te
m
is
to
e
m
u
late
t
h
e
f
u
el
c
ell
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics.
Se
v
er
al
e
m
u
lato
r
s
u
s
e
elec
tr
ical
c
ir
cu
it
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
FC
m
o
d
el,
w
h
ile
o
t
h
er
s
u
s
e
e
lectr
o
ch
e
m
ical
m
o
d
el
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
FC
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
in
it
ial
FC
E
s
in
c
lu
d
e
o
n
l
y
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
[
1
7
]
.
L
ater
,
b
o
th
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
t
h
e
e
m
u
lato
r
m
o
d
el
[
1
8
]
,
[
19]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
eit
h
er
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
d
ata
o
f
th
e
FC
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
a
FC
E
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
a
P
E
MFC
m
o
d
el
ex
p
lain
ed
i
n
r
ef
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
B
allar
d
Ma
r
k
V
P
E
MFC
m
o
d
el
d
atas
h
ee
t.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
ati
o
n
,
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
o
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
also
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
T
h
e
b
asic
b
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
e
m
u
lato
r
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
cl
u
d
es
a
b
u
ck
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
a
DC
lo
ad
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
P
E
MFC
el
ec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
m
o
d
el
i
s
i
n
clu
d
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
a
P
I
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
is
u
s
ed
to
g
en
e
r
ate
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
lato
r
.
MA
T
L
A
B
/Si
m
u
li
n
k
®
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
e
m
u
lato
r
s
h
o
w
s
f
ast
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
it
i
s
ea
s
il
y
s
ca
lab
le
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
o
th
er
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
F
C
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
b
asic
o
f
P
E
MFC
i
s
elab
o
r
ated
in
s
ec
tio
n
I
I
,
th
e
MA
T
L
A
B
m
o
d
elli
n
g
o
f
th
e
F
C
E
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
I
I
I
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
is
s
tated
in
s
ec
t
io
n
I
V,
an
d
f
i
n
all
y
,
s
ec
tio
n
V
d
i
s
cu
s
s
es t
h
e
co
n
clu
d
in
g
r
e
m
ar
k
s
.
B
u
ck
C
o
n
ve
r
t
e
r
Load
P
E
M
F
C
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
ce
M
o
d
e
l
P
I
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
P
WM
+
-
V
r
e
f
V
o
I
r
e
f
F
u
e
l
C
e
l
l
E
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FC
e
m
u
lato
r
2.
P
RO
T
O
N
E
XCH
A
NG
E
M
E
M
B
RANE F
UE
L
CE
L
L
(
P
E
M
F
C)
M
O
DE
L
P
E
MFC
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
elec
tr
icit
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
e
lectr
o
ch
e
m
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
,
i
n
w
h
ic
h
a
n
o
x
id
izer
r
e
ac
ts
w
it
h
a
f
u
e
l
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
icit
y
,
w
h
er
e,
w
ater
a
n
d
h
ea
t
i
s
g
en
er
ate
d
as
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
e
P
E
MFC
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
tar
t
s
w
it
h
t
h
r
ee
p
ar
ts
:
t
w
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
elec
tr
o
d
es
an
d
a
s
o
lid
p
o
ly
m
er
elec
tr
o
l
y
te.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te
w
o
r
k
s
as
a
m
ed
i
u
m
o
f
io
n
e
x
ch
a
n
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ele
ctr
o
d
es.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
r
ea
ctan
t
o
f
P
E
MFC
i
s
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
u
el
a
n
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
air
.
A
t
a
n
o
d
e
,
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
u
el
i
s
f
ed
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
l
y
a
n
d
at
ca
t
h
o
d
e,
air
i
s
s
u
p
p
lied
.
A
t
a
n
o
d
e,
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
is
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
in
to
p
r
o
to
n
s
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
s
,
w
h
ile
at
ca
th
o
d
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
o
x
id
e
io
n
s
an
d
th
en
r
ea
ct
s
w
i
th
p
r
o
to
n
s
to
f
o
r
m
w
ater
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
a
P
E
MFC
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
an
o
d
e,
ca
th
o
d
e,
an
d
o
v
er
all
ch
e
m
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
ar
e
g
i
v
en
i
n
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
-
3)
[
2
1
]
.
A
n
o
d
e
r
ea
ctio
n
:
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
201
7
:
4
6
2
–
469
464
C
ath
o
d
e
r
ea
ctio
n
:
⁄
(
2
)
Ov
er
all
r
ea
ctio
n
:
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
3
)
Load
2
e
-
O
xi
d
a
n
t
i
n
F
u
e
l
i
n
H
2
P
o
si
t
i
ve
i
o
n
N
e
g
a
t
i
ve
i
o
n
H
2
O
D
e
p
l
e
t
e
d
o
xi
d
a
n
t
a
n
d
P
r
o
d
u
ct
g
a
se
s
o
u
t
E
l
e
ct
r
o
l
yt
e
M
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
H
2
O
D
e
p
l
e
t
e
d
o
xi
d
a
n
t
a
n
d
P
r
o
d
u
ct
g
a
se
s
o
u
t
A
n
o
d
e
C
a
t
h
o
d
e
1
/
2
O
2
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
r
in
cip
le
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
P
E
MFC
[
2
2
]
E
ac
h
P
E
MFC
ce
ll
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
1
.
2
3
V
th
eo
r
etica
ll
y
,
alt
h
o
u
g
h
i
n
p
r
ac
tice
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
h
iev
ed
i
s
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
0
.
6
V
~
0
.
7
V.
T
h
e
FC
ce
ll
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
ac
t
iv
atio
n
,
o
h
m
ic,
an
d
m
as
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
lo
s
s
,
w
h
i
ch
r
es
u
lts
in
d
ec
r
e
m
en
t
in
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
cu
r
r
en
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
cu
r
v
e
o
f
P
E
MFC
ce
ll
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
I
-
V
cu
r
v
e
d
ep
icts
th
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
o
p
er
atin
g
r
eg
io
n
s
n
a
m
el
y
,
o
h
m
ic,
ac
ti
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
.
A
t t
h
e
w
ar
m
in
g
u
p
s
ta
g
e,
P
E
MFC
o
p
er
ates a
t
th
e
ac
ti
v
atio
n
r
eg
io
n
a
s
t
h
er
e
is
le
s
s
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
it
y
,
r
es
u
l
tin
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
.
Ag
ai
n
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t d
e
n
s
it
y
is
v
er
y
h
ig
h
,
t
h
e
o
p
ea
r
tin
g
s
tate
r
ea
ch
es
to
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
p
o
lar
izatio
n
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
as
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
t
ef
f
ec
i
en
c
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
s
tate
s
,
th
er
e
is
o
h
m
ic
r
eg
io
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
lo
s
s
is
d
u
e
to
in
ter
n
al
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
a
n
d
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
it
y
as
w
el
l
as
v
o
lta
g
e
ch
a
n
g
e
is
li
n
ea
r
.
T
h
e
id
ea
l
o
p
er
atin
g
r
eg
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
E
MFC
is
o
h
m
ic
r
e
g
io
n
,
d
u
e
to
h
av
in
g
m
in
i
m
u
m
lo
s
s
,
g
o
o
d
h
ea
lt
h
,
a
n
d
m
a
in
ta
in
g
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
.
As
a
s
i
n
g
le
F
C
ce
ll
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
m
u
ltip
le
ce
lls
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
s
to
b
u
ild
th
e
FC
s
tack
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
in
s
er
ies
d
ef
in
e
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
p
ar
allel
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
co
m
m
er
cial
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
tack
s
h
av
e
ce
r
tai
n
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
atin
g
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
f
u
el
a
n
d
o
x
id
an
t
f
lo
w
r
ate
a
n
d
co
o
lan
t
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
ar
e
also
d
ef
in
ed
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ap
p
ly
th
e
F
C
s
tac
k
in
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
a
tio
n
,
th
e
r
e
g
u
la
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
an
d
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
all
th
ese
s
tr
ea
m
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
g
a
s
h
u
m
id
if
icat
io
n
ar
e
also
n
ee
d
ed
to
f
o
llo
w
u
p
.
Fo
r
all
th
e
s
e
f
e
atu
r
es,
a
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
u
ld
in
cl
u
d
e
FC
u
n
it,
f
u
el
s
t
o
r
ag
e,
f
u
el
d
eli
v
er
y
s
y
s
te
m
,
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
air
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
te
m
,
an
d
a
h
u
m
id
if
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
ls
o
,
p
r
o
p
er
alar
m
s
a
n
d
s
a
f
et
y
eq
u
ip
e
m
n
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
to
p
r
ev
en
t
a
n
y
m
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
h
az
ar
d
.
E
lectr
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t su
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
P
r
o
to
n
E
xc
h
a
n
g
e
Memb
r
a
n
e
F
u
el
C
ell
E
mu
la
to
r
Usi
n
g
P
I
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
B
u
ck
....
(
Hima
d
r
y
S
h
ek
h
a
r
Da
s
)
465
A
ct
i
ve
P
o
l
a
r
i
za
t
i
o
n
R
e
g
i
o
n
(
r
e
a
ct
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
l
o
ss
)
T
o
t
a
l
L
o
ss
O
h
m
i
c
P
o
l
a
r
i
za
t
i
o
n
R
e
g
i
o
n
(
r
e
si
st
a
n
ce
l
o
ss
)
C
o
n
ce
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
l
a
r
i
za
t
i
o
n
R
e
g
i
o
n
(
g
a
s
t
r
a
n
sp
o
r
t
l
o
ss
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
y
p
ical
f
u
el
ce
ll I
-
V
cu
r
v
e
2
.
1
.
Dy
na
m
ic
m
o
del o
f
P
E
M
F
C
T
h
e
r
ed
o
x
r
ea
ctio
n
o
f
eq
u
at
io
n
(
3
)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
i
n
a
s
in
g
le
FC
ce
ll.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
ce
ll i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
th
e
Ner
n
s
t e
q
u
a
tio
n
d
escr
ib
ed
in
eq
u
a
tio
n
(
4
)
ln
22
2
HO
C
e
l
l
0
HO
EE
PP
RT
2
F
P
(
4
)
Her
e,
(
1
.
2
3
V)
is
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
r
e
d
o
x
r
ea
ctio
n
an
d
R
,
T
,
an
d
F
ar
e
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
g
as
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
ab
s
o
lu
te
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
an
d
Far
ad
y
’
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t
r
es
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
P
d
en
o
tes
th
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
g
ase
s
a
n
d
w
ater
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
eq
u
atio
n
(
4
)
i
s
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ets
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
a
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
(
)
,
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
(
)
an
d
r
esis
tiv
e
(
)
lo
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
F
C
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
(
)
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as e
q
u
a
tio
n
(
5
)
[
1
6
]
.
S
t
a
c
k
C
e
l
l
C
e
l
l
a
c
t
c
o
n
c
o
h
m
NE
V
E
V
V
V
(
5
)
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
lo
s
s
es
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
(
6
)
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
)
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
r
elatio
n
.
i
n
t
0
l
n
l
n
s
t
a
c
k
L
s
t
a
c
k
S
t
a
c
k
s
t
a
c
k
L
I
I
I
V
E
A
T
B
T
I
R
II
(
6
)
Her
e,
E
is
th
e
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
ex
c
h
a
n
g
e
an
d
li
m
i
tin
g
c
u
r
r
en
ts
,
is
th
e
in
ter
n
a
l r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
A
an
d
B
ar
e
th
e
ac
tiv
a
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
F
C
i
n
clu
d
e
s
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
la
y
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t,
w
h
ic
h
is
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
t
w
o
o
p
p
o
s
ite
p
o
lar
ity
ch
ar
g
ed
la
y
e
r
s
f
o
r
m
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
an
d
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e.
T
h
e
lay
er
s
b
eh
av
e
lik
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
e
lectr
o
ch
e
m
ical
d
o
u
b
le
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
PEM
FC
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
eled
in
MA
T
L
A
B
/S
i
m
u
li
n
k
®
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
g
ase
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
d
o
u
b
le
la
y
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ef
f
ec
ts
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
201
7
:
4
6
2
–
469
466
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
lectr
o
ch
e
m
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
P
E
MFC
3.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
O
F
P
E
M
F
C
E
M
UL
AT
O
R
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
P
E
MFC
e
m
u
lato
r
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
e
m
u
lato
r
h
as
t
h
r
ee
p
ar
ts
:
th
e
F
C
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
t
h
e
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
e
m
u
lati
n
g
t
h
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
v
o
lta
g
e.
FC
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
eq
u
atio
n
s
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
lated
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
Si
m
u
li
n
k
b
lo
ck
s
.
T
h
e
FC
m
o
d
el
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
b
o
th
s
ta
tic
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
P
E
MFC
s
tack
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
g
iv
e
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
FC
m
o
d
el
tak
es
t
h
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t
as
r
ef
er
en
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
es r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
m
u
lato
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
m
o
d
el
i
s
5
.
7
k
W
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
-
cu
r
r
en
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Fro
m
th
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at,
t
h
e
o
h
m
ic
r
eg
io
n
lie
s
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
b
et
w
ee
n
5
0
V
an
d
2
0
V
s
tack
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
is
at
2
8
V
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
2
0
0
A.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
c
u
r
v
e
is
s
i
m
ilar
t
o
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
B
allar
d
Ma
r
k
V
P
E
MFC
s
tack
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
e
m
u
late
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
1
0
0
V,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
F
C
m
o
d
el
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
lta
g
e
(
8
0
V)
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
alu
e
s
ar
e
d
e
f
in
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
m
u
lae
a
n
d
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
an
g
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
elli
n
g
is
t
h
e
F
C
o
h
m
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
2
0
k
Hz
d
u
e
to
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
o
f
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
.
A
l
s
o
,
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
ass
i
v
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
,
P
I
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
i
m
u
lated
.
A
v
o
lt
ag
e
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
esig
n
e
d
,
w
h
ich
co
m
p
ar
e
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
w
i
th
th
e
F
C
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
a
l
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
lato
r
(
P
W
M)
.
T
h
e
P
W
M
g
en
er
ates
th
e
ga
te
s
ig
n
al
p
u
ls
e
s
o
f
th
e
M
OSFET
s
w
itch
.
T
ab
le
2
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
B
u
ck
co
n
v
er
t
er
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
an
d
in
te
g
r
al
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
v
al
u
es.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
MA
T
L
A
B
/Si
m
u
li
n
k
®
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll e
m
u
lato
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
P
r
o
to
n
E
xc
h
a
n
g
e
Memb
r
a
n
e
F
u
el
C
ell
E
mu
la
to
r
Usi
n
g
P
I
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
B
u
ck
....
(
Hima
d
r
y
S
h
ek
h
a
r
Da
s
)
467
T
ab
le
1
.
Mo
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
P
E
MFC
s
tack
[
2
0
]
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
A
n
o
d
e
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
P
r
e
ssu
r
e
(
P
a
)
2
.
3
8
1
6
C
a
t
h
o
d
e
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
P
r
e
ssu
r
e
(
P
c
)
2
.
3
8
1
6
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss o
f
F
C
(
L
)
1
7
8
e
-
4
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
l
o
ss c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
B
)
0
.
0
1
6
M
e
mb
r
a
n
e
r
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
(
R
c
)
0
.
0
0
0
3
P
a
r
a
me
t
r
i
c
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s (E
1
)
-
0
.
9
4
8
P
a
r
a
me
t
r
i
c
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
(
E
3
)
7
.
6
e
-
5
P
a
r
a
me
t
r
i
c
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s (E
4
)
-
1
.
9
3
e
-
4
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
n
si
t
y
(
Jmax
)
1
.
5
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
Jn
)
0
.
1
F
C
a
r
e
a
(
A
)
2
3
2
A
d
j
u
st
a
b
l
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
(
Y
)
18
T
ab
le
2
.
B
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
I
n
p
u
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
i
n
)
1
0
0
V
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
(
L
)
2
0
0
µ
H
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
(
B
)
2
5
0
µ
F
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
R
c
)
2
0
0
0
0
H
z
P
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
t
o
r
(
K
p
)
0
.
0
0
4
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
l
c
o
mp
e
n
sat
o
r
(
K
i
)
5
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Vo
ltag
e
an
d
P
o
w
er
cu
r
v
e
o
f
P
E
MFC
s
tac
k
m
o
d
el
4.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
ANA
L
YS
I
S
T
h
e
FC
E
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
s
i
m
u
lated
w
it
h
b
o
th
s
tatic
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
lo
ad
to
ass
ess
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
e
m
u
lato
r
m
o
d
el
r
ep
licates
th
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
ac
tu
al
P
E
MFC
s
ta
ck
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
FC
E
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
r
es
is
t
iv
e
lo
ad
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
,
th
e
F
C
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
lo
ad
v
o
l
tag
e
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
r
ip
p
les.
Ot
h
er
w
i
s
e,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
co
n
s
tan
t
a
t
3
1
V,
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
is
.
1
8
0
A
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
F
C
E
w
it
h
ch
a
n
g
es
i
n
r
esis
ti
v
e
lo
ad
.
W
ith
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
lo
ad
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
lta
g
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
ch
an
g
e
li
n
ea
r
l
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
i
s
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
h
o
o
t
i
n
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
ta
n
ce
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
r
o
p
s
a
n
d
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
at
th
e
m
o
m
en
t
o
f
ch
an
g
e,
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
p
ik
e
o
n
lo
ad
v
o
lta
g
e
a
s
w
e
ll
as u
n
d
er
s
h
o
o
t o
n
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
b
eh
i
n
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t i
s
t
h
e
s
lo
w
d
y
n
a
m
ic
o
f
th
e
FC
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
n
ee
d
s
ti
m
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
.
S
i
m
ilar
in
c
id
en
t
tak
es p
lace
w
h
ile
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
d
r
o
p
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
FC
E
w
i
th
f
ix
ed
lo
ad
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
201
7
:
4
6
2
–
469
468
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
FC
E
w
i
th
ch
a
n
g
in
g
lo
ad
T
h
e
FC
E
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
i
m
u
lated
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
izes
o
f
lo
ad
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
e
m
u
lato
r
in
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
r
e
g
io
n
s
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
V
-
I
g
r
a
p
h
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
P
E
MFC
m
o
d
el
an
d
t
h
e
FC
e
m
u
lato
r
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
.
I
n
th
i
s
f
ig
u
r
e,
t
h
e
d
ev
iat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
FC
E
s
y
s
te
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
p
o
lar
izatio
n
r
eg
io
n
.
Fo
r
v
er
y
s
m
all
lo
ad
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
n
o
t f
u
ll
y
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
w
it
h
th
e
id
ea
l
F
C
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
i
s
le
s
s
th
a
n
t
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
m
o
d
el
at
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
l
o
ad
.
Fo
r
th
e
o
h
m
ic
r
eg
io
n
an
d
ac
ti
v
atio
n
r
e
g
io
n
,
t
h
e
FC
E
i
s
f
u
ll
y
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
w
it
h
th
e
F
C
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
c
u
r
v
e
.
I
n
th
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
th
e
b
lu
e
lin
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
F
C
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
an
d
th
e
r
ed
lin
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
FC
E
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
T
h
e
d
o
ts
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
o
in
t
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
v
alu
e
s
ar
e
tak
en
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
,
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
v
a
lu
e
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
r
eg
io
n
i
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
Fo
r
ac
tiv
atio
n
r
eg
io
n
,
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
ar
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
1
.
8
Ω
,
o
h
m
ic
r
eg
io
n
lo
ad
s
ar
e
b
et
w
e
en
1
.
8
Ω
an
d
0
.
0
8
Ω
,
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
r
eg
io
n
lo
ad
r
esis
t
an
ce
s
ar
e
less
t
h
an
0
.
0
8
Ω
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
o
in
ts
at
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
v
al
u
es a
r
e
m
a
r
k
ed
o
n
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e
.
R
=
0
.
08
R
=
1
.
8
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics cu
r
v
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
FC
E
a
n
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
P
E
MFC
m
o
d
el
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
P
E
MFC
b
ased
FC
E
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
FC
E
s
y
s
te
m
in
cl
u
d
es
a
DC
-
D
C
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
e
r
ter
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
it
all
o
w
s
to
e
m
u
late
t
h
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
an
y
F
C
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
if
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
p
o
w
er
r
atin
g
i
n
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
cu
r
v
e
is
s
a
m
e,
o
th
er
t
y
p
es
o
f
FC
s
ca
n
also
b
e
e
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
t
h
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
l
la
w
is
m
o
d
i
f
ied
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
an
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
i
ca
l P
E
MFC
m
o
d
el,
a
P
I
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
a
n
d
a
P
W
M
g
en
er
ato
r
.
I
t
u
s
e
s
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t
as r
e
f
er
en
ce
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
P
E
MFC
v
o
lta
g
e.
A
5
k
W
B
allar
d
m
ar
k
V
P
E
MF
C
m
o
d
el
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
P
E
MFC
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
F
C
E
ca
n
e
m
u
late
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
l
P
E
M
FC
w
ith
ac
ce
p
tab
le
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
As
th
e
FC
E
i
s
a
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
,
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
ap
p
licatio
n
r
esear
ch
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
s
y
s
t
e
m
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
u
s
in
g
D
SP
an
d
o
th
er
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
,
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
en
ab
le
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
in
test
in
g
th
e
F
C
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
,
p
o
r
tab
le
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
a
n
d
in
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
P
r
o
to
n
E
xc
h
a
n
g
e
Memb
r
a
n
e
F
u
el
C
ell
E
mu
la
to
r
Usi
n
g
P
I
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
B
u
ck
....
(
Hima
d
r
y
S
h
ek
h
a
r
Da
s
)
469
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
p
a
y
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
Un
i
v
er
s
i
ti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UT
M)
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
w
it
h
lab
an
d
lib
r
ar
y
f
ac
ilit
ies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
th
e
Min
i
s
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Ma
la
y
s
i
a
(
MO
HE
)
.
T
h
ey
al
s
o
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
r
esear
c
h
g
r
an
t
s
ch
e
m
e
(
F
R
GS)
u
n
d
er
v
o
te
4
F5
9
6
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UT
M)
.
L
astl
y
,
th
a
n
k
s
to
th
o
s
e
co
lleag
u
e
s
w
h
o
h
av
e
eit
h
er
d
ir
ec
tl
y
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
A
b
b
e
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Re
a
l
ti
m
e
su
p
e
rv
isio
n
f
o
r
a
h
y
b
rid
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
e
m
u
lato
r,
”
S
imu
la
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
Pra
c
ti
c
e
a
n
d
T
h
e
o
ry
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
p
p
.
5
3
-
7
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
R.
G
.
M
e
d
in
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
lo
w
‐
c
o
s
t
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
e
m
u
lato
r
f
o
r
sta
ti
c
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
a
n
d
f
a
c
il
it
ies
,
”
Pro
g
re
ss
in
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ics
:
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
7
-
2
4
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
D.
D.
L
u
a
n
d
Q.
N.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
“
A
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
a
n
e
l
e
m
u
lato
r
u
sin
g
a
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
st
DC/DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
a
n
d
a
lo
w
c
o
st
mi
c
ro
-
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r,
”
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
7
-
1
4
8
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
]
J.
Ch
a
v
a
rria,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
o
w
c
o
st
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
rr
a
y
e
mu
la
t
o
r
d
e
sig
n
fo
r
th
e
tes
t
o
f
P
V
g
ri
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
in
v
e
rte
rs
,
”
in
S
y
st
e
m
s,
S
ig
n
a
ls
&
De
v
ic
e
s (S
S
D),
2
0
1
4
1
1
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
u
lt
i
-
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
re
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
d
i
g
it
a
l
P
V
sim
u
lato
r
w
i
th
a
p
u
sh
-
p
u
ll
f
o
rw
a
rd
c
irc
u
it
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
4
4
4
-
4
5
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
C.
Ba
lak
ish
a
n
a
n
d
S
.
Ba
b
u
,
“
D
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
M
icro
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
Ba
se
d
P
V
Em
u
lato
r
W
it
h
Cu
rr
e
n
t
C
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
DC/DC Bu
c
k
Co
n
v
e
rter,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ren
e
w
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
9
-
1
0
5
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[7
]
H.
L
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
u
n
if
ied
d
e
sig
n
,
tes
t,
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
p
latf
o
rm
f
o
r
w
in
d
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
h
a
rd
w
a
re
-
in
-
th
e
-
lo
o
p
re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
sim
u
latio
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
2
0
0
6
.
[8
]
I.
M
u
n
tea
n
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ha
rd
w
a
re
-
in
-
th
e
-
l
o
o
p
-
b
a
se
d
sim
u
lato
r
f
o
r
a
c
las
s
o
f
v
a
riab
le
-
sp
e
e
d
w
in
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
s
y
ste
m
s: De
sig
n
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[9
]
J.
R.
A
rrib
a
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
a
se
d
sim
u
latio
n
a
n
d
sc
a
led
lab
o
r
a
to
ry
b
e
n
c
h
sy
st
e
m
f
o
r
th
e
tea
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
train
i
n
g
o
f
e
n
g
in
e
e
rs
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
d
o
u
b
ly
f
e
d
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
w
in
d
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
4
-
1
5
4
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
M
.
M
o
n
f
a
re
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
tatic
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
w
in
d
tu
rb
in
e
sim
u
lato
r
u
s
in
g
a
c
o
n
v
e
rter co
n
tro
ll
e
d
d
c
m
o
to
r,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
p
p
.
9
0
6
-
9
1
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
1
]
B.
G
o
n
g
a
n
d
D.
X
u
,
“
Rea
l
ti
me
win
d
t
u
rb
i
n
e
simu
la
t
o
r
fo
r
win
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
sy
ste
m
,
”
in
2
0
0
8
IEE
E
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
p
e
c
ialists Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
0
-
1
1
1
4
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
2
]
J.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lys
is
o
f
d
y
n
a
mic
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
si
mu
la
t
o
r
fo
r
win
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
sy
ste
m
,
”
in
IECON 2
0
1
2
-
3
8
t
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
IE
EE
In
d
u
str
ial
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s S
o
c
iety
,
p
p
.
9
7
1
-
9
7
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
S
.
Yu
v
a
ra
jan
a
n
d
D.
Y
u
,
“
Ch
a
r
a
c
ter
isti
c
s
a
n
d
mo
d
e
ll
in
g
o
f
PE
M
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s,
”
in
Circu
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s,
2
0
0
4
.
IS
CA
S
'
0
4
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
0
4
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
V
-
8
8
0
-
V
-
8
8
3
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
4
]
A
.
G
e
b
re
g
e
r
g
is
a
n
d
P
.
P
il
lay
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
o
f
so
li
d
o
x
id
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
(
S
OFC)
e
mu
la
to
r,
”
in
2
0
0
7
IEE
E
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
sp
e
c
ialists co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
2
-
1
2
3
8
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
5
]
G
.
M
a
rs
a
la,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
p
ro
to
ty
p
e
o
f
a
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
P
EM
e
m
u
lato
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rter,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
2
-
2
2
0
3
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
6
]
A
.
S
.
S
a
m
o
sir,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
simp
le
PE
M
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
e
mu
la
t
o
r
u
sin
g
e
lec
trica
l
c
irc
u
it
mo
d
e
l
,
”
i
n
I
P
EC
,
2
0
1
0
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s,
p
p
.
8
8
1
-
8
8
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
7
]
T.
W
.
L
e
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
3
k
W
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
th
e
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
simu
la
to
r,
”
in
In
d
u
str
ial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
2
0
0
4
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
,
p
p
.
8
3
3
-
8
3
7
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
8
]
M
.
Ord
o
n
e
z
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
simu
la
t
o
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
n
e
x
p
e
rime
n
ta
ll
y
d
e
riv
e
d
mo
d
e
l
,
”
in
Ca
n
a
d
ian
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
0
5
.
,
p
p
.
1
4
4
9
-
1
4
5
2
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
9
]
M
.
Ord
o
n
e
z
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
simu
la
to
r,
”
in
2
0
0
5
IEE
E
3
6
t
h
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
p
e
c
ialists
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
178
-
1
8
4
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
0
]
C.
H.
L
e
e
a
n
d
J.
T
.
Ya
n
g
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
th
e
Ba
ll
a
r
d
-
M
a
rk
-
V
p
r
o
to
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
w
it
h
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
f
o
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
u
n
d
e
rw
a
ter
v
e
h
icle
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s,
v
o
l.
1
9
6
,
p
p
.
3
8
1
0
-
3
8
2
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
1
]
M
.
W
.
El
li
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
u
e
l
c
e
ll
sy
st
e
ms
:
e
ff
icie
n
t,
fl
e
x
ib
le en
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
fo
r t
h
e
2
1
st ce
n
t
u
ry
,
”
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
th
e
IEE
E,
v
o
l.
8
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
8
-
1
8
1
8
,
2
0
0
1
.
[2
2
]
X
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Fu
e
l
c
e
ll
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
d
istrib
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
:
a
n
o
v
e
rv
iew
,”
in
I
n
d
u
strial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
2
0
0
6
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
6
1
3
-
1
6
1
8
,
2
0
0
6
.
[2
3
]
A
.
S
.
S
a
m
o
sir,
“
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
in
terf
a
c
i
n
g
u
lt
ra
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
to
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
,
”
P
h
D,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
4
]
K.
Ch
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Exp
l
o
rin
g
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
in
g
sy
ste
m
fo
r
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
,
”
in
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
p
e
c
ialists
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
1
.
P
ES
C.
2
0
0
1
I
EE
E
3
2
n
d
A
n
n
u
a
l,
p
p
.
2
1
9
7
-
2
2
0
2
,
2
0
0
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.