Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1268
~
1277
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijp
ed
s
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
1268
-
1277
1268
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Nonline
ar co
ntr
ol o
f
GT
I
f
or stabili
zing futu
re smart
grids
Sa
la
m Ibr
ah
i
m Kh
ather
Depa
rtment
o
f
S
ystem
s a
nd
Cont
rol
Eng
ine
er
ing,
Nineva
h
Univ
ersit
y,
Ira
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
8
,
201
9
Re
vised
Dec
30
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Fe
b
20
, 20
20
The
most
im
port
ant
co
mpone
nts
of
the
distr
ibut
e
d
gene
ra
ti
on
fr
a
me
works
is
the
GTIs
whi
ch
is
an
interfa
ce
am
idst
the
utilit
y
and
the
sour
c
e
of
ene
rgy
.
The
re
ce
n
t
ye
ars
have
se
en
an
in
cre
ase
d
intere
st
in
the
d
esign
an
d
usage
o
f
GTIs
due
to
it
s
smal
ler
weight
and
size,
low
cost
and
high
er
eff
icien
cy.
But
the
prob
lem
of
leaka
g
e
c
u
rre
nts
in
th
e
tr
ansforme
rl
ess
inve
rte
r
tha
t
is
depe
ndan
t
on
i
t
s
topol
ogy
and
cont
rol
s
che
m
e
nee
ds
to
be
looke
d
in
to
ca
ref
u
ll
y
.
Also
,
the
high
per
for
ma
nc
e
of
the
G
TI
r
equi
r
es
a
stri
ngent
control
and
var
ious
con
trol
sys
te
ms
are
bei
ng
d
eve
lop
e
d
and
app
li
ed
t
o
the
GTIs.
Thi
s
pap
er
r
eviews
the
var
ious
topol
og
ie
s
th
at
are
c
la
ss
ified
b
ase
d
on
the
at
tri
bu
te
s
of
the
leaka
ge
cur
r
ent
and
the
me
tho
d
of
de
coupl
ing
.
Further
i
t
rev
ie
ws
and
co
mpa
res
th
e
different
con
trol
t
echnique
s
appl
i
ed
to
the
GTI
s
with
respe
c
t
to
t
he
f
rame
of
r
eferenc
e
,
con
trol
l
er
,
modulati
on
tec
hnique
and
the
cont
rol
par
a
me
t
ers
consid
ered.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Con
tr
oller
Distrib
uted ge
ner
at
io
n
Gr
i
d
-
ti
ed
Inver
te
rs
To
po
l
ogy
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sala
m Ibr
a
him
Khathe
r,
Sy
ste
ms
and C
on
t
ro
l E
nginee
rin
g Dep
a
rtme
nt,
Nine
vah Unive
rsity, Nine
va
h, Mos
ul,
I
ra
q.
Emai
l:
sal
am.khathe
r@uonin
e
vah.ed
u.
i
q
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
tra
diti
on
a
l
sy
ste
ms
that
us
e
coal,
nu
cl
ear
an
d
hydro
e
nerg
y
f
or
gen
e
rati
ng
el
ect
rici
ty
are
centrali
zed
a
nd
nee
d
the
tra
ns
missi
on
of
e
le
ct
rici
ty
over
la
rg
e
dista
nces
.
T
he
sta
bili
ty
and
sec
uri
ty
of
these
sy
ste
ms
a
re
unde
r
th
reat
du
e
to
the
black
ou
ts
wh
ic
h
is
a
resu
lt
of
gri
d
r
up
t
ur
e
du
e
to
extreme
w
eat
he
r
conditi
ons,
c
ha
in
fail
ure.
In
com
par
is
on,
th
e
distrib
uted
s
ources
of
e
ne
r
gy
li
ke
bi
og
a
s,
biomass,
wind
an
d
so
la
r
a
re
dece
nt
rali
zed,
fle
xib
l
e
an
d
m
odula
r.
These
sou
rces
of
ene
r
gy
ha
ve
an
a
dded
ad
va
ntage
t
hat
the
y
ca
n
be
pro
du
ce
d
c
lose
to
the
place
of
c
onsumpti
on
[1].
A
lso,
t
he
e
nvir
onme
ntal
co
nce
rn
s
li
ke
t
he
cl
imat
ic
changes
a
nd
gl
ob
al
warmi
ng
are
dri
ving
the
requireme
nt
f
or
pen
et
rati
ng
the
distrib
uted
ren
e
wa
ble
sour
ces
of
energ
y
i
nto
the
f
uture
ge
ner
at
ion
s
of
el
ect
rici
ty
gri
ds.
The
at
tribu
te
s
of
el
ect
rici
ty
ge
ne
r
at
ion
an
d
sup
pl
y
a
re
bein
g
c
ha
ng
e
d
with
the
ai
d
of
ge
ner
at
in
g
a
nd
st
or
in
g
el
ect
rici
ty
in
an
en
vir
onm
ent
-
f
rien
dly
m
ann
e
r.
Hen
ce
the
mi
crogr
i
ds
are
a
uniq
ue
s
olu
ti
on
for
i
nteg
rati
on
of
the
re
ne
wab
le
s
ource
s
of
ene
r
gy
in
to
the
distrib
ution
s
ys
te
ms
[
2]
.
The
micr
ogrids,
sp
eci
fical
ly
the
on
es
usi
ng
wi
nd
an
d
s
olar
ene
rgy
hav
e
accom
plishe
d
i
mmense
respo
ns
e
over
the
re
cent
year
s
f
or
meet
ing
the
en
ergy
dema
nds
of
the
w
or
l
d
a
nd
ha
ve
become a
sig
nificant al
te
r
native to
the c
on
ve
ntion
al
sourc
es
of
power [
3].
Im
plementin
g
the
micr
ogrids
is
adv
a
ntage
ou
s
t
o
both
t
he
co
nsume
r
as
well
as
the
el
ect
rici
ty
pro
vid
er
.
From
the
co
nsume
r’s
poi
nt
of
vie
w,
the
micr
ogr
id
e
nh
a
nces
th
e
qual
it
y
of
t
he
net
wor
k,
dec
rease
s
the
emis
sio
ns
,
and
cost
t
hey
incu
r.
From
t
he
perspecti
ve
of
the
el
ect
rici
ty
pro
vid
e
r
the
micro
gr
i
ds
ai
d
in
the
reducti
on
of
th
e
po
wer
that
fl
ow
s
on
the
tra
ns
mit
ti
ng
a
nd
t
he
distrib
utin
g
li
nes
w
hich
re
su
lt
s
in
the
re
duced
costs
a
nd
lo
ss
es
f
or
e
xtra
powe
r
[
4]
.
Add
it
ion
al
ly,
t
he
micro
gr
i
d
al
s
o
hel
ps
i
n
redu
ci
ng
the
l
oa
d
on
the
netw
ork by
t
he
eli
minati
on
of impasse to me
et
the r
eq
uire
m
ents of elec
tric
it
y
and
re
pairin
g
the
netw
ork
i
n
the
case
of
an
y
e
r
rors.
T
he
micr
ogrids
are
t
he
small
er
ve
rsi
on
s
of
the
act
ual
el
ect
rici
ty
distrib
ution
syst
ems.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Non
li
ne
ar
c
ontrol
of g
ri
d
-
ti
ed
inverte
rs
(GTI
)
for
sta
bili
zing
fut
ur
e s
m
ar
t
gr
ids
(Sa
l
am Ibrahim
Kh
ath
e
r)
1269
The
y
al
ong
with
re
duci
ng
the
impact
s
on
the
env
i
ronme
nt
by
inc
reasin
g
th
e
us
e
of
ren
e
w
able
res
ources
have
the
a
bili
ty
to
e
nh
a
nce
the
ec
onomi
cs,
net
work
reli
a
bili
ty
a
nd
qu
al
it
y
of
t
he
powe
r.
F
r
om
t
he
pe
rsp
ect
ive
of
op
e
rati
on,
the
m
ic
r
ogrid
c
on
sist
s
of
po
wer
el
ect
r
on
ic
co
ntr
ol
a
nd
inter
face
ci
r
cuit
f
or
m
eet
ing
the
requireme
nts
of
qu
al
it
y of t
he
pow
e
r, flexi
bili
ty f
act
or,
an
d
t
he
e
nerg
y ou
t
put [
5].
Conver
sio
n
of
the
pow
er
a
mong
DC
a
nd
AC
is
a
pri
mary
iss
ue
i
n
the
micro
gr
ids
since
t
he
ren
e
wa
ble
s
ources
of
ene
r
gy
ge
ner
at
e
DC
powe
r
wh
e
rea
s
the
t
rad
it
io
na
l
el
ect
rici
ty
gri
d
is
de
pe
nd
a
nt
o
f
gen
e
rati
ng,
tra
ns
mit
ti
ng
a
nd
distrib
uting
A
C
power.
He
nc
e
there
is
a
ne
ed
f
or
co
nver
ti
ng
the
DC
powe
r
to
AC
po
wer
so
that
the grids
ca
n
be
c
onnected
to
the
sta
ndar
d
AC
s
ys
te
m.
The
ci
rc
uits of
p
owe
r
el
ect
ron
ic
s
a
r
e
util
ise
d
as
a
n
inv
e
rter
for
th
e
DC
to
AC
power
c
onve
rsion.
T
he
re
are
nume
rous
t
yp
es
of
su
c
h
i
nv
e
rters
a
nd
they
a
re
re
ferr
ed
to
a
s
gri
d
-
ti
ed
inv
e
rters
(G
T
I).
T
he
gri
d
ti
e
inv
e
rte
r
is
the
same
as
that
of
a
DC
-
AC
conve
rter
but
with
a
sli
ght
di
ff
e
ren
ce
in
the
char
act
e
risti
cs.
Th
e
GTI
nee
ds
to
obe
y
ce
rtai
n
c
onditi
ons
w
it
ho
ut
wh
ic
h
it
ca
nnot
be
c
onnecte
d
to
the
gri
d.
T
he
mag
nitu
de
of
the phase
a
nd v
oltage
o
f
t
he
GTI
m
us
t be
e
qu
al
t
o
that o
f
the
grid
, t
he
i
nv
e
rter
outp
ut freq
ue
nc
y
a
nd the
fr
e
qu
ency o
f
t
he gri
d
m
us
t
be
e
qua
l [6].
2.
TOPOL
OGIE
S OF
G
RID
-
T
IED I
NV
E
RT
ERS
In
sp
it
e
of
the
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
va
rio
us
GT
I
to
polo
gies,
mo
st
of
the
m
can
be
cl
assi
fied
i
nto
t
hr
e
e
gro
up
s
of
ze
ro
-
sta
te
decou
ple,
ze
ro
-
sta
te
mid
-
point
cl
am
pe
d,
an
d
s
olidit
y
cl
amped
t
opol
og
ie
s
.
These
cl
asses
are
decide
d
base
d
on
t
he
ch
aracte
risti
c
s
of
le
aka
ge
cu
rrent
an
d
the
decou
pling
a
ppr
oach
of
the
trans
forme
rless to
po
l
og
ie
s.
E
ach
of these cl
asses is
discusse
d belo
w.
2.1. Zer
o
s
tat
e deco
upled
tr
an
s
fo
rm
erl
ess
topo
l
ogie
s
The
tra
diti
on
al
f
ull
br
i
dg
e
to
polo
gy
has
va
ri
ou
s
featu
res
f
or
operati
ng
in
s
ing
le
pha
se
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
a
simple
P
V
m
odule
li
ke
the
struct
ur
e
of
t
he
ci
rc
uit,
lo
w
DC
bu
s
vo
lt
age,
hi
gh
ef
f
ic
ie
ncy
,
lo
w
c
os
t
in
com
par
is
on
to
the
hal
f
-
br
i
dg
e
topolo
gy.
Va
r
iou
s
f
ull
bri
dg
e
topolo
gies
ha
ve
been
de
vel
op
e
d
by
decou
pling
the
PV
mod
ule
from
the
gr
i
d
duri
ng
the
per
i
od
of
fr
ee
w
hee
li
ng
.
T
he
stu
di
es
relat
ed
to
ze
ro
sta
te
co
upli
ng
a
re
furthe
r discuss
ed.
Yang
et
al
.,
[
7]
devel
oped
an
en
ha
nced
s
ing
le
-
phase
in
ver
te
r
f
or
el
im
inati
ng
the
c
ommo
n
m
ode
le
akag
e
cu
rr
e
nt
in
the
tra
ns
f
ormerless
P
V
gr
i
d
s
ys
te
m.
Both
t
he
c
o
ntr
ol
te
ch
niques
of
do
ub
le
-
f
requen
c
y
SPWM
a
nd
unipo
la
r
S
PWM
wer
e
im
pleme
nted
to
ob
ta
i
n
a
th
ree
le
vel
outp
ut
for
the
in
ver
te
r
t
hat
ass
ures
t
ha
t
the
c
ommo
n
-
mode
le
aka
ge
current
is
not
gen
e
rated
.
I
n
t
he
co
mm
utati
ng
switc
hes
,
the
ir
s
witc
hing
volt
ag
e
s
are
50%
o
f
t
he
input
volt
age
and
t
he
los
ses
du
e
t
o
s
witc
hin
g
we
re
re
duc
ed
sig
nifica
ntly.
Additi
on
de
couplin
g
of
tw
o
switc
he
s
in
the
in
ve
rter
helpe
d
in
acc
ompli
sh
i
ng
high
e
ff
ect
ivit
y
a
nd
feas
ible
the
rmal
de
sign.
Lo
wer
ri
pp
le
s
in
the
c
urre
nt
a
nd
highe
r
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
w
er
e
ac
hiev
ed
du
e
t
o
doubl
e
-
f
reque
ncy
S
PWM.
The
a
uthor
s
in
[8]
de
velo
ped
a
hi
gh
reli
abil
it
y
an
d
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
(
HRE)
to
polo
gy
util
isi
ng
the
M
O
SFET
s
to
be
the
main
s
witc
hes.
The
pr
opose
d
c
onve
rter
us
e
d
tw
o
s
plit
ac
-
co
uple
d
i
nducto
rs
wh
ic
h
operate
d
s
olit
aril
y
f
or
the
neg
at
ive
a
nd
po
sit
ive
hal
f
c
ycles
of
the
gri
d.
T
he
ci
r
c
uit
di
d
no
t
re
quire
dea
d
ti
me
f
or
co
mm
utati
ng
at
PWM
s
witc
hi
ng
he
nce
achi
eved
a
l
ow
e
r
distor
ti
on
f
or
the
out
pu
t
c
urren
t.
This
to
polo
gy
is
a
n
at
tract
ive
op
ti
on
f
or
t
he
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
that
r
e
qu
ire
tra
n
sf
ormerless
P
V
in
ver
te
r
s.
Yu
et
al
.,
[
9]
de
velo
pe
d
a
high
-
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
H
6
c
onfi
gurati
on
in
vert
er
util
iz
ing
M
O
SFET
s.
The
de
velo
pe
d
to
po
l
ogy
feat
ur
e
d
hi
gh
-
ef
fic
ie
ncy
ov
e
r
a
broa
d
ra
nge
of
t
he
l
oa
d,
lo
w
le
akag
e
c
urre
nt
i
n
t
he
gro
und
an
d
no
requireme
nt
f
or
sp
li
t
capaci
to
rs.
T
he
outp
ut
inducta
nce
wa
s
reduce
d
by
50%
in
c
ompari
so
n
t
o
the
f
ull
br
id
ge
inv
e
rter
that
use
s
bipolar
P
W
M
s
witc
hing.
I
n
[
10]
the
stu
dy
summa
rized
the
de
rivati
on
ru
le
s
from
the
pr
es
ent
i
nv
e
rters
ha
ving
hi
gh
pe
rformance
us
i
ng
H6
c
onfi
gurati
on
s
o
t
hat
novel
t
opologies
a
re
achieva
ble.
As
an
e
xam
ple,
the
a
utho
rs
de
ve
lop
e
d
a
high
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
1ϕ
t
ran
s
f
or
me
rless
P
V
i
nv
e
rter
with
a
hybri
d
mod
ulati
on
te
ch
ni
qu
e
.
the
a
bs
e
nce
in
pu
t
s
plit
capac
it
or
s
el
imi
nate
d
the
issue
s
of
le
akag
e
cu
rre
nt
an
d
commo
n
-
mode
vo
l
ta
ge
i
n
the
nonis
olate
d
m
od
el
with
H
6
-
typ
e
c
onfi
gurati
on
.
The
y
a
dd
i
ti
on
al
ly
pr
ov
e
d
tha
t
the
H5
to
po
l
ogy
is
a
var
ia
nt
of
H6
to
polo
gy.
The
mai
n
de
merit
of
t
hese
topolo
gies
was
the
act
i
vation
of
the
anti
-
pa
rall
el
di
od
e
s
of
MOS
FETs
due
to
the
occurre
nce
of
a
p
ha
se
s
hi
ft
betwee
n
t
he
outp
ut
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
in
ver
te
r.
A
s
a
re
su
lt
,
the
i
ssu
e
of
lo
w
r
ever
se
recove
r
y
i
n
the
a
nti
-
par
al
le
l
diodes
of
the
M
O
SFET
s
re
duces
the
de
pendab
il
it
y
of
the
sy
ste
m.
The
a
ut
hors
in
[11]
pr
esented
a
detai
le
d
re
view,
a
na
lysis
and
cl
assifi
cat
i
on
of
t
he
sin
gle
-
phase
FB
in
ve
rter
to
po
l
og
ie
s
that
did
no
t
f
ace
the
pro
ble
m
of
le
a
kag
e
c
urren
t.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
el
imi
nation
of
the
CM
m
od
e
volt
age
thes
e
to
po
l
og
ie
s
H4,
H
5,
an
d
H6
wer
e
bi
fur
cat
ed
as
inv
e
rters
with
dec
ouplin
g
a
nd
in
ver
te
rs
w
it
h
cl
amping.
Among
t
he
cl
ampe
d
in
ve
rters
the
y
a
nalys
ed
on
e
topolo
gy
t
o
va
li
date
it
s
ef
fici
ency
by
de
velop
i
ng
th
e
prot
otype.
T
he
de
velo
ped
i
nv
e
rter
protot
ype
ga
ve
a
n
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
98.
5%.
The
stu
dy
in
[12]
pre
sented
a
n
im
pro
ve
d
f
orm
of
H
5
to
po
l
ogy
for
re
duci
ng
t
he
C
M
le
akag
e
c
urrent
.
Ef
fecti
ve
dif
fer
e
ntial
m
od
e
at
trib
utes
were
obta
ine
d
f
or
the
t
hr
ee
-
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
sinc
e
they
e
mp
l
oy
e
d
the
unip
olar
SPWM
c
ontro
l
te
chn
iq
ue.
T
he
gri
d
-
c
onnec
te
d
cu
rr
e
nt
ha
d
lo
w
T
HD
a
nd
hi
gh
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
12
68
–
1
277
1270
current.
This
inv
e
rter
obta
i
ned
a
maxi
m
um
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
98.
2%
m
akin
g
s
uitable
for
gri
d
-
co
nnect
ed
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
2.1. Zer
o
-
s
tate mid
-
p
oint
c
lamped
t
r
an
s
f
ormerle
ss
top
ologies
This
t
opol
ogy
is
simi
la
r
t
o
th
e
pre
vious
one
with
t
he
only
di
ff
ere
nce
that
the
outp
ut
volt
age
w
hich
is
sh
ort
-
ci
rc
uited
is
duri
ng
t
he
pe
rio
d
of f
ree
w
heeli
ng w
il
l
be
cl
am
ped
to
DC
bus
mi
d
-
po
i
nt.
As
a
re
su
lt
,
the
C
M
vo
lt
age
is
mai
ntained
at
a
c
on
sta
nt
value
d
uri
ng
the
c
omplet
e
pe
rio
d
of
op
e
rati
on.
M
ost
of
t
he
m
id
-
po
i
nt
topolo
gies
ca
n
be
obta
ine
d
from
t
he
dec
oupl
ed
to
polo
gies.
The
aut
hors
of
[
13]
de
velo
pe
d
a
n
opti
mised
H5
topolo
gy
(oH5)
in
wh
ic
h
t
he
CM
vo
lt
age
i
s
cl
am
ped
at
a
co
ns
ta
nt
le
vel
so
the
gro
und
cu
rr
e
n
t
volt
ag
e
is
su
pp
resse
d.
T
he
H
5
ci
rc
uit
is
modifie
d
by
a
ddin
g
the
cl
amp
ing
br
a
nc
h
that
com
pr
ise
s
of
t
he
ca
pacit
or
di
vid
e
r
and
a
switc
h.
But
this
ci
rc
uit
re
quires
the
a
dd
it
io
n
of
a
de
ad
ti
me
ami
d
t
he
gate
sig
nals
f
or
a
vo
i
ding
t
he
s
hort
-
ci
rcu
it
ing
at
th
e
inp
ut
sp
li
t
capaci
tor
.
Als
o,
t
he
losses
due
to
co
nductio
n
a
re
high
si
nce
the
in
du
ct
or
c
urre
nt
flo
ws
thr
ough
al
l
the
switc
he
s
wh
e
n
the
y
a
r
e
in
act
ive
mode.
T
he
stu
dy
[
14]
de
vel
op
e
d
a
new
t
opolog
y
base
d
on
t
he
H
-
bri
dg
e
with
an
AC
bypass
ci
rc
uit
that
com
pr
ise
d
o
f
a
s
witc
h
th
at
was
cl
ampe
d
to
the
mi
dpoi
nt
of
DC
an
d
diode
recti
fier.
T
he
use
of
unip
olar
PWM
for
m
od
ulati
ng
t
he
s
witc
hes
gi
ves
a
t
hr
ee
le
vel
outp
ut
t
o
the
c
onve
rter
hen
ce
,
t
he
ge
ne
rated
CM
vol
ta
ge
had
high
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
c
ompone
nts
resu
lt
i
ng
in
hi
gh
le
a
kag
e
c
urren
ts
at
th
e
gro
und.
The
a
uthors
i
n
[
15]
introd
uced
t
wo
typ
es
of
switc
hing
ne
gative
and
posit
ive
ne
utra
l
po
i
nt
cl
amping
to
de
vel
op
a
n
N
PC
topolo
gy
ref
e
rr
e
d
to
as
PN
-
NP
C
t
opol
ogy.
Its
pri
nciple
of
w
ork
ing
i
s
simi
la
r
to
H6
t
opolog
y.
At
th
e
ti
me
of
fr
ee
wh
ee
li
ng
the
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
ou
tpu
t
volt
age
is
cl
am
ped
direc
tl
y
to
50%
of
the
i
nput
DC
vo
lt
ag
e
due
to
wh
ic
h
the
CM
volt
age
remai
ns
co
ns
ta
nt.
But
the
main
deme
rit
of
this
topolo
gy
is
the
hi
gh
e
r
num
be
r
of
s
witc
hes
wh
ic
h
i
ncr
ease
s
the
c
omplexi
ty
of
the
ci
rc
ui
t.
Als
o,
the
los
ses
du
e
to con
du
ct
i
on
are
higher.
2.3. S
olidi
ty
cl
amp
ed
t
r
an
s
fo
rmer
le
ss
top
ologies
In
the
se
to
po
l
ogie
s,
one
ca
n
ob
s
er
ve
a
so
li
d
co
nnect
ion
a
mong
t
he
gri
d
and
t
he
P
V
m
odule
in
the
fr
ee
wh
eel
in
g
mode
with
a
n
ai
m
to
maint
ai
n
the
CM
volt
ages
at
hi
gh
fr
e
qu
e
ncies.
Althou
gh
t
he
commo
n
char
act
e
risti
c
of
the
t
opologi
es
is
the
so
li
d
connecti
on,
th
e
pri
nciple
of
op
e
rati
on,
boost
ing
,
DC
bus
and
the
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
t
he
outp
ut
volt
age
ca
n
be
di
ff
ere
nt.
T
he
re
search
w
ork
in
[16]
de
velo
pe
d
a
s
olidit
y
cl
ampe
d
trans
forme
rless
to
polo
gy
re
fe
rr
e
d
t
o
a
s
a
dual
pa
rall
el
buc
k
c
onve
rter.
F
or
this
to
po
l
ogy
t
her
e
e
xists
a
di
rec
t
connecti
on ami
ds
t t
he PV
m
odule a
nd the
n
e
utral in
ver
te
r d
ur
i
ng
both t
he po
sit
ive
as
well
as the negati
ve
h
al
f
cycle
th
us
re
du
ci
ng
t
he
os
ci
ll
a
ti
on
s
of
t
he
hi
gh
f
reque
nc
y
CM
vo
lt
age
s.
T
he
losses
du
e
t
o
cond
uction
are
al
so
reduce
d
since
t
he
in
du
ct
or
c
urren
t
fl
ow
s
t
hro
ugh
on
l
y
tw
o
s
witc
hes.
T
he
st
udy
in
[17
]
de
velo
ped
t
he
co
ncep
t
of
virt
ual
DC
bu
s
f
or
el
imi
na
ti
ng
the
C
M
l
eakag
e
cu
rr
e
nt
in
the
tra
ns
for
merless
P
V
m
od
el
s
.
T
her
e
e
xists
a
direct
co
nnect
ion
betwee
n
th
e
gr
i
d
ne
utral
a
nd
t
he
Dc
bus
neg
at
ive
pole
thu
s
by
passing
the
stray
c
apac
it
ance
that
is
pr
e
sent
bet
ween
th
e
gr
ound
a
nd
the
P
V
pa
nels
.
Hen
ce
the
CM
le
a
kag
e
c
urren
t
is
s
uppresse
d
com
plete
ly.
I
n
the
mea
ntime,
a
vi
rtual
DC
bu
s
gets
create
d
f
or
prov
i
ding
t
he
ne
gative
vo
lt
age
le
vel
f
or
the
neg
at
ive
AC
gri
d
f
or
gen
e
rati
ng
the
c
urre
nt.
T
hu
s
th
e
DC
bu
s
volt
age
re
qu
i
red
is
the
s
ame
as
that
of
the
FB
inv
e
rter.
But
i
t
is
dif
ficult
t
o
c
ontrol
the
chargin
g
of
t
he
virt
ual
ca
pa
ci
tor
at
eac
h
of
the
cycles
and
the
add
it
io
nal
c
urr
ent
stresse
s
a
ffec
t
the
s
witc
he
s,
re
su
lt
in
g
in
r
edu
ce
d
reli
abil
it
y
an
d
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y.
The
resea
r
cher
s
in
[18
]
de
velo
ped
a
po
sit
ive
-
ne
gative
N
P
C
(PN
-
N
PC)
topolo
gy
for
eff
ect
ivel
y
el
i
minati
n
g
t
he
le
akag
e
current.
T
he
t
wo
basic
switc
hing
cel
ls,
t
he
P
-
N
PCC
,
a
nd
the
N
-
NP
CC
a
r
e
de
velo
ped
f
or
ge
ne
rati
ng
th
e
GT
I
topolo
gy
to
bu
il
d
NP
C
to
po
l
ogie
s.
T
he
main
ad
van
ta
ges
of
this
ap
proac
h
a
re
that
t
he
C
M
volt
age
is
cl
ampe
d
at
a
pa
rtic
ular
le
vel
for
e
ffec
t
ively
s
uppr
essing
the
le
a
kag
e
c
urren
t,
excell
ent
D
M
m
od
e
at
trib
utes
are
achieve
d.
The
requireme
nt
of
a
dea
dtime
is
the
main
de
me
rit
of
this
to
po
logy
without
wh
ic
h
the
re
will
be
a
sh
ort
circ
uit i
n t
he
gri
d [
19].
3.
CONTR
OL O
F G
RID TIE
I
NV
E
RTERS
Ther
e
is
a
r
equ
i
reme
nt
of
a
con
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
f
or
gu
aran
te
ei
ng
the
high
qual
it
y
of
powe
r.
The
harmo
nics
for
the
no
nlinear
l
oad
w
hi
ch
is
dr
a
wn
f
r
om
t
he
gri
d,
t
he
diff
e
rence
in
ph
ase
bet
we
en
the
current
a
nd
volt
age
ne
ed
t
o
be
c
ompe
nsa
te
d
with
t
he
ai
d
of
in
duct
or
an
d
ca
pa
c
it
or
as
the
loads
.
To
acc
ompli
sh
the
c
urre
nt
at
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
t
he
i
nv
e
rter,
loa
d
c
urre
nt,
gr
i
d
current,
or
t
he
current
at
an
y
of
the
nodes
can
b
e
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
. Belo
w discusse
d ar
e some
of
t
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
b
ase
d on their
appli
cat
ion
s.
3.1. Li
ne
ar
c
on
t
roll
ers
These
c
ontr
ollers
a
re
a
par
t
of
the
cl
ass
that
featu
res
t
he
at
tribu
te
s
of
the
li
near
s
ys
te
ms.
The
li
near
con
t
ro
ll
ers
a
re
desig
ne
d
a
nd
evaluate
d
usi
ng
t
he
tra
diti
onal
the
ory
of
feedbac
k
co
ntr
ol.
A
li
near
cl
assic
con
t
ro
ll
er
for
distrib
uted
ge
ne
rati
on
(
DG
)
inv
e
rters
unde
r
the
infl
ue
nce
of
volt
age
sa
gs
was
de
vel
oped
i
n
[20].
The
c
on
t
ro
l
de
pe
nds
on
reacti
ve
c
urre
nt
injec
ti
on
w
her
ei
n
t
her
e
is
a
va
riable
rati
o
a
midst
the
ne
gative
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Non
li
ne
ar
c
ontrol
of g
ri
d
-
ti
ed
inverte
rs
(GTI
)
for
sta
bili
zing
fut
ur
e s
m
ar
t
gr
ids
(Sa
l
am Ibrahim
Kh
ath
e
r)
1271
and
posit
ive
se
qu
e
nces
.
This
con
t
ro
ll
er
ai
ds
in
resto
rin
g
t
he
dr
oppe
d
volt
ages
du
ri
ng
t
he
li
mit
s
of
c
on
ti
nuous
op
e
rati
on
dete
r
mined
by
the
gr
i
d.
A
unifie
d
con
t
ro
l
te
ch
ni
qu
e
e
na
bling
t
he
ope
rati
on
of
the
D
G
in
ve
r
te
rs
in
bo
t
h
gri
d
-
ti
ed
as
well
as
isl
a
nd
e
d
m
odes
w
it
ho
ut
the
requireme
nt
of
s
witc
hing
am
ong
t
he
co
rr
es
pondin
g
con
t
ro
ll
ers
wa
s
de
velo
pe
d
i
n
[
21].
T
he
in
ve
rter
is
c
ontr
olled
as
a
cu
rr
e
nt
s
ource
us
i
ng
th
e
in
ner
cu
rr
e
nt
lo
op
of
the
i
nducto
r
in
the
case
of
gr
i
d
-
ti
ed
operati
on
a
nd
w
hen
t
he
isl
andi
ng
occurs
the
vo
lt
age
c
ontr
oller
is
automatic
al
ly
gets
act
ivate
d
in
or
der
t
o
c
ontr
ol
the
l
oad.
This
te
c
hn
i
que
was
su
cce
ss
fu
l
i
n
im
prov
i
ng
the
qu
al
it
y o
f wav
eform
of the
gr
id curre
nt in
gri
d
-
ti
ed mo
de
a
nd the isla
nd
e
d mo
de
l
oad vol
ta
ge.
A
c
urre
nt
co
nt
ro
ll
er
with
out
PLL
t
hat
is
a
ppli
cable
f
or
P
V
s
ys
te
ms
.
T
he
de
velo
pe
d
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
is
a
com
bin
at
io
n
of
the
li
near
-
qua
dr
at
ic
re
gu
la
t
or
(L
QR)
a
nd
t
he
Kalman
filt
er
ref
e
rr
e
d
to
as
LQG
c
ontr
oller
was
dev
el
op
e
d
[22
]
.
This
c
ontroll
er
ma
de
s
ur
e
t
hat
the
balanc
ed
an
d
si
nuso
i
dal
cu
rr
e
nts
ar
e
injec
te
d
with
high
immu
nity
for
bo
t
h
harmo
nic
s
as
well
as
th
e
imbala
nce
s
wh
ic
h
a
re
e
xisti
ng
in
the
sup
ply
volt
age.
T
his
is
accom
plishe
d
without
a
PLL
f
or
sync
hro
nisati
on
of
the
gri
d
vo
lt
a
ges
a
nd
the
c
urre
nts.
A
novel
a
ppr
oa
ch
for
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
reacti
ve
a
nd
act
ive
po
wer
of
the
1Φ
r
ooft
op
P
V
m
odule
was
prese
nted
in
[23].
E
sti
mati
on
dep
e
ndant
imp
rove
d
P
LL
was
em
ployed
for
locking
the
gri
d
a
nd
t
he
i
nv
e
r
te
r
wit
h
eac
h
ot
her
.
T
he
sta
bili
ty
o
f
the
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
was
anal
ys
ed
util
iz
ing
t
he
D
irect
M
et
hod
of
L
ya
punov’s
Stabil
it
y
Crit
er
ion
.
It
was
ob
serv
e
d
that
the
c
ontro
ll
er
perf
or
m
ed
well
eve
n
t
ho
ugh
t
he
harmo
nic
co
mp
e
ns
at
or
was
abs
ent.
The
aut
hors
i
n
[24]
introd
uced
an
act
ive
da
mp
i
ng
(AD)
te
ch
ni
qu
e
de
pe
ndin
g
on
t
he
injec
te
d
feedbac
k
gr
i
d
c
urre
nt
f
or
t
he
GT
I
that
employs
LCL
filt
ers.
T
he
res
onance
at
the
LCL
filt
er
is
reject
ed
by
t
he
phase
s
hiftin
g
an
d
hi
gh
pass
feedbac
k
for
t
he
injec
te
d
c
urre
nt
at
the
gri
d.
C
ontrast
ed
with
the
c
onve
ntion
al
co
ntr
ol
te
ch
niques,
besides
avo
i
ding
a
dd
it
i
on
al
high
-
accu
racy
sen
sors
a
nd
pe
rce
ption
s
,
the
pro
posed
con
t
ro
l
is
al
lu
r
ing
f
or
both
t
he
high
cl
os
ed
-
lo
op tr
a
ns
fe
r
s
pee
d
a
nd the
great
ro
bustness
.
3.2.
Robus
t
c
on
t
rolle
rs
The
main
t
heor
y
beh
i
nd
these
is
to
de
sig
n
the
co
ntr
ollers
wit
h
re
sp
ect
t
o
uncertai
nties.
T
he
obje
ct
ive
of
these
strat
e
gies
is
t
o
acc
ompli
sh
r
obus
t
execu
ti
on
an
d
sta
bili
ty
within
the
si
gh
t
o
f
c
on
st
raine
d
modell
in
g
error
s
.
I
n
r
obust
co
ntr
ol,
grea
t
crit
eria,
cl
ear
po
rtra
yals,
an
d
li
mit
s
m
us
t
be
c
har
act
erize
d.
Indee
d,
e
ven
in
t
he
mu
lt
ivaria
ble
fr
ame
w
orks,
t
his
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
can
ass
ur
e
r
obus
t
ste
a
din
e
ss
an
d
exec
ut
ion
of
cl
ose
d
loop
fr
ame
w
orks. Fi
gur
e
1
il
lustrat
es the st
ru
ct
ur
e
of a
basic c
on
t
ro
ll
er.
Figure
1. Ro
bust co
ntro
ll
er
[2
5]
A
c
urre
nt
c
ontrolle
r
ba
sed
on
t
he
H∞
c
on
t
ro
l
the
ory
was
de
sig
ned
in
[
26].
T
he
co
ntr
oller
has
a
sta
bili
zi
ng
c
ompe
ns
at
or
wh
i
ch
ca
n
be
j
us
t
an
in
duct
or.
T
his
res
ults
in
e
nh
a
nce
d
trac
ki
ng
pe
rformanc
e
an
d
a
low
value
of
THD
ev
en
w
he
n
the
un
balanced
or
nonlin
ear
loa
ds
a
nd
distor
ti
ons
in
t
he
gr
i
d
vo
lt
ag
es
ar
e
pr
ese
nt.
T
o
a
chieve
this
sl
igh
t
co
mpro
m
ise
was
made
with
res
pect
to
slo
we
r
dyna
mics
with
m
or
e
com
plica
te
d
c
al
culat
ion
s.
Th
e
study
in
[27
]
al
so
dev
el
oped
a
H
∞
co
ntr
oller
f
or
deali
ng
with
the
is
su
e
o
f
sta
bili
ty.
The
con
t
ro
ll
er
e
xhibit
ed
high
ga
ins
nea
r
the
high
f
reque
nc
y
li
nes
just
li
ke
the
c
onve
nt
ion
al
pro
portion
al
re
so
na
nt
co
ntr
oller.
It
al
so
ha
s
op
ti
m
um
at
te
nuat
ion
a
t
hi
gh
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
t
o
mainta
in
the
st
abili
ty
of
the
c
ontr
ol
loop.
T
he
r
esult
s
of
bo
t
h
the
e
xp
e
rime
nt
an
d
simulat
ion
s
of
the
pro
posed
H
∞
con
t
ro
ll
er
a
nd
the
ordina
ry
P
I
c
ontr
oller
wer
e
c
ompare
d
f
or
va
li
dating
t
he
pe
rformance
of
the
c
on
tr
oller.
It
ou
gh
t
to
be
n
ote
d
that
the
pro
posed
H∞
c
ontr
ol
le
r
can
be
e
ffec
ti
vely
c
onne
ct
ed
to
sin
gle
-
sta
ge
GTI
sinc
e
it
is
create
d
in
the
sta
ti
on
ar
y
f
ra
me
of
re
fer
e
nc
e.
The
stu
dy
in
[
25]
dev
el
oped
a
r
obus
t
c
urren
t
c
ontroll
er
f
or
a
3Φ
G
TI
that
offer
e
d
bette
r
performa
nce
f
or
trac
kin
g
an
d
highe
r
a
bili
ty
t
o
reject
t
he
ha
rm
onic
s
w
hen
c
ompare
d
to
the
conve
ntion
al
PI
c
ontrolle
r
.
The
a
uthor
s
use
d
t
he
M
u
-
s
yn
t
hesis
te
ch
ni
qu
e
f
or
c
onsi
der
i
ng
the
e
ffec
ts
of
un
st
ru
ct
ur
e
d
a
s
well
as
str
uc
ture
d
uncertai
nt
ie
s
on
the
s
yst
em
performa
nc
e.
Her
e
t
he
no
nlinea
r
ex
pre
ssion
s
wer
e
i
nclu
de
d
by
m
odif
ying
the
dist
urba
nce
scal
in
g
pa
rameter
an
d
the
unce
rtai
nty
m
odel
f
or
bette
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
12
68
–
1
277
1272
simulat
ion
i
n
the
reali
sti
c.
The
lo
w
pa
ss
filt
er
was
m
od
i
fied
to
a
hi
gh
e
r
orde
r
s
yst
em
wh
ic
h
he
lped
in
at
ta
ining
a
h
i
gher
r
at
e
of r
ej
e
ct
in
g
the
harm
on
ic
s
.
3.3.
Adapt
i
ve
co
n
tr
oller
Ver
sat
il
e
c
on
t
r
ol
te
ch
niques
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
2
can
natur
al
ly
m
odify
the
c
on
t
ro
l
a
ct
ivit
y
relyin
g
upon
t
he
w
ork
ing
sta
te
s
of
t
he
fr
a
me
work.
T
her
e
is
no
c
ompell
ing
rea
s
on
to
know
th
e
ex
act
fr
ame
work
par
a
mete
rs wit
h hig
h per
form
ance.
B
ut the
c
omplexit
y o
f
c
ompu
ta
ti
ons i
n t
his a
ppro
ac
h
i
s v
e
ry h
i
gh.
Figure
2. Ge
ne
rali
sed
str
uct
ure o
f
a
n
a
dap
ti
ve
contr
oller [2
8]
The
st
udy
in
[29]
a
ssesse
d
the
co
nduct
of
an
a
da
ptive
curre
nt
co
ntr
oller
that
is
ba
sed
on
a
gen
e
rali
zed
in
te
gr
at
or
of
re
du
ce
d
order
wh
e
n
the
fr
e
quenc
y
of
t
he
gr
i
d
is
subje
ct
ed
to
the
va
riat
io
ns.
The
pro
posed
plan
f
or
f
re
qu
e
ncy
a
dap
ta
ti
on
pe
rmits
t
o
ke
ep
t
he
good
pe
rformance
of
the
pr
e
sent
co
nt
ro
ll
er
even
withi
n
t
he
sig
ht
of
va
riat
ion
s
i
n
the
fr
e
quenc
y.
T
he
s
ubseq
ue
nt
fr
e
quenc
y
a
da
ptive
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
ha
s
extremel
y
l
ow
co
mputat
iona
l
weig
ht,
an
d
it
is
he
nce
fea
sible
f
or
l
ow
cost
DS
P
e
xe
cution.
A
n
a
da
ptive
con
t
ro
ll
er
f
or
3Φ
sta
nd
-
al
one
DGs
was
dev
el
op
e
d
[
30].
For
pr
e
ve
nting
t
he
direct
cal
culat
ion
of
th
e
der
i
vatives
of
ti
me
for
sta
t
e
var
ia
bles
by
de
velo
ping
t
he
a
dap
ti
ve
c
ompen
sat
ing
c
on
t
ro
l
a
nd
the
er
r
or
dynamics
in
th
e
m
od
el
is
as
ymptoti
cal
ly
sta
bili
zed
us
in
g
t
he
sta
bili
zi
ng
con
t
ro
l.
A
n
op
ti
mal
obser
ver
of
the
four
t
h
orde
r
es
ti
mate
d
the
dat
a
ab
out
loa
d
c
urren
t.
T
he
sta
bili
ty
of
t
he
de
velo
ped
ob
se
r
ve
r
a
nd
c
on
tr
oller
was
sci
entifi
cal
ly
dem
onstrat
ed
by
a
pplyi
ng
Lya
punov
sta
bili
ty
hypot
he
sis.
T
his
ve
rs
at
il
e
con
tr
ol
te
chn
i
qu
e
accom
plishe
d
more
sta
ble
yi
el
d
vo
lt
age
an
d
l
ow
e
r
T
H
D
t
han
the
FL
-
M
I
M
O
c
on
tr
ol
pl
ot
under
a
brupt
cha
ng
e
in
loa
d,
une
ve
n
a
nd
nonline
ar
loa
d.
T
he
viabili
ty
a
nd
po
s
sibil
it
y
of
the
propose
d
con
t
ro
l
sy
ste
m
we
re
confirme
d
t
hro
ugh dif
fer
e
nt si
mu
la
ti
on a
nd tr
ia
l resu
lt
s.
An
a
dap
ti
ve
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
f
or
a
3Φ
i
nv
e
rter
t
hat
ca
n
be
a
ppli
ed
to
a
UPS
was
desc
rib
ed
i
n
[
31].
The
c
ontr
ol
la
w,
that
e
mp
l
oyed
the
inte
grat
ion
of
sta
te
fee
db
ac
k
an
d
tracki
ng
e
rro
r
is
portra
ye
d
in
a
sy
nc
hro
nous
dq
outl
ine
a
nd
is
act
ualiz
e
d
util
iz
ing
a
s
pa
ce
vect
or
m
odulati
on
sy
ste
m.
T
he
co
ntr
ol
le
r
is
structu
re
d
by
a
li
near
matri
x
i
nequali
ty
(L
MI)
ba
se
d
str
ea
mli
nin
g
with
the
goal
t
hat
t
he
rate
of
c
onve
rg
e
nce
for
th
e
ste
a
dy
sta
te
is
ex
pa
nd
e
d
withi
n
t
he
si
gh
t
of
t
he
LC
filt
er
vu
l
ner
a
bili
ti
es.
I
n
the
a
bs
en
ce
of
un
ce
rtai
nties,
the
desig
ne
d
con
t
ro
ll
er
will
become
a
de
adb
eat
c
on
t
r
oller,
w
he
reas
,
in
the
prese
n
ce
of
un
ce
rtai
nty,
it
prov
i
des
the
sh
ort
est
possib
le
set
tl
ing
ti
me.
Th
us
,
th
e
pro
posed
desig
n
meth
od
pro
vid
es
a
sy
ste
mati
c too
l
to
com
bin
e t
he
r
ob
us
tness t
o mo
del uncerta
inti
es w
it
h
dea
db
eat
c
on
t
ro
l.
Along
t
hese lin
es, the
pro
po
se
d
te
ch
nique
giv
e
s
a
meth
od
ic
al
a
pp
a
ratus
to
jo
in
the
stre
ngth
t
o
disp
la
y
un
ce
rtai
nties
with
t
he
deadbeat
co
ntr
ol.
A
dr
oop
co
ntr
ol
met
hod
that
est
imat
ed
t
he
im
pe
da
nce
and
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
the
ada
ptive
vi
rtual
powe
r
was
de
velo
ped
in
[
32].
T
he
onli
ne
est
imat
ion
is
a
ckno
wled
ged
by
deli
ver
in
g
a
pe
rtu
rb
at
io
n
on
t
he
mag
nitud
e
of
t
he
volt
age
a
nd
est
imat
ing
the
po
wer
outp
ut
var
ia
ti
ons
a
nd
afterwa
r
ds
,
the
impe
da
nce
hi
gh
li
ght
can
be
de
te
rmi
ned
to
update
the
c
onve
rsion
matri
x
of
t
he
vi
rtual
powe
r.
T
his
te
c
hn
i
que
is
a
ppr
opriat
e
f
or
var
i
ou
s
c
onditi
on
s
of
w
orki
ng
an
d
dif
fer
e
nt
li
ne
X/R
pro
portio
ns
.
B
y
c
on
si
der
i
ng
bot
h
the
im
pacts
of
t
he
loads
as w
el
l
a
s
the
tra
ns
miss
ion
li
ne,
the d
e
couplin
g
f
rame
work
is
pro
gr
e
ssively f
unct
io
nal
an
d
im
proves
the
powe
r
c
on
t
ro
l
preci
sio
n.
A
n
ada
ptive
volt
age
c
ontr
ol
a
ppr
oac
h
by
c
ombinin
g
the
adoptio
n
a
nd
a
sta
te
feedbac
k
c
on
t
r
ol
te
rms
was
dev
el
op
e
d
in
[
33].
The
f
orm
er
helps
in
c
ompe
ns
at
in
g
th
e
uncertai
nties
of
the
sy
ste
m
a
nd
the
la
te
r
f
or
ces
t
he
co
nv
e
rg
e
nce
of
e
rro
r
dy
nam
ic
s
to
zer
o.
A
ddit
ion
al
ly
,
the
dev
el
op
e
d
al
gorith
m
can
be
im
plem
ented
e
asi
ly.
T
he
sim
ulati
on
and
ex
plorat
or
y
ou
tc
om
es
we
re
e
xh
i
bited
under
the
uncerta
inti
es
of
t
he
par
amet
er
an
d
a
re
c
on
t
rasted
with
the
ex
hib
it
ion
s
of
the
no
n
ada
ptive
vo
lt
age
c
on
trolle
r
to
a
ppr
ove
the
adequac
y
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
c
on
t
ro
l
te
ch
nique
.
With
ou
t
uncertai
nties,
a
n
ada
ptive
c
on
trolle
r
will
tur
n
into
a
deadbeat
c
ontr
oller,
but w
he
n t
he un
ce
rtai
nties are
present,
it
g
ives t
he bri
efest co
ncei
va
ble sett
li
ng
ti
m
e.
3.4. Pre
dictiv
e contr
oller
s
Pr
e
dicti
ve
co
nt
ro
ll
ers
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
3
utiliz
e
a
fr
ame
w
ork
model
t
o
f
or
esee
w
hat's
t
o
c
om
e
in
the
co
nduct
of
co
ntr
olled
paramet
ers.
The
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
util
iz
es
this
data
to
get
the
i
deal
a
ct
ivati
on
,
co
nting
e
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Non
li
ne
ar
c
ontrol
of g
ri
d
-
ti
ed
inverte
rs
(GTI
)
for
sta
bili
zing
fut
ur
e s
m
ar
t
gr
ids
(Sa
l
am Ibrahim
Kh
ath
e
r)
1273
upon
a
prede
fined
opti
miza
tio
n
measu
re.
W
it
h
it
s
quic
k
un
iqu
e
reacti
on,
nonlinea
riti
es,
and
li
m
it
at
ion
s
w
hic
h
can
be
e
ff
ect
iv
el
y
inclu
ded
a
nd
it
can
be
a
ppli
ed
to
var
i
ous
sy
ste
ms
w
hile
con
si
der
i
ng
a
mu
lt
ivaria
ble
case
,
moreo
ver,
the
execu
ti
on
of
th
is
co
ntro
ll
er
is
simple.
T
he
a
ut
hors
in
[
34]
m
od
el
le
d
an
d
de
sign
e
d
t
he
discrete
-
ti
me
hy
br
id
c
urre
nt
c
on
trolle
r
w
hich
was
a
c
ombinati
on
of
PI
an
d
re
petit
ive
pa
rts.
A
ddit
ion
al
pas
sive
f
il
te
rs
wer
e
co
nnect
e
d
betwee
n
the
trans
forme
r
a
nd
t
he
c
onve
rter
te
rmi
nals
to
e
ns
ure
that
t
he
conve
rter
s
ynt
hesised
the
si
nu
s
oi
dal
currents
.
B
ut
t
hese
filt
ers
ha
ve
t
he
abili
ty
t
o
ca
us
e
iss
ues
per
ta
ini
ng
to
ha
rm
on
ic
res
on
ances.
The
a
uthors
i
n
[
35]
dig
it
al
ly
impleme
nte
d
a
co
ntr
ol
syst
em
co
ns
ide
ring
t
he
imbala
nce
in
gr
id
volt
age,
imbala
nce
as
well
as
t
he
ha
rm
on
ic
s
of
t
he
in
du
ct
or
s
on
the
li
ne
side.
The
direct
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
of
Lya
punov
e
nsure
d
it
s
sta
bili
ty.
C
on
tra
s
te
d
with
a
w
ork
of
cl
assic
con
t
ro
ll
er,
this
co
ntr
oller
requires
an
inc
re
dib
le
numb
e
r of ca
lc
ulati
on
s
.
Figure
3. The
pr
e
dicti
ve
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
[
36]
3.5. In
tell
ige
nt
c
ontrolle
rs
In
te
ll
igent
c
ontrol g
et
s
co
mpu
te
rizat
ion
b
y
i
mit
at
ing
bi
ologica
l
intel
li
gence.
Like
wise,
it
inv
est
igate
s
to
ob
ta
in
t
hought
f
rom
t
he
way
bio
lo
gical
f
rame
wor
ks
make
se
ns
e
of
issue
s
a
nd
use
s
the
m
for
sol
vin
g
the
con
t
ro
l
issue
[
37].
T
he
desi
gn
of
a
re
petit
ive
co
ntr
oller
(RC)
a
pp
li
e
d
to
an
LCL
filt
er
base
d
G
T
I
was
pr
ese
nted
in
[38]
with
a
pa
rtic
ular
em
ph
asi
s
on
the
ba
ndwi
dth
of
t
he
pla
nt
.
T
he
res
ults
ind
ic
at
ed
th
at
c
orrect
sel
ect
ion
of
th
e
capaci
tor
va
lue
in
the
filt
er
w
ou
l
d
pro
vi
de
the
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
ba
ndwi
dth
f
or
the
ef
fecti
ve
op
e
rati
on
of
th
e
RC
.
It
was
al
so
obser
ve
d
th
at
the
RC
e
ff
ec
ti
vely
handled
the
higher
res
onance
f
or
the
c
ho
s
en
value
of
the
ca
pacit
or.
The
pa
rall
el
struct
ure
f
or
fr
act
io
nal
RC
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
f
or
e
nhanci
ng
the
performa
nc
e
of
the
in
ve
rter
w
as
dev
el
op
e
d
in
[39].
A
c
orrecti
on
factor
is
inc
orpora
te
d
t
o
increa
se
the
gains
of
a
ll
the
harmo
nics
pre
ci
sel
y
at
the
ha
rm
on
ic
f
requ
encies
w
hich
hav
e
bee
n
ta
r
geted.
T
his
te
chn
i
qu
e
acc
ompli
sh
e
d
bette
r
reject
io
n and
trac
ki
ng
i
n
co
mp
a
rison t
o
the c
onve
ntion
al
RC
. In [40]
th
e aut
hors dev
el
op
e
d
a
frequ
e
nc
y
adap
ti
v
e
re
petit
ive
co
ntr
ol
sc
heme
(FARC
)
wh
e
rein
the r
at
e
of
sam
plin
g
was
al
rea
dy d
e
fine
d
f
or
de
al
ing
with
the
va
rio
us
kinds
of
va
riable
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
per
i
od
ic
sig
nals.
T
his
F
ARC
co
nt
ro
ll
er
offe
rs
th
e
quic
k
modifi
cat
io
n
of
t
he
process
of
f
racti
on
al
delay,
an
d
quic
k
ree
xa
mine
of
c
ha
nn
el
pa
r
amet
ers,
a
nd
a
fter
that
giv
es
GTI
a
basic
yet
ve
r
y
e
xact
co
nti
nuous
recurre
nce
ver
sat
il
e
con
t
ro
l
a
nswe
r
f
or
the
inf
usi
on
of
high
cal
ibre
sinu
s
oid
al
c
urr
ent.
T
he ge
neral
f
orm
of a
re
petit
ive contr
oller as s
how
n
i
n Fi
gure
4.
Figure
4. The
gen
e
ral f
orm
of a
rep
et
it
ive c
on
t
ro
ll
er
[
41]
3.6.
Nonli
near
co
n
tr
oller
s
The
no
n
-
li
nea
r
co
ntr
ollers
[
42]
ope
rate
e
xtr
aordina
rily
w
he
n
c
ompa
red
t
o
t
he
basic
c
ontr
ollers
but
are
c
omplex
with
res
pect
t
o
t
he
aspe
ct
s
of
desig
ning
a
nd
im
pleme
ntin
g.
The
nonli
near
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
s
ca
n
be
gro
up
e
d
i
nto
t
hr
ee
ty
pes
t
he
Sli
din
g
m
ode
con
t
ro
ll
ers
[
43
],
PFL
c
ontr
ollers
a
nd
H
ys
te
r
esi
s
co
ntr
ollers
[
44].
These c
ontr
ollers a
re
discusse
d
in
d
et
ai
l i
n t
he next
sect
ion.
4.
TYPES
OF
N
ONLI
NEA
R CO
NTR
OLL
ERS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
12
68
–
1
277
1274
4.1. Slidi
n
g
mod
e
contr
oller
s (
S
M
C)
This
meth
od
ha
s
been
a
ppli
ed
to
the
PWM
inv
erte
rs
f
or
regulat
ing
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
.
The
mai
n
merit
s
of
t
his
t
echn
i
qu
e
a
re
it
s
ins
ensiti
vity
to
t
he
distu
rba
nces
in
the
lo
a
d
an
d
va
riat
ions
of
the
par
a
m
et
ers.
Hen
ce
f
or
t
he
i
deal
case,
a
n
i
nv
a
riant
ste
a
dy
-
sta
te
res
pons
e
is
ob
ta
i
ned.
B
ut
fin
ding
a
n
e
asy
sli
di
ng
sur
face
is
a
dif
ficult
ta
s
k
an
d
t
he
li
mit
ed
sa
mp
li
ng
r
at
e
de
gr
a
des
t
he
performa
nc
e
of
the
S
M
C.
The
phe
nome
non
of
chatt
erin
g
is
a
no
t
her
deme
rit
of
the
S
M
C
w
hen
a
var
ia
ble
ref
e
ren
ce
is
tra
cked.
The
a
uthors
of
[45]
pr
e
sented
an
S
M
C
th
rou
gh
a
m
ulti
-
res
on
a
nt
sli
ding
s
urface
f
or
a
1Φ
GT
I
f
or
el
i
minati
ng
the
e
rror
i
n
trac
king
the
gr
i
d
current
a
nd
s
uppressi
ng
the
THD.
To
acc
ompli
sh
this
c
omplet
el
y
ma
ny
te
rm
s
for
er
ror
of
cu
rr
e
nt
trac
king
a
re
add
e
d
with
th
e
sli
ding
funct
ion
.
T
his
te
ch
nique
ca
n
be
employe
d
i
n
a
rb
it
ra
ry
trac
kin
g
in
an
AC
sy
ste
m.
A
no
vel
S
M
C
for
a
DG
syst
em
w
hen
t
he
re
exists
a
c
onditi
on
of
di
storted
gri
d
w
as
de
velo
ped
[46].
This
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
has
a
S
M
C
c
urre
nt
co
ntr
oller
an
d
one
har
m
on
ic
detect
or.
The
SM
C
is
ba
sed
on
the
co
nt
ro
l
of
the
integ
ral
sli
ding
m
ode.
E
f
fecti
ve
e
xtracti
on
,
with
out
any
phase
dela
y,
of
t
he
harmo
nic
co
mpo
nen
ts
is
achieve
d
by
usi
ng
a
ba
nd
pa
ss
filt
er
of
the
four
t
h
or
der
.
The
S
M
C
s
uppr
ess
es
these
harmo
nics
wit
h
a
fas
t
dynamic
respo
ns
e.
T
his
is
a
ha
rm
on
ic
c
omp
ensati
on
sche
me
that
is
non
-
sel
ect
ive,
he
nc
e
reducin
g
the
bur
den
du
e
to
t
he
c
ompu
ta
ti
ons.
4.2. PFL
con
tro
ll
ers
A
cl
ear
r
oute
for
str
uctur
i
ng
the
nonlinea
r
con
t
ro
ll
ers
is
f
eedb
ac
k
li
nea
r
iz
at
ion
since
it
c
hanges
a
nonlinea
r
f
ram
ewor
k
to
a
halfw
a
y
li
nea
r
or
a
co
mp
le
te
ly
li
near
f
rame
w
ork.
This
can
be
acc
ompli
she
d
by
el
imi
nating
the
no
nlinearit
ie
s
inside
the
f
ram
ewor
k.
Alon
g
these
li
nes
,
li
ne
ar
c
ontrolle
r
s
tructu
re
te
c
hniqu
e
s
can
be
util
iz
ed
to
struct
ur
e
t
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
for
t
hese
f
rame
w
orks.
At
the
po
i
nt
wh
e
n
the
nonl
inear
f
rame
work
is
change
d
i
nto
a
co
mp
le
te
ly
li
ne
ar
fr
ame
w
ork
,
the
te
ch
nique
is
re
ferre
d
t
o
as
exact
fee
db
ack
li
nea
rizat
ion
a
nd
if
the
nonlinea
r
fr
a
mew
ork
i
s
c
hange
d
i
nto
an
in
a
par
ti
a
l
li
near
f
ram
e
work,
the
strat
egy
is
cal
le
d
par
ti
al
feedbac
k
li
nea
r
iz
at
ion
(PFL
)
[
47].
An
e
ff
ect
ive
nonlinea
r
co
ntr
ol
le
r
f
or
a
3Φ
G
TI
f
or
c
on
tr
olli
ng
the
i
nject
ed
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
vo
lt
age
at
t
he
DC
li
nk
s
o
tha
t
maxim
um
po
wer
c
ould
be
e
xtracted
f
rom
t
he
P
V
unit
s
w
as
desi
gn
e
d
i
n
[48].
T
he
te
c
hniq
ue
was
base
d
on
the
P
FL
a
nd
e
ff
ect
ive
ness
w
as
ens
ured
by
the
c
on
si
der
at
i
on
of
t
he
unce
rtai
nties
in
t
he
PV
sy
ste
m.
The
r
esults
in
dicat
ed
the
e
xcell
en
t
performa
nce
of
the
c
on
t
rol
le
r
unde
r
di
fferent
c
onditi
ons
of
op
e
rati
on.
The
study
i
n
[4
9]
presente
d
a
co
nt
ro
ll
er
f
or
co
ntr
olli
ng
the
1Φ
GTI
ha
vi
ng
no
n
-
li
nea
r
l
oad
s
by
the
add
it
io
n
of
the
load
cu
rr
e
nt
t
o
the
cu
rr
e
nt
l
oop
of
the
i
nducto
r
filt
er.
Th
e
GT
I
is
sta
ble
in
bo
t
h
m
od
es
of
sta
nd
al
on
e
a
nd
gri
d
-
co
nnect
e
d.
T
he
res
ults
f
rom
t
he
sim
ula
ti
on
s
in
dicat
e
that
the
i
n
t
he
gri
d
co
nnect
ed
mode
the curre
nt is e
li
minate
d
a
nd
qu
al
it
y o
f
the
outp
ut volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
is
hig
h i
n
t
he
sta
nd
-
al
one sit
uatio
n.
4.3. Hys
teres
is con
tro
ll
ers
It
is
worth
re
fe
ren
ci
ng
that
for
exec
uting
t
he
hy
ste
resis
co
nt
ro
ll
er,
a
ve
rsat
il
e
ban
d
of
t
he
con
tr
oller
needs
t
o
be
de
sign
e
d
to
ac
com
plish
a
c
onsta
nt
switc
hi
ng
f
re
qu
e
nc
y.
Co
ntem
plati
on
s
i
n
re
gards
to
the
disen
ga
ged
ne
utral
a
re
sig
nif
ic
ant
on
ce
m
or
e,
i
n
li
ght
of
t
he
fact
that
the
yield
of
t
his
co
ntr
oller
is
the
s
ta
te
of
the
s
w
it
ches.
T
he
a
uthors
in
[
50]
de
velo
ped
a
mu
lt
iple
-
res
onant
S
M
C
(
MR
SM
C)
al
ong
with
a
va
riable
-
ba
nd
hy
ste
reti
c
m
odulato
r
(
VHM
)
for
a
3Φ
G
TI.
T
he
VHM
el
imi
nates
t
he
chatt
eri
ng
is
su
e
of
t
he
S
M
C.
I
n
com
par
is
on to t
he
S
M
C t
he
desi
gn
e
d
c
ontrol
le
r
is su
pe
rior
with
r
espect t
o t
he
hi
gh
e
r orde
r
ha
rm
onic
inje
ct
ion
to the g
rid. T
he
hysteresis c
urre
nt contr
oller
for
a
3Φ
GTI
with
reduce
d
l
os
ses
was
d
esi
gn
e
d
i
n [51].
Table
1.
A
c
ompa
rison
of th
e co
ntr
ol
le
rs
in
the e
xisti
ng li
te
ratur
e
Refere
n
ce
Refere
n
ce
f
r
am
e
Co
n
troller
Co
n
trol p
aram
ete
r
Mod
u
latio
n
techn
i
q
u
e
[26
]
3
Φ,
d
-
q
Ro
b
u
st (H∞)
Cu
rr
en
t
PW
M
[30
]
3
Φ,
d
-
q
Ad
ap
tiv
e
Vo
ltag
e
SVPW
M
[52
]
1Φ
No
n
-
lin
ear
(
Hy
ster
esis
)
Cu
rr
en
t
PW
M
[53
]
1Φ
No
n
-
lin
ear
(
Hy
ster
esis
)
Cu
rr
en
t
PW
M
[32
]
3
Φ,
d
-
q
Ad
ap
tiv
e
Po
wer
PW
M
[20
]
3
Φ,
αβ
Linear
(Class
ic)
Vo
ltag
e,
Po
wer
PW
M
[23
]
3
Φ,
αβ
Linear
(PR)
Cu
rr
en
t
SVM
[54
]
3
Φ,
d
-
q
No
n
-
lin
ear
(S
MC)
Cu
rr
en
t
PW
M
[33
]
3
Φ,
d
-
q
Ad
ap
tiv
e
Vo
ltag
e
SVPW
M
[55
]
1Φ
No
n
-
lin
ear
(S
MC)
Cu
rr
en
t
PW
M
[48
]
3
Φ,
d
-
q
No
n
-
lin
ear
(P
FL)
Vo
ltag
e,
Po
wer
PW
M
[34
]
3
Φ,
d
-
q
Predictiv
e
Cu
rr
en
t
SVM
[56
]
3
Φ,
abc
Intellig
en
t (
fuzzy
)
Po
wer
PW
M
[39
]
1Φ
Intellig
en
t (
repetiti
v
e)
Vo
ltag
e
PW
M
[57
]
1Φ
Intellig
en
t (
repetiti
v
e)
Cu
rr
en
t
PW
M
[58
]
3
Φ,
αβ
No
n
-
lin
ear
(
Hy
ster
esis
)
Cu
rr
en
t
PW
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Non
li
ne
ar
c
ontrol
of g
ri
d
-
ti
ed
inverte
rs
(GTI
)
for
sta
bili
zing
fut
ur
e s
m
ar
t
gr
ids
(Sa
l
am Ibrahim
Kh
ath
e
r)
1275
The
ne
gative
or
posit
ive
bu
ses
are
cl
amp
ed
to
the
in
ve
rter
base
d
on
the
phase
cu
rrent
pola
rity.
Hen
ce
al
l
the
phases
of
t
he
in
ver
te
r
g
et
cl
am
ped
f
or
⅓
rd
of the o
ut
pu
t pe
riod.
T
he
cl
ampi
ng p
r
ocess
hel
ped
i
n
reducin
g
t
he
a
ver
a
ge
s
witc
hi
ng
losses
an
d
f
reque
ncy.
T
he
resu
lt
s
i
nd
ic
at
e
d
that
t
he
dev
e
lop
e
d
c
on
t
ro
ll
e
r
ha
s
the
abili
ty
to
de
crease
the
los
ses
of
s
witc
hing
with
out
com
promisin
g
on
t
he
wa
vefo
rm
of
the
o
utput
cu
rr
e
nt
.
A
c
omparis
on
of the c
ontrolle
rs
in
the e
xisti
ng li
te
ratu
re as s
how
n
in
Ta
ble
1.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
It
can
be
obser
ved
that
va
rio
us
stu
dies
ha
ve
been
c
onduct
ed
on
GTIs
bas
ed
on
the
in
ve
r
te
r
to
po
l
ogy
and
co
ntr
oller
for
the
in
ver
te
r.
T
he
i
nv
e
rter
was
cl
as
sifie
d
into
t
hr
ee
bas
ic
topolo
gies
ba
sed
on
decou
pling
and
c
har
act
eris
ti
cs
of
the
le
ak
age
c
urre
nts.
E
ach
of
the
to
polo
gies
has
it
s
own
merit
s
a
nd
deme
rits,
he
nce
it
cannot
be
co
nc
lud
e
d
as
t
o
w
hich
t
opolog
y
is
the
best.
For
sel
ect
ing
a
pa
rtic
ular
to
pol
ogy
facto
rs
li
ke
cost
,
eff
ic
ie
nc
y,
le
akag
e
c
urren
t
and
the
numbe
r
of
po
wer
semic
onduct
or
de
vices
nee
d
to
be
co
ns
i
de
red.
Fu
rt
her
the
dif
fer
e
nt
ki
nd
s
of
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
ms
that
a
re
e
mp
lo
ye
d
f
or
GTI
s
al
ong
wi
th
their
featu
r
es
we
re
rev
ie
wed.
It
ca
n
agai
n
be
obs
e
rv
e
d
that
no
ne
of
the
c
ontr
oller
can
be
c
ons
idere
d
the
be
st
since
each
c
ontrolle
r
is
ad
van
ta
geou
s
in
it
s
own
w
ay.
From
the
s
tud
ie
s
it
is
f
ound
that
t
he
no
n
-
li
nea
r
c
ontr
ol
le
rs
pe
rforme
d
mu
c
h
bette
r
tha
n
t
he
oth
e
r
c
ontr
oller
in
al
l
aspect
s
but
on
e
has
t
o
c
om
promise
on
the
c
omple
xity
facto
r
sin
ce
the
non
-
li
near
co
nt
ro
ll
ers
are
the
m
os
t
c
omplex
in
co
mp
a
rison
to
the
ot
her
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
.
He
nc
e
we
ca
n
c
on
cl
ud
e
that ea
ch
f
eat
ure f
or a
GT
I
in
ver
te
r
n
ee
ds t
o sel
ect
b
ased
on
the
require
me
nts
of
t
he desig
ner.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
El
ta
wi
l,
M.
A.
,
&
Zh
ao,
Z
.
“
Grid
-
conne
c
te
d
photovol
taic
po
wer
sys
te
ms:
T
ec
hni
ca
l
and
po
te
ntial
probl
em
s
-
A
rev
ie
w
”
.
Re
n
ew
able
and
sus
tai
n
able
ene
rgy
rev
i
ews
,
Vol
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
pp
.
112
-
129
,
2010
.
[2]
Abdar,
H.
M.
,
Chakra
ver
ty
,
A.
,
Moore,
D.
H.,
Murray,
J.
M.
,
&
Lop
aro
,
K.
A
.
“
Design
and
i
mpl
ement
at
ion
a
spec
ific
grid
-
tie
inve
rt
er
for
an
a
gent
-
base
d
micr
ogrid
”
.
In
2012
I
EE
E
Ene
rgy
tech
,
IE
EE
,
pp
.
1
-
6
,
May
2012
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[3]
Yang,
Y.,
&
B
la
ab
je
rg,
F
.
“
O
ver
vie
w
of
sing
le
-
phase
gr
id
-
co
nnec
t
ed
photov
olt
aic
sys
te
ms
”
.
E
le
c
tric
Powe
r
Components
and
Syste
ms
,
Vol.
4
3
No.
12
,
pp
.
13
52
-
1363
,
2015
.
[4]
H
art
ono,
B.
S.,
&
Seti
abudy
,
R
.
“
Review
of
microgrid
t
ec
hnolo
gy
”
.
In
2013
in
te
rnational
conferenc
e
on
Qi
R
,
IEE
E
,
pp
.
127
-
1
32
.
June
2013.
[5]
S
et
ia
budy
,
R
.
,
&
Har
tono,
B.
S
.
“
Ana
lysis
Ch
ara
c
te
rist
ic
s
of
On/Off
Grid
Tie
Inv
erter
and
I
mpl
ement
at
ion
i
n
Microgr
id
”,
TE
LK
OMNIKA
(T
el
e
communic
ation,
Computing,
El
e
ct
ronics
a
nd
Control)
,
Vol.
11
No.
3
,
pp.
441
-
450
,
20
13
.
[6]
Vari
a,
D
.
“
DC
To
AC
Conv
e
rte
r
As
Grid
Tie
Inve
r
te
r
&
S
ma
rt
Home
Ap
pli
c
at
ion
”
R
ese
archgate
,
Vol.
5,
No.
4
,
pp.
1
-
4,
2
013
.
[7]
Yang,
B.
,
L
i,
W.
,
Gu,
Y.
,
Cu
i,
W.,
&
He
,
X
.
“
I
mprove
d
trans
forme
rle
ss
inv
ert
er
with
common
-
mode
leak
age
cur
ren
t
elimi
n
ati
on
for
a
photov
olt
aic
gr
id
-
conn
ec
t
ed
power
sys
te
m
.
”
I
EEE
tra
nsacti
ons
on
po
wer
elec
troni
cs
,
Vol.
27
No.
2
,
p
p.
752
-
762
,
201
1
.
[8]
Bin
G,
Domin
ic
J,
Jih
-
Sheng
L,
Chie
n
-
Liang
C
,
La
Be
ll
a
T,
Bai
f
e
ng
C.
“
High
re
l
i
abi
lity
and
effic
i
enc
y
singl
e
-
phas
e
tra
nsformer
le
ss
inve
rt
er
for
grid
conne
c
te
d
photo
volt
aic
sys
te
ms
”
.
IEEE
Tr
ans
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ron
,
Vol.
28
No.
5
,
pp.
2235
-
45
,
20
13
.
[9]
Yu,
W.,
L
ai
,
J.
S.,
Qian
,
H.,
Hu
tc
hens,
C
.
,
Zha
n
g,
J
.
,
Li
si,
G.,
.
.
.
&
Hega
rty
,
T
.
“
High
-
eff
icien
cy
inve
rt
er
with
H6
-
type
conf
igur
ati
on
for
photovoltaic
non
-
isola
t
e
d
a
c
module
ap
pli
c
at
ions
”
.
In
2010
Tw
enty
-
Fifth
Annual
I
EEE
Appl
ie
d
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
Con
f
ere
nce and Ex
po
siti
on
(
AP
EC)
,
I
EE
E
,
pp
.
1056
-
1
061
,
Februa
ry
2
010
.
[10]
Ji,
B
.
,
W
ang,
J.,
&
Zha
o
,
J.
“
Hi
gh
-
eff
icien
cy
sin
gle
-
phase
tr
ansforme
rl
ess
PV
H6
inve
r
te
r
with
h
ybrid
modu
la
t
io
n
me
thod
”
.
IEEE T
rans
act
ions o
n
Industrial
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
Vol
.
60
N
o.
5
,
pp
.
2104
-
2
115
,
2012
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[11]
Wa
ng,
J.,
Ji,
B.
,
Zha
o
,
J.
,
&
Yu,
J.
“From
H4,
H
5
to
H6
-
Stand
ar
diz
a
ti
on
of
full
-
bridge
singl
e
ph
ase
photovo
lt
a
ic
inve
rt
er
topol
og
ie
s
wi
thout
gro
und
l
ea
k
age
cu
rre
nt
issue
”
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In
2012
IE
EE
E
nergy
Con
ve
rs
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on
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nd
Ex
positi
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19
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2425
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Sept
e
mbe
r
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[12]
Islam
,
M.
,
Mekh
il
ef
,
S.
,
&
Alba
t
sh,
F.
M.
“
An
i
mprove
d
tra
nsfo
rme
rl
ess
grid
co
nnec
t
ed
pho
tovo
lt
aic
inve
r
te
r
wit
h
com
mon
mode
l
ea
kag
e
cur
r
ent
e
li
mi
n
at
ion
,”
7
th
IET
Inte
rnation
al
Confe
ren
ce
o
n
Powe
r
Elec
tr
onic
s,
Mac
h
ine
s
and
D
rive
s (
PEMD
2014)
,
2014
.
[13]
Xiao,
H
.
,
Xi
e,
S.,
Chen
,
Y
.
,
&
Hu
ang,
R
.
“
An
opti
m
ized
tr
ansforme
rl
ess
phot
ovolt
aic
gr
id
-
co
nnec
t
ed
inv
erter
”
.
IEE
E
transacti
o
ns on
industrial
el
e
ct
ronics
,
Vol.
58
No.
5,
pp.
18
87
-
1895
,
2010
.
[14]
Kere
kes
,
T
.
,
T
e
odore
scu,
R.
,
R
odrígue
z
,
P.
,
Váz
que
z,
G.
,
&
Aldaba
s,
E
.
“
A
new
h
igh
-
eff
ic
i
enc
y
single
-
ph
a
se
tra
nsformer
le
ss
PV
inv
erter
topo
logy
”
.
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
o
ns
on
industri
al
el
e
ct
roni
cs
,
Vol.
58
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1,
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-
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[15]
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ng,
L
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Sun,
K.
,
Feng
,
L
.
,
W
u,
H.
,
&
Xing,
Y
.
“
A
fa
mi
ly
of
neut
r
al
po
int
clampe
d
full
-
br
id
ge
topol
og
ie
s
fo
r
tra
nsformer
le
ss
photovol
taic
gri
d
-
ti
ed
inve
r
te
rs.
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
powe
r
el
e
ct
ronics
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28
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2
,
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739
,
20
12
.
[16]
Araúj
o,
S.
V
.
,
Za
ch
ari
as
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P.,
&
Mall
wi
tz
,
R
.
“
Highly
e
fficie
nt
single
-
ph
ase
tra
nsformer
le
ss
inve
rt
ers
for
gri
d
-
conne
c
te
d
pho
tovol
taic
sys
tems.
”
IE
EE
T
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act
ions
on
Industrial
E
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tronic
s
,
Vol
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Ele
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Se
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“
Tr
ansfor
me
rl
ess
inve
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te
r
with
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u
al
D
C
bus
con
ce
p
t
f
or
cost
-
eff
e
ct
iv
e
g
r
id
-
connect
ed
P
V
power
sys
tems
”
.
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
P
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Elec
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“
A
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mi
ly
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neut
r
al
po
int
clampe
d
full
-
br
id
ge
topol
og
ie
s
fo
r
tra
nsformer
le
ss
photovol
taic
gr
i
d
-
ti
ed
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erters.
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EEE
Tr
ansa
ct
ions
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Chen
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High
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bil
it
y
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eff
i
cie
ncy
singl
e
-
phase
tra
nsformer
le
ss
inve
rt
er
for
gri
d
-
conne
c
te
d
ph
otovol
taic
sys
tems.
”
IEEE
Tr
a
nsacti
ons
on
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G.,
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“
Con
trol
sche
me
wi
th
voltage
support
c
apa
bi
li
t
y
for
distri
but
ed
g
ene
ra
ti
on
inve
rt
e
rs
under
voltage
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”
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EE
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ansacti
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Po
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-
ph
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d
istri
bu
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d
g
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r
at
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IEE
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Tr
ansacti
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rr
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r
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conne
c
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d
photovol
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IET
Re
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wable
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“
Redu
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cur
r
ent
har
m
onic
distortion
i
n
thre
e
-
ph
ase
grid
-
conne
c
te
d
pho
t
ovolt
aic
inv
erter
s
via
resona
n
t
c
urre
nt
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trol.
”
IEE
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transacti
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on
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Acti
ve
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rol
f
or
grid
-
conne
c
ted
$
LCL
$
-
filte
red
inv
erter
wi
t
h
inj
e
ct
ed
gr
id
cur
ren
t
f
ee
db
ack
only.
”
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EE
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Tr
ansacti
ons
on
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mu
-
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s
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conn
e
ct
ed
thr
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ph
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inve
rt
er.
”
In
201
4
IEEE
40
th
Pho
tov
olt
a
ic Specialist Conf
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A
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Contro
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egy
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Vol
ta
ge
-
Sourc
e
Inv
ert
ers
in
Microg
rids
Based
on
$
H^{
\
inft
y}
$
and
Repetitive
Cont
rol.
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on
Power
El
e
ct
ronics
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V
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“
A
ro
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trol
sch
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e
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gr
id
-
co
nn
ec
t
ed
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-
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inve
r
te
rs.
”
IEE
E
transacti
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ns on
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An
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t
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l
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-
phase
grid
-
conn
ec
t
ed
inve
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cur
r
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l
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-
phas
e
grid
-
conn
ecte
d
conve
rt
ers.
”
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
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An
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ive
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t
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-
pha
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e
inve
rt
er
for
st
an
d
-
al
one
distr
ibuted
g
ene
r
at
ion
s
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IE
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Tr
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AC
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te
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S
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d
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.
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IET
Re
n
ewabl
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“
A
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ph
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inve
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r
for
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dist
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ed
g
ene
r
ation
sys
te
m:
Adapti
ve
vo
lt
a
ge
cont
ro
l
de
sign
and
stab
il
it
y
analysis.
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IEE
E
transacti
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ene
rgy
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pnouv
func
ti
on
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”
In
20
14
Int
ernati
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Conf
ere
nc
e
on
Gr
ee
n
Comput
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Comm
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Elec
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al
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for
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g
rid
conn
ec
t
ed
P
V
sys
te
m.
”
In
IEC
ON
2012
-
38th
Annual
Con
fe
re
nce
on
I
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E
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”
Depa
rtment
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ee
r
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&
Khan,
M.
N.
“
Des
ign
and
ana
lysis
of
rep
e
ti
t
ive
co
ntrol
lers
for
grid
conne
c
te
d
inve
r
t
er
consid
eri
ng
p
la
nt
bandwidt
h
f
or
interfa
ci
ng
re
newa
ble
en
erg
y
source
s.
”
In
201
4
Inte
rnat
ional
Confe
renc
e
on
R
ene
wabl
e
En
erg
y
R
ese
arch
and
Appl
ic
a
ti
on
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RE
R
A)
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g,
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Par
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struct
ur
e
fr
ac
t
ion
al
r
epetitive
con
trol
for
P
WM
i
nver
te
rs.
”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
o
n
Industrial
E
le
c
tronic
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Vol
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A.
“
Freque
n
cy
ad
apt
iv
e
r
ep
et
itive
cont
ro
l
of
grid
-
conn
ect
ed
inve
rt
ers.
”
In
20
14
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
renc
e
on
Control,
Dec
isio
n
and
Informati
on
Technol
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m
et
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interrupti
b
le
powe
r
supplie
s.
”
In
20
10
1st
Powe
r
Elec
troni
c
&
Dr
ive
Syst
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&
Tec
hn
ologi
es
Con
fer
enc
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(PE
DST
C)
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I
EE
E
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Februa
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
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t
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88
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8
694
Non
li
ne
ar
c
ontrol
of g
ri
d
-
ti
ed
inverte
rs
(GTI
)
for
sta
bili
zing
fut
ur
e s
m
ar
t
gr
ids
(Sa
l
am Ibrahim
Kh
ath
e
r)
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Kons
ta
ntopoul
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G
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C.
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Zhong,
Q.
C
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&
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L
.
“
PL
L
-
le
ss
nonl
inear
cur
r
e
nt
-
li
m
it
ing
cont
r
oll
er
for
sing
le
-
phase
grid
-
ti
ed
inve
rt
ers:
desig
n,
stab
il
i
ty
an
alys
is,
and
op
erati
on
under
grid
fau
lt
s
.
”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Industrial
E
le
c
tronic
s
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“
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al
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grid
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i
nver
te
r
using
ad
apt
iv
e
total
slid
i
ng
mode
con
trol
l
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”
In
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Int
ernati
onal
Conf
ere
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d
Computing
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ati
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Study
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rre
nt
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str
at
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b
ase
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on
mul
ti
sa
mpl
ing
f
or
high
-
power
grid
-
connect
ed
inve
rt
ers
with
an
LC
L
f
il
t
er.
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Powe
r
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e
ct
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“
A
slidi
ng
-
m
ode
cont
rol
le
r
w
it
h
mul
t
ire
sonan
t
slid
ing
surf
ac
e
for
single
-
ph
ase
grid
-
connect
ed
VS
I
with
an
LC
L
filter
.
”
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EEE
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ansacti
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“
Sl
idi
ng
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com
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ens
at
ion
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r
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ality
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prove
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ent
of
a
grid
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connect
ed
i
nver
te
r
under
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ed
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ET
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Nonl
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ar
c
ontrol
ler
d
esign
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sing
le
-
ph
ase
grid
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connect
ed
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taic
sys
te
ms
using
par
t
i
al
f
ee
db
ac
k
li
ne
ari
z
at
ion
.
”
In
2
012
2nd
Austra
li
an
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nfe
renc
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K.
“
R
obust
nonl
ine
a
r
cont
roller
desig
n
for
thr
ee
-
ph
ase
grid
-
connect
ed
p
hotovol
taic
sys
tems
under
struc
tu
red
un
ce
rt
ai
nt
ie
s
.
”
IEEE
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ions
on
pow
er
d
el
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ve
ry
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Z.,
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L
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“
Contro
l
of
s
ingl
e
-
ph
ase
gr
id
-
conne
c
te
d
inv
erters
with
nonl
inear
loa
ds.
”
I
EEE
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ansacti
ons
on
Industrial
E
le
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X.
,
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L
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T
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“
A
var
i
abl
e
-
band
hyster
esis
mod
ula
t
ed
mul
t
i
-
res
onant
slidi
ng
-
m
ode
cont
roller
for
th
ree
-
phase
grid
-
c
onnec
t
ed
VS
I
w
it
h
an
LCL
-
f
il
t
e
r.
”
In
2013
IE
E
E
ECC
E
Asia
D
ownunder
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I
EE
E
,
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e
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iz
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i
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N
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n,
Y.
,
&
D
a
hono,
P.
A.
“
A
hystere
sis
cur
ren
t
cont
ro
ll
er
fo
r
grid
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connect
ed
i
nver
te
r
with
red
uce
d
losses.
”
In
2016
2nd
Inte
r
nati
onal
Con
fe
r
enc
e
of
Industri
al,
M
ec
han
ic
al
,
El
e
ct
rica
l, and Chemic
al
Engi
n
ee
ring (
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EC
E)
,
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16
7
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170
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016
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Jena
S,
B
abu
B
C.
“
Pow
er
qu
al
i
ty
im
prov
ement
of
1
-
Φ
gr
id
-
con
nec
t
ed
PWM
in
ver
te
r
using
fuz
zy
with
hyst
ere
s
is
cur
ren
t
con
trol
l
e
r.
” In
10th
Int
ernati
onal
Con
fe
re
nce
on
En
vi
ron
ment
And
E
le
c
tri
cal
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ne
ering
,
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1
-
4
,
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ika
wa
R
,
Fu
nat
o
H
.
“
Singl
e
phase
ut
il
i
ty
i
nte
rfa
ce
inv
ert
e
r
base
d
on
digita
l
hyster
esis
c
urre
nt
cont
ro
ll
e
r
-
Opera
ti
on
al
ch
a
rac
t
eri
sti
cs
bot
h
grid
-
connect
ed
mod
e
and
isl
andi
ng
mode.
”
In
15th
Int
ernati
onal
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Moti
on
Con
trol Confere
nc
e
,
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1
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3
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8
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X.
,
Yang,
X.,
Xi
e,
R.
,
Huang,
L.,
Li
u
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T.,
&
Li,
Y.
“
A
f
i
xed
sw
it
ch
ing
fr
eque
ncy
in
te
gr
al
resona
n
t
slid
in
g
mode
con
trol
l
er
for
thre
e
-
ph
ase
grid
-
connect
ed
photovol
taic
inv
ert
er
wi
th
LC
L
-
fil
ter.
”
In
2013
IEE
E
ECCE
Asi
a
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E
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P.
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fan
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M.
,
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amb
ara
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R
.
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&
G
ründli
ng,
H.
A
.
“
Slidi
ng
mod
e
c
ontrol
in
a
multi
-
loop
fra
m
ework
for
cur
r
ent
con
tr
ol
of
a
grid
-
tied
inverter
vi
a
LC
L
-
fil
t
er.
”
In
I
EC
ON
2014
-
40th
Annual
Con
fe
re
nce
of
the
I
EE
E
Industrial
E
le
c
tronic
s Soc
ie
t
y
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K
.
C.
,
&
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T
.
H
.
“
Probab
il
ist
ic
Wa
ve
le
t
Fuzzy
Neura
l
Ne
twork
base
d
r
eact
iv
e
power
cont
ro
l
fo
r
grid
-
connect
ed
t
hre
e
-
phase
PV
sys
te
m
dur
ing
gri
d
fau
l
ts.
”
Re
n
ew
able
ene
rgy
,
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Q.
,
Ye
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Y.,
Xu,
G.
,
&
Zhu,
M
.
“
Impr
oved
r
epe
t
it
iv
e
cont
rol
sche
me
for
grid
-
conne
c
t
ed
inv
erter
wi
th
fre
quenc
y
ad
aptati
on
.
”
IET
Pow
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Elec
troni
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,
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C.
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F.
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Do,
H.
T.
,
&
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,
R.
“
Study
of
a
cu
rre
nt
con
trol
str
at
egy
b
ase
d
on
mul
ti
sa
mpl
ing
f
or
high
-
power
grid
-
connect
ed
inve
rt
ers
with
an
LC
L
f
il
t
er.
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
,
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No.
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pp.
50
23
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5034
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2016
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
OR
Sala
m
Ibr
ahim
Khathe
r
r
ec
e
ived
a
B.
Sc
.
d
egr
ee
in
E
le
c
trica
l
En
gine
er
ing
from
Mos
ul
Univer
sit
y
in
2005
.
In
200
8,
h
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
his
M.Sc.
in
Ele
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
ne
ering
from
Mos
ul
Univer
sity.
He
start
ed
h
is
ca
r
ee
r
working
as
an
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
e
r
in
the
Pow
er
Plant
and
Elec
tr
ica
l
Subs
ta
ti
ons
(2009
-
2017).
Th
en,
h
e
st
art
ed
hi
s
ac
ad
em
i
c
jour
ney
working
as
an
assistan
t
l
ec
t
ure
r
a
t
Nin
eva
h
Univer
sity.
His
ma
jor
rese
arc
h
are
as
ar
e
Pow
er
and
Mac
h
ine
s,
Control
Sys
tems
and
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
Appl
ic
a
ti
ons.
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