In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
366~
3
7
3
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
1.pp
3
66-
37
3
366
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Imp
l
ementation of quasi-z source
inverter for gri
d
connected
PV base
d
charging statio
n o
f
electric v
e
hicle
D Sa
tt
i
a
n
a
da
n
1
,
K
S
a
r
avan
a
n
2
, S
. Mu
r
u
g
a
n
3
,
N. Hari
4
,
P.
V
enk
a
de
s
h
5
1,
2
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
o
f
Elect
rical and
El
ectron
i
cs En
g
i
n
eerin
g,
S
RM
I
nsti
t
u
t
e
o
f
Sci
e
nce an
d T
echn
o
lo
gy
, In
dia
3
S
i
em
ens Gam
e
s
a
R
en
ewab
le E
n
e
rgy
, In
d
ia
4
Ba
y Fo
rge Pv
t
.
L
td
, Ch
e
nn
ai, In
d
ia
5
Cosma In
t
e
rnational India Pv
t
.
L
t
d
, India
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Feb
1
6
,
2
018
Re
vise
d S
e
p 20,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
N
ov 3,
201
8
In
r
ecen
t
tren
ds
,
th
e
us
e
o
f
e
l
e
ctric
v
e
hi
cles
i
s
t
a
ki
ng
a
s
ud
d
en
h
i
k
e
as
t
hey
se
e
m
t
o
be
a
m
uc
h
mo
re
f
r
i
e
n
dly
for
th
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
nme
n
t
a
s
c
o
m
pa
re
d
t
o
t
h
e
con
v
en
tio
nal
v
e
hi
cles
t
hat
ru
n
on
c
o
m
bu
stio
n
engi
nes
f
o
r
a
m
o
d
e
o
f
transportation
.
W
i
t
h
the
inc
r
eas
in
g
po
pu
larity
o
f
electri
c
veh
i
cles
,
the
demand
o
n
the
ut
i
lity
g
r
i
d
i
s
a
ls
o
increasing.
T
o
overcome
t
hi
s
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
,
ot
her
alt
e
rnat
ive
sou
r
ces
o
f
e
n
ergy
n
e
e
d
t
o
b
e
co
ns
id
e
r
ed
.
P
h
o
t
ovolta
i
c
energ
y
a
s
th
e
s
o
lu
ti
on
i
s
f
i
n
d
ing
i
t
s
p
l
ace
i
n
t
h
e
E
V
charg
i
ng
s
y
ste
m
s.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
the
PV
sy
st
e
m
i
s
co
nstrai
ned,
b
ased
o
n
man
y
p
aramet
ers
s
u
ch
a
s
solar
r
adi
a
ti
on,
avai
lab
i
lity
o
f
s
p
ace
f
o
r
S
ol
ar
p
ow
er
p
lan
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
nt
,
m
a
inte
n
a
nce
of
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
e
t
c
.
H
e
n
c
e
,
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
i
t
need
s
t
o
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
w
ith
th
e
g
r
id
a
s
well
.
Th
is
o
ff
ers
a
s
m
oo
th
c
h
a
rgi
n
g
o
perati
on
f
o
r
th
e
el
ectric
veh
i
cl
es.
In
t
his
paper,
a
n
ew
m
eth
od
is
i
n
t
rod
u
ce
d
fo
r
the
in
teg
r
atio
n
between
t
he
s
ol
ar
i
nvert
e
r
s
ys
tem
a
n
d
t
h
e
uti
l
ity
t
ran
s
m
i
ssi
on
gri
d
.
Qu
asi
-
Z-source
to
po
log
y
i
s
p
r
op
osed
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
tegr
at
io
n
.
T
his
to
po
lo
gy
f
acil
i
t
a
tes
a
b
i
d
i
recti
onal
flo
w
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
bet
w
een
t
h
e
P
V
s
o
u
r
c
e
,
t
h
e
st
orage
uni
t
a
nd
t
he
u
tili
ty
g
r
i
d.
T
he
g
reatest
advantage
of
t
h
is
t
opo
lo
gy
i
s
i
t
s
flex
ibility
w
it
h
d
i
ff
erent
v
o
ltage
l
evel
s
o
f
t
he
s
olar
i
nvert
er
D
C
con
n
ecti
on
and
t
h
e
sto
r
age
bat
t
ery
wh
ich
requ
ires
n
o
circ
ui
t
alt
e
ratio
n
f
o
r
chargi
ng
bat
t
eri
e
s
o
f
d
iff
e
rent
r
at
in
gs.
The
h
a
rdware
f
or
t
he
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
als
o
f
abri
cated
.
Th
e
results
d
e
m
on
st
rate
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
pro
p
o
s
ed
t
o
p
ol
og
y
f
i
t
s
t
he
g
en
erali
zed
requ
irem
ent
s
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Elec
tric
ve
h
ic
l
e
Mo
de
l ana
l
ysis
P
V
s
ource
Quasi-z
so
urce
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
D
S
a
ttia
na
da
n
,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
and
El
ect
ro
ni
c
s
Eng
in
e
e
ring
,
SRM Inst
i
t
u
t
e
of
S
cie
n
ce
an
d T
ech
no
l
o
g
y
,
Che
n
na
i,
T
am
i
l
na
d
u
,
India
.
Em
ail:
sa
t
t
ia.
n
ada
n
@
g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Th
e
in
t
e
n
s
e
nee
d
f
o
r
eco
-f
ri
en
dl
y
t
ech
nol
o
g
y
a
n
d
en
e
r
gy
s
h
o
r
t
ag
e
b
e
i
n
g
fa
c
e
d
by
wo
rld
t
h
ese
d
a
y
s
has
c
o
n
t
ri
b
u
t
e
d
to
t
he
i
ncr
ease
i
n
p
o
p
u
lar
i
t
y
o
f
hybr
i
d
a
n
d
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
ve
h
i
c
l
es
.
A
s
s
uc
h,
v
e
h
i
c
les
ru
n
pa
rt
ia
l
l
y
or
f
u
ll
y
on
e
l
e
ct
ri
ci
ty
,
bui
ld
in
g
a
go
od
c
h
a
rgin
g
inf
r
ast
r
u
c
t
u
re
w
it
ho
ut
i
ncr
e
asing
l
o
a
d
on
t
h
e
ut
ili
ty
g
ri
d
i
s
a
ma
tt
e
r
o
f
co
nc
e
r
n.
U
sing
S
ola
r
e
nergy
for
d
e
si
gn
ing
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
in
fr
ast
r
uct
u
re
h
as
a
l
ot
o
f
me
rit
s
,
k
e
e
p
in
g
the
loa
d
d
em
a
nd
o
n
t
he
u
t
ili
ty
t
r
a
n
s
miss
ion
gr
id
l
ow
er
a
l
s
o
re
d
u
c
ing
th
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
o
p
e
ra
t
i
o
n
th
a
t
t
h
e
u
t
ilit
y
service
pr
ov
i
d
er
h
as
t
o
bea
r
e
spe
c
ia
l
l
y
in
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
busi
n
e
ss
ope
ra
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
prom
o
t
i
n
g
a
c
l
e
a
n
a
n
d
gre
e
n
env
i
ro
nm
en
t.
T
h
oug
h
t
h
e
P
V
s
ystem
ha
s
a
lo
t
of
a
d
v
an
t
a
ges,
i
t
s
t
i
l
l
f
a
c
e
s
a
l
ot
o
f
shor
t
c
omin
gs
a
s
the
P
V
ou
tpu
t
e
nt
ire
l
y
de
pen
d
s
o
n
t
he
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
the
s
un
i
r
rad
i
a
t
i
o
n
ava
i
l
a
b
le,
tem
p
era
t
ur
e,
s
pa
ce
a
va
i
l
ab
le
f
or
s
ett
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Im
ple
m
en
ta
tio
n of
q
uas
i-z
sourc
e
i
n
ve
rt
e
r
f
o
r gr
id
co
n
n
ec
ted pv
b
a
se
d
char
g
i
ng
st
a
t
i
o
n
of .
..
(Sat
tia
na
da
n)
36
7
u
p
t
h
e
syst
e
m
,
et
c.
H
e
n
ce
,
t
h
e
sy
st
e
m
a
n
yhow
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
b
e
c
o
nn
e
c
te
d
t
o
t
he
p
ow
er
g
r
i
d
to
m
a
i
n
t
ai
n
a
s
m
oo
t
h
opera
tio
n
of t
h
e
s
yste
m.
The
me
t
hods
t
hat
a
r
e
w
i
de
ly
u
se
d
the
s
e
da
y
s
m
ake
use
o
f
a
D
C
b
u
s
for
pow
e
r
s
har
i
n
g
a
nd
ve
hic
l
e
c
h
argi
n
g
a
s
t
he
out
put
p
rod
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
PV
p
an
el
i
s
a
l
so
D
C
po
we
r.
H
ence
i
nt
egration
o
f
PV
p
ane
l
s
a
n
d
D
C
bus
i
s
a
n
eas
y
oper
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
d
ep
ic
ted
i
n
[
1
]
,
[2].
T
he
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
owe
r
s
o
u
rce
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
avai
la
b
l
e
m
a
y
be
i
n
vari
ous
f
orm
s
s
uc
h
as
t
he
u
t
i
lit
y
grid,
re
new
a
ble
p
o
w
e
r
source
s
s
uc
h
a
s
s
olar
p
a
n
el
a
n
d
w
in
d
tur
b
i
n
e
gene
ra
tor
a
n
d
D
C
e
ne
rgy
sto
r
a
g
e
u
n
i
ts
s
uch
as
b
a
tte
ries.
T
h
e
in
t
e
grat
io
n
of
t
he
e
ntire
s
y
stem
r
equ
i
res
a
l
o
t
o
f
AC-DC
rectif
iers,
DC-AC
inver
t
er
s
an
d
DC-DC
co
n
v
ert
e
rs
t
o
f
i
n
a
l
l
y
c
on
ver
t
t
he
e
ne
rgy
i
n
t
o
u
sa
bl
e
form
.
The
n
,
be
fore
f
i
n
al
l
y
f
ee
di
n
g
pow
er
t
o
t
h
e ve
hic
l
e bat
t
eries fro
m
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
,
an
ot
h
e
r
DC
-DC
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
h
a
s
t
o
be
e
mpl
oye
d
so
a
s
t
o
m
atch
t
he
b
at
tery
s
pe
cifica
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
he
v
e
hic
l
e.
A
ll
t
hese
num
er
ous
s
ta
ge
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
s
lead
t
o
inc
r
ea
se
d
sys
t
em
c
om
ple
x
ity,
i
n
cr
ease
d
c
os
t
a
nd
s
i
ze,
a
nd
fi
na
ll
y
r
e
duce
t
h
e
e
f
fi
cienc
y
o
f
the
s
y
s
t
em
.
Th
is
f
i
n
a
l
l
y
o
p
pos
es the
g
oa
l
of cos
t r
e
duc
t
i
on for
the u
t
i
l
i
t
y
se
r
vice
pro
v
i
der.
The
q
u
as
i-Z-so
urc
e
i
n
v
erter
(qZS
I
)
[
3]
,
[4]
w
h
i
c
h
has
bee
n
c
re
a
te
d
fr
om
t
he
c
o
nve
n
tio
na
l
Z
so
urc
e
in
verter
(
ZS
I)
[
4]
h
as
v
ar
io
u
s
a
dva
nta
g
es
f
or
its
u
sage
i
n
a
S
o
la
r
PV
i
n
v
erter
sys
t
em
.
The
q
u
as
i-Z-sourc
e
inverter
u
ses
the
shoot
t
hrough
the
s
t
ate
to
boos
t
th
e
D
C
v
olt
a
ge
b
y
ga
tin
g,
b
o
t
h
i
t
s
sw
itc
hes
on
t
h
e
sa
m
e
l
eg
and
henc
e
pro
duc
e
a
h
i
gher
vol
tage
a
s
c
o
m
p
are
d
t
o
the
av
aila
b
l
e
v
o
lta
ge
.
Thi
s
a
rra
nge
me
nt
i
s
m
o
re
r
elia
b
l
e
a
s
i
t
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
s
m
i
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
h
e
n
c
e
s
a
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
f
r
o
m
g
e
t
t
i
n
g
shor
t
circ
u
ited.
H
e
n
ce
i
t
pro
v
i
des
sin
g
l
e
st
a
g
e
D
C
-D
C-A
C
c
onve
rs
io
n,
f
urther
r
e
duc
i
ng
the
num
ber
of
c
om
po
n
e
nts
also
g
iv
in
g
a
hig
h
er
D
C-D
C
b
o
o
st
ca
pab
i
lit
y
w
i
t
h
l
o
w
er
c
os
t
as
c
om
pare
d
t
o
a
c
on
ve
nt
i
ona
l
vol
ta
g
e
s
o
urc
e
i
nv
e
r
ter
(
V
SI).
W
he
n
t
h
e
P
V
s
ourc
e
i
s
t
he
a
l
t
e
rn
ativ
e
so
u
r
c
e
o
f
en
e
r
gy
,
t
h
e
en
erg
y
sto
r
a
g
e
c
a
p
a
bi
l
i
t
y
is
o
ne
o
f
t
h
e
si
g
n
ific
ant
elem
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
ic
le
c
harg
in
g
s
t
a
t
i
on
i
n
fra
s
truc
t
u
r
e
.
I
n
o
rder
t
o
r
e
duce
the
de
pe
nde
nce
o
n
t
he
g
rid
f
o
r
ene
r
g
y
,
th
e
extra
e
n
e
r
gy
fr
om
t
he
P
V
sys
t
e
m
i
s
s
t
or
ed.
In
r
elat
io
n
to
qua
si
Z
SI,
t
h
ere
a
r
e
b
a
s
i
cal
l
y
t
wo
o
pt
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
he
in
sta
l
lat
i
on
of
b
a
tte
ry
s
tora
ge
t
o
t
h
e
cir
c
ui
t
.
T
h
i
s
ca
n
be
s
e
e
n
a
s
p
ro
pose
d
i
n
[5]
-
[1
1].
How
e
ver,
c
on
ne
c
tin
g
the
bat
t
ery
dir
e
ctl
y
acr
oss
th
e
c
a
pac
i
t
o
r
le
ads
t
o
t
he
r
equ
i
rem
ent
of
d
e
s
ign
i
ng
the
ba
tte
ry
v
o
l
tage
a
t
a
hi
gh
e
r
v
a
lu
e
in
t
h
e
s
e
r
i
e
s
i
n
o
rd
er
t
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
e
th
e
op
era
t
i
n
g
ra
ng
e
o
f
the
P
V
t
er
mina
l
an
d
the
D
C
l
i
nk
vo
l
t
age
a
bou
t
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
rt
e
r
s
wi
t
c
h
.
S
i
n
ce
t
h
e
ch
arg
i
n
g
v
o
lt
a
g
e
requ
i
r
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
v
a
r
i
e
s
acc
o
r
di
ng
t
o
th
e
ca
r
ma
nufac
t
u
r
e
r, a
storage
sys
te
m w
ith m
ore
fl
exi
b
i
l
i
t
y is de
m
ande
d.
The
ma
na
gem
e
nt
o
f
the
b
i
-
d
ir
ecti
ona
l
bat
t
er
y
st
ora
g
e
ca
n
be
e
x
t
e
nde
d
t
o
b
e
ada
p
te
d
in
t
he
c
o
n
ce
pt
of
c
ha
rg
in
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
for
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
ric
veh
i
c
l
e.
T
he
s
yste
m
fe
as
ib
ili
t
y
i
s
pr
ove
d
b
y
c
a
rryi
n
g
ou
t
ve
rifica
t
i
o
n
w
it
h
MA
TLA
B
s
i
m
u
la
t
i
on
a
nd
o
n
the
ba
sis
o
f
t
h
e
r
esul
t,
t
he
p
rop
o
se
d
design
p
asses
the
f
e
as
i
b
i
lit
y
te
st.
Furthe
r,
the ha
r
d
w
a
r
e
of the
pro
p
o
se
d sys
t
e
m
i
s f
a
b
r
ic
at
ed
a
nd
v
e
r
ifi
e
d
t
h
ro
u
gh pra
c
tica
l
a
p
p
l
ic
a
t
ion.
2.
CIRCUIT A
N
A
LYS
I
S OF Q
Z
S
I
I
NVE
RTER
A
tra
d
i
t
i
ona
l
vol
ta
ge
f
ed
Z
S
I
a
nd
t
h
e
pro
p
o
s
ed
q
ZS
I
a
r
e
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
gur
es
1
a
n
d
2
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y.
T
he
qZSI
h
as
t
w
o
t
ype
s
o
f
o
pe
rat
i
ng
s
t
a
t
es
s
im
il
ar
t
o
t
h
e
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
Z
SI.
Th
e
s
e
a
r
e
(i
)
No
n
-
sh
oot
-th
r
ou
gh
s
t
a
t
e
and (
i
i
)
S
h
oot thr
o
ugh the sta
t
e
.
In
the no
n-s
h
o
o
t
t
hro
u
gh t
h
e
s
t
a
t
e, t
he i
n
v
er
t
e
r bri
dge
a
cts
a
s
a c
urr
e
nt
s
o
u
rc
e
from
t
h
e
D
C
si
de.
In
t
he
t
rad
i
ti
ona
l
V
S
I,
t
he
s
h
o
o
t
t
hrou
g
h
t
he
s
ta
te
i
s
f
o
r
b
i
d
d
e
n
a
s
i
t
cau
se
s
t
h
e
sh
o
r
t
c
i
rcui
t
of the
v
o
lta
ge source
a
nd als
o
d
a
m
a
g
es the
dev
ice
.
In orde
r to
a
l
l
o
w
the
sho
o
t
t
hrou
g
h
the
s
ta
te,
the o
p
e
ra
tion
of
t
he
c
irc
u
i
t
i
s
m
odi
fied
by
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
a
u
niq
u
e
n
e
tw
ork
of
L
C
a
n
d
d
i
o
de
t
o
the
in
ver
t
er
b
ri
dge
i
n
th
e
qZS
I
and
ZS
I.
O
n
the
occ
u
rre
nce
of
s
ho
ot
t
hro
u
g
h
,
the
pro
p
o
se
d
ne
tw
o
r
k
h
el
ps
i
n
pr
o
t
e
c
tin
g
the
c
i
rcu
it
fr
om
dam
a
ge
and
t
h
e
D
C
lin
k v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
b
ooste
d
b
y
the
q
uas
i
-Z-sourc
e
ne
t
w
o
r
k
us
i
ng the sh
oot through the state.
Fi
g
u
r
e 1
.
Eq
u
iv
a
l
ent
c
i
rc
ui
t
of
sh
oot
t
h
r
o
ugh st
a
t
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
. Eq
u
iv
a
l
e
n
t
c
i
rc
ui
t
of n
on
-sho
ot
thr
o
u
g
h
state
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
36
6
–
373
36
8
3.
VEHICLE CHARGING ST
ATION
The
elec
tric
v
e
h
ic
le
c
har
g
in
g
st
a
tio
n
ha
vi
n
g
6
8
0
V
DC
b
us,
whic
h
i
s
co
nn
ect
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
b
ack
up
b
att
e
ry
pa
r
a
l
l
el
l
y
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
3.
A
lso,
t
he
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
1
-
4
c
o
n
s
i
st
of
buc
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
D
C-
D
C
)
w
h
ic
h
de
li
ver
s
t
he
e
n
er
g
y
r
equ
i
r
e
me
nt
t
o
the
ve
hi
c
l
e
dur
i
n
g
th
e
char
gin
g
p
r
o
ce
ss.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
c
o
ntr
o
l
t
h
e
c
u
rre
nt
d
e
l
i
v
er
ed
t
o
the
EV
b
at
t
e
ry,
a
con
t
ro
l
l
er
u
se
d
insi
de
t
he
b
uc
k
c
o
n
v
erte
r
(DC-DC)
.
This
c
on
t
r
o
ller
is
u
se
d
t
o
v
a
r
y
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
ent
ba
se
d
o
n
t
he
t
i
m
e
r
e
qu
ir
ed
t
o
ob
ta
in
a
c
er
ta
i
n
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
S
o
C
[
1
2
]
.
F
low
cha
r
t
of
c
har
g
in
g
m
ode
o
f
o
p
er
a
t
i
o
n
as
show
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
4.
F
i
gur
e
3.
O
vera
l
l
M
A
TLA
B
cir
c
uit
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
bid
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
veh
i
c
l
e
char
gin
g
s
ta
t
i
o
n
usi
ng
qZS
I
P
V
inve
r
t
e
r
3.
1.
Mod
e
s
of
o
p
erat
i
on
The
3
m
a
jor
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
w
hic
h
d
ef
ine
t
h
e
mode
o
f
o
p
er
a
tio
n
of
t
h
e
system
a
re
:
a.
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
outp
u
t
pow
e
r
(
P
pv
)
b.
C
h
arg
i
ng
v
e
c
hi
cl
e
b
a
tt
ery
power d
eman
d
(
P
charge
)
c.
S
o
C
of
t
he
s
t
o
r
a
ge
b
at
t
e
r
y
The
f
l
ow
char
t
de
pic
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
pow
er
m
a
n
a
g
em
ent
o
f
t
he
s
yste
m
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
c
a
n
b
e
sum
m
arized as
f
o
llows:
a.
Mod
e
1
:
Whe
n
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
of
t
he
P
V
pa
nel i
s
s
uf
f
i
cie
n
t
en
o
u
g
h
t
o
m
eet th
e
loa
d
dem
and,
t
he l
oad
is
f
e
d
directly
from th
e
P
V
p
o
w
er. T
h
e
sto
rag
e
b
atter
y
is als
o
ch
a
rg
e
d
in
this mo
d
e
.
b.
Mod
e
2
:
W
he
n
t
h
e
PV
p
lan
t
o
u
t
pu
t
low
a
n
d
is
n
o
t
s
uff
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
l
oa
d
de
ma
n
d
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
S
o
C
of
t
he
s
tor
a
ge
b
a
tte
r
y
i
s
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
t
he
s
t
o
r
a
ge
b
a
t
ter
y
goe
s
i
n
to
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
gi
ng
m
od
e
a
n
d
su
ppo
r
t
s
th
e
P
V
out
put
i
n
me
eti
n
g
th
e
loa
d
d
em
and.
c.
Mod
e
3
:
W
he
n
t
h
e
o
u
t
put
f
r
o
m
the
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
i
s
l
o
w
a
n
d
t
h
e
S
o
C
o
f
t
he
s
t
or
age
ba
t
t
e
r
y
i
s
a
ls
o
low
,
the Gr
id
p
ower
used
to
m
e
e
t the
loa
d
de
m
a
n
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Im
ple
m
en
ta
tio
n of
q
uas
i-z
sourc
e
i
n
ve
rt
e
r
f
o
r gr
id
co
n
n
ec
ted pv
b
a
se
d
char
g
i
ng
st
a
t
i
o
n
of .
..
(Sat
tia
na
da
n)
36
9
F
i
gur
e 4.
F
l
o
w
cha
r
t of
c
har
g
ing
mode
o
f
o
p
e
ra
t
i
on
4.
RESULT
AND
DI
SC
USSI
ON
I
n
o
rder
t
o
v
e
r
i
f
y
t
he
w
or
kab
ili
ty
o
f
the
pro
pos
ed
d
e
s
ig
n,
t
he
sam
e
d
esi
g
n
sim
u
la
te
d
in
M
A
T
L
A
B
S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k
.
Bec
a
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
me
mor
y
c
o
n
s
t
ra
i
n
t
of
t
he
c
o
m
puter,
sim
u
l
at
ion
i
s
c
ond
uc
t
e
d
fo
r
10
s
ec.
O
n
e
si
m
u
lat
i
on
c
a
n
o
n
l
y
s
h
ow
2
m
ode
s
o
f
o
pe
rati
o
n
a
t
a
t
i
m
e
.
H
e
nce
,
t
he
s
i
m
ulat
i
on
i
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
t
w
i
c
e
i
n
or
der
to
a
na
l
y
ze
a
l
l
t
h
e
3
o
p
e
r
at
i
n
g
m
odes.
F
igur
e
5
show
s
t
h
e
ou
t
p
u
t
pow
er
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
odu
le.
It
d
e
p
e
nds
d
irec
t
l
y
on
t
h
e
ste
p
i
r
r
adia
t
i
o
n
t
ha
t
i
s
g
ive
n
t
o
the
pa
ne
l.
T
he
i
r
r
adia
ti
on
i
s
v
a
rie
d
f
ro
m
10
00W/
m
2
t
o
100W
/
m
2
i
n
st
e
p
s.
H
ence
,
the
o
u
t
put
pow
e
r
a
lso
dec
r
ea
se
s
ac
cordi
n
gl
y
.
A
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure
6,
f
rom
0s
t
o
2s,
w
h
e
n
t
he
ou
tpu
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
ane
l
i
s
s
u
fficie
n
t
e
n
o
ugh
to
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
loa
d
d
e
m
a
nd
(
M
ode
1
),
bot
h
the
s
t
ora
g
e
ba
tter
y
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
t
he l
oa
d
ba
t
t
e
r
y
ge
t
s
cha
rge
d
. Fr
om
2
s
t
o
8s,
w
he
n the
P
V
pane
l
o
ut
put i
s n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
to me
et the
l
oad
dem
a
nd,
b
ut
t
he
S
O
C
o
f
t
h
e
stora
g
e
ba
tter
y
i
s
hi
gh
(M
o
d
e
2),
th
e
l
o
ad
b
at
teries
a
r
e
c
ha
rged
f
rom
the
s
t
or
ag
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
,
h
e
n
c
e
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
b
e
g
i
n
s
t
o
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
the
l
o
ad
b
a
t
ter
i
e
s
s
ti
ll
c
h
ar
ge,
but
a
t
a
sl
ow
er
rate
.
F
r
om
8
s
t
o
10s,
t
h
e
ou
t
p
ut
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
ane
l
i
ncr
ease
s
a
ga
i
n
a
nd
th
e
s
y
ste
m
o
pera
tes
i
n
M
o
d
e
1.
W
ith
t
he
refere
nce
of F
i
gure
7, from
0s t
o 6
s
, w
hen th
e
ou
tp
u
t
p
ow
er of
the
P
V
pa
n
el is low
an
d t
h
e S
o
C of the st
o
ra
ge
bat
t
ery
is
a
ls
o
low
,
t
he
s
yste
m
opera
t
e
s
in
M
o
d
e
3
a
nd
th
e
l
o
a
d
b
a
tterie
s
d
ra
w
pow
er
f
rom
the
gri
d
w
her
eas
the
stora
g
e
ba
t
t
ery
rem
a
ins
d
i
sc
onne
c
t
e
d
.
H
e
nce
,
t
he
S
oC
o
f
the
s
tora
ge
b
atter
y
r
e
m
a
i
ns
c
on
sta
n
t
t
h
rou
g
h
o
u
t,
w
h
er
eas
t
he
s
o
u
rce
of
t
he
l
oa
d
ba
t
t
ery
i
n
cre
a
ses.
F
rom
6s
t
o
1
0
s,
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
of
t
he
P
V
panel
i
n
c
r
ea
ses,
h
enc
e
the s
y
stem
swi
tche
s
back
t
o
Mo
de 1.
F
i
gur
e 5.
P
ow
e
r
out
put
o
f P
V
pa
n
e
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
36
6 –
37
3
37
0
F
i
gure
6.
S
oC of
ba
t
t
eries
in
m
ode
1
a
nd 2
F
i
gur
e 7.
S
oC
o
f ba
tte
ries i
n Mo
de
3
F
i
gure
8
de
p
i
c
t
s
va
rio
u
s
w
a
v
e
forms
of
t
he
s
t
o
rage
b
a
t
t
e
ry
w
hi
le
o
per
a
t
i
n
g
in
v
a
r
io
us
m
odes.
I
n
Mo
de
1
,
fr
o
m
0
s
to
2
s,
w
he
n
the
s
t
orage
ba
t
t
e
r
y
i
s
c
harg
i
n
g,
t
h
e
So
C
o
f
t
he
b
a
t
tery
i
ncre
ases.
The
curr
ent
i
n
the
ba
tter
y
i
s
nega
t
i
ve,
w
h
ic
h
m
e
a
n
s
tha
t
t
he
c
u
r
rent
i
s
e
n
t
e
r
i
n
g
i
nto
th
e
ba
tter
y
.
The
vol
tage
o
f
t
h
e
bat
t
ery
als
o
i
ncre
ases
a
t
t
h
e
sa
me
t
i
m
e.
I
n
Mo
de
2
,
from
2
s
t
o
8
s
,
w
hen
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
b
e
g
i
n
s
t
o
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
,
t
h
e
S
o
C
o
f
the b
a
t
t
e
r
y
be
g
i
ns
t
o
drop,
w
he
rea
s
t
he
c
ur
rent b
e
c
om
es
p
osi
t
i
v
e
w
h
i
c
h
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
at
t
he
c
u
r
rent
i
s bei
n
g
dr
aw
n
from
t
he
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
The
vol
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
bat
t
e
r
y
a
l
so
b
e
g
i
n
s
t
o
d
ro
p
a
nd
a
f
te
r
8s,
the
ba
t
t
e
ry
a
ga
in
o
per
a
tes
i
n
mode
1.
F
i
gur
e
9 dep
i
ct
s va
ri
ous w
ave
f
orm
s
of t
h
e loa
d
ba
t
tery
w
h
i
l
e
o
p
e
r
ati
n
g
i
n
va
r
iou
s
mode
s.
I
n Mode
1
,
from
0
s
to
2
s,
w
he
n
t
h
e
out
p
u
t
of
t
he
P
V
pa
n
e
l
is
h
i
g
h,
t
h
e
S
oC
o
f
the
l
o
a
d
b
a
tter
y
i
nc
re
ases.
The
curr
ent
i
n
the
ba
tter
y
i
s
nega
t
i
ve,
w
h
ic
h
m
e
a
n
s
tha
t
t
he
c
u
r
rent
i
s
e
n
t
e
r
i
n
g
i
nto
t
h
e
ba
tter
y
.
The
v
o
l
t
age
o
f
t
he
b
at
tery
a
l
s
o
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
a
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e
.
I
n
M
o
d
e
2
,
f
r
o
m
2
s
t
o
8
s
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
l
o
w
,
the
So
C
of
t
he
b
at
tery
s
til
l
in
c
r
ease
s
,
but
a
t
a
slow
e
r
r
ate
as
c
om
pare
d
to
t
h
a
t
i
n
M
o
d
e
1.
T
he
c
urrent
r
e
m
a
i
ns
nega
t
i
ve,
w
h
ic
h
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
t
he
c
urre
n
t
i
s
st
il
l
bei
n
g
fe
d
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ad
b
a
t
t
e
ry.
The
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of
t
he
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
l
s
o
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
s
t
o
r
i
s
e
.
A
f
t
e
r
8
s
,
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
g
a
i
n
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
s
i
n
m
o
d
e
1
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1
0
de
p
i
ct
s
the
va
ri
ous
w
a
v
e
f
or
ms
o
f
the
s
t
orage
ba
t
t
e
r
y
w
h
en
i
t
o
p
era
t
es
i
n
Mod
e
3
.
As
t
he
p
o
w
er
i
s
d
r
a
w
n
f
r
o
m
the
gr
i
d
i
n
m
o
de
3
,
the
stor
ag
e
bat
t
ery
re
ma
i
n
s
di
s
c
o
nne
cte
d
f
rom
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
.
H
e
nc
e,
t
he
S
oC,
c
urr
e
nt
a
s
w
e
ll
as
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
con
s
ta
n
t
ti
ll
t
h
e
sys
t
em
sw
i
t
c
he
s back to
Mode 1 after
6s. Figu
re
11 de
pic
t
s the
va
ri
o
u
s
w
a
ve
form
s of th
e
l
oa
d
bat
t
ery
w
h
en
i
t
o
p
e
r
ates
i
n
Mode
3
.
A
s
t
he
p
ow
er
i
s
d
r
a
w
n
fr
om
t
h
e
grid
i
n
mod
e
3
,
the
l
o
ad
b
atter
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Im
ple
m
en
ta
tio
n of
q
uas
i-z
sourc
e
i
n
ve
rt
e
r
f
o
r gr
id
co
n
n
ec
ted pv
b
a
se
d
char
g
i
ng
st
a
t
i
o
n
of .
..
(Sat
tia
na
da
n)
37
1
con
t
in
u
e
s t
o
c
h
a
rge
.
Hence
, th
e
sour
ce in
c
r
e
a
s
es
a
n
d
c
urren
t
re
m
a
in ne
g
at
i
v
e. The v
o
lta
g
e
a
lso i
n
cre
a
se
s w
i
t
h
ti
m
e
.
The system
s
wit
c
hes
back to
M
o
de 1 after
6s.
F
i
gure
8.
W
a
v
e
f
orm
s
of st
o
r
age
bat
t
ery
F
i
gure
9.
W
a
v
eform
s
of Loa
d
b
at
tery
F
i
gure
1
0
.
Wave
form
s of
s
t
o
r
a
ge
b
at
tery
i
n
Mo
d
e
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
36
6 –
37
3
37
2
F
i
gure
1
1
.
Wa
v
e
form
s of Lo
a
d
bat
t
ery
in
M
ode
3
F
i
gure
1
2
d
esc
r
ibe
s
t
he
h
a
r
d
w
are
implem
enta
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
pro
pose
d
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
.
I
t
a
l
s
o
h
a
s
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
s
f
o
r
a
stor
age
ba
tte
ry
a
nd
2
l
o
a
d
b
atter
i
e
s
.
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
f
e
d
t
o
th
e
bat
ter
i
e
s
t
hrou
g
h
a
b
a
tter
y
c
on
tro
ller
c
i
rcui
t.
I
t
con
s
is
t
s
o
f
2
Mo
sfe
t
s,
o
ne
c
apa
c
i
t
o
r
an
d
o
n
e
in
d
u
ct
or
w
h
i
ch
t
o
g
et
her
fo
rm
a
c
ir
cui
t
t
h
a
t
is
c
a
p
a
b
le
o
f
ac
tin
g
bo
th
a
s
buc
k
a
nd
bo
ost
co
nve
r
t
e
r
.
It
a
c
t
s
as
a
buc
k
co
nver
t
e
r
d
u
r
ing
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
o
pera
t
i
on
of
t
he
b
a
t
t
e
ry.
On
the ot
her
ha
nd,
it w
o
rks
a
s
a b
oos
t
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r dur
ing t
h
e d
i
sc
ha
rg
in
g
o
p
er
at
i
o
n of t
he
ba
tte
r
y
. The inve
r
t
er part
con
s
is
t
s
o
f
6
Mo
sfe
t
s.
I
t
is
a
l
s
o
c
o
n
n
ec
t
e
d
t
o
a
s
ing
l
e-
pha
se
A
C
su
p
p
l
y
t
hro
u
gh
a
23
0/1
2
V
sing
le
t
a
p
trans
f
or
me
r.
G
a
t
e
p
u
l
s
es
a
r
e
r
equire
d
for
eac
h
o
f
t
he
m
osfe
ts
u
se
d
in
t
he
c
irc
u
i
t
.
It
i
s
ge
ne
rate
d
by
a
mic
r
oco
n
tro
l
le
r.
T
he
c
on
tro
l
le
r
circui
t
co
nsi
s
ts
o
f
a
m
i
c
r
ocon
t
ro
l
l
er
c
ir
cui
t
w
hic
h
i
s
p
o
w
e
red
fr
om
one
o
f
th
e
tap
s
o
f
a
2
30/
1
2
V
7
tap
tra
n
sform
e
r
thro
ug
h
a
n
I
C7
8
05
a
s
t
he
m
i
cr
oco
n
t
ro
ll
e
r
r
u
n
s
o
n
a
c
on
st
a
n
t
5V
pow
e
r
sup
p
l
y
.
The
mi
cr
op
r
o
cess
o
r
ta
kes
fe
ed
bac
k
f
rom
the
P
V
p
a
n
el
a
n
d
S
o
C
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
orage
ba
t
t
e
r
y
to
g
e
n
e
r
at
e
t
h
e
cloc
k s
i
g
n
a
l
fo
r
the Mosfe
ts.
The
m
o
sfe
t
s ne
ed a si
g
na
l
o
f
at
l
ea
s
t
9V
to pe
r
f
o
r
m
t
he s
w
i
tc
hin
g
o
per
a
tio
n.
Bu
t
the
s
i
gna
l
ge
ne
ra
ted
b
y
t
he
m
i
c
roc
o
n
t
ro
l
l
er
i
s
a
5V
s
ig
na
l.
H
en
ce
a
d
ri
ver
circ
u
it
is
r
equ
i
re
d
tha
t
m
ay
a
ct
a
s
an
a
m
p
l
i
fie
r
t
o
am
plify t
h
e 5
V
s
ig
na
l
t
o
12V
s
ig
na
l
be
for
e
f
e
e
d
i
n
g
it
t
o the
m
o
s
f
et.
T
h
e
dri
v
er
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
con
sis
t
s
o
f
8
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
o
f
I
C
T
L
P
2
5
0
,
o
n
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
f
e
t
.
E
a
c
h
o
f
th
e
m
i
s
pow
er
e
d
from
t
h
e
2
30/
1
2
V
trans
f
or
me
r
th
rou
gh
a
recti
f
ier
circuit.
A
capacitor
i
s
a
ls
o
pu
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gur
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12.
H
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5.
CONCL
U
S
IONS
The
eff
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c
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e
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pow
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m
anage
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n
t
sys
t
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sing
QZS
I
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h
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s
pape
r.
T
he
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esul
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em
phas
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bi-
d
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c
t
i
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a
l
pow
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f
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be
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w
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d
iffe
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s
w
h
ic
h
ma
tch
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pr
a
c
tic
al
r
e
q
u
i
re
me
nt
.
M
ode
l
i
ng
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
rol
stra
teg
y
h
a
ve
b
e
e
n
de
v
e
lo
pe
d
for
a
bet
t
e
r
u
n
d
e
rst
a
nd
ing
o
f
t
h
e
c
ont
ro
l
st
rat
e
gy
.
Hard
ware
i
mp
l
e
me
nt
ati
o
n
of
t
he
c
irc
u
it
h
a
s
a
ls
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be
e
n
d
one
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
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w
El
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&
D
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S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Im
ple
m
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ta
tio
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q
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sourc
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ve
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f
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tia
na
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37
3
succe
ssfu
lly
a
nd
is
v
erifie
d
w
ith
t
he
s
im
ul
a
t
i
o
n
resu
l
t
s.
T
he
p
r
opose
d
m
ode
l
e
n
sur
e
s
faster
c
ha
rgi
ng
o
f
elec
tr
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v
e
h
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le
a
nd
the
port
a
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l
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m
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cha
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s
t
a
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o
n
e
a
si
l
y
a
da
pta
b
le
i
n
sma
ller
p
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s.
The
r
o
bust
c
o
nt
r
o
ller
co
ntr
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ls
t
he
b
i-d
i
re
c
tio
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p
o
w
e
r
fl
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P
V
t
o
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d
g
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d
t
o
P
V
w
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d
iffe
rent
opera
tin
g
vol
ta
ge
s.
REFE
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g
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i
ew
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f
n
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ni
solat
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d
bi-
d
irecti
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nal
DC-
D
C
c
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nverters
f
or
pl
ug
-in
hy
brid
e
l
ectric
veh
i
cle
c
h
arge
s
tat
i
o
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a
p
p
l
i
cation
at
m
unicip
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deck
s",
Co
nf
eren
ce
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r
oc
eedi
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s
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IEEE A
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Elect
ron
i
cs
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ta
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C
on
trol
s
tr
a
t
e
g
y
of
a
m
u
l
ti
-
po
rt,
gri
d
c
on
n
ected
,
d
i
rect
-DC
PV
c
hargi
ng
st
at
i
o
n
f
o
r
pl
u
g
-in
e
l
ectric
veh
i
cl
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",
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E
EE
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erg
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o
nv
ers
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t
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ns,
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T
h
e
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mpact
o
f Charg
i
ng
P
l
ug-In
H
y
b
ri
d
Elect
ric
V
e
hi
cle
s
o
n
a
Res
i
den
tial
Di
st
ribu
ti
on
Grid”,
IE
EE
T
r
ansa
ct
ions
On
Power
Systems
,
v
o
l. 25
(
1), p
p-3
7
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-
38
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, Feb
ruar
y 20
1
0
.
[4]
Ge,
B
.
,
Ab
u
-
Ru
b
,
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en
g
,
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Z
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,
L
ei
,
Q.
,
De
A
l
m
e
i
da
,
A.
T.,
F
e
r
rei
r
a,
F
.J.
T
.E.
,
S
u
n
,
D
.
&
Li
u
,
Y
.,
"An
ene
r
gy-
st
ored
q
uas
i
-Z-sou
rce
inv
e
rter
f
or
a
p
p
l
i
cati
o
n
to
p
ho
to
voltai
c
pow
er
s
y
s
tem
"
,
IEEE T
r
a
n
s
a
ctio
ns o
n
In
dus
tria
l
El
ectro
n
i
cs
,
vol.
6
0
(1
0),
p
p
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4
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Cintro
n-R
i
ve
ra
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J.G
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ia
ng
,
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&
P
e
n
g,
F
.
Z
.
,
"
Qua
s
i-
Z-
S
o
u
r
ce
i
nvert
er
w
ith
e
nergy
s
t
o
r
age
f
o
r
P
h
o
t
ovolt
a
ic
po
wer
g
e
ner
a
t
i
o
n
s
ys
tems",
C
onf
eren
ce
P
r
oc
eed
ing
s
-
I
E
E
E Applied
Powe
r Elect
r
o
ni
cs Conference
and E
x
position
- A
P
EC
,
p
p
. 4
01
-40
6
, 2
01
1.
[6]
Li,
F
.
et
a
l.
201
1,
"
Q
u
as
i-Z
s
our
ce
invert
e
r
w
it
h
batt
ery
based
P
V
po
wer
g
e
ner
a
ti
on
s
yst
e
m",
2
0
1
1
International
Con
f
eren
ce on
El
ectrica
l
M
a
chi
n
es
an
d S
y
st
ems
, p
p.
1
–
5,
2
01
1
.
[7]
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i
u
,
J
.,
J
i
a
ng
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S
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C
a
o,
D
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u
,
X
.
&
P
e
n
g
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F.
Z
.
,
"S
l
i
d
i
n
g
-
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
trol
o
f
qu
a
s
i-
Z-so
ur
c
e
in
ve
r
t
e
r
w
ith
b
a
t
te
ry
f
o
r
renew
a
ble
ener
gy
s
ystem
"
,
IEEE En
ergy Co
n
versi
on
Co
ngress
a
nd Exp
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siti
on
:
ECCE
2
0
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,
L
ei
,
Q.
,
De
A
l
m
e
i
da
,
A.
T.,
Fe
r
rei
r
a,
F
.J.
T
.E.
,
S
un
,
D
.
&
L
i
u
,
Y.,
"An
ene
r
gy-
st
ored
q
uas
i
-Z-sou
rce
inv
e
rter
f
or
a
p
p
l
i
cati
o
n
to
p
ho
to
voltai
c
pow
er
s
y
s
tem
"
,
IEEE T
r
a
n
s
a
ctio
ns o
n
In
dus
tria
l
El
ectro
n
i
cs
,
vol.
6
0
(1
0),
pp
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1,
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3
[9]
Rasi
n,
Z
.
&
Rah
m
an
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Desi
gn
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d
s
i
m
u
l
ati
on
of
q
uasi-Z
s
ou
r
ce
g
r
id
-conn
ected
P
V
inverter
w
ith
b
att
e
ry
st
orage",
IEEE Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Co
n
f
er
ence o
n
P
o
wer
an
d
E
n
erg
y
,
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9
–
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5
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[10]
D.
S
attiana
dan,
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Ka
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y
anasundara
m,
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Vidyasagar,
Deepak
K
umar
N
ay
ak,
Roopam
J
h
a,
“
M
a
xim
u
m
P
o
wer
P
o
in
t
Track
ing
f
o
r
a
Gri
d
C
o
n
n
ected
P
ho
to
vo
ltai
c
S
y
stem
U
s
i
n
g
S
li
d
i
n
g
M
od
e
Co
ntro
l”,
Int
e
rn
atio
nal
Jo
ur
na
l of Po
we
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
em
(I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
V
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l
.
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(4),
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9
2
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e
r
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.
[11]
Jo
nas
T
avern
e
,
F
i
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aus
M
u
ha
mm
ad-S
u
k
k
i
,
A
h
m
a
d
Sy
ahi
r
A
yub,
Nazm
i
S
ellami
,
“
Des
i
gn
o
f
So
la
r
Po
we
re
d
Charg
i
ng
B
ack
pack”,
Int
e
rn
at
io
nal
Jo
ur
nal
of
Po
wer Elect
ro
nics
a
n
d
D
r
iv
e
Sys
t
em
(I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
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o
l
.
9
(2),
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48~
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58,
J
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01
8.
[12]
Qif
a
ng
Chen
,
Studen
t
M
emb
e
r,
N
ian
Li
u,
M
ember,
C
u
n
g
a
ng
H
u
,
M
em
b
e
r
,
Lin
gfe
n
g
Wa
ng
a
nd
J
ia
n
h
u
a
Zh
a
n
g,
“
A
uton
om
o
u
s
Energy
M
an
agem
ent
S
t
rategy
f
o
r
S
o
l
id
-Stat
e
T
ransf
o
r
m
e
r
t
o
I
n
t
e
g
rate
P
V-Assisted
E
V
Charging
S
t
ation
P
a
rti
c
ipat
in
g
in
A
n
c
ill
a
ry
S
ervi
ce”,
IEEE Tran
sa
c
t
io
ns
On
Indust
r
i
a
l
In
for
m
atics
,
Vol.
1
3
(
1),
p
p
.
2
58
-269
,
F
e
bru
a
ry
2
017
.
Ap
p
e
ndix
DESIGN Pa
r
ameter:
Pa
ra
m
e
t
e
r
s
Va
lu
e
s
1.
PV
P
l
a
nt m
a
x
i
m
u
m
powe
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V
mpp
=
235.9
I
mp
p
=
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36A
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PV
S
y
s
tem
bus
volta
g
e
(DC
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680
V
av
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1124.
1
V
pk
3.
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A
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t
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Reso
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s
w
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E
le
c. P
o
w
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ys.
8.
Stora
g
e
ba
tt
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r
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ca
pac
i
t
y
(
Kw
h/A
h
)
96
kW
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a
t
300V
,
320 A
h
9.
T
r
a
c
t
i
on Ba
tte
ry
unit
24
kW
h
a
t
300V
,
80 A
h
10.
C
ontrolle
r
D
SP
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30F
20
10
11.
D
r
ive
r
T
L
P
250
Inp
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t
thre
shold
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r
r
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n
t
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f
=5
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u
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e
n
t
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cc
=
11m
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upply
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e
V
cc
=
10-35V
O
u
tput
c
ur
re
nt
I
o
=
1.
5A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.