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Vo
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1803
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Fault D
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Clas
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De
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KIIT
Un
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De
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C
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in
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FAC
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tr
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[
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d
ev
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UP
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[
3
]
(
u
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r
m
er
s
in
te
g
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ated
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th
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li
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UP
FC
[
4
]
ex
is
ts
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t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
lo
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p
af
f
ec
ts
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[
5
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u
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
7
9
3
–
1
8
0
3
1794
f
au
lt
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ta
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ased
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is
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b
ased
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tr
av
el
lin
g
w
a
v
e
[
6
]
th
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th
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p
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b
le
m
in
t
h
is
i
s
lar
g
e
ex
p
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s
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f
h
a
r
d
w
ar
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s
etu
p
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s
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d
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to
tr
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th
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s
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As
th
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tr
av
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w
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v
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co
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s
h
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h
f
r
eq
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en
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y
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ig
n
al
s
,
it
is
v
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y
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
s
ep
ar
ate
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e
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
co
m
p
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n
t
s
f
r
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m
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ter
f
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a
s
n
o
is
e.
Neu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ased
A
N
N
[
7
]
in
clu
d
i
n
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
also
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
[
8
]
.
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
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ap
p
r
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ac
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d
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id
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all
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to
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y
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
au
lt
as
it
i
s
s
e
n
s
iti
v
e
to
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
c
h
an
g
es.
ANN
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
h
i
g
h
l
y
t
r
ain
in
g
a
n
d
tes
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
an
al
y
s
e
th
e
f
a
u
lt.
Ho
w
e
v
er
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
o
m
e
n
eu
r
o
n
s
ar
e
m
i
s
s
ed
d
u
e
to
p
h
aso
r
d
ata
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
in
ac
c
u
r
ate
r
es
u
lt.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
at
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Ultr
a
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
r
ela
y
f
o
r
E
HV/UHV
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
e
s
also
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
[
9
]
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
a
u
lt
class
i
f
icatio
n
in
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
e.
R
esear
c
h
er
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
id
en
ti
f
y
i
n
g
m
a
n
y
n
e
w
t
y
p
es
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
f
au
lt
y
zo
n
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
cla
s
s
i
f
icatio
n
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
p
r
o
tectio
n
is
Kal
m
a
n
f
ilter
i
n
g
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
in
t
h
is
i
s
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
is
s
i
m
ilar
f
ilter
s
.
An
o
th
er
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
m
ac
h
i
n
e
i
n
telli
g
e
n
ce
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
i
n
e
(
SVM)
al
s
o
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
[
1
2
]
f
o
r
f
a
u
lt
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
an
d
cla
s
s
i
f
icatio
n
,
b
u
t
it
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
n
o
is
e
an
d
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
t
h
is
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
esu
lt
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
er
in
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
w
h
e
n
s
i
g
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
3
0
d
b
[
1
1
]
.
Fau
lt
id
en
tific
atio
n
u
s
i
n
g
lin
ea
r
ti
m
e
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
VSI
s
w
itch
i
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
1
2
]
,
h
o
w
ev
er
it
f
a
ils
to
ex
p
lain
f
au
l
t
d
etec
tio
n
ti
m
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
a
u
lt
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
its
r
ela
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e.
I
n
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
f
au
lts
i
n
m
atr
ix
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
3
]
also
e
x
p
lain
s
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
f
a
u
lt
o
f
s
w
i
tc
h
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
b
u
t
u
n
ab
le
to
d
etec
t
a
n
d
clas
s
i
f
y
s
h
u
n
t
f
a
u
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
p
r
o
p
o
er
ly
.
Fa
u
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
li
m
i
ter
[
1
4
]
cir
cu
it
e
x
p
lain
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
s
tab
ilit
y
,
b
u
t
it
u
n
ab
l
e
to
tr
ac
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
s
h
u
n
t
f
a
u
l
ts
co
n
d
itio
n
ex
ce
p
t
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it
f
a
u
lt.
C
las
s
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
u
s
in
g
wav
elet
m
u
lti
-
r
eso
lu
t
io
n
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
n
e
u
r
al
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
is
a
ls
o
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
[
1
5
]
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
d
b
4
w
a
v
elet
at
s
ix
le
v
el
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
o
f
th
ir
d
lev
el
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
i
s
it
u
n
a
b
le
to
ex
p
lain
f
au
l
t
d
etec
tio
n
ti
m
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
er
class
if
ica
tio
n
o
f
f
au
lt
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
a
m
eter
c
h
an
g
e.
I
n
A
d
alin
e
L
MS
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
DW
T
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
6
]
b
a
s
ed
ST
A
T
C
OM
in
te
g
r
ated
li
n
e
ex
p
lai
n
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
lin
ea
r
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
DW
T
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
au
l
t
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
clas
s
if
ica
tio
n
b
u
t
i
t
u
n
ab
le
to
ex
p
lain
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
ti
m
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
class
i
f
ica
t
io
n
i
s
ex
p
lain
ed
i
n
SV
C
in
te
g
r
ated
d
o
u
b
le
cir
cu
it
li
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
F
DST
[
1
7
]
b
u
t
f
ail
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
ti
m
e
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
[
1
8
]
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e
d
u
e
to
it
s
b
u
r
d
en
.
A
ll
t
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
class
i
f
icatio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
ar
e
o
u
tli
n
ed
ex
clu
d
i
n
g
UP
FC
in
te
g
r
ate
d
lin
e.
Ho
w
ev
er
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
in
teg
r
ated
to
UP
FC
th
e
n
th
e
s
ch
e
m
e
b
ec
o
m
e
s
v
er
y
co
m
p
le
x
to
an
al
y
s
e
th
e
f
a
u
lt.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
b
eh
i
n
d
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
ast d
et
ec
tio
n
ti
m
e
o
r
r
elay
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
f
i
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
ar
t
in
s
ec
tio
n
-
1
.
Sectio
n
-
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
DW
T
b
ased
Sig
n
al
P
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
r
ela
y
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e.
Sectio
n
-
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
s
tu
d
ied
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
ex
p
lain
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
f
o
r
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
clas
s
if
icatio
n
.
Sectio
n
-
4
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
ch
a
n
g
e.
Sectio
n
-
5
ex
p
lai
n
s
co
n
clu
s
io
n
p
ar
t o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
c
h
e
m
e.
2
.
SI
G
NA
L
P
RO
C
E
SS
I
N
G
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
T
h
e
Sig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
to
o
l
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
f
au
l
t
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
class
i
f
icat
io
n
.
Ou
t
o
f
m
an
y
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
to
o
l
u
s
ed
i
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
w
av
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
a
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
to
o
l
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
l
y
n
o
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
s
i
g
n
al
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
o
r
d
er
h
ar
m
o
n
ics.
T
o
ev
alu
a
te
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
s
i
g
n
a
l
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
n
o
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
s
i
g
n
al
o
cc
u
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
ize
is
a
n
i
m
p
o
er
tan
t
is
s
u
e
to
d
is
cu
s
s
w
h
ic
h
s
p
lit
s
i
n
to
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ad
j
u
s
tab
le
s
ize
r
eg
io
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
its
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
w
i
th
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
at
a
u
s
i
n
g
lo
n
g
er
ti
m
e
in
ter
v
a
ls
w
h
er
ea
s
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
ata
u
s
i
n
g
s
h
o
r
ter
ti
m
e
i
n
t
er
v
al.
DW
T
o
f
f
er
s
ti
m
e
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ath
er
th
a
n
ti
me
-
s
ca
le
r
e
g
io
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
it
i
s
al
s
o
u
s
ed
to
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
e
s
ig
n
al
i
n
to
a
s
et
o
f
b
as
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
k
n
o
wn
as
w
a
v
elet
s
.
M
o
th
er
w
av
e
let
[
2
1
]
o
f
Dau
b
ec
h
y
’
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
b
4
is
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
in
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ca
led
an
d
s
h
i
f
ted
f
o
r
m
s
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
w
a
v
elets.
Select
io
n
o
f
s
u
it
ab
le
m
o
t
h
er
w
a
v
elet
Da
u
b
e
ch
y
f
a
m
il
y
[
2
2
]
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
b
est
b
ec
au
s
e
its
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
is
h
i
g
h
er
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
o
th
er
t
y
p
e
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
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694
F
a
u
lt De
tectio
n
&
C
la
s
s
if
ica
ti
o
n
in
UP
F
C
I
n
te
g
r
a
ted
Tr
a
n
s
mis
s
io
n
Lin
e
Usi
n
g
D
W
T
(
S
.
K
Mis
h
r
a
)
1795
class
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f
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ac
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atel
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t
o
f
m
an
y
to
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te
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p
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tectio
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w
av
ele
t
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
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e
o
n
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o
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th
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w
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d
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s
ize
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ter
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also
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s
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m
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h
p
ass
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H.
P
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ith
m
[
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MR
A
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W
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z)
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h
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,
.
.
.
[
n
/2
]
-
1.
T
h
e
p
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s
s
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ts
w
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t
s
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g
n
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ase
(
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,
B
,
C
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n
s
m
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s
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s
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m
e
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b
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id
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m
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in
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0
Hz
s
y
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te
m
)
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o
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th
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i
m
u
latio
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s
t
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d
y
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ee
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a1
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th
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Hz,
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3
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2
5
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0
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Hz
r
esp
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tiv
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y
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th
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lev
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as
f
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d
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tal
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m
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en
t
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f
f
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eq
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en
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(
5
0
Hz)
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3
rd
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n
d
5
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h
ar
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p
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n
t
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en
t.
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t
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h
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tr
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ted
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t
s
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n
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l
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A
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(
a3
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b
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at
s
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d
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en
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ter
m
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Fro
m
th
is
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s
tr
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cted
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r
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n
t
s
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g
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m
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s
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f
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l
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r
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t
s
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s
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ex
tr
ac
ted
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
al
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s
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n
g
DFT
is
u
s
ed
f
o
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co
m
p
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t
atio
n
o
f
Sp
ec
tr
al
E
n
er
g
y
[
2
3
]
.
3
.
ST
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E
D
SY
ST
E
M
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
m
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d
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tatio
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f
4
0
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r
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2
5
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Sp
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E
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2
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ased
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r
ed
[
2
7
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
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an
d
Fig
u
r
e1
(
c)
d
ep
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th
e
s
ch
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m
atic
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ia
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r
a
m
a
n
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f
lo
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n
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g
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r
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1
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a)
s
u
b
s
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in
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ase
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et
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e
m
.
Ma
t
h
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m
a
ticall
y
,
V
S
=
V
r
=4
0
0
k
V,
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=
1
2
0
-
0
0
.
I
m
p
ed
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ce
s
Z
s
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d
Z
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s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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0
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8
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IJ
PEDS
Vo
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r
e
1
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a)
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ch
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m
e
o
f
UP
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teg
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s
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y
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d
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f
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w
h
ich
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e
m
e
n
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elo
w
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n
o
f
Fa
u
lt r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
(
R
f
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: 0
to
1
0
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.
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n
o
f
f
au
l
t in
ce
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n
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le
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A
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: 0
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4
5
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9
0
0
.
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n
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o
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w
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s
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m
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SI)
.
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n
o
f
UP
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ar
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m
eter
(
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n
d
θse)
.
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r
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m
0
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th
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θse
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0
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2
0
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f
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is
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re
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u
r
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1
(
c)
.
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w
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ar
t o
f
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p
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s
ed
s
c
h
e
m
e
o
f
UP
F
C
in
teg
r
ated
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e.
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tr
al
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n
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.
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ag
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s
ed
b
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,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
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8
8
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F
a
u
lt De
tectio
n
&
C
la
s
s
if
ica
ti
o
n
in
UP
F
C
I
n
te
g
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ted
Tr
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n
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mis
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D
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h
r
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T
h
e
f
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g
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e
co
n
tr
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tes
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n
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ar
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f
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it
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ase
f
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s
en
d
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g
en
d
b
u
s
.
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h
e
th
r
esh
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ld
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m
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v
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as
w
e
ll a
s
UP
FC
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
4
.
RE
SUL
T
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
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O
N
‘
Ma
t la
b
Si
m
u
lin
k
’
is
p
r
ep
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ed
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
o
f
UP
FC
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n
te
g
r
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tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e.
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t
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t
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ce
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ted
at
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.
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s
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n
d
s
.
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g
u
r
e
2
(
a)
d
ep
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f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
r
etr
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m
s
en
d
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g
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f
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f
a
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n
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n
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f
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l
t
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D
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r
e
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n
ce
p
ted
at
6
0
0
s
am
p
le
R
f
=1
Ω
,
FIA
=0
0
.
Fig
u
r
e
2(
b
)
.
A
-
G
f
au
l
t a
t 3
9
0
k
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
t
h
e
Var
iatio
n
o
f
R
f
=1
Ω
,
5
0
Ω
an
d
1
0
0
Ω
,
FIA
=0
0
th
e
Var
iatio
n
o
f
R
f
=1
Ω
,
5
0
Ω
an
d
1
0
0
Ω
,
FIA
=
0
0
4
.
1
.
Va
ria
t
io
n o
f
f
a
ult
re
s
is
t
a
nce
(
Rf
):
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
Rf
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e.
T
o
test
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
w
ell
a
s
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
Rf
v
a
lu
e
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
1
Ω
to
1
0
0
Ω
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
d
ep
icts
B
C
-
G
f
a
u
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
at
1
0
k
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
Rf
=1
Ω
an
d
FI
A
=0
0
.
I
t s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
e
n
er
g
y
(
SE)
o
f
f
a
u
lt c
u
r
r
en
t
B
an
d
C
g
r
o
w
s
h
i
g
h
er
an
d
cr
o
s
s
es
th
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
,
T
h
=2
5
an
d
d
etec
ts
th
e
f
a
u
lt
at
3
6
s
a
m
p
le
(
1
8
m
s
)
to
i
s
s
u
e
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
to
tr
ip
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
au
lt
is
d
etec
ted
an
d
class
if
ied
as
B
C
-
G
f
a
u
lt.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c)
d
ep
icts
A
-
G
f
au
l
t
o
cc
u
r
s
at
1
0
k
m
d
i
s
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
Rf
=1
Ω
an
d
FIA
=0
0
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
SE
o
f
A
p
h
a
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
7
9
3
–
1
8
0
3
1798
cu
r
r
en
t
g
r
o
w
s
h
i
g
h
er
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
B
an
d
C
p
h
a
s
e
an
d
cr
o
s
s
es
T
h
=2
5
to
d
etec
t
th
e
f
au
l
t
in
1
8
s
a
m
p
le
(
9
m
s
)
an
d
class
i
f
y
t
h
e
f
au
lt
a
s
A
p
h
ase
f
a
u
lt.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
(
d
)
d
ep
icts
A
-
G
f
a
u
lt
at
3
9
0
k
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
Rf
=1
Ω
,
5
0
Ω
an
d
1
0
0
Ω
,
FIA
=0
0
.
I
t is s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
th
a
t in
a
ll t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t c
a
s
e
o
f
Rf
,
S
E
g
r
o
w
h
i
g
h
er
a
n
d
cr
o
s
s
es
T
h
v
alu
e
to
d
etec
t
f
a
u
lt
i
n
1
8
s
a
m
p
le
(
9
m
s
)
.
T
h
e
Ta
b
le1
.
Sh
o
w
s
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
R
f=
1
Ω
,
5
0
Ω
an
d
100
Ω
,
FD
T
(
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
ti
m
e)
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
i
n
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
Rf
w
o
r
k
s
f
i
n
e
u
n
d
er
all
d
if
f
er
en
t t
y
p
es o
f
f
a
u
lt c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
4
.
2
.
Va
ria
t
io
n
o
f
So
ur
ce
I
m
p
ed
a
nce
(
SI
)
:
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
SI
is
a
ls
o
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
o
in
t
to
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
b
e
s
tr
o
n
g
o
r
wea
k
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
a
u
lt
co
n
d
it
io
n
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
au
l
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
test
ed
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
alu
e
s
o
f
S
I
s
u
c
h
as
N
o
r
ma
l
S
I
(
N
S
I
)
,
SI
is
in
cr
e
ased
b
y
5
%
o
f
N
S
I
,
1
0
%,
1
5
%,
2
0
%,
2
5
%
th
en
to
3
0
%.
Fig
u
r
e
-
3
d
ep
icts
A
-
G
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
at
2
0
0
k
m
d
is
ta
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
FI
A
=0
0
an
d
SI
=0
to
3
0
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
N
S
I
,
it
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
SE
in
al
l
t
h
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
w
s
u
p
w
o
r
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
cr
o
s
s
es
T
h
v
alu
e
a
n
d
d
etec
ts
t
h
e
f
au
l
t
i
n
1
8
s
a
m
p
le
(
9
m
s
)
.
.
Ta
b
le2
.
P
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
SI
(
5
%,
1
0
%,1
5
%,2
0
%,2
5
%
an
d
3
0
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
N
S
I
)
,
F
DT
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
i
n
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
-
G
f
a
u
lt a
t 2
0
0
k
m
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
SI=
0
% to
3
0
% in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
NSI
an
d
FIA
=0
0
T
ab
le
2
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
SI
(
5
% t
o
3
0
% in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
NSI
)
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
f
au
lt d
is
ta
n
ce
i
n
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
F
a
u
l
t
t
y
p
e
S
I
=
5
%
+
N
S
I
,
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
S
I
=
1
0
%
+
N
S
I
,
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
S
I
=
1
5
%
+
N
S
I
,
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
S
I
=
2
0
%
+
N
S
I
,
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
S
I
=
2
5
%
+
N
S
I
,
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
S
I
=
3
0
%+
N
S
I
,
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
A
-
G
9
ms,
2
0
0
k
m
9
ms,
2
0
0
k
m
9
ms,
2
0
0
k
m
9
ms,
2
0
0
k
m
9
ms,
2
0
0
k
m
9
ms,
2
0
0
k
m
AB
-
G
1
8
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
1
8
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
1
8
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
1
8
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
1
8
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
1
8
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
CA
1
5
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
5
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
5
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
5
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
5
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
5
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
A
B
C
1
9
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
1
8
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
1
7
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
1
8
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
1
8
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
1
9
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
4
.
3
.
Va
ria
t
io
n o
f
F
a
ult
I
ncept
io
n Ang
le
(
F
I
A)
:
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
FIA
ar
e
a
ls
o
s
i
m
u
lated
b
y
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
at
FIA
(
3
0
0
,
45
0
an
d
9
0
0
)
.
I
n
F
ig
u
r
e4
,
A
-
G
f
a
u
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
at
2
0
0
k
m
d
is
ta
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
R
f
=1
Ω
an
d
FIA
=3
0
0
,
4
5
0
an
d
9
0
0
in
all
th
e
ca
s
e
SE
o
f
A
-
p
h
ase
cr
o
s
s
es
T
h
v
al
u
e
a
n
d
d
etec
ts
th
e
f
au
lt
s
a
m
p
le
2
7
(
1
3
.
5
m
s
)
a
n
d
class
i
f
y
a
s
A
p
h
as
e
f
au
lt.
F
u
r
th
er
it
is
s
ee
n
t
h
at
th
e
FIA
o
f
lo
w
er
v
al
u
e
h
a
s
h
ig
h
er
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
FIA
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
v
al
u
e.
Ta
b
le3
.
Sh
o
w
s
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
FIA
,
FD
T
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
in
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
a
u
lt
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
FIA
(
3
0
0
,
4
5
0
an
d
9
0
0
)
r
esp
ec
t
iv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e4
.
A
-
G
f
au
l
t a
t 2
0
0
k
m
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
FIA
=3
0
0
,
4
5
0
an
d
9
0
0
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
-
5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
No.
of s
am
ple
Mag
nitu
des
of S
E
A
,SE
B
,SE
C
A-G
fau
lt a
t 20
0k
m
dis
tanc
e
from
se
ndin
g e
nd,
Rf=
1oh
m
, S
I=
0%
to 3
0%
inc
re
as
e
of N
SI
and
FIA
=
0 d
e
gre
e
SE
A
(
S
I
=
N
S
I
)
SE
A
(
S
I
=
5
%
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
N
S
I
)
SE
A
(
S
I
=
1
0
%
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
N
S
I
)
SE
A
(
S
I
=
1
5
%
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
N
S
I
)
SE
A
(
S
I
=
2
0
%
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
N
S
I
)
SE
A
(
S
I
=
2
5
%
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
N
S
I
)
SE
A
(
S
I
=
3
0
%
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
N
S
I
)
A
-
G
f
a
u
l
t
a
t
6
0
0
s
a
m
p
l
e
T
h
=
2
5
f
a
u
l
t
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
m
p
l
e
=
1
8
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
-
2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
No.
of S
am
ple
Mag
nitu
des
of S
E
A
A
-
G
f
a
u
l
t
a
t
2
0
0
k
m
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
s
e
n
d
i
n
g
e
n
d
,
R
f
=
1
o
h
m
w
i
t
h
F
I
A
=
3
0
,
4
5
a
n
d
9
0
d
e
g
r
e
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
F
I
A
=
3
0
d
e
g
r
e
e
F
I
A
=
4
5
d
e
g
r
e
e
F
I
A
=
9
0
d
e
g
r
e
e
T
h
=
5
0
A
-
G
f
a
u
l
t
a
t
6
0
0
s
a
m
p
l
e
f
a
u
l
t
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
m
p
l
e
=
2
7
T
h
=
2
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
F
a
u
lt De
tectio
n
&
C
la
s
s
if
ica
ti
o
n
in
UP
F
C
I
n
te
g
r
a
ted
Tr
a
n
s
mis
s
io
n
Lin
e
Usi
n
g
D
W
T
(
S
.
K
Mis
h
r
a
)
1799
T
ab
le
3
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
FIA
(
0
0
,
3
0
0
,
4
5
0
an
d
9
0
0
)
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
f
au
lt d
is
ta
n
ce
i
n
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
F
a
u
l
t
Ty
p
e
F
I
A
=
0
0
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
F
I
A
=
3
0
0
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
F
I
A
=
4
5
0
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
F
I
A
=
9
0
0
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
c
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
A
-
G
9
ms,
2
0
0
k
m
9
ms,
2
0
0
k
m
9
ms,
2
0
0
k
m
1
3
.
5
m
s,
2
0
0
k
m
A
-
p
h
a
se
CA
-
G
1
6
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
6
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
6
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
8
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
C
A
p
h
a
se
AB
1
5
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
1
5
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
1
5
m
s,
2
0
0
k
m
1
8
m
s,
2
0
0
k
m
A
B
p
h
a
se
A
B
C
1
7
m
s,
1
0
k
m
1
7
m
s,
1
0
k
m
1
8
m
s,
1
0
k
m
1
9
m
s,
2
0
0
k
m
A
B
C
p
h
a
se
4
.
4
.
Va
ria
t
io
n o
f
N
o
r
m
a
l po
w
er
f
lo
w
a
nd
ph
a
s
e
re
v
er
s
a
l:
T
h
e
p
h
ase
r
ev
er
s
al
i
s
cr
itical
i
s
s
u
e
w
h
ile
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
f
au
lt
d
ete
ctio
n
an
d
cla
s
s
i
f
icatio
n
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
au
lt
in
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
T
o
v
alid
ate
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e,
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
j
u
s
ti
f
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
d
ep
icts
C
-
G
f
au
lt
at
2
0
0
k
m
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
FIA
=
0
0
w
i
t
h
p
h
ase
r
ev
er
s
al.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
r
m
a
l
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
a
n
d
r
ev
e
r
s
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
n
o
r
m
al
f
lo
w
o
f
p
o
w
er
an
g
le,
δ
1
=1
2
0
a
n
d
δ
2
=
0
0
,
o
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
in
r
ev
er
s
e
f
l
o
w
o
f
p
o
w
er
,
δ
1
=0
0
an
d
δ
2
=1
2
0
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
p
h
ase
r
ev
er
s
al
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
Fro
m
t
h
ese
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
it is
c
lear
l
y
n
o
ticed
th
at,
SE
o
f
C
-
p
h
ase
g
r
o
w
s
i
n
u
p
w
o
r
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
cr
o
s
s
es
T
h
v
alu
e
to
d
etec
ts
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
w
h
er
e
as
th
e
FDT
tak
es
2
7
s
a
m
p
le
(
1
3
.
5
m
s
)
i
n
r
e
v
er
s
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
a
n
d
FDT
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
1
8
s
a
m
p
le
(
9
m
s
)
in
n
o
r
m
a
l
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
.
T
h
u
s
th
e
C
-
p
h
ase
f
a
u
lt
is
clea
r
l
y
d
e
tecte
d
an
d
class
if
ied
b
o
th
in
n
o
r
m
al
a
n
d
r
ev
er
s
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w.
Ta
b
le4
.
Pre
s
en
ts
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
p
h
ase
r
ev
er
s
a
l a
n
d
n
o
r
m
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
,
FDT
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
i
n
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
-
G
f
a
u
lt a
t 2
0
0
k
m
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
FIA
=0
0
w
it
h
p
h
ase
r
e
v
er
s
al
T
ab
le
4
.
P
h
ase
r
ev
er
s
al
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
FIA
=0
0
,
f
a
u
lt d
is
ta
n
ce
i
n
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
F
a
u
l
t
Ty
p
e
N
o
r
mal
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
R
e
v
e
r
s
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
c
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
-
G
1
0
m
s,
2
0
0
k
m
1
3
.
5
m
s,
2
0
0
k
m
C
-
p
h
a
se
AB
-
G
1
2
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
5
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
AB
-
p
h
a
se
BC
1
7
m
s,
1
0
k
m
1
9
m
s,
1
0
k
m
BC
-
p
h
a
se
A
B
C
1
6
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
1
9
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
A
B
C
-
p
h
a
se
4
.
5
.
Va
ria
t
io
n o
f
UP
F
C
o
pera
t
ing
co
nd
it
io
n:
UP
FC
v
ar
iatio
n
s
u
ch
a
s
s
er
ie
s
in
j
ec
ted
v
o
ltag
e,
V
se
as
w
e
ll
a
s
s
er
ies
i
n
j
ec
ted
v
o
ltag
e
p
h
ase
v
ar
iatio
n
,
θ
se
ar
e
also
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
to
s
t
u
d
y
.
I
t
h
as
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
m
p
ac
t
i
n
r
elatio
n
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
a)
d
ep
icts
C
-
G
f
a
u
lt
at
2
0
0
k
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
s
en
d
i
n
g
en
d
,
R
f
=5
0
Ω
at
V
se
=
5
%,1
0
%
an
d
1
5
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
V
se
i
n
al
l
t
h
e
th
r
ee
ca
s
e
t
h
e
SE
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
i
n
u
p
w
o
r
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
cr
o
s
s
e
s
T
h
v
alu
e,
an
d
th
e
f
au
lt
is
d
etec
ted
w
it
h
i
n
2
7
s
am
p
le
(
1
3
.
5
m
s
)
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
o
f
SE
r
ed
u
ce
s
as
th
e
V
se
v
alu
e
r
ed
u
ce
s
.
Ta
b
le
-
5
p
r
esen
ts
V
se
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
UP
FC
(
5
%,
1
0
% a
n
d
1
5
% in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
V
se
)
,
FDT
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
in
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
d
ep
icts
C
-
G
f
a
u
lt
at
2
0
0
k
m
d
i
s
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
θ
se
o
f
UP
F
C
i
n
j
ec
ted
v
o
ltag
e
(
3
0
0
an
d
1
2
0
0
)
,
it
is
s
ee
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
θ
se
=3
0
0
tak
es
le
s
s
s
a
m
p
le
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
θ
se
=1
2
0
0
an
d
f
a
u
lt
i
s
d
etec
ted
in
1
8
s
a
m
p
le
a
n
d
2
7
s
a
m
p
le
(
9
m
s
a
n
d
1
3
.
5
m
s
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
a
n
d
clas
s
i
f
ied
as
C
-
p
h
ase
f
a
u
lt.
Ta
b
le
6
.
P
r
esen
ts
θ
se
o
f
UP
FC
i
n
j
ec
ted
v
o
ltag
e
(
3
0
0
,
6
0
0
an
d
1
2
0
0
)
,
F
DT
,
d
is
tan
ce
in
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
.
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
-
5
0
0
50
100
150
200
No.
of s
am
ple
Mag
nitu
de
of S
E
C
C-G
fau
lt a
t 20
0 K
m
dis
tanc
e
from
se
ndin
g e
nd,
Rf=
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A=
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e
w
ith p
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e
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e
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l
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e
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r
s
e
P
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
N
o
r
m
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
f
l
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w
C-G
fau
lt a
t 60
0 s
am
ple
Th=
25
faul
t de
te
ctio
n s
am
ple
=
27
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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2
0
8
8
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8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
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4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
7
9
3
–
1
8
0
3
1800
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
.
C
-
G
f
a
u
lt a
t 2
0
0
k
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
R
f
=5
0
Ω
,
V
se
o
f
UP
FC
=
5
%,
1
0
% a
n
d
1
5
% in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
V
se
T
ab
le
5
.
V
se
o
f
UP
FC
(
5
%,
1
0
% a
n
d
1
5
% in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
V
se
)
at
R
f
=5
0
Ω
,
f
au
lt d
is
ta
n
ce
in
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
F
a
u
l
t
Ty
p
e
V
se
=
5
%
F
T
D
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
V
se
=
1
0
%
F
T
D
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
V
se
=
1
5
%
F
T
D
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
C
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
A
-
G
1
3
.
5
m
s,
2
0
0
k
m
1
0
m
s,
2
0
0
k
m
1
0
m
s,
2
0
0
k
m
A
-
p
h
a
se
CA
-
G
1
6
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
4
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
4
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
CA
-
p
h
a
se
AB
1
8
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
1
6
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
1
6
m
s,
3
0
0
k
m
AB
-
p
h
a
se
A
B
C
1
9
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
1
6
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
1
6
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
A
B
C
p
h
a
se
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
C
-
G
f
a
u
lt a
t 2
0
0
k
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
θ
se
o
f
UP
FC
in
j
ec
ted
v
o
ltag
e
(
3
0
0
an
d
1
2
0
0
)
T
ab
le
6
.
U
P
FC
in
j
ec
ted
an
g
le
at
R
f
=1
Ω
,
θ
se
=3
0
0
,
6
0
0
an
d
1
2
0
0
,
f
au
lt d
is
ta
n
c
e
i
n
k
m
f
r
o
m
B
se
F
a
u
l
t
Ty
p
e
θ
se
=
3
0
0
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
θ
se
=
1
2
0
0
F
D
T
,
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
C
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
-
G
9
ms,
2
0
0
k
m
1
3
.
5
m
s,
2
0
0
k
m
C
-
p
h
a
se
AB
-
G
1
2
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
1
5
m
s,
1
0
0
k
m
AB
-
p
h
a
se
BC
1
5
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
1
8
m
s,
3
9
9
k
m
BC
-
p
h
a
se
A
B
C
1
6
m
s,
1
k
m
1
8
m
s,
1
k
m
A
B
C
-
p
h
a
se
4
.
6
.
Va
ria
t
io
n o
f
f
a
u
lt
dis
t
a
nce
a
t
diff
er
ent
lo
c
a
t
io
n o
f
UP
F
C:
Dif
f
er
en
t
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
U
P
FC
in
B
-
p
h
ase
f
au
l
t
1
0
0
k
m
,
2
0
0
k
m
a
n
d
3
0
0
k
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
B
se
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
j
u
s
tify
th
e
s
ch
e
m
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e7
.
I
t
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
FDT
in
all
t
h
r
ee
ca
s
e
ar
e
s
a
m
e
as
9
m
s
,
ir
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
o
f
f
au
lt d
i
s
ta
n
ce
to
d
etec
t
an
d
clas
s
if
y
th
e
f
au
l
t.
Ver
y
o
f
ten
th
is
FDT
ch
an
g
es
as
t
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
th
e
s
ch
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
o
f
B
-
p
h
ase
f
au
lt
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
1
0
0
k
m
d
is
tan
ce
i
s
h
i
g
h
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
B
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p
h
a
s
e
f
au
l
t
o
f
3
0
0
k
m
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
.
Ta
b
le7
.
Sh
o
w
s
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
d
i
s
tan
ce
w
i
th
r
e
s
p
ec
t
to
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in
d
if
f
er
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n
t t
y
p
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s
o
f
f
a
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lt
.
I
t is seen
t
h
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in
al
l th
e
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s
e
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r
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s
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c
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cle
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er
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d
o
f
tim
e
2
0
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s
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400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
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5
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50
100
150
200
No.
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ple
Mag
nitu
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of D
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V
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h
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u
l
t
d
e
t
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i
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7
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
-
5
0
0
50
100
150
200
No.
of s
am
ple
Mag
nitu
des
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C
C-G
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tanc
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e
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r
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e
A
n
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l
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o
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o
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U
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l
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t
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a
u
l
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d
e
t
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c
t
i
o
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s
a
m
p
l
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a
n
d
2
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
0
8
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694
F
a
u
lt De
tectio
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&
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la
s
s
if
ica
ti
o
n
in
UP
F
C
I
n
te
g
r
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ted
Tr
a
n
s
mis
s
io
n
Lin
e
Usi
n
g
D
W
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(
S
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Mis
h
r
a
)
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u
r
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t d
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ce
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k
m
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n
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m
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r
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at
R
f
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7
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iatio
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o
f
UP
FC
at
d
is
tan
ce
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1
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m
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m
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n
d
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m
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r
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A
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ar
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n
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y
o
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s
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ec
tr
al
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in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
a
u
lt b
e
f
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
UP
FC
F
a
u
l
t
t
y
p
e
A
b
so
l
u
t
e
e
n
t
r
o
p
y
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s x
1
0
5
(
b
e
f
o
r
e
U
P
F
C
)
[
2
8
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
sch
e
me
o
f
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
En
e
r
g
y
o
f
p
h
a
se
(
b
e
f
o
r
e
U
P
F
C
)
A
b
so
l
u
t
e
e
n
t
r
o
p
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c
o
e
f
f
i
c
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n
t
s x
1
0
5
(
a
f
t
e
r
U
P
F
C
)
[
2
8
]
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r
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p
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se
d
sch
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me
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f
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2
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Fau
lt
d
etec
t
io
n
a
n
d
class
if
ica
t
io
n
in
UP
FC
i
n
te
g
r
ated
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
u
s
in
g
s
in
g
le
ter
m
i
n
al
b
ased
DW
T
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Fr
o
m
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
r
esu
lts
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
f
in
e
in
all
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
R
f
,
SI,
FIA
,
p
h
ase
r
ev
er
s
al,
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
UP
FC
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Fro
m
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
to
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
,
it
i
s
clea
r
l
y
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
f
a
u
lt
is
d
etec
ted
an
d
cla
s
s
i
f
ied
w
it
h
in
a
c
y
c
le
o
f
t
i
m
e
p
er
io
d
(
2
0
m
s
)
.
T
ab
le
1
to
T
a
b
le
7
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
ti
m
e
(
FDT
)
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
a
u
lt
a
n
d
th
e
f
a
u
lt
class
i
f
icatio
n
.
T
ab
le
8
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
ar
i
s
io
n
s
tu
d
y
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
f
au
l
t
o
cc
u
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
UP
FC
a
n
d
a
f
ter
UP
FC
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
r
esu
lt
h
as
b
ee
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
w
av
e
let
en
tr
o
p
y
b
ased
s
ch
e
m
e
[
2
8
]
.
Fr
o
m
t
h
i
s
tab
le
i
t
is
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
ab
s
o
lu
te
en
tr
o
p
y
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
v
al
u
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
[
2
8
]
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
v
er
y
h
ig
h
in
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
1
0
5
(
I
n
A
G
f
a
u
lt
2
.
8
2
х
1
0
5
f
o
r
A
-
p
h
ase,
1
.
9
2
х
1
0
5
f
o
r
B
-
p
h
ase
a
n
d
1
.
8
3
х
1
0
5
f
o
r
C
-
p
h
ase
b
ef
o
r
e
UP
FC
)
b
ef
o
r
e
UP
FC
an
d
af
ter
UP
F
C
co
n
d
itio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
r
ed
n
u
m
er
ical
v
al
u
e
(
I
n
A
G
f
a
u
lt
1
2
9
.
6
f
o
r
A
-
p
h
ase,
3
4
.
8
7
f
o
r
B
-
p
h
ase
a
n
d
3
.
4
1
f
o
r
C
-
p
h
ase
b
ef
o
r
e
UP
FC
)
.
I
f
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
co
e
f
f
icien
t
v
al
u
e
is
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
i
n
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
1
0
5
th
e
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e
f
o
r
f
a
u
l
t
d
etec
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
ig
h
to
d
ete
ct
th
e
f
au
l
t
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
w
h
ich
th
e
r
e
la
y
w
il
l
tak
e
m
o
r
e
ti
m
e
to
d
etec
t
th
e
f
a
u
lt
w
h
ic
h
a
f
f
ec
t
s
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
it
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
N.
G
.
Hin
g
o
ra
n
i
a
n
d
L
.
Gy
u
g
y
i,
Un
d
e
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sta
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n
g
F
A
C
T
S
Co
n
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h
n
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lo
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F
lex
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AC
T
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n
s
m
is
sio
n
S
y
st
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m
s,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
IEE
E
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
0
.
[2
]
S
.
R.
S
a
m
a
n
tara
y
.
“
A
D
a
ta
-
M
in
in
g
M
o
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l
f
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P
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tec
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F
A
C
T
S
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Ba
se
d
T
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s
m
issio
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L
in
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”
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in
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E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r De
li
v
e
ry
,
2
0
1
3
;
2
8
(
2
):
6
1
2
-
6
1
8
.
[3
]
L
.
N.
T
rip
a
th
y
,
M
.
K.
Je
n
a
,
S
.
R
S
a
m
a
n
tra
y
.
“
Di
ff
e
re
n
ti
a
l
re
la
y
in
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sc
h
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m
e
f
o
r
tap
p
e
d
tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
UP
F
C
a
n
d
w
in
d
f
a
r
m
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
Po
we
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
1
4
;
6
0
(2
):
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4
5
-
2
5
7
.
[4
]
L
.
N.
T
rip
a
th
y
,
S
.
R
S
a
m
a
n
tra
y
,
P
.
K
Da
s
h.
“
A
fa
st
ti
m
e
–
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
tran
sf
o
r
m
b
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se
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ti
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y
in
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sc
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e
m
e
f
o
r
UP
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C
b
a
se
d
d
o
u
b
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-
c
ircu
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tran
s
m
is
sio
n
li
n
e
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
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f
El
e
c
trica
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a
n
d
Po
we
r
En
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m,
2
0
1
6
;
7
7
(
1
):
4
0
4
-
4
1
7
.
[5
]
Zh
o
u
X
,
W
a
n
g
H,
R.
K
A
g
a
r
w
a
l,
P
.
Be
a
u
m
o
n
t.
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
istan
c
e
re
lay
a
s
a
p
p
li
e
d
to
a
tran
sm
issio
n
s
y
ste
m
w
it
h
UP
F
C”
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
P
o
we
r De
li
v
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ry
,
2
0
0
6
;
2
1
(3
)
:
1
1
3
7
-
1
1
4
7
.
[6
]
M
.
H.J.
Bo
o
len
.
“
T
ra
v
e
li
n
g
w
a
v
e
b
a
se
d
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
d
o
u
b
le circ
u
it
li
n
e
s”
,
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
In
stit
u
te o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rs
C
-
Ge
n
e
ra
t
io
n
,
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
a
n
d
Distri
b
u
t
io
n
,
1
9
9
3
;
1
4
0
(
2
):
3
7
–
4
7
.
[7
]
S
ON
G
Y.H
,
A
.
T
Jo
h
n
s,
Q.
Y.
X
u
a
n
.
“
A
rti
f
icia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
t
w
o
rk
b
a
se
d
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
tro
ll
a
b
le
se
ries
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ted
EHV
tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
s”
,
IEE
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
n
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
&
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
,
1
9
9
6
;
1
4
3
(1
)
:
535
–
5
4
0
.
[8
]
P
.
K.
Da
sh
,
A
.
K
P
ra
d
h
a
n
,
G
.
P
a
n
d
a
.
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
f
u
z
z
y
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
b
a
se
d
d
istan
c
e
re
la
y
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
P
o
we
r De
li
v
e
ry
,
2
0
0
0
;
1
5
(3
)
:
9
0
2
–
9
0
7
.
[9
]
M
.
Ch
a
m
ia,
S
.
L
ib
e
rm
a
n
.
“
Ultra
h
ig
h
sp
e
e
d
re
lay
f
o
r
EHV
/UHV
t
ra
n
sm
is
sio
n
li
n
e
s”
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
Ap
p
a
ra
t
u
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
1
9
7
8
;
9
7
(6
):
2
1
0
4
-
2
1
1
2
.
[1
0
]
S
.
R.
S
a
m
a
n
tara
y
,
P
.
K.
Da
sh
.
“
H
ig
h
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
f
a
u
lt
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
i
n
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
f
e
e
d
e
rs
u
sin
g
e
x
ten
d
e
d
k
a
lma
n
f
il
ter
a
n
d
su
p
p
o
rt
v
e
c
to
r
m
a
c
h
in
e
”
,
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r,
2
0
1
0
;
2
0
(
3
):
3
8
2
-
3
9
3
.
[1
1
]
V
.
L
.
P
h
a
m
,
K.
P
.
W
o
n
g
.
“
W
a
v
e
let
tran
sf
o
r
m
b
a
s
e
d
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
”
,
p
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
n
I
n
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
El
e
c
tr
ica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
r
a
n
sm
issio
n
a
n
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Distrib
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ti
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n
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9
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2
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.
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u
ti
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n
o
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n
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ter
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(
1
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[1
3
]
S
.
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z
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.
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iri
.
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n
c
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ti
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f
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in
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ra
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c
tan
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ter
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0
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[1
4
]
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ra
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.
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ly
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f
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sie
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m
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ter
n
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ti
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o
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we
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n
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ive
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m
,
2
0
1
6
;
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6
9
-
7
8
0
.
[1
5
]
Y.
S
Ra
o
,
G
.
Ra
v
i
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m
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r,
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.
K
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sh
a
b
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o
.
“
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n
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w
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
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las
si
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ica
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n
o
f
f
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tran
sm
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ss
io
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li
n
e
w
it
h
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o
m
b
in
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ti
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f
w
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v
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m
u
lt
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re
s
o
lu
ti
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a
n
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a
n
d
n
e
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ra
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t
w
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s”
,
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ter
n
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ti
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a
l
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o
u
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n
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l
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f
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o
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r
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e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
sy
ste
m
,
2
0
1
7
;
8
(1
):
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0
5
-
5
1
2
.
[1
6
]
S
.
K.
M
ish
ra
,
L
.
N
T
rip
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th
y
,
S
.
C
S
w
a
in
.
“
A
n
A
d
a
li
n
e
L
M
S
c
o
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tro
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n
d
DWT
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p
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ro
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c
h
b
a
se
d
d
iff
e
re
n
ti
a
l
re
la
y
in
g
S
TAT
COM
in
teg
ra
ted
li
n
e
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
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n
tro
l
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h
e
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ry
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
1
7
;
1
0
(3
7
):
2
8
1
-
2
9
6
.
[1
7
]
S
.
K.
M
is
h
ra
,
L
.
N
T
rip
a
th
y
,
S
.
C
S
w
a
in
.
“
T
h
e
De
te
c
ti
o
n
&
Cla
ss
if
ic
a
ti
o
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
in
a
S
V
C
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
ted
Do
u
b
le
c
ircu
it
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
li
n
e
u
sin
g
F
DST
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
n
tro
l
T
h
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ry
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
1
7
;
1
0
(3
7
):
241
-
2
5
5
.
[1
8
]
M
.
K.
Je
n
a
,
S
.
R.
sa
m
a
n
tra
y
,
L.
N.
tri
p
a
t
h
y
.
“
De
c
isio
n
tree
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
f
u
z
z
y
ru
le
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b
a
se
d
d
if
fe
re
n
ti
a
l
re
la
y
in
g
f
o
r
tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
in
c
lu
d
in
g
u
n
if
ied
p
o
w
e
r
f
lo
w
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
a
n
d
w
in
d
-
f
a
r
m
s”
,
in
IET
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
a
n
d
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
4
;
8
(1
2
):
2
1
4
4
-
2
1
5
2
.
[1
9
]
Rib
e
iro
,
P
.
F
.
“
W
a
v
e
let
tra
n
sfo
rm
:
a
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
to
o
l
fo
r
a
n
a
lyz
in
g
n
o
n
-
sta
ti
o
n
a
ry
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
d
isto
rtio
n
s
in
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
ms
”
,
T
h
e
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Ha
rm
o
n
ics
in
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s,
Bo
lo
g
n
a
,
Italy
,
1
9
9
4
.
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