In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
2
9
7
~1
3
0
7
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1297-1307
1
2
97
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Non-i
n
trusive electric power
monitoring system in multi-
pur
pose educational
buil
d
ings
Fernan
do del Ama Gon
zalo
1
,
Jose
A.
F
errand
i
z
2
,
D
a
v
i
d
F
o
ns
e
c
a
E
s
c
ud
er
o
3
,
J
u
a
n
A.
H
erna
ndez
4
1
K
eene S
t
ate Colleg
e
, N
e
w H
a
mpsh
ire,
U
nited
S
t
at
es of
A
m
eri
ca
2
Am
eri
can U
n
i
v
e
rsi
t
y o
f
Ras A
l
K
h
aim
a
h
,
Unit
e
d A
r
ab Emirates
3
La
S
alle
U
n
i
ve
rs
it
at
R
a
m
on
Ll
u
l
l
,
Barc
el
on
a,
S
pain
4
P
o
l
y
t
echni
c Univ
ersity
o
f M
a
d
r
id,
S
p
a
i
n
.
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Jan
7
, 2019
Re
vise
d Mar
2
4
,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Ap
r
2
0
,
2
019
Un
ders
tand
in
g
th
e
cons
um
p
t
i
on
p
a
ttern
s
i
n
a
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
s
p
ace
i
s
i
m
po
rta
n
t
for
eval
uat
i
ng
t
he
c
a
u
ses
o
f
e
nerg
y
w
a
st
age
and
f
o
r
d
e
vel
o
p
i
ng
s
tra
te
gi
e
s
to
ward
s s
p
ecif
i
c
energ
y
red
uct
i
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
. Th
e
intent
of
m
e
teri
n
g
sys
t
e
m
s
i
n
bu
il
d
i
ngs
i
s
to
p
ro
vi
de
a
d
e
quat
e
d
at
a
th
at
h
el
p
i
m
pro
v
e
bu
il
d
i
n
g
syste
m
s
perf
o
r
man
ce.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
anal
ysi
s
o
ff
er
t
h
e
p
o
t
en
tial
t
o
i
mpro
ve
t
he
energ
y
e
ff
i
c
ien
c
y
of
t
he
buildin
g
and
redu
c
e
t
he
operat
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
s.
R
esearch
e
r
s
of
P
olytechn
i
c
U
n
i
v
ersi
ty
o
f
M
a
d
r
id
a
nd
A
m
erican
U
ni
vers
ity
o
f
Ras
A
l
Kh
aim
a
h
have
d
evel
op
ed
a
m
et
e
r
ing
and
con
t
ro
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
ha
t
pro
c
e
sses
and
anal
yzes
t
h
e
d
igi
t
alized
s
i
g
n
a
ls.
T
h
is
s
ystem
can
c
o
llect
,
an
al
y
ze
and
m
a
nag
e
th
e
elect
rical
c
on
sum
p
ti
on
in
b
u
i
l
d
i
ngs.
It
i
s
non
-i
nt
ru
s
i
v
e
,
c
an
b
e
easi
l
y
dep
l
o
y
ed
i
n
e
l
ect
ric
b
o
ards
a
n
d
s
end
s
d
ata
t
o
a
cent
r
al
b
ase
s
t
a
tion
l
o
cated
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
t
e
s
t
ed
i
n
an
educati
onal
f
acilit
y
wit
h
a
w
ide
range
of
u
ses.
T
he
l
igh
ting
fi
xtures,
pow
er
ou
tl
e
t
s
an
d
H
V
A
C
d
evi
ces
a
re
a
n
a
lyz
e
d
i
n
o
ffi
ces,
classroo
m
s
a
n
d
archi
t
ectu
r
e
s
t
u
d
i
o
s.
T
his
articl
e
c
o
n
cl
ud
e
s
t
hat
e
n
ergy
a
u
d
it
s
f
or
l
o
nger
tim
e
peri
od
s
hel
p
b
u
i
l
d
i
ng
m
a
nag
e
rs
u
n
d
ers
t
an
d
dev
i
ce
pro
f
i
l
es,
occu
pa
n
t
beh
a
vi
or
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
ntal
c
ontext
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
A
c
ti
ve
a
nd pa
ssi
ve
m
e
a
sure
s.
B
u
ild
in
g
s
En
e
r
gy
c
o
n
sump
t
i
on
Me
terin
g
sys
te
m
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Fe
rnand
o
d
el
A
m
a
G
onzal
o,
D
e
pa
rtem
ent o
f
S
ustai
n
a
b
le
P
r
oduc
t D
e
si
gn
a
nd A
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e.
Kee
n
e S
t
ate
Col
l
e
g
e,
03
4
35 K
e
e
n
e,
N
e
w
H
a
m
pshire,
U
n
ite
d
S
t
ate
s
o
f A
m
er
ica.
Em
ail:
fer
n
an
d
ode
lam
a
@
g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
En
ergy
c
on
sump
t
i
on
i
n
non-d
o
m
e
s
ti
c
bui
l
d
ing
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
it
ies
s
u
ch
a
s
lec
t
ure
ha
l
l
s,
laboratories
,
of
fices
or
c
l
a
ssr
oom
s.
T
he
d
iversity
o
f
load
t
ype
s
an
d
re
qu
irem
ents,
e
n
erg
y
c
ons
um
pt
ion
sche
du
les
a
n
d
hab
i
ts
o
f
user
s
r
e
qu
ire
ap
pr
op
r
i
a
t
e
e
q
ui
pme
n
t
.
P
o
w
e
r
m
oni
tor
i
ng
sys
t
e
m
s
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
t
h
a
t
use
a
di
sp
arit
y
of
p
ro
to
c
o
l
s
w
il
l
be
u
n
a
bl
e
t
o
e
x
c
h
a
ng
e
i
n
fo
rma
t
i
o
n
.
Th
e
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
,
v
e
n
t
i
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
a
i
r
c
on
d
itio
ni
n
g
(HVAC),
dom
est
i
c
hot
w
ater
(
DHW)
and
l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
a
r
e
e
x
am
ples
o
f
t
he
s
ys
t
e
ms
i
nvo
l
v
ed.
H
V
A
C
h
a
s
b
ee
n
rega
rded
a
s
th
e
thre
e
ma
j
o
r
fa
ct
or
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
e
nerg
y
c
o
nsum
pt
i
o
n
i
n
bu
ild
i
n
g
s
over
the
las
t
f
e
w
y
ea
rs.
Re
ce
nt
s
t
u
die
s
r
e
v
eal
t
ha
t
m
i
sce
lla
ne
ous
e
l
ectric
l
o
a
d
s
co
ns
tit
ute
t
h
e
large
ma
j
o
r
ity
o
f
office
e
qu
i
p
m
e
nt,
w
h
i
l
e
an
i
m
p
or
tan
t
p
ar
t
of
t
he
m
is
a
bo
ut
p
l
u
g
l
o
ad
s
re
l
a
te
d
to
Infor
m
a
t
i
o
n
and
Com
m
uni
c
a
tio
n
Tec
h
n
o
log
i
es
(ICT),
suc
h
a
s
de
skt
o
ps,
mon
itors,
pr
int
e
r
s
e
tc
.
The
ra
pid
m
a
rk
e
t
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
tio
n
o
f
e
l
e
ctro
nic
de
vic
e
s
has
e
x
p
a
nd
ed
t
hi
s
c
a
t
e
go
ry
s
i
gni
fi
c
a
nt
l
y
[
1
]
.
The
U
.
S
.
G
ree
n
B
u
i
ld
i
ng
C
ounc
i
l
e
st
i
m
at
e
s
t
hat
b
u
il
di
ng
s
u
s
e
20
%
mor
e
e
ne
rgy
o
n
a
ve
rage
t
ha
n
nec
e
ssary
d
ue
t
o
o
b
s
o
lete
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
,
des
i
g
n
f
la
w
s
a
nd
i
n
appr
opr
i
a
t
e
u
s
e
[
2].
A
varie
t
y
of
e
le
c
t
ro
ni
c
de
vice
s
als
o
a
ffe
c
t
the
p
o
w
e
r
qua
l
ity
o
f
th
e
ele
c
t
r
i
c
ne
tw
ork,
m
ainly
by
in
se
rtin
g
harm
on
ics in
t
he
vo
l
t
a
ge
s
ig
n
a
l
[3].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int J
Pow
El
ec &
D
ri
S
yst
,
Vol
.
10,
N
o.
3
, Se
p
2
019 : 1297 –
1
3
07
1
298
Usi
n
g
remo
t
e
e
n
e
rgy
mon
i
t
o
ri
ng
a
l
o
ng
w
i
t
h
web
-
ba
se
d
t
e
c
h
nol
ogy
a
l
l
o
w
ow
ne
rs
t
o
u
nders
tan
d
t
he
bu
ild
i
ng
pe
rfo
r
m
a
nc
e,
t
ake
a
p
p
r
opria
te
a
c
t
i
o
n,
a
nd
co
n
t
i
n
ua
l
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
e
n
erg
y
effi
ci
en
cy
[
4
]
.
In
o
ff
i
c
e,
educ
a
t
i
o
na
l
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
e
r
cia
l
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
t
he
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
pa
tter
n
s
c
a
n
v
ar
y
dra
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
ly
a
m
ong
b
uil
d
in
gs
o
f
di
ffe
re
nt t
ypes
[1].
F
or e
xam
p
l
e
, office
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s e
x
h
i
bi
t hi
gh
e
nerg
y co
ns
umpt
i
on fr
om con
sume
r elect
ron
i
c
s
inc
l
ud
ing
P
C
s
a
n
d
m
oni
t
o
rs,
w
h
ile
c
om
me
rcia
l
bui
ld
i
ngs,
suc
h
a
s
s
u
p
e
r
m
a
rke
t
s
or
m
alls,
ha
ve
s
ign
i
fica
n
tly
fe
w
e
r
cons
um
e
r
e
l
e
ctro
n
i
cs,
an
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
nt
l
y
m
ore
e
n
e
r
gy
c
o
n
s
u
mptio
n
asso
ci
at
ed
t
o
HVAC
s
ys
t
e
ms
and
li
gh
t
i
n
g
[
5
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
o
f
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
bui
l
d
i
ng
d
e
s
i
gn
a
ppr
oac
h
i
s
requ
ire
d
.
Ma
n
y
a
u
t
hors
ha
ve
d
em
on
stra
ted
tha
t
d
es
ig
n
of
z
ero-
en
er
gy
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
gs
i
nduc
es
b
o
t
h
a
ne
t
be
ne
fi
t
in
to
t
a
l
ene
r
gy de
ma
nd
an
d a
n
inc
rea
s
e of
a
w
a
re
ness
f
o
r
bu
i
l
din
g
o
w
n
ers.
U
p t
o
4
0% of electr
i
c
a
l
e
n
er
gy ca
n be
save
d
in b
u
ild
i
ngs d
ue
t
o
cos
t
-effec
t
i
ve
ene
rgy e
f
fic
i
e
n
t
measu
res
[
6
].
P
a
ssive
m
easu
r
e
s
h
ave
pro
v
e
n
to
b
e
e
ffe
cti
v
e
w
h
en
i
t
com
e
s
to
e
ne
rg
y
savi
ng
s
[7
].
B
uil
d
i
n
g
des
i
g
n
ers
ar
e
re
spo
n
s
i
b
l
e
o
f
p
assi
ve
s
tra
t
e
g
ie
s,
s
uc
h
as
w
in
do
w
o
r
i
e
n
ta
tio
n,
h
igh
th
erm
a
l
insu
l
a
ti
on
or
e
ffi
c
i
ent
l
i
ght
i
n
g
fix
t
u
r
e
s
.
In
c
r
ea
si
ng
t
h
e
rma
l
i
nsul
at
ion
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
s
r
educ
e
s
t
h
e
c
oo
lin
g
a
nd
h
e
a
tin
g
l
o
ad
by
low
e
ri
n
g
h
eat
g
ai
ns
o
r
lo
sse
s
t
hro
u
g
h
t
he
b
uil
d
i
n
g’s
en
ve
l
ope
[
8
]
.
Rep
l
aci
n
g
ob
so
l
e
t
e
HVAC
e
q
u
i
p
men
t
a
nd
lig
ht
i
ng
fix
t
ure
s
w
i
l
l
inc
r
ea
se
t
he
e
ffici
enc
y
o
f
b
u
i
ld
ing
e
n
e
r
gy
pro
d
u
ct
i
o
n
sys
t
em
[
9].
Therm
a
l
in
sula
t
i
o
n
o
f
exp
o
se
d
w
a
t
e
r
di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
p
i
p
es
h
e
l
ps
l
ow
e
r
h
ea
t
l
o
sses.
S
had
i
ng
de
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
f
aca
des
pre
v
e
n
t
s
s
o
l
ar
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
e
nt
e
r
i
n
g
th
e
b
u
il
d
i
ng
a
nd
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
c
ool
in
g
lo
ad
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
r
e
en
h
o
u
s
e
e
f
fec
t
.
H
i
gh
pe
r
f
orm
a
nc
e
g
l
ass
w
i
t
h
low
e
m
i
ssiv
i
t
y
c
oa
tin
gs
c
a
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
he
at
l
os
ses
in
w
in
ter.
R
efle
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
a
t
i
n
gs
i
n
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
m
a
y
he
lp
r
e
duc
e
c
o
oli
n
g
lo
a
d
s
i
n
s
u
m
mer
[
10].
At
l
ast
,
s
tudy
ing
t
h
e
c
o
lo
r
o
f
r
o
of
s
and
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
w
all
s
c
an
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
he
h
e
a
t
a
b
so
rb
ed
by
the
b
u
i
ld
ing
´
s e
n
v
e
lop
e
[11
].
A
c
tive
s
t
ra
t
e
gie
s
c
an
a
ls
o
be
c
on
si
der
e
d
to
a
c
c
om
pl
i
s
h
e
n
er
gy
i
m
p
ro
vem
e
nt
s
[
1
2].
A
c
tiv
e
m
easure
s
,
suc
h
u
s
prog
r
a
mming
o
per
a
ti
o
n
a
l
s
c
h
ed
u
l
es,
i
n
sta
l
l
i
n
g
t
h
erm
o
st
a
ti
c
va
lves
a
re
m
ore
com
p
l
i
c
a
ted
to
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
t
and
it
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
ary
to
i
nv
olv
e
b
uil
d
i
n
g
ma
n
a
g
e
rs
a
n
d
ow
ne
rs
i
n
th
e
dec
i
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
ing
pr
oces
s.
A
l
l
ac
t
i
ve
m
eas
ure
s
m
ay
b
e
ce
nt
ra
li
z
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
Bui
l
di
n
g
M
a
n
agem
ent
S
ys
te
m
(
B
MS)
.
T
he
a
im
o
f
a
BM
S
is
t
o
assure
t
hat
e
n
e
r
gy
d
e
m
a
nd
in
t
he
b
ui
ldi
n
g
i
s
a
c
c
om
plis
he
d
w
itho
u
t
c
om
pr
omis
in
g
t
h
e
a
i
r
qua
l
ity
a
nd
c
o
m
f
ort
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
o
c
cup
a
nt
s
[1
3
]
.
The
BM
S
ca
n
co
ll
ect
m
e
a
su
reme
n
t
s
a
t
a
s
pe
cifie
d
t
i
m
e
i
n
te
r
v
al
a
t
des
i
gna
te
d
me
asure
m
e
n
t
po
int
s
.
T
h
e
fa
ctors
t
h
at
i
nfl
u
enc
e
t
h
e
se
l
e
cti
on
of
a
m
ete
r
i
n
g
sy
st
em
a
re
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
,
e
a
s
e
of
dep
l
oyme
n
t
,
c
omm
unica
t
i
on
p
rot
o
c
o
l,
a
n
d
c
o
st
.
[14]
.
The
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
r
e
s
ults
a
re
c
om
munic
a
t
e
d
t
o
th
e
sy
st
em’s
b
as
e
st
a
t
ion
.
C
ond
uc
t
i
ng
p
o
w
er
m
e
a
s
u
r
emen
t
s
i
n
d
i
ff
e
r
e
nt
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
t
y
pes
w
i
l
l
p
r
ovi
de
m
an
a
g
ers
w
ith
r
ele
v
a
n
t
data
a
b
o
u
t
t
he
opera
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
u
il
di
n
g
s
a
nd
w
i
l
l
h
e
l
p
e
nd-
use
r
s
re
duce
the
ene
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
d
by
elec
tr
ical
s
yste
ms
i
n
the
i
r
fac
i
li
ties
[1
5]
.
Isol
atin
g
s
p
ec
if
i
c
bui
ld
i
n
g
a
r
ea
s
w
i
l
l
a
llow
b
u
i
l
d
in
g
m
a
na
ge
rs
t
o
se
t
ac
t
i
ve
m
ea
sure
s,
s
uch
a
s
a
uto
m
atic
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
i
ng
or
b
e
h
a
v
ior
pr
ogr
am
s
for
bu
i
l
d
i
ng
st
a
ff
[16]
.
A
n
al
yz
in
g
thes
e
data
w
i
ll
he
lp
t
hem
take
a
p
p
ro
pria
t
e
a
c
tio
ns
o
ve
r
the
l
i
f
e
-time
c
y
c
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
.
S
o
m
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
deve
l
ope
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
of
m
ea
s
u
rem
e
nts
to
p
ro
vi
de
a
u
se
fu
l
com
p
aris
o
n
of
d
i
f
f
e
ren
t
b
u
ild
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
s
[1
7].
Th
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
en
e
r
gy
s
av
ing
s
i
n
non
-resi
d
e
nt
i
a
l
bui
l
d
i
n
g
s
c
a
n
b
e
up
t
o
2
9
%
[18
]
.
Th
e
en
e
r
gy
m
a
n
ag
emen
t
po
lic
i
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
gu
la
tio
ns
a
n
d
huma
n
f
ac
t
o
rs
a
r
e
v
ery
impor
t
a
nt
e
l
e
me
nts
i
n
flue
nc
i
ng
bu
ild
i
ng
e
n
erg
y
con
s
um
pt
io
n
[19].
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
m
a
n
ager
s
ca
n
pro
v
ide
hi
s
cl
i
e
nt
s
w
i
t
h
me
an
i
n
g
f
u
l
i
nf
o
r
mat
i
on
a
n
d
f
e
e
db
ac
k
on
elec
tr
ici
t
y
c
ons
um
pti
o
n
as
a
t
oo
l
t
o
u
n
d
ersta
nd
the
pe
rfor
ma
nce
o
f
bu
i
l
d
i
ng
s
a
n
d
ult
i
ma
te
l
y
s
a
v
e
e
n
ergy
[
20
],
[2
1].
S
t
ud
i
e
s
i
n
s
c
i
e
n
tific
a
rt
ic
les
ha
ve
e
va
l
u
ate
d
t
ha
t
mor
e
t
ha
n
hal
f
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
e
ner
gy
is
c
o
n
sum
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
no
n-wo
rk
i
n
g
h
o
u
r
s,
o
f
t
en
w
it
h
out
t
h
e
k
no
wl
edge
o
f
th
e
co
ns
u
m
er
[
22]
.
P
o
we
r
m
onitor
i
n
g
s
yste
m
ca
n
be
u
se
d
for
pow
e
r
m
ana
g
em
ent,
p
ow
er
p
lan
t
opera
t
i
o
n
,
bi
l
l
i
n
g
inf
o
r
m
a
tion,
e
v
e
nt
v
e
r
i
f
ica
t
io
n,
a
n
d
t
r
ou
bl
esh
o
o
t
i
ng
[2
3
]
.
I
n
t
hi
s
ar
tic
le
t
he
c
ons
ump
t
io
n
of
d
iffe
ren
t
c
irc
u
i
t
s
w
i
th
in
a
n
e
duca
tio
na
l
fac
i
l
ity
w
i
l
l
b
e
s
t
udie
d
.
A
new
me
asurem
ent
m
e
t
h
o
d
d
e
v
e
l
ope
d
b
y
re
sear
cher
s
o
f
P
oly
t
ec
h
n
i
c
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
M
a
d
r
i
d
(
S
p
a
i
n
)
a
n
d
A
m
erica
n
U
niver
s
i
t
y o
f
Ras
A
l
K
h
aima
h (U
A
E
) w
ill be
t
este
d a
nd
fina
ll
y the
re
su
lt
s w
ill be
d
i
s
c
u
sse
d
.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
I
n
t
he
f
irst
s
t
e
p,
t
his
se
ct
i
o
n
descr
i
be
s
t
h
e
me
t
e
rin
g
s
ys
te
m
d
eve
l
o
p
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
re
se
ar
c
h
t
ea
m
of
Po
l
y
t
e
ch
ni
c
U
n
iv
e
r
sity
o
f
M
a
d
r
i
d
.
In
t
he
s
ec
on
d
st
e
p
,
t
h
e
se
cti
o
n
s
how
s
t
h
e
st
u
d
ie
d
fac
i
l
i
ty.
I
t
i
s
a
mult
i
pur
pose
bu
ild
i
n
g
w
ith
o
ffic
e
s
,
sma
l
l
c
l
a
s
sr
o
o
ms,
li
brar
y,
aud
i
tori
um,
c
a
feteria
a
n
d
ha
lls
f
or
s
oc
ia
l
gat
h
er
in
gs.
It
i
s
a
thre
e-fl
o
o
r
bu
i
l
d
i
ng
i
n
c
o
mplia
nc
e
w
ith
S
pa
ni
sh
B
uil
d
i
ng
C
o
de
(
2
0
0
7
edi
t
i
on).
The
are
a
o
f
the
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
is
a
p
p
ro
xim
a
te
l
y
3
.
5
00
m
2.
T
h
e
s
e
l
ec
te
d
s
p
a
c
e
s
h
a
v
e
a
n
a
v
e
ra
g
e
o
ccup
a
ncy
,
a
d
a
i
l
y
s
che
d
ul
e
and
a
varie
t
y
of
e
q
u
i
pme
n
t
r
e
qu
ired
f
or
o
pera
tin
g
a
r
c
h
i
t
ecture
studies,
c
lassr
oom
s
and
of
f
i
ces.
S
ection
3
repor
t
s
t
h
e
f
iel
d
m
e
a
surem
e
nt
s
of
t
h
e
e
lec
t
ri
ca
l
c
i
r
c
ui
ts.
E
n
e
r
gy
co
ns
ump
t
io
n
da
t
a
w
as
b
r
oke
n
d
o
w
n
b
e
t
w
e
en
h
e
at
in
g
,
v
en
ti
lat
i
on
a
n
d
ai
r
con
d
it
ion
i
ng
(HVAC)
,
m
i
s
cell
a
n
e
ou
s
o
ffi
ce
e
qu
ip
me
nt
a
n
d
l
i
ghti
n
g
.
T
h
e
c
o
nsu
m
p
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
al
s
o
b
roken
do
wn
b
et
w
e
en
w
o
r
ki
ng
h
o
u
r
s
(0
8:
00
–2
0:
0
0
h
)
a
nd
n
on-w
o
r
k
i
ng
ho
urs.
T
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Non-
in
tr
usi
v
e e
l
ect
ric po
wer m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
ng
sys
t
em
i
n
m
u
l
ti-p
u
r
po
se …
(Fe
r
n
a
n
d
o
de
l
Am
a G
onzal
o)
1
299
peri
od
of
d
a
t
a
col
l
ec
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
nal
y
sis
w
a
s
F
e
br
uary
1
,
2
0
14
thr
ou
gh
M
a
y
3
1
,
2
014
.
Th
e
f
a
ci
l
ity
w
a
s
u
se
d
5
day
s
a
w
e
e
k (Mo
nda
y to F
riday),
from
8:0
0
a
.
m
. to 8:
0
0
p.
m
.
2.1.
Desc
ription
of
t
he
mete
r
ing syst
em
The
p
o
w
e
r
consum
pti
on
in
b
u
i
ld
i
ngs
t
e
n
d
s
t
o
grow
i
n
p
r
op
ortio
n
to
t
he
i
ncr
ease
i
n
t
he
n
um
ber
of
large
-
size
d
e
l
e
c
t
ric
a
p
p
l
iance
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
he
u
n
d
er
sta
ndi
ng
o
f
p
at
t
erns
a
n
d
h
a
b
i
t
s
o
f
e
ner
gy
c
onsum
p
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
key
requ
isi
t
e
s
f
or
s
avi
n
g
e
n
ergy
i
n
bui
ld
i
ngs
[
25
]
.
N
ow
ada
y
s,
e
qu
i
p
me
nt
f
or
d
evice-
l
e
ve
l
mo
ni
t
o
ri
ng
is
a
va
i
l
a
b
l
e
b
y
u
sing
s
mart
p
lu
g
s
,
sma
r
t
po
we
r
ou
tl
et
s
a
n
d
sma
r
t
p
o
w
er
s
t
r
ip
s.
H
a
r
dw
ar
e
pro
duc
ts
f
o
r
e
ne
rg
y
me
t
e
r
i
n
g
in
t
h
e
ma
i
n
el
e
c
t
ri
c b
o
a
r
d
a
re
m
o
r
e st
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
re
l
i
a
bl
e
,
t
ho
ugh t
h
e
i
r pric
e is s
ti
ll
hig
h
.
Th
e
UPM
re
s
e
arc
h
t
ea
m
h
a
s
d
e
si
gn
ed
a
nd
m
a
n
u
f
actu
r
e
d
m
o
r
e
se
n
s
it
ive
me
ters
t
o
pe
rform
sub
-
me
terin
g
i
n
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
b
ranc
he
s
or
c
ircu
i
t
s
o
f
t
he
b
u
i
l
d
i
ng.
M
ea
s
uri
n
g
e
l
e
c
tric
e
ne
rg
y
in
s
ec
t
i
o
n
s
a
llo
w
s
t
he
ide
n
tif
i
c
at
i
on
of
h
i
gher
c
o
ns
um
pti
o
n
are
a
s,
t
he
d
e
t
ec
ti
on
o
f
ab
n
o
rm
al
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
s
in
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
n
d
c
urrent
o
f
t
h
e
bui
ldi
n
g
.
The
pr
op
ose
d
m
eter
i
n
g
s
y
ste
m
i
s
m
a
de
u
p
of
t
hre
e
c
om
po
n
e
n
t
s:
a
)
m
icrocontroller
unit
(MCU)
with
12
d
i
f
fer
e
n
t
c
h
a
nne
l
s
t
o
m
eas
ure
the
c
u
rr
ent
co
nsump
t
i
o
n
w
a
vef
o
rm
b
)
open-c
ore
current
c
l
a
mps
m
easur
ing
sing
le-
p
hase
a
nd
t
hre
e
-p
ha
se
t
rue
R
o
o
t
-me
a
n
sq
uar
e
(
RM
S
)
e
l
e
ctr
ic
e
ne
rgy
f
l
ow
a
n
d
c
)
a
w
i
reless
de
vic
e
o
f
d
a
t
a
t
ran
s
fe
r
to
a
c
e
n
t
r
al
b
ase
st
at
ion
l
o
cat
ed
r
e
m
o
t
e
to
t
h
e
l
ocat
i
o
n
of
t
he
m
eter
ing
dev
i
c
e
.
T
he
M
CU
c
an
b
e
app
l
ied
to
i
nd
ivi
d
ual
c
i
rc
u
its
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
he
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
m
a
na
ger
c
a
n
i
de
ntify
a
l
l
deta
i
l
s
o
f
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
co
ns
umpt
i
on.
For
the
i
n
-b
ui
ldi
n
g
t
e
s
t
,
the
w
i
r
e
less
m
e
te
rin
g
s
ystem
s
w
il
l
be
c
o
n
fi
gur
ed
f
or
5
-m
in
ute
m
e
a
s
urem
ent
tim
e
i
n
t
e
rv
al
s.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
,
ea
c
h
d
at
a-se
ri
es
r
ec
o
r
d
mu
st
b
e
l
a
b
e
l
e
d
wi
t
h
a
t
i
me
s
tam
p
.
The
i
n
t
e
rfa
ce
d
i
sp
la
ys
t
he
con
s
um
pt
io
n
o
f
e
lec
t
ric
ene
r
gy
par
a
m
e
ters
a
nd
ca
n
be
c
o
n
su
lte
d
v
i
a
t
h
e
Inte
rnet.
O
p
e
n
p
ro
to
co
l
is
u
sed
for
data
t
ra
nsm
i
ssi
on
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
ec
ti
on.
T
he
a
d
v
an
t
a
ge
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
n
ope
n
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
i
s
the
s
o
ftw
a
re
can
b
e
co
n
f
i
gur
e
d
to
r
ea
d
da
ta
from
m
oni
tori
ng
d
ev
ice
s
m
ade
by
d
i
ffe
r
en
t
ma
nufac
t
ur
ers.
T
he
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
g
sys
t
em
s
ha
l
l
c
ol
le
c
t
Wa
tt-h
o
u
r
ene
r
gy
for
a
three
-
phase
c
irc
u
i
t
.
S
u
ch
a
m
e
t
er
c
ou
ld
be
a
p
p
li
ed
t
o
a
wh
ol
e-b
u
i
l
d
i
ng
,
i
ndiv
i
du
al
pane
l,
o
r
in
di
v
i
dua
l
c
i
rc
uit
w
i
t
h
in
a
n
e
l
ec
tri
c
p
ane
l
.
Fur
t
h
e
r,
eac
h
data
-s
eries
rec
o
rd
m
ust
be
l
a
b
e
l
e
d
w
it
h
a
ti
m
e
s
tam
p
.
M
easure
m
e
n
t
dat
a
w
ill
be
c
o
lle
c
t
ed
by
t
h
e
bas
e
s
tat
ion
for
tr
ansfer
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
ed
c
om
pute
r
.
A
data
r
ec
ord
for
a
spe
c
i
f
ic
tim
e
m
u
st
i
nc
lu
de
v
a
l
ue
s
for
al
l
me
a
sure
me
nt
s
p
l
us
a
time
st
a
m
p
and
a
fie
l
d
tha
t
ide
n
tif
i
e
s
th
e
s
p
ec
if
i
c
m
e
t
e
r
e
d
d
ev
ice
nam
e
.
V
a
l
u
e
s
f
or
a
l
l
o
f
these
variables
are
r
e
quired
for
a
da
t
a
r
ec
o
r
d
to
b
e
c
on
sid
e
red
s
u
cc
es
sf
ull
y
r
ece
i
v
ed
.
Th
e
rese
arc
h
t
e
a
m
inst
a
l
l
e
d
m
e
te
ri
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
es
t
hr
o
ugh
ou
t
the
fac
ili
ty.
A
ltho
u
gh
t
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
ach
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
mor
e
e
x
p
e
ns
i
v
e
,
it
he
l
p
s
un
d
e
rs
ta
n
d
b
e
t
te
r
bo
t
h
t
he
e
nerg
y
usa
g
e
a
nd
t
h
e
qua
l
ity
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
erg
y
.
Insta
l
li
ng
h
i
gh-e
n
d
me
t
e
ri
ng
d
e
v
i
c
es
a
t
t
h
e
ma
i
n
e
l
e
ctrica
l
boar
d
p
ro
vi
des
e
n
gin
e
ers
w
ith
t
he
t
o
t
al
a
moun
t
o
f
e
n
e
r
gy
c
o
n
s
um
p
t
i
on,
b
u
t
i
nsta
l
l
i
n
g
de
v
ice
s
a
t
di
stri
b
u
ti
on
b
o
a
rds
m
a
y
a
llo
w
users
and
en
g
i
neer
s
t
o
ide
n
tif
y sav
i
ng o
p
por
tu
n
itie
s
and e
l
ec
tric
a
l
m
alfunc
t
i
o
n
s t
h
at c
an da
m
a
g
e the
app
l
ia
nce
s
.
2.2.
D
e
sc
ription
of
t
he
f
acilitie
s
The
P
o
l
y
tec
h
n
i
c
S
c
ho
o
l
o
f
S
a
n
P
a
bl
o
U
n
i
v
ersit
y
C
am
pus
i
n
Ma
dri
d
i
s
a
m
u
lti-
func
t
i
on
b
u
i
l
d
in
g
w
ith
c
lassro
o
m
s,
o
ffice
s
,
l
i
br
ary,
a
ud
i
t
or
i
u
m
a
n
d
re
st
a
u
rant.
T
he
m
ea
su
r
e
m
e
nts
ha
v
e
b
ee
n
ca
rried
out
t
o
ana
l
yz
e
t
h
e
S
e
ni
or
D
esi
gn
P
r
ojec
t
s
t
u
d
i
o,
a
l
o
n
g
w
it
h
o
f
fic
e
s
a
n
d
small
cl
a
ssroo
ms.
Th
e
a
d
dit
i
on
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
moni
t
o
ri
ng
w
a
s
a
r
e
spo
n
se
t
o
sever
a
l
iss
u
es
r
elate
d
t
o
i
n
e
ffici
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
w
a
s
t
i
n
g
e
nerg
y
i
n
t
he
b
u
ild
in
g.
P
ow
e
r
qua
l
ity
i
ss
ues
ca
n
ca
use
e
q
uipm
ent
to
b
e
d
a
ma
ged.
A
l
a
r
ge
a
n
d
i
m
p
ort
a
nt
p
a
r
t
of
t
h
i
s
projec
t
i
n
c
l
ud
e
d
t
he
in
sta
l
lat
i
on
of
pow
er
m
ete
r
s
and
c
i
rc
u
i
t
m
o
nit
o
rs
t
o
pro
v
i
de
p
o
w
e
r
-
monit
o
ri
n
g
capa
b
i
l
it
i
e
s. T
h
e
p
er
i
od
of
data
c
ol
lec
t
i
o
n
an
d
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
w
as
F
e
b
ruar
y
1,
2
01
3
t
h
ro
ug
h
Ma
y
3
1,
2
0
13.
T
he
f
a
c
ili
t
y
w
as
u
se
d
5
day
s
a
w
e
e
k
(Mon
d
a
y
t
o
F
r
i
d
a
y
),
f
rom
8:00 a
.
m
.
t
o 9:
0
0
p.m
.
A
ll the
o
f
f
i
c
e
s h
a
ve a
n ope
n
i
n
g
fa
c
i
n
g
w
e
st and t
h
e
r
e is
n
o
t
a
shad
in
g
de
v
i
c
e
protec
t
in
g
t
h
e w
i
n
d
o
w
.
The
a
n
a
l
y
z
ed
r
oom
s
re
qu
ire
d
a
y
l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g,
v
e
n
ti
lat
i
o
n
a
nd
m
e
c
han
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
ms.
Th
e
HVAC
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
mp
ri
ses
a
V
a
riable
R
e
friger
a
n
t
V
o
l
u
m
e
(V
RV
)
outdo
or
u
n
i
t
a
n
d
sever
a
l
in
terna
l
u
nit
s
o
n
the
sa
me
r
e
f
riger
a
nt
l
oo
p.
Th
e
me
asu
r
e
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
b
e
e
n
t
ak
en
f
ro
m
the
fi
rst
fl
oo
r
e
l
ect
ri
ca
l
b
o
ard
to
a
na
l
y
ze
t
h
e
ope
n
offi
c
e
w
i
th
f
iv
e
w
o
rk st
a
tio
ns
c
on
nec
t
ed t
o
t
h
e
pow
er o
ut
l
e
t
s
pl
a
ce
d on t
h
e
w
a
ll
s. Fig
ure
1
show
s a sc
he
m
a
tic o
f the
e
l
e
c
trica
l
boar
d
a
nd
t
he
c
ircu
its
a
ll
oca
t
e
d
t
o
l
i
g
h
t
i
ng
a
nd
p
ow
er
o
u
tle
ts.
I
t
de
sc
ri
bes
the
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
circ
uits
a
nd
t
h
e
l
igh
t
fi
x
t
ures c
o
nnec
t
e
d
t
o t
h
em
,
alon
g w
i
t
h
t
he
m
e
a
surem
e
nt
s
ys
tem
.
P
r
ior
to
i
n
s
ta
l
l
a
tio
n,
t
he
t
ec
h
n
i
c
a
l
i
n
f
orma
tion
o
f
t
he
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
w
a
s
st
u
d
i
e
d
t
o
s
pec
i
fy
l
oc
at
ion
s
o
f
elec
tr
ical
p
a
n
e
l
s
on
w
h
i
c
h
m
e
ter
i
n
g
w
ere
in
sta
l
l
e
d
for
tes
t
i
n
g.
E
l
ect
ric
a
l
p
a
n
el
s
are
l
o
ca
t
e
d
i
n
e
lec
t
ri
c
a
l
c
l
ose
t
s th
roug
ho
ut
th
e
fa
c
ili
t
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISS
N
:
208
8-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
297
–
1
3
07
1
300
F
i
gur
e
1.
D
iagr
am
s
of
m
e
a
sure
me
nt
d
ev
ice
s
.
A
r
chi
t
ect
ur
e
stu
d
i
o
:
a)
H
VAC fan
c
o
i
l
un
its,
b
)
H
VAC VRV u
n
i
ts, c)
f
l
uo
resce
n
t lamps
, d)
powe
r
outle
ts.
C
u
rr
ent c
l
a
m
ps
ar
e
c
onnec
t
ed
t
o
M
C
U
un
it
(
1
)
.
D
a
t
a
ar
e
tr
ansfe
r
r
e
d
via
w
i
r
e
les
s (
2
).
F
i
gur
e
2.
D
iagr
am
s
of
m
e
a
sure
me
nt
d
ev
ice
s
.
O
f
fice
s
an
d
cl
assr
oo
ms
:
a
)
f
l
uor
esce
nt
l
a
m
ps,
b)
pow
er
out
l
e
ts.
C
u
r
r
e
nt
c
lam
p
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted t
o
M
CU un
i
t (
1
)
.
D
ata
are
tra
n
sferr
e
d
via
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
(
2)
.
3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND ANALY
S
IS
Th
is
s
ec
ti
o
n
p
r
e
se
n
t
s
the
a
n
a
l
ys
is
o
n
the
da
t
a
f
or
t
he
S
pr
i
n
g
S
em
ester
of
2
0
1
4
.
The
me
asurem
ents
he
lp un
d
er
sta
n
d
t
h
e
el
ectr
i
c
a
l
e
ner
gy
c
o
nsu
m
pti
o
n
pa
tte
r
n
s.
T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
l
a
mps
r
e
cei
ve
t
he
r
ec
or
d
e
d d
a
ta
a
n
d
the
ele
c
t
r
i
ca
l
e
n
er
g
y
c
ons
ump
t
i
o
n
is
t
hen
br
o
k
en
d
ow
n
i
n
i
ts
H
V
A
C
,
outle
ts
a
nd
l
i
g
h
tin
g
com
pone
nt
s.
3.
1.
An
alysis of
the
arch
itec
tur
e
s
tud
i
o
The
l
i
gh
t
i
n
g
f
ixt
u
r
e
s
i
n
t
he
a
r
c
hi
tec
t
ur
e
stu
d
i
o
a
r
e
r
e
spons
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
58
%
of
t
h
e
c
l
a
ssroo
m
to
t
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
co
ns
u
m
ed
t
h
r
ou
gho
ut
t
h
e
w
eek
s
.
HVAC
s
y
s
tem,
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
ing
th
e
chi
lle
r
UE14
a
n
d
t
h
e
fa
n
c
o
il
u
n
i
t
s
,
is
r
e
sp
on
si
bl
e
fo
r
2
7
%
a
nd
f
i
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
ou
t
l
e
t
s
c
o
n
su
mpti
on
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
ts
15%
.
F
i
gur
e
2
s
how
s
the
c
o
ntr
i
b
u
ti
on
o
f
the
t
h
r
e
e
com
p
one
n
t
s
t
o
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
load
o
ver
the
pe
r
i
o
d
of
d
a
t
a
co
l
l
e
c
t
i
on.
F
i
gur
e
4.
E
ne
r
gy
c
ons
um
p
tio
n
distr
i
b
u
t
i
on
a
r
c
h
itec
t
ur
e
stu
d
i
o
.
19%
8%
15%
58%
UE1
4
F
AN CO
IL
OUTL
ETS
LIGHTI
NG
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
N
on-
i
n
t
r
usive
ele
c
t
r
i
c
p
o
wer
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
ng sy
s
t
e
m
in m
u
lt
i-
p
u
r
po
se
… (
F
ern
a
n
d
o
de
l
Am
a G
onz
al
o)
1
301
Tab
l
e 1
sh
ow
s t
h
e
e
n
er
gy c
o
n
s
ump
t
i
o
n
in
k
Wh of
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t ener
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
ove
r
one
w
e
e
k
.
A
s
i
t w
a
s
e
xpec
t
e
d
,
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
ons
um
pt
ion
o
v
e
r
w
or
ki
n
g
d
ays
i
s
h
i
gher
th
an
o
ve
r
t
h
e
we
eke
n
d.
Base
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
su
lts
w
e
c
an i
n
f
er
th
a
t
ou
t
l
e
t
s
ha
ve
l
i
t
t
l
e
i
mpa
c
t
on
w
or
k
i
n
g
d
a
y
s
e
n
e
r
gy
b
a
l
an
c
e
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
t
h
e
c
on
su
mp
tio
n
is
not
r
e
duce
d
o
ve
r
the
w
e
e
k
en
d.
O
ne
r
ea
son
fo
r
thi
s
i
s
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
r
eq
ui
red
t
o
k
e
e
p
th
e
e
q
uip
m
en
t
(
d
e
s
k
t
op
c
o
mpu
t
er
s,
l
a
p
t
o
ps,
m
o
ni
tor
s
a
nd
pr
in
ter
s
)
i
n
s
ta
nd-
b
y
m
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
t
a
bl
e
al
so
p
ro
vi
d
e
s
inf
o
r
m
at
ion
o
n
l
ig
ht
i
ng
an
d
on
th
e
u
se
o
f th
e
HVAC s
y
s
tem.
Ta
b
l
e
1.
E
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
er
gy
o
f
t
he
A
r
c
hi
te
c
t
ur
e
st
u
d
i
o
(
kWh)
D
a
y
U
E
14
(kWh)
F
a
n-
c
o
il
(
kW
h)
O
utle
ts
(
kW
h)
L
ighting
(kWh)
06/03/
201
4
32,
75
13,
69
24,
67
118,
61
07/03/
201
4
34,
59
13,
51
25,
10
112,
30
08/03/
201
4
9,
78
6
,
3
0
19,
38
11,
47
09/03/
201
4
9,
74
6
,
1
9
16,
96
11,
47
10/03/
201
4
60,
77
14,
72
23,
56
112,
03
11/03/
201
4
40,
81
14,
48
17,
84
114,
01
F
i
gur
e
4
sh
ow
t
ha
t
m
o
r
e
t
han
ha
lf
o
f
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
ca
l
pow
er
i
s
ut
i
l
iz
e
d
f
or
t
he
pur
pose
o
f
p
r
o
vi
d
i
n
g
li
g
h
t
t
o
t
he
a
r
c
hitec
t
ur
e
st
u
d
i
o
,
so
t
he
n
e
x
t
s
t
e
p
w
a
s
t
o
br
e
a
k
dow
n
the
da
i
l
y
co
ns
ump
t
i
o
n
in
e
ig
ht
d
if
fe
r
e
nt
c
i
r
c
u
its
t
o
ge
t
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
sta
n
d
t
h
e
pow
er
c
ons
um
pti
on
pa
t
t
e
r
ns.
F
i
gur
e
4.
E
ner
gy
co
ns
um
p
t
i
o
n
di
str
i
b
u
ti
on
o
v
e
r
one
w
e
e
k.
F
i
gur
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
ns
um
pti
o
n
of
i
nd
iv
idua
l
l
i
g
h
ti
n
g
c
ir
cu
its.
T
h
e
d
a
i
l
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
r
a
n
g
e
s
be
t
w
ee
n
7
0
0
a
nd
1,
3
00
Wa
t
t
s
o
ver
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
ng
h
our
s.
T
he
p
ow
e
r
c
on
su
mp
ti
o
n
i
s
r
ela
t
iv
el
y
st
abl
e
.
T
h
e
ve
r
t
i
c
al
a
x
i
s
s
how
s
the
Wa
t
t
s
con
s
ume
d
f
o
r
e
ac
h
in
d
i
vi
d
u
al
c
ir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
horiz
o
n
t
al
a
xi
s
sh
ows
the
time
i
n
ho
ur
s.
T
he
s
yste
m
is
w
or
kin
g
d
a
i
l
y
f
r
o
m
8
:
0
0
a
m
t
o
9
:0
0
pm
.
The
p
o
w
er
c
ons
umpt
i
o
n
o
f
eac
h
c
i
r
c
ui
t
is
di
ff
er
e
n
t
d
u
e
t
o
t
he
n
um
ber
o
f
l
i
g
ht
ing
f
i
xtu
r
es.
0.00
50
.0
0
10
0.00
15
0.00
20
0.00
25
0.00
6‐mar.
7‐mar.
8‐mar.
9‐mar.
10
‐m
ar.
11
‐m
ar.
kWh
LIG
H
T
I
NG
O
U
TL
ETS
Fan Coil
UE
1
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int J
Pow
El
ec &
D
ri
S
yst
,
Vol
.
10,
N
o.
3
, Se
p
2
019 : 1297 –
1
3
07
1
302
F
i
gure
5.
P
ow
er c
onsump
t
i
o
n of
8
l
i
g
h
t
in
g c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
on
Marc
h the
6
th,
201
4
. A
rc
hi
te
c
t
ure
st
u
d
i
o.
H
V
A
C
s
ys
tem
p
l
ays
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
o
ver
a
l
l
pow
e
r
c
ons
um
p
t
i
o
n.
A
t
hree
-phase
s
yste
m
is
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
H
V
A
C
s
ystem
due
t
o
t
h
e
hea
v
y
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
p
o
w
er.
Cho
o
si
ng
a
h
i
ghl
y
eff
i
ci
ent
sys
t
em
i
s
k
e
y
t
o
low
e
r
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
ric
i
t
y
c
os
ts
a
nd
t
o
r
ed
uc
e
t
h
e
en
viro
nm
e
n
t
im
pac
t
.
T
he
e
l
ect
r
i
c
i
t
y
d
eman
d
o
f
t
h
e
HVAC
syste
m
i
s
di
vi
d
e
d
i
n
t
w
o
p
ar
t
s
:
t
h
e
var
i
ab
le
r
efr
i
ge
ra
nt
f
l
o
w
(
V
R
F
)
c
hi
ller
a
nd
t
h
e
fa
n
co
i
l
s.
F
igure
6a
s
how
s
tha
t
ele
c
t
ric
i
ty
d
em
and
o
f
t
he
c
hi
l
l
e
r
r
i
s
e
s
up to
a
lmo
s
t 4,
0
0
0
W
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
y
st
em
s
t
a
r
t
s
up
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
. P
o
w
e
r
co
n
s
u
m
pt
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
HVAC s
y
s
t
e
m o
n
March
t
h
e 6th
,
2014
.
A
r
chitec
t
ure
stu
d
io,
a)
c
on
sum
p
tio
n
of V
a
r
iab
l
e
Re
fr
iger
an
t F
l
o
w
units,
b)
c
onsump
t
i
on of
Fan-Coil units
.
The
n
i
t
re
ma
i
n
s
stea
dy
for
more
t
ha
n
fi
ve
hour
s
w
h
e
n
t
he
i
n
d
oor
t
em
per
a
ture
r
ea
ches
t
he
c
om
for
t
zone
.
T
h
e
rest
o
f
w
o
rk
i
n
g
h
ours
the
c
h
ille
r
i
s
on
for
sma
l
l
i
n
t
e
r
vals
o
f
tim
e.
T
he
refo
r
e
,
the
dem
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
11
:00
am
t
o
9
:
00
p
m
is
l
ow
e
r
t
ha
n
t
h
e
dem
a
nd
i
n
the
first
t
h
re
e
h
o
u
rs
o
f
t
h
e
da
y.
F
ig
ure
6
b
i
ll
ustra
t
es
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
it
y
c
onsu
m
pt
ion
o
f
t
he
f
an
c
oil
un
it
s
i
n
t
h
e
a
rc
hit
e
c
t
u
re
s
t
u
d
i
o.
E
ner
g
y
co
nsum
pti
on
r
e
m
a
in
s
stea
dy
for
ni
ne
h
our
s.
T
her
e
i
s
no
relat
i
o
n
be
tw
ee
n
the
w
o
rk
i
n
g
h
ours
of
t
he
c
h
i
ller
a
n
d
t
h
e
fa
n
c
o
ils.
T
h
r
ee
pow
e
r
me
asure
m
e
n
t
s
u
t
i
l
iz
i
n
g
t
h
e
cu
rr
ent
clam
ps
s
how
t
ha
t
the
t
h
ree
-
p
hase
a
lte
rnate
c
u
r
r
ent
l
o
ads
are
n
o
t
ba
l
a
nc
ed
in
t
h
e
F
an
c
oi
l
sys
t
em
.
O
n
e
of
t
he
p
hases
c
onsum
es
u
p
t
o
5
5
0
W
.
T
h
i
s
va
lue
rem
a
i
n
s
stea
dy
f
or
t
e
n
h
o
u
rs.
Mea
n
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
ot
her
tw
o
p
h
a
se
s
c
o
ns
um
e
25
0
W.
B
y
defin
i
tio
n,
a
n
u
nba
l
a
n
ced
c
i
r
cu
it
h
as
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
on
e
p
h
a
se
curr
ent
tha
t
i
s
no
t
eq
ua
l
t
o
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
pha
se
c
urre
nt
s.
I
n
a
l
l
c
ases,
all
t
h
ree
phase
v
o
l
tag
e
s
are
assume
d
t
o
b
e
equa
l
a
n
d
se
p
a
r
a
ted
b
y
1
2
0
º
o
f
ro
tat
i
on.
T
he
u
n
b
a
l
anc
e
de
cre
a
se
s
t
h
e
mo
t
o
r
e
f
fi
ci
en
cy
b
y
c
a
usi
ng
ext
r
a
hea
t
i
ng
a
n
d
c
a
n
cause
f
au
l
t
s
in
t
he
m
o
t
o
r
,
r
e
sulti
ng
i
n
,
trip
p
i
n
g
o
r
p
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
da
m
a
ge
o
f
t
h
e
ele
c
trica
l
equ
i
pme
n
t. H
eat ge
n
era
t
ed a
lso
affec
t
t
he
eq
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
l
ife
b
y
inc
re
asi
ng t
h
e
ope
ra
ti
n
g
tem
p
e
r
a
ture.
Th
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
yst
e
ms
e
ngi
n
e
e
r
i
s
respon
si
bl
e
f
o
r
d
i
st
ribu
t
i
ng
t
h
e
s
e
lo
ad
s
eq
u
a
ll
y
amo
ng
t
h
e
th
re
e-
pha
ses
t
o
m
a
i
nta
i
n
the
de
ma
n
d
f
or
pow
er
f
ai
rly
ba
la
nc
ed
a
t
all
ti
m
e
s.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
a
n
t
p
ow
er
i
s
hi
g
h
er
t
ha
n
t
h
e
idea
l
p
o
w
e
r
when
it
c
o
me
s
t
o
t
he
e
lec
t
ric
i
t
y
b
ill.
F
igure
7
sho
w
s
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
V
R
F
a
nd
f
a
n
-c
oil
un
it
s
ov
e
r
a
w
e
e
k
.
T
h
e
m
al
fun
c
ti
on
p
att
ern
is
r
epea
te
d
e
v
er
y
da
y
in
t
he
f
a
n
-c
o
i
l
equ
i
pme
n
t
bec
a
use
one
of t
h
e
pha
ses is c
l
e
ar
ly
u
n
b
a
l
a
n
ce
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Non-
in
tr
usi
v
e e
l
ect
ric po
wer m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
ng
sys
t
em
i
n
m
u
l
ti-p
u
r
po
se …
(Fe
r
n
a
n
d
o
de
l
Am
a G
onzal
o)
1
303
F
i
g
u
r
e 7
.
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
pt
ion
o
f
th
e
HVAC
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
v
e
r
a w
e
ek
. Mar
ch
2014.
A
r
c
hitec
t
ure
stu
d
i
o
,
a)
con
s
ump
t
io
n o
f
V
RF
uni
ts, b)
cons
um
pt
ion
of F
an-C
oi
l
u
n
i
t
s
.
3.2.
A
n
alys
is of
office
s an
d
c
l
assr
om
s
Ta
b
l
e
2
sh
ow
s
the dai
l
y
e
l
e
c
t
rici
t
y
c
o
n
sum
p
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
o
f
f
ic
es
over
one
w
e
e
k
o
f
the
s
p
ri
n
g
s
em
ester
.
The c
ons
ump
t
i
on is br
oke
n
d
o
w
n
i
n
t
o t
h
r
ee ca
t
e
g
o
ries
:
H
V
A
C
sys
t
em
, lig
ht
i
ng
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
n
d p
o
w
e
r circ
u
i
t
w
i
t
h
w
a
ll
ou
tlet
s
.
Weeke
n
d
da
ys
(
26/
04/2
0
1
4
day
3
a
nd
2
7
/04/20
14
day
4)
s
how
a
d
ecr
ease
i
n
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
con
s
um
pt
io
n.
T
he
l
ig
h
t
i
n
g
c
i
rc
uit
re
prese
n
t
s
t
he
h
ighe
s
t
e
ne
rg
y
c
on
sum
p
t
i
on
p
erc
e
nt
a
g
e.
T
h
i
s
re
vea
l
s
a
po
or
des
i
g
n
o
f
nat
u
r
a
l
l
i
gh
t.
T
he
e
le
ctrica
l
c
o
nsu
m
pt
i
o
n
of
w
al
l
o
u
t
l
e
t
s
r
emai
ns
s
t
e
a
d
y
ov
e
r
t
h
e
w
e
e
k
e
nd
,
a
l
t
h
ough
there
w
e
re
n
o
t
a
ny
a
ct
i
v
i
t
ies
r
e
por
te
d.
T
ha
t
i
n
d
i
ca
t
e
s
t
h
at
e
i
t
her
t
h
e
use
r
s
d
i
d
n
o
t
sw
i
t
c
h
o
ff
t
he
d
e
v
ices
w
hen
no
t
i
n
u
se
o
r
the
sta
n
d
b
y
mode
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
on
i
s
no
t
ne
glig
i
b
le.
F
in
al
ly
,
t
h
e
HVAC
s
y
s
t
e
m
con
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
dec
r
ea
se
d ove
r
the w
e
e
k
e
n
d be
ca
use
i
t
is a
c
e
ntra
l
i
ze
d
s
y
st
em
c
on
tr
ol
led by the b
u
il
di
n
g
m
a
na
ger.
T
he
s
ta
nd-
by m
ode
m
ig
h
t
ca
u
se th
i
s re
si
dua
l
ene
r
g
y
co
n
sum
p
ti
on.
Tab
l
e 2.
D
a
i
l
y
e
ner
g
y cons
um
pti
on i
n
t
he
off
i
c
es.
D
a
y
L
i
ghting
(kWh)
Out
l
e
t
s
(kWh)
HV
AC
(
kWh)
24/04/
2
0
1
4
63.
90
32.
76
34.
35
25/04/
2
0
1
4
53.
26
31.
06
18.
87
26/04/
2
0
1
4
29.
76
27.
58
7
.
43
27/04/
2
0
1
4
22.
59
26.
19
7
.
44
28/04/
2
0
1
4
49.
79
30.
68
35.
35
29/04/
2
0
1
4
52.
01
31.
73
21.
09
F
i
gure
8
com
p
are
s
t
he
d
ai
ly
e
l
e
ctr
i
ci
t
y
c
o
n
s
ump
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
s
y
st
ems
ov
e
r
a
w
e
e
k
.
L
i
ght
i
n
g
and
equ
i
pme
n
t
co
n
n
ec
t
e
d
t
o
t
he
o
u
t
l
e
ts
a
re
r
espo
ns
i
b
le
f
or
m
ore
tha
n
60
%
of
t
he
pow
er
r
equire
d
t
o
r
un
th
e
offic
e
s
.
The
ne
xt
s
te
p
w
a
s
t
o
a
na
lyz
e
t
he
d
a
i
ly
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
on
i
n
dif
f
e
re
nt
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
l
i
gh
ti
ng
c
i
r
cu
it
s
t
o
g
e
t
t
o
un
dersta
n
d
t
he
c
on
sum
p
tio
n
pa
tt
e
r
ns.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int J
Pow
El
ec &
D
ri
S
yst
,
Vol
.
10,
N
o.
3
, Se
p
2
019 : 1297 –
1
3
07
1
304
F
i
gure
8.
E
nergy
co
ns
ump
t
i
o
n di
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
on o
v
er
a
w
ee
k in off
i
c
e
s.
Aft
e
r
a
n
al
y
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
ov
era
ll
el
e
c
t
ri
cit
y
c
on
su
mp
tio
n
o
ve
r
a
wee
k
,
the
results
show
t
he
d
a
i
ly
con
s
um
pt
io
n
pat
t
erns.
T
h
e
m
e
a
s
urem
ent
sys
t
em
a
l
l
ow
s
to
a
nal
y
ze
eac
h
ci
rc
ui
t
s
o
t
h
a
t
th
e
o
w
ne
r
c
a
n
un
dersta
n
d
t
he
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
e
qui
pm
en
t.
F
ig
u
r
e
9
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
c
ons
u
m
pt
i
o
n
o
f
e
ig
ht
d
i
f
f
e
re
nt
o
u
t
l
e
t
c
i
rcui
t
s
w
it
hi
n
t
h
e
of
fi
ce
s.
M
o
s
t
of
a
ppl
i
a
n
c
e
s
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
wi
t
c
he
d
o
ff
c
o
mple
t
e
ly
w
it
ho
ut
b
e
i
n
g
u
np
l
u
g
g
e
d
.
These pr
od
uc
ts
dr
a
w
p
o
w
e
r 24 h
our
s a da
y, ofte
n
w
it
h
o
u
t
t
he kno
w
l
edg
e
of the consume
r
. W
e cal
l
this
p
o
w
e
r
con
s
um
pt
io
n
“
s
ta
nd
b
y
p
ow
er”
.
The
gr
ap
hs
s
how
t
ha
t
t
h
e
e
l
ec
tr
ici
t
y
used
b
y
ap
p
lia
nce
s
w
hen
the
y
a
r
e
n
ot
perform
ing
t
h
e
i
r
prima
r
y
fun
c
ti
on
is
r
e
l
eva
n
t
a
f
t
e
r
w
o
rki
n
g
h
o
u
rs.
S
i
x
ou
t
of
e
ig
h
t
c
i
r
cui
t
s
c
ons
um
e
m
o
re
tha
n
1
0
0
W
ove
r
the
n
i
gh
t,
s
o
t
h
e
stea
d
y
c
ons
um
p
tio
n
o
f
o
u
t
le
t
c
irc
u
i
t
s
over
t
h
e
w
e
eken
d
is
due
t
o
t
h
e
st
a
n
dby
p
o
w
e
r
.
F
i
gure
9.
P
ow
er
c
onsump
t
i
o
n of
e
i
g
ht
o
u
t
l
e
t
circ
u
i
ts o
n
the
24
th
o
f A
p
r
i
l,
201
4.
F
i
g
u
r
e
10
s
hows
th
e
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
on
s
u
mpti
o
n
o
f
eig
h
t
li
g
h
ti
ng
c
i
rc
u
its
w
it
h
i
n
the
o
f
f
i
c
e
s.
T
he
con
t
ri
b
u
ti
on of
a
46
a
nd a4
8 c
i
rcui
ts
w
a
s
a
t
i
t
s pea
k
for alm
ost
1
0
h
o
u
r
s
a da
y
.
T
h
e s
y
s
t
e
m
doe
s
n
o
t
s
ho
w
dat
a
of
o
c
c
upa
nc
y
and
na
t
u
r
a
l
da
yl
i
g
h
t
d
es
ig
n.
A
c
tive
m
easure
s
s
uc
h
a
s
d
ep
lo
y
i
n
g
p
resenc
e
de
tec
t
ors
t
o
c
on
t
r
ol
the
c
a
l
l
for
p
o
w
e
r
c
a
n
he
l
p
r
educ
e
the
l
i
ght
in
g
c
o
nsum
pt
ion.
B
y
r
epl
a
c
i
ng
th
e
li
ght
f
i
x
tu
res
wit
h
m
o
r
e
efficie
n
t
m
ode
ls
a
c
ons
i
d
era
b
l
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
waste
ener
g
y
c
an
b
e
s
a
v
ed
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
st
u
d
i
e
d
bui
ldi
ng
l
i
gh
ti
n
g
f
i
xt
u
r
e
s
a
re
f
luo
r
e
s
ce
nt
l
a
m
p
s
.
Li
gh
t
-
emit
t
i
ng
d
iod
e
s
(LED
s)
c
a
n
i
n
i
tia
l
l
y
cos
t
m
ore
t
h
a
n
t
ra
dit
i
ona
l
la
m
p
s,
bu
t t
h
ey w
i
l
l
save
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
nd
m
oney
ove
r th
eir
li
fe
t
i
me
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Non-
in
tr
usi
v
e e
l
ect
ric po
wer m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
ng
sys
t
em
i
n
m
u
l
ti-p
u
r
po
se …
(Fe
r
n
a
n
d
o
de
l
Am
a G
onzal
o)
1
305
F
i
g
u
r
e
10.
P
ower
c
onsum
p
t
i
o
n of e
i
g
ht l
i
g
h
tin
g c
i
rcu
i
ts
o
n the
24
th
of
April, 2014.
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
A
n
a
c
c
ura
t
e
m
e
ter
i
n
g
can
f
ac
i
lita
te
t
he
d
eve
l
opm
en
t
of
s
trate
g
i
e
s
f
or
r
educ
i
n
g
el
ec
t
r
i
c
l
oa
ds
i
n
b
u
i
l
d
in
gs.
A
b
e
t
t
er
kno
wl
ed
ge
o
f
ho
w
e
n
erg
y
i
s
u
sed
wit
h
in
a
f
a
c
ili
ty
a
ll
ow
s
ow
ners
t
o
i
d
en
t
i
fy
a
n
a
rra
y
of
p
r
o
s
p
e
ct
s
t
o
i
mp
ro
v
e
e
ffi
ci
en
c
y
,
mi
ni
mi
ze
w
ast
e
,
an
d
re
du
ce
e
n
e
rg
y
co
nsum
pti
on.
A
sse
s
sm
ent
o
f
d
a
t
a
fr
o
m
the
mo
n
i
t
o
ri
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
ca
n
revea
l
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
iss
u
es
t
ha
t
c
a
n
a
d
v
e
r
sel
y
a
ffec
t
t
h
e
ope
rati
on
of
t
he
e
le
ctr
i
c
app
l
ianc
e
s
.
The
pr
o
pose
d
s
ys
tem
c
a
n
p
r
ov
ide
i
n
form
at
io
n
on
v
o
lt
a
g
e,
c
ur
rent,
p
o
w
e
r
a
nd
w
a
veform
s.
I
t
i
s
pos
si
b
l
e
to
h
a
v
e
a
s
i
gn
i
f
ica
n
t
impa
ct
o
n
e
n
ergy
sa
v
i
n
g
s
b
y
a
nal
yz
in
g
th
e
da
ta.
Li
g
h
t
i
n
g
c
ir
cu
it
s
m
a
k
e
u
p
alm
o
st
5
0%
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
e
n
ergy
c
ons
um
pti
o
n
w
i
t
h
in
t
he
a
na
lyze
d
s
pac
e
s.
T
he
e
ner
gy
sa
vin
g
s
in
l
i
g
h
t
ing
ar
e
ma
inly
d
ri
ven
by
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
tia
l
impa
c
t
o
f
ac
t
i
ve
a
n
d
p
as
si
v
e
m
ea
sures.
T
he
f
orm
e
r
ca
n
be
acc
omp
l
is
h
e
d
b
y
dep
l
oy
ing pre
s
e
n
ce
de
tec
t
or
s
to
m
a
t
c
h
o
c
c
u
p
a
ncy
a
n
d
art
i
fi
cial
l
i
gh
t
;
t
he l
att
e
r i
n
c
l
ude
t
h
e
r
e
p
l
a
cem
en
t of old
lig
ht
i
n
g
f
i
xt
ure
s
b
y
mor
e
e
ffic
i
e
n
t
o
nes.
A
u
t
o
m
atin
g
som
e
b
uil
d
i
n
g
op
er
ati
ons
t
ow
ards
e
n
e
rgy
sa
v
i
n
g
s,
m
any
in
vol
ve
b
o
t
h
s
e
nsin
g
an
d
act
uat
i
ng.
S
e
n
sin
g
i
n
c
l
ude
s
e
n
e
r
gy
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
g
bu
t
al
so
a
mb
i
e
nt
c
on
t
e
xt
a
ware
n
e
s
s
suc
h
a
s
occ
u
pa
ncy
an
d
i
llum
i
na
ti
on
i
n
t
h
e
o
f
f
i
c
e
s.
A
c
t
u
a
t
i
ng
i
s
a
bo
u
t
a
ut
om
atic
al
l
y
s
w
itch
i
ng
o
ff
d
ev
i
c
e
s
,
or
cha
n
g
i
n
g
t
he
ir
m
ode of o
p
er
at
i
o
n.
S
t
and
b
y
p
ow
e
r
i
s
r
e
spo
n
si
b
l
e
for
m
o
re
t
ha
n
50
%
of
e
n
e
r
g
y
cons
um
p
tio
n
o
f
e
l
e
ct
ri
cal
a
pp
li
a
n
c
e
s
,
so
there
is
a
h
ig
h
po
t
e
nt
i
a
l
of
e
n
e
rgy
sa
v
i
ngs
i
n
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
b
u
il
di
n
g
.
Elec
tric
d
ev
ice
s
c
an
r
educ
e
t
h
e
e
q
u
i
p
m
ent’s
pow
er
usage
b
y shor
ten
i
ng t
h
e
pow
er
s
avin
g
dela
y t
i
me
.
The
be
ha
vior
o
f
the
occ
u
p
a
nts
a
ffe
c
t
s
i
g
n
i
fica
ntl
y
b
u
ild
i
ng
c
o
n
sum
p
t
i
o
n
,
so
i
t
is
i
nd
ispe
nsa
b
l
e
t
o
e
nga
g
e
bu
ild
i
ng u
s
er
s
and
ow
ners
i
n
ener
g
y
-sav
in
g ac
tio
ns.
The
pro
p
o
sed
sys
t
em
observ
e
s
the
fi
tnes
s
of
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
po
w
e
r
to
c
ons
um
er
d
e
v
ices,
ens
u
ri
ng
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
sy
nc
h
r
oni
z
a
t
i
on
o
f
th
e
vo
l
t
a
g
e
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
ph
as
e
al
lows
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
sy
st
e
m
s
to
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
w
it
hou
t
si
gn
ifi
c
an
t
los
s
o
f
perform
ance
o
r life.
U
nba
l
a
nce
d
o
p
e
ra
tion
o
f
thre
e
-
pha
se
c
i
r
cu
i
t
s
can
b
e
det
ecte
d
w
i
th thi
s
system
.
T
h
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
u
s
e
f
u
l
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
ope
d
t
o
ol
.
A
t
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
d
e
v
el
o
p
me
nt
s
ta
ge
,
furt
her
tes
tin
g
a
nd
va
l
i
da
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
e
x
p
e
r
ime
n
t
a
l
da
ta
w
ill
be
n
e
c
e
ssar
y
t
o
rea
c
h
t
h
e
ne
xt
l
e
v
el
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
gic
a
l
m
a
turi
ty.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
w
o
rk
p
r
e
s
e
nte
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
er
w
as
s
u
p
por
ted
b
y
t
he
S
choo
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
nee
r
in
g
a
t
t
he
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
University of
R
a
s Al Khai
m
ah.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
AS
H
R
AE,
"
B
u
i
ldi
ng
energy
m
onit
o
ri
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apter
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S
HRAE
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all
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r
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a
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A
l
iterat
ure
s
u
rv
ey
on
m
easuri
n
g
en
erg
y
u
s
a
ge
f
o
r
m
is
cell
a
ne
ou
s
electri
c
l
o
ads
i
n
offi
ces and commerci
a
l bu
ildings,
"
R
e
newa
ble a
n
d
S
u
s
t
ai
na
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l
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ow
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q
uali
ty
i
ndex
b
a
sed
on
d
iscre
t
e
wa
velet
trans
f
or
m,
”
I
n
te
r
n
a
t
i
o
na
l J
o
u
r
na
l o
f
El
ectr
i
cal Po
wer
a
n
d
En
erg
y
Sys
t
ems
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u
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g
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ad
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ucti
on:
T
h
e
N
e
x
t
B
i
g
H
u
r
dl
e
f
o
r
Ne
t
Zero
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nerg
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i
l
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Des
i
gn," in
P
r
oc
.
o
f
th
e ACEEE 20
10
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t
ud
y
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01
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ri
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i
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e
nerg
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n
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n
t
bu
il
d
i
n
g
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e
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g
y
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c
f
easib
il
ity
o
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energ
y
e
ffi
cien
cy
m
eas
ures
i
n
resi
den
t
i
a
l
bu
il
d
i
n
g
s,
"
Ren
e
wabl
e En
erg
y
,
vol
3
6
(
1
1
),
pp.
2
9
2
5
-
29
31
,
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v
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Ball
ari
n
i
I.,
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"
A
n
aly
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is
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f
the
b
u
ild
ing
energ
y
b
al
an
ce
to
i
n
v
estig
ate
t
h
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
t
h
erm
a
l
i
n
s
u
l
a
tio
n
in
su
mmer
cond
it
ions
,
"
Ener
gy a
nd
Bu
il
d
i
ng
s
,
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o
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6
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80,
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Chen
g,
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.
-
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.
,
"
Retu
rn
o
n
in
vest
m
e
n
t
o
f
build
in
g
energy
m
anag
em
ent
s
y
st
e
m
:
A
revi
e
w
,"
Interna
t
ional
J
o
urna
l o
f
Ene
r
g
y
Re
se
arc
h
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
(
13
),
p
p
.
4
034-40
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018
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[9]
S
a
di
neni
S
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M
adala
S
.
,
Bo
eh
m
R.F.,
"P
ass
i
v
e
b
u
i
l
d
in
g
e
n
ergy
sav
i
n
g
s:
A
r
eview
of
bui
ldin
g
en
velo
pe
com
p
onen
t
s
,
"
Ren
e
wabl
e an
d S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
erg
y
Revi
ews
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
(
8
)
,
pp
.
3
617
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,
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011
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[10]
Herman
ns
M
.,
d
e
l
Ama
F.,
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and
e
z
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.
,
"
A
n
a
l
y
tical
s
o
l
uti
on
t
o
t
h
e
on
e-dim
e
n
s
i
onal
n
o
n
-
un
iform
abs
o
rpt
i
o
n
o
f
so
lar
rad
i
a
t
i
on
in
u
ncoat
e
d
an
d
co
ated
s
i
ngle
glas
s p
a
nes
,
"
En
e
r
g
y
an
d Bu
ild
i
ng
s
,
v
o
l
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p
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56
1-571,
2
0
12.
[11]
Go
od
hew
S
,
G
riffi
ths
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"
S
u
stain
a
bl
e
eart
h
w
alls
t
o
m
eet
t
h
e
b
u
il
d
i
ng
r
eg
ulations
,
"
En
erg
y
a
nd
Bu
il
d
i
ngs
,
v
o
l.
3
7
(5
), pp
. 4
51
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[12]
Deru
M
.
,
T
orcel
li
n
i
P
.
,
"
S
t
a
nd
ard
def
i
nitio
n
s
of
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
g
e
ome
t
r
y
f
o
r
energ
y
e
val
u
at
io
n
pu
rp
o
s
es,
"
T
echn
i
ca
l
Rep
o
rt NREL/TP
-
55
0-38
60
0.
Gol
d
en
,
CO:
Na
tion
a
l
Ren
e
wabl
e
E
n
erg
y
L
a
b
,
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005.
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M
a
so
so
O
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Gro
b
ler
L.J
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,
"
T
he
d
ark
si
de
o
f
o
ccup
a
n
t
s
’
b
ehavi
o
ur
o
n
bu
ild
i
n
g
e
ne
rg
y
u
s
e
,
"
Ene
r
gy
an
d
Build
i
ng
s
,
vo
l.
42,
p
p
.
1
73
-177
,
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01
0.
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Mu
hammad
W
.,
M
on
j
u
r
M
.,
Dav
i
d
M
.
,
Mario
S.
,
Yacin
e
R
.,
"
Buil
d
i
n
g
energ
y
m
et
erin
g
and
env
i
ro
nm
ent
a
l
mo
ni
tor
i
ng
.
A
s
t
a
t
e
-
of-th
e
-a
rt
r
e
v
i
e
w
and
di
rections
f
or
f
u
t
ure
r
es
earch,"
Ene
r
gy
an
d Bui
l
d
i
ng
s
,
vol.
120,
p
p.
8
5-
10
2,
201
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[15]
Jamil,
M
.
,
M
i
t
t
a
l,
S
.,
"
Buildin
g
en
ergy
m
ana
g
em
ent
sy
s
t
em:
A
re
vi
e
w
,
"
20
17
1
4
t
h
IE
EE
In
dia
Co
un
c
i
l
I
n
te
r
n
at
io
na
l C
o
nf
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
I
N
D
I
C
O
N
2
0
1
7
,
art.
no.
8
48
800
4.
D
O
I
: 1
0
.
1
10
9/INDICO
N.
2
017.
8
488
0
0
4.
2
0
18.
[16]
M
e
hreen
S
.
,
S
a
n
dh
ya
P
.
,
"Underst
a
ndi
ng
t
he
e
n
e
rgy
co
nsu
m
ptio
n
a
nd
o
ccup
a
ncy
o
f
a
m
u
lti
-pu
r
pos
e
acad
em
ic
bu
il
d
i
n
g
,
"
En
e
r
g
y
an
d Bu
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
, v
ol
.
8
7
,
p
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.
1
5
5
-1
65,
J
an
2
0
15.
[17]
Barley
D
.,
D
e
ru
M
.,
Pl
e
s
s
S.,
a
n
d
T
o
rcel
lini
P.,
"
P
ro
cedu
r
e
f
o
r
m
eas
uri
n
g
an
d
rep
o
rti
n
g
com
m
e
rcial
build
in
g
energ
y
p
erfo
rm
ance,"
Na
tio
na
l Renewa
ble
Ener
gy
L
a
bo
rator
y
, 20
0
5
.
[18]
Ch
un
g
H.M.,
R
h
e
e
K
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"
P
ote
n
tia
l
op
po
rtun
it
ie
s
for
e
n
e
r
gy
c
o
n
s
ervat
i
o
n
i
n
exis
ti
ng
b
uil
d
i
n
g
s
on
un
iv
e
r
s
i
t
y
cam
pu
s:
a
fiel
d
s
urv
e
y
i
n
K
orea,
"
Energy Bui
l
d
,
vol
.
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8
,
pp.
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7
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,
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0
1
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[19]
Azar
E
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M
e
n
a
ss
a
C.C.
"
A
co
m
p
reh
e
ns
iv
e
an
alys
is
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
act
o
f
occu
pan
c
y
param
e
ters
i
n
energ
y
s
imulatio
n
o
f
offi
ce
bu
il
din
g
s
,
"
Energy Build
,
vo
l
.
55
,
pp
. 8
41
-
8
53
,
2
0
1
2
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[20]
Dong
L
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N
or
f
o
rd
L
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S
haw
S.,
and
Leeb
S
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"Monitoring
HVAC
e
qu
i
p
m
e
nt
e
l
ectri
cal
l
oad
s
f
ro
m
a
cen
trali
zed
location
-
metho
d
s and
fi
eld test
r
esults,
"
AS
HR
A
E
Tr
an
sa
c
t
ion
s
2
0
0
2
,
vol.
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41-8
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[21]
F
i
s
c
her
C.
,
"
Feed
back
o
n
Hou
s
eh
old
Elect
ric
i
ty
C
on
su
m
p
ti
on:
A
T
o
ol
f
or
S
avi
n
g
E
n
ergy
?
,
"
E
n
erg
y
E
f
f
i
c
i
en
cy
,
vol
.
1(1
)
,
p
p
.
7
9-1
04,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
10
07/s1
2
0
53
-00
8
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0
9
-
7,
2
00
8.
[22]
W
e
b
b
er
C
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A
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R
o
b
ers
on
J.A
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,
McW
h
i
nney
M.
C.,
Brow
n
R.
E.
,
Pinck
a
r
d
M.
J.
,"A
f
ter-hours
p
ower
s
ta
t
u
s
of
o
ff
ice
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
U
S
A
,"
En
e
r
g
y
,.
vol
.
3
1
,
pp
.
28
23-28
38,
2
0
0
6
.
[23]
Jeon
,
J.,
L
ee,
J
.,
Ham,
Y
.
,
"
Quan
tif
y
i
n
g
t
he
i
mp
act
o
f
bu
ild
i
n
g
e
n
v
e
l
op
e
c
o
nd
itio
n
on
e
ne
rg
y
u
s
e
,
"
B
u
ilding.
Research and
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tion
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2
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Goswa
m
i
A
,
Be
z
b
oru
a
h
T,
S
a
r
m
a
K
C.,
"
D
e
s
ig
n
o
f
a
n
e
m
be
d
d
e
d
sy
ste
m
f
o
r m
o
n
i
to
rin
g
a
n
d
cont
rol
l
i
ng
tem
p
erat
ure
and
li
ght,
"
In
t. J. El
ectr
on.
En
g. Res.
, vo
l
. 1
(1),
p
p
. 27
-
36
,
2
0
0
8
.
[25]
Will
ia
m
s
,
E.D
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Mat
t
h
e
ws,
H.
S.
,
"S
cop
i
ng
t
he
p
ot
e
n
ti
al
o
f
m
o
n
i
t
ori
ng
and
con
t
rol
techno
lo
gies,
"
IEEE
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l S
y
mp
osiu
m on
E
l
e
c
tron
ic
&
Env
i
ro
nme
n
t
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