Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r
202
1
, p
p.
286
~
294
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
1
.
pp
286
-
294
286
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Grid to
vehicle wir
eless powe
r s
upply
using singl
e
-
phase m
atr
i
x
convert
er
Muham
ad
H
az
iq M
oh
m
ad
Ak
r
am
,
R
ah
i
mi
Baharo
m
Facul
ty
of Electr
ic
a
l
Eng
ineeri
ng
,
Univer
si
ti T
ekn
ologi
MA
RA
,
Se
la
ngor,
Mal
aysia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
28
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jan
6,
20
21
Accepte
d
Ja
n
2
6
, 2
0
21
Thi
s
pap
er
pr
ese
nts
th
e
co
mpu
te
r
si
mul
a
ti
on
mode
l
of
a
gri
d
to
v
ehi
c
le
(G2V
)
wire
le
ss
power
supply
using
a
singl
e
-
phas
e
matrix
conv
erter
(SP
MC).
The
proposed
sys
te
m
uses
the
SP
MC
tha
t
op
era
t
es
as
a
dir
e
ct
AC
-
AC
conve
rt
er
to
con
ver
t
th
e
supply
f
req
uenc
y
of
50
Hz
to
re
ac
h
20
kHz
output
fre
quenc
y
.
The
use
of
20
kH
z
fr
eque
n
cy
is
suita
ble
for
wir
el
ess
power
tra
nsfe
r
(W
PT)
oper
ation
in
ord
er
to
ob
tain
h
igh
er
power
tra
nsfe
r
eff
ic
i
enc
y
bet
wee
n
th
e
t
ran
smit
te
r
and
th
e
r
ec
e
ive
r
par
ts
.
A
n
adva
n
ce
d
of
th
e
proposed
ci
rc
u
it
topol
ogy
ca
n
solv
e
the
co
nvent
ion
al
sys
tem
for
G2V
ci
r
cu
it
topol
ogy
tha
t
uses
multipl
e
st
age
s
of
powe
r
conv
ersion
sys
te
m,
r
esult
ing
in
high
power
semi
condu
ct
or
l
oss
es
tha
t
cou
ld
le
ad
to
low
eff
i
c
ie
ncy
.
In
thi
s
wo
rk,
mu
lt
ip
l
e
stage
s
of
the
c
onvent
ion
al
"
AC
-
DC
-
AC
"
ci
rc
uit
s
h
ave
be
en
red
uce
d
to
a
single
power
co
nver
sion
st
age
b
y
using
th
e
SP
MC
ci
r
cui
t
topology.
The
use
of
the
proposed
ci
r
cui
t
topol
og
y
ca
n
red
uc
e
th
e
numb
er
of
d
e
vic
es,
thus
red
uce
the
sem
ic
onduc
tor
loss
es.
A
par
t
of
r
educ
ing
the
se
mi
condu
ct
or
losses,
th
e
prop
osed
c
irc
ui
t
top
ology
coul
d
a
lso
im
p
rove
th
e
p
ower
densi
ty
and
eff
ic
i
enc
y
o
f
the
pow
er
sup
ply
sys
te
m.
A
c
omput
er
si
mul
a
t
ion
model
using
MA
TL
AB
/
Simul
ink
h
as
b
ee
n
dev
el
oped
t
o
inv
esti
ga
te
the
beh
avi
or
of
the
proposed
sy
stem
.
Selecte
d
simul
a
ti
on
r
esult
s
are
p
rese
nt
ed
t
o
ver
ify
the
func
ti
on
al
i
ty
of
t
he
proposed
sys
te
m.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
AC to
A
C c
on
ver
te
r
Gr
i
d
to
v
e
hicle
S
ing
le
phase
m
at
rix
c
onver
te
r
W
irel
ess
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
himi Ba
ha
rom
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i
MARA
40450 S
hah A
l
am,
Sela
ngor,
M
al
aysia
Emai
l:
rah
imi
6579
@gmai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
wir
el
ess
powe
r
tran
sfe
r
t
echnolo
gy
imp
li
es
the
t
ran
s
fe
r
of
el
ect
rical
e
nerg
y
from
a
powe
r
sou
rce
to
a
n
el
ect
rical
loa
d
th
rou
gh
an
ai
r
ga
p
wit
hout
t
he
use
of
a
ny
wires
or
co
nnect
ors
[
1].
Th
e
most
popula
r
high
-
powe
r
wi
rel
ess
powe
r
trans
fer
(
WPT)
is
the
i
nd
uctive
co
upli
ng
i
nv
e
nted
by
Nikola
Tesl
a
m
or
e
than
a
centu
ry
a
go,
w
hich
ref
e
rs
to
the
tra
ns
fe
r
of
e
le
c
tric
al
power
thr
ough
the
ai
r
[
2
]
,
[
3].
T
hus
,
the
r
em
ov
al
of
the
tradit
ion
al
cabl
e
co
nnect
or
be
tween
the
po
w
er
s
uppl
y
a
nd
i
ts
loa
d
ca
n
be
conve
nient
f
or
chargin
g
mil
li
on
s
of
dev
ic
es
[4
]
-
[
6]. T
he key
com
pone
nts
of
t
he WPT
sy
ste
m a
re th
e
transmi
tt
er a
nd the
recei
ver coil
s
[2].
The
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
(E
V)
is
a
car
powe
red
by
a
n
el
ect
ric
mo
t
or
instea
d
of
a
n
inter
nal
com
busti
on
eng
i
ne,
a
nd the
engi
ne uses a
batte
ry powe
r system
[7]. As
a fu
t
ur
e
trend,
the
el
ect
ric v
e
hi
cl
e
(EV) h
a
s gai
ned
more
a
nd
m
or
e
interest
due
to
it
s
low
or
ze
r
o
ca
rbo
n
emiss
ion
s
an
d
pote
nt
ia
ll
y
high
pow
er
ou
t
pu
t
[
8]
,
wh
ic
h
can
be
util
iz
ed
to
pr
ov
i
de
s
up
portive
ser
vice
s.
With
sys
te
m
sup
port
f
or
bi
-
directi
onal
tra
ns
missi
on
of
e
nerg
y
betwee
n
E
V
a
nd
gri
d,
E
V
ca
n
be
c
ha
rg
e
d
f
rom
the
gr
i
d,
r
efer
red
t
o
as
gri
d
to
ve
hicle
(
G2V)
[
9]
.
As
EV
is
discha
rg
i
ng
an
d
se
nd
i
ng
el
ec
tric
it
y
to
the
gri
d,
it
is
cal
le
d
Veh
ic
le
to
G
r
id
(
V2G)
[
10
]
,
[
11]
.
S
imi
la
r
to
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Grid
t
o
ve
hicle
(
G
2V
)
wi
rel
es
s power s
upply
u
si
ng sin
gle
-
phase
matri
x
.
..
(Muh
ama
d Hazi
q
M
ohm
ad A
kram)
287
V2G
c
oncept
,
wh
e
re
E
V
will
rec
ycle
it
s
ba
tt
ery
s
urplu
s
e
nerg
y
back
to
reside
ntial
ho
mes
f
or
local
energ
y
us
e,
n
a
med
V
e
hicle
to Home
(V2H)
[12
],
or
back to
buil
dings, c
al
le
d
veh
i
cl
e to buildi
ng
(V2B) [
13].
The
t
yp
ic
al
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
chargin
g
sy
ste
m
us
es
a
c
onne
ct
or
cable
t
o
connect
t
he
el
ect
ric
sup
pl
y
from
the
gri
d
to
the
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
f
or
c
hargin
g
purpo
ses
[
14].
T
he
disad
va
ntages
of
a
wire
d
c
onnecte
d
chargin
g
sy
ste
m
are
the
me
ssy
wire
s
a
nd
safet
y
c
oncer
ns
i
n
t
he
wet
en
vir
onme
nt
[15].
T
he
ph
ysi
cal
requireme
nts
of
a
wire
d
c
onne
ct
ed
cha
r
ging
sy
ste
m
prese
nt
so
me
oppo
rtun
it
ie
s
f
or
da
mage.
W
he
re
misl
ai
d
cables
ma
y
ca
us
e
tri
pp
i
ng
ha
zard
s
.
Durin
g
t
he
rain
y
seas
on,
t
he
water
m
ay
ca
us
e
s
hort
-
ci
rcu
it
s
t
hro
ugh
the
cables.
In
orde
r
to
so
l
ve
the
li
mit
at
i
on
s
or
disad
va
ntages
of
the
wire
d
co
nnect
ed
c
hargin
g
s
yst
em,
wi
reless
batte
ry
c
ha
rg
i
ng
te
ch
no
l
ogie
s
hav
e
bee
n
devel
op
e
d
[
16].
T
he
use
s
of
a
wireless
cha
rg
i
ng
sy
ste
m
ca
n
re
move
exp
e
ns
i
ve
an
d
intensive
gr
i
d
cables.
M
ore
over
,
this
te
ch
nolo
gy
ca
n
al
s
o
pro
vid
e
a
dd
it
io
nal
protect
io
n
against
el
ect
rical
sh
oc
k
hazar
ds
duri
ng
the
c
hargi
ng
proce
ss
[
17]
.
H
oweve
r,
the
us
e
of
wir
el
ess
chargin
g
G2V
sy
ste
ms
has
a
disad
va
ntage
due
to
the
r
eq
ui
reme
nt
to
us
e
high
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
ope
rati
on
to
pe
rfo
rm
an
eff
ic
ie
nt
wi
reless
powe
r
tra
nsfer
functi
on.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
conve
ntion
al
G2V
wireless
chargin
g
s
ys
te
m
us
es
"AC
-
DC
-
AC"
conve
rters
t
o
conve
rt
lo
w
f
reque
ncy
(
50
Hz
or
60
Hz)
to
the
hi
gh
s
witc
hing
fr
e
quency
(>20
kH
z
).
Th
e
us
e
of
m
ulti
ple
sta
ges
of
powe
r
c
onve
rsi
on
syst
em,
res
ul
ti
ng
i
n
high
powe
r
semic
onduct
or
losses
that
co
uld
le
ad
to
l
ow
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy.
In
this
work,
mu
lt
iple
sta
ge
s
of
the
c
onve
ntion
al
"
AC
-
DC
-
AC"
ci
rcu
it
s
ha
ve
be
en
re
duced
t
o
a
sing
le
po
we
r
co
nv
e
rsion
ci
rcu
it
by
usi
ng
the
SP
M
C
ci
rc
uit
topolo
gy.
T
he
us
e
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
ci
rc
uit
topology
ca
n
re
duc
e
the
num
ber
of
de
vices,
th
us
reduce
the
se
micond
ucto
r
lo
sses.
A
par
t
of
reduci
ng
the
semic
onduct
or
l
os
ses
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
ci
rcu
it
t
opology
c
ou
l
d
al
s
o
imp
rove
the
powe
r
densi
ty a
nd ef
f
ic
ie
ncy
of the
powe
r
s
upply s
ys
te
m.
Wireless
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
.
Wir
el
ess
powe
r
tr
ansf
e
r
is
a
c
ommo
n
te
rm
for
the
t
ran
s
miss
ion
of
ene
r
gy
by
mea
ns
of
el
ect
ro
ma
gnet
ic
fiel
ds
in
ma
ny
dif
fer
e
nt
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
.
T
he
wireless
powe
r
sy
ste
m
co
ns
is
ts
of
a
"t
ran
smit
te
r"
de
vice
co
nn
e
ct
ed
to
a
powe
r
s
ource
s
uch
a
s
a
p
owe
r
li
ne
th
at
conver
ts
the
AC
powe
r
to
a
ti
me
-
varyin
g
el
ect
r
oma
gnet
ic
f
ie
ld
and a "
receive
r
" d
e
vice that
re
cei
ves
the
A
C
powe
r.
Conve
ntion
al
w
irel
ess G
2V circuit
to
po
l
ogy
.
Fig
ur
e 1(a)
i
ll
us
trat
es
the
c
onve
ntion
al
ci
r
cuit
topolo
g
y
of
t
he
wireless G2V
s
ys
te
m
.
T
he
first
c
onversi
on
stage on
t
he
gr
i
d
side
is
t
he
AC
-
DC
c
onver
te
r
w
hich
is
us
e
d
to
recti
f
y
t
he
li
ne
fr
e
quenc
y
AC v
oltage
to
the o
ut
pu
t DC v
oltage
.
T
he
se
cond
co
nversi
on
sta
ge
is
the D
C
-
AC
conve
rter,
w
hi
ch
is
use
d
to
c
onve
rt
DC
vo
l
ta
ge
to
high
-
frequ
e
nc
y
AC
volt
age
t
o
f
ulfill
the
re
qu
ire
m
ent
of
high
-
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
WPT
operati
on.
At
t
he
rec
ei
ver
sid
e,
the
high
-
fr
e
quenc
y
co
ntr
ollable
recti
fier
is
us
ed
to
charge
the
ba
tt
ery
.
Simi
la
rl
y,
f
or
Ve
hicle
-
to
-
G
rid
(
V2G
),
the
batte
r
y
-
side
c
onve
rter
ser
ves
as
a
high
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
in
ve
rter
an
d
the
gri
d
-
side
c
onve
rt
ers
are
viewe
d
as
a
high
-
fr
e
quenc
y,
c
ontr
ollable
recti
fier,
and
a
gr
i
d
-
ti
ed
i
nvert
er [1
8].
Sing
le
-
phase
matri
x
co
nver
te
r
.
T
he
SP
MC
re
qu
ire
s
four
bi
-
dire
ct
iona
l
switc
hes
a
s
s
how
n
in
Figure
1(
b)
.
E
ach
bi
-
directi
onal
swi
tc
h
is
switc
ha
ble
to
cond
uct
cu
rr
e
nt
in
both
dir
ect
ion
s
a
nd
t
o
blo
c
k
forw
a
r
d
a
nd
re
ver
se
vo
lt
a
ges.
Eac
h
set
of
th
e
bi
-
dir
ect
ion
al
s
witc
h
is
bu
il
t
up
by
us
in
g
t
wo
IG
BTs
.
W
her
e
the
so
urce
a
nd
outpu
t
of
the
SP
M
C
ca
n
be
ei
t
her
sin
gle
-
ph
a
s
e
DC
or
sin
gle
-
phase
A
C,
an
d
rely
on
th
e
s
witc
hing
strat
egy
to
b
e
a
pp
li
ed
[
19]
.
T
he
feat
ur
e
of
t
he
wireless
p
owe
r
tra
nsfer
is
tha
t
it
co
ns
ist
s o
f
a
tran
smit
te
r
for
the
high
-
fr
e
quenc
y
po
wer
tran
s
missi
on
a
nd
a
receiv
er
f
or
the
rec
ei
ve
d
powe
r
[
20].
W
PT
requires
a
hi
gh
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
s
w
it
chin
g
range
from
1
kHz
t
o
100
M
Hz
.
20
kHz
of
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
ha
s
an
ef
fici
enc
y
of
80
%
with the
tra
nsmi
tt
er
an
d
the
re
cei
ver
c
oils
of the s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y op
e
r
at
ion
[21].
(a)
(b)
Figure
1.
(a
)
C
onve
ntion
al
cir
cuit t
opolog
y o
f
G
2V,
(
b)
Sin
gle
p
hase
m
at
ri
x
c
onve
rter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
286
–
294
288
Pr
oble
m
sta
te
ment
.
Ele
ct
ric
ve
hicle
s
ha
d
grown
in
popula
rity
am
ong
use
rs
nowa
da
ys
.
T
he
G
2V
powe
r
tra
nsmi
ssion
ca
n
be
use
d
as
a
plug
-
i
n
el
ect
ric
ve
hi
cl
e
f
or
cha
r
ging
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y.
F
or
c
hargin
g
pu
rposes,
the
cable
is
re
qu
i
red
t
o
tra
nsfer
t
he
power
from
t
he
gr
id
to
the
ve
hicle
’s
batte
ry
[14].
Wi
red
c
on
necte
d
chargin
g
s
ys
te
ms
ha
d
pr
ob
le
ms
with
the
m
essy
wires
that
may
ca
us
e
tri
pp
i
ng
haza
rd
s
and
sa
fety
c
on
cern
s
i
n
the
wet
e
nv
ir
onme
nt
[
15].
A
mu
c
h
sim
pler
means
ca
n
be
us
e
d
to
sim
pl
ify
the
proces
s
by
t
ran
s
ferrin
g
the
powe
r
wireless
ly.
A
s
ys
te
m
t
hat
e
na
bles
t
he
tra
ns
missi
on
of
el
ect
ric
po
wer
without
usi
ng
a
ny
c
onne
ct
or
or
wire
has bee
n pro
ven reli
able
.
Ap
a
rt
from
th
at
,
the
co
nvent
ion
al
ci
rcu
it
of
t
he
G2V
w
i
r
el
ess
po
wer
tr
ansf
e
r
co
ns
ist
s
of
mu
lt
iple
sta
ges
f
or
ene
r
gy
co
nversi
on.
The
first
sta
ge
is
the
recti
fier
to
co
nvert
the
A
C
in
pu
t
t
o
D
C.
The
ne
xt
sta
ge
is
a
high
-
fr
e
quenc
y
inv
e
rter
to
c
onve
rt
the
recti
f
ie
d
DC
to
high
-
fr
e
quenc
y
A
C.
Wireless
po
wer
tra
nsfer
ne
eds
a
high
switc
hi
ng
f
reque
nc
y
t
o
trans
fer
f
r
om
the
t
ransmi
tt
er
to
it
s
receive
r.
T
he
c
onve
nti
on
al
ci
rc
uit
ca
nnot
conve
rt
the
A
C
source
t
o
hig
h
-
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
AC
di
rectl
y.
T
he
fi
nal
sta
ge
is
to
recti
f
y
t
he
high
-
f
reque
nc
y
AC
from
the
recei
ver
coil
of
WPT
to
the
DC
f
orm
t
o
c
harge
the
DC
batte
ry
of
the
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
.
W
hile
each
sta
ge
possesse
s
it
s
ow
n
l
os
se
s.
T
he
n,
w
it
h mult
iple
sta
ges
,
it
c
ou
l
d
le
a
d
t
o
high pow
e
r
losses.
T
hus,
re
qu
i
res
a
new ci
rc
uit t
opology t
o si
mp
li
fy the c
onve
ntion
al
wireless
G
2V ci
rcu
it
to
po
l
ogy.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
Figure
2
sho
w
s
the
flo
wc
hart
fo
r
t
he
pr
opose
d
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
G
2V
wireless
powe
r
s
upply
beg
i
ns
with
t
he
li
te
ratur
e
re
vi
ew
of
t
he
G
2V
wireless
po
wer
s
uppl
y
ci
r
cuit
config
ur
at
ion
s
a
nd
t
he
r
equ
i
red
com
pone
nts.
Var
i
ou
s
ty
pes
of
WPT
ci
rc
ui
t
topolo
gies
ha
ve
been
re
vie
wed
with
hi
ghli
gh
ts
their
ad
van
ta
ges
and
li
mit
at
ion
s
.
The
n,
t
he
use
of
SP
M
C
f
or
direct
AC
t
o
A
C
conver
te
r
op
erati
on
has
bee
n
in
vestigat
ed
.
The
basic
ci
rc
uit
of
the
AC
t
o
A
C
conve
rter
usi
ng
SP
M
C
w
a
s
modele
d
usi
ng
MATL
AB/
Simuli
nk
s
of
t
war
e
t
o
inv
est
igate
the
be
ha
vior
of
t
he
ci
rcu
it
oper
at
ion
.
F
rom
t
he
outp
ut
volt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt
wa
vefo
rms,
it
can
be
us
e
d
to
ve
rif
y
the
pro
po
se
d
switc
hing
al
go
rithms
f
or
AC
to
AC
co
nv
e
r
te
r
op
e
rati
on
us
in
g
SP
M
C
c
ircuit
topolo
gy.
T
h
e
n,
the
pro
pose
d
G
2V
wi
reles
s
powe
r
s
uppl
y
usi
ng
SP
M
C
has
been
m
odel
ed.
I
n
order
to
ve
rif
y
the
functi
onal
it
y
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
te
m
,
t
he
sel
ect
e
d
si
mu
la
ti
on
resu
l
ts
are
co
mp
a
r
ed
t
o
t
he
t
heory
an
d
hypothesis.
The
blo
c
k
dia
gr
a
m
of
the
propose
d
G2V
wireless
p
owe
r
sup
ply
is
as
il
lustrate
d
in
F
igure
3.
T
he
op
e
rati
on
of
th
e
pro
posed
s
yst
em
be
gin
s
f
rom
the
co
nversi
on
sta
ge
of
l
ow
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
t
o
the
hi
gh
-
f
re
quenc
y
AC
volt
age.
T
he
mai
n
pa
rt
of
su
c
h
a
c
onve
rsion
pr
ocess
us
es
a
si
ng
le
S
PM
C
ci
rc
uit
w
it
h
pro
per
swit
chin
g
al
gorithms
t
o
perform
a
dire
ct
AC
to
AC
conve
rter.
The
outp
ut
f
reque
ncy
of
t
he
AC
to
AC
c
onvert
er
i
s
20
kHz
that
is
su
it
able
f
or
w
ir
el
ess
power
t
ra
ns
fe
r
ope
rati
on
[21].
The
n,
t
he
high
-
fr
e
quen
cy
AC v
oltage at
the
transmitt
er
sid
e
is
tran
smit
te
d
wirelessl
y
th
rou
gh
the
ai
r
ga
p
f
rom
t
he
tra
ns
mit
te
r
to
the
recei
ver
c
oils
on
t
he
veh
ic
le
sid
e.
A
t
the
ve
hicle
side,
t
he
hi
gh
-
f
r
equ
e
nc
y
AC
volt
age
f
r
om
t
he
receive
r
c
oil
is
recti
fied
us
i
ng
t
he
fu
ll
-
br
i
dg
e
hi
gh
-
fr
e
quenc
y
re
ct
ifie
r
to
c
onve
rt
the A
C form
to
t
he
D
C
out
pu
t v
oltage.
Th
e
recti
fied
DC o
ut
put
then wil
l be
u
s
ed
to
ch
a
r
ge
th
e D
C
batte
ry of the
v
e
hicle
.
Figure
2. Flo
w
char
t
of the
p
roj
ect
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Grid
t
o
ve
hicle
(
G
2V
)
wi
rel
es
s power s
upply
u
si
ng sin
gle
-
phase
matri
x
.
..
(Muh
ama
d Hazi
q
M
ohm
ad A
kram)
289
Figure
3. Bl
oc
k
d
ia
gram
of th
e
p
rop
os
ed
G2
V
w
irel
ess
p
ower
s
up
ply
u
si
ng SPMC
3.
SWITC
HING
ALG
ORI
T
H
MS
The
s
witc
hing
al
gorithms
f
or
the
pro
pose
d
sy
ste
m
as
ta
bula
te
d
in
Ta
ble
1
ca
n
be
di
vid
e
d
int
o
4
sta
te
s.
The
detai
le
d
ope
rati
on
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
ci
rc
uit
is
il
lu
strat
ed
i
n
Fi
gu
re
4.
The
sta
te
s
are
as
f
ollow
[
22
]
-
[
24]:
•
Stat
e
1:
D
ur
i
ng
the
i
nput
po
s
it
ive
half
c
ycle
an
d
the
outp
ut
posit
ive
cycle,
bo
t
h
s
witc
hes
S1
a
a
nd
S
4a
ar
e
tur
ning
ON,
w
hilst
the
oth
e
r
s
witc
hes
a
re tur
ning
OF
F
.
•
Stat
e
2:
D
ur
i
ng
the
in
put
ne
ga
ti
ve
half
cycle and
the outp
ut n
egati
ve
cycle
,
both
s
witc
hes
S1b
a
nd
S
4b
ar
e
tur
ning
ON,
w
hilst
the
oth
e
r
s
witc
hes
a
re tur
ning
OF
F
.
•
Stat
e
3:
D
ur
i
ng
the
i
nput
pos
it
ive
half
c
ycle
an
d
the
outp
ut
ne
gative
c
ycle,
both
switc
hes
S2
a
a
nd
S
3a
a
re
tur
ning
ON,
w
hilst
the
oth
e
r
s
witc
hes
a
re tur
ning
OF
F
.
•
Stat
e
4:
D
ur
i
ng
the
in
pu
t
ne
ga
ti
ve
half
cycl
e
an
d
the
out
put
posit
ive
c
yc
le
,
both
s
witc
he
s
S2b
a
nd
S
3b
are
tur
ning
ON,
w
hilst
the
oth
e
r
s
witc
hes
a
re tur
ning
OF
F
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
4. Stat
e
of A
C
-
AC s
witc
hing
,
(a) Sta
te
1
(
po
sit
ive c
yc
le
),
(b
)
Stat
e
2 (n
e
gative c
ycle
),
(c)
Stat
e 3
(
po
s
it
ive cy
cl
e),
(d) Sta
te
4
(
neg
at
i
ve
c
ycle)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
286
–
294
290
Table
1.
SP
MC
sw
it
chin
g
c
ontr
ol for AC t
o AC c
onve
rter
Inp
u
t
Ou
tp
u
t
State
ON Swit
ch
Po
sitiv
e cycle
Po
sitiv
e
1
S1
a and
S4a
Neg
ativ
e
3
S2
a and
S3a
Neg
ativ
e cycle
Po
sitiv
e
4
S2
b
and
S3b
Neg
ativ
e
2
S1
b
and
S4b
4.
COMP
UTER
SIMULATI
O
N MO
DEL
The
pro
pose
d
G2V
wireless
powe
r
tra
nsfer
us
i
ng
S
P
M
C
was
simulat
ed
us
in
g
MATL
A
B/
Simuli
nk
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
5
.
T
his
si
mu
la
ti
on
m
ode
l
co
ns
ist
s
of
se
ver
al
bl
ock
set
s
s
uch
as
co
ntr
oller
a
nd
S
P
MC
.
I
n
order
to
sim
plify
t
he
c
ompu
te
r
sim
ulati
on
m
od
el
,
the
i
deal
trans
forme
r
(li
near
t
ran
s
f
orm
er)
has
bee
n
use
d
to
act
as
a
wireless
power
tra
nsf
er,
t
hus,
ne
glec
ti
ng
a
ny
l
os
ses
that
occ
ur
dur
ing
the
W
PT
proces
s.
I
n
t
his
work,
a
br
id
ge
of
diode
has
bee
n
use
d
as
a
recti
fie
r
with
a
20
00μ
F
ou
t
put
DC
c
apacit
or
t
o
re
duce
the
outp
ut
DC
vo
lt
age
rip
ple.
The
n,
the
10
0
Ω
resist
or
is
us
ed
as
a
dumm
y
load
for
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
te
m
.
Fig
ur
e
6(a)
s
hows
the
sim
ulati
on
m
odel
of
the
SPM
C
,
w
hilst
,
the
sim
ulati
on
model
of
bi
directi
onal
s
wi
tc
hes
is
as
s
hown
in
Figure
6(b
).
S
uch
a
m
od
el
c
on
sist
s
of
t
wo
IG
BTs
a
nd
tw
o
rev
e
r
se
bl
oc
king
diodes
th
at
are
c
onne
ct
ed
i
n
a
commo
n
emit
t
er
a
nd
anti
-
paral
le
l
dio
de
pair
co
nf
i
gurati
on
to
pe
r
f
orm
t
he
require
d
bid
ire
ct
ion
al
s
witc
he
s
f
or
SPM
C
ci
rc
uit
topolo
gy.
Fi
gu
re
7
s
hows
the
com
pute
r
sim
ulati
on
m
od
el
of
the
switc
hi
ng
co
ntr
oller
f
or
the
pro
po
se
d
s
ys
te
m.
This
c
on
t
rol
le
r
ha
s
bee
n
m
od
el
e
d
by
co
m
par
i
ng
the
si
nuso
idal
wa
ve
for
m
us
in
g
a
sine
wav
e
bl
oc
k
set
with
the
car
rier
sig
nal
(r
e
peati
ng
seq
uen
ce
)
us
i
ng
a
c
ompar
at
or
(r
el
at
io
nal
operat
or)
blo
c
k
set
to
pro
du
ce
the
S
inu
s
oid
al
P
uls
e
Wi
dth
M
od
ulati
on
(
SP
W
M
)
si
gn
al
.
Durin
g
t
he
i
nput
posit
ive
an
d
ou
t
pu
t
po
sit
ive
cycle,
the
SP
WM
si
gn
al
is
co
m
pa
red
with
th
e
s
qu
a
re
wa
veform
usi
ng
the
c
omparat
or
(
product1
)
blo
c
k
for
s
witc
h
S
1a
a
nd
S
4a.
D
ur
i
ng
the
input
posit
ive
an
d
ou
t
pu
t
ne
gative
c
ycle,
the
SP
W
M
si
gn
al
i
s
rev
e
rse
d
usi
ng
a
not
gate
a
nd
com
par
e
d
with
the
s
qu
a
re
wa
veform
us
in
g
t
he
c
omparat
or
(prod
uct2
)
bl
oc
k
f
o
r
switc
h
S2
a
an
d
S3
a
.
Durin
g
t
he
in
put
neg
at
i
ve
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
neg
at
ive
c
ycle,
the
S
PWM
sig
nal
is
c
ompare
d
with
the
re
versed
s
qu
a
re
wa
veform
us
i
ng
the
c
omparat
or
(
product3
)
blo
c
k
for
s
witc
h
S
1b
an
d
S
4b.
Dur
ing
t
he
input
ne
gative
and
outp
ut
pos
it
ive
cycle,
the
SPWM
sig
nal
is
rev
erse
d
us
ing
a
no
t
gate
and
c
ompare
d
with
a
rev
e
rse
d
squa
r
e
wav
e
f
or
m
usi
ng
the
c
ompa
r
at
or
(
pro
duct
4)
blo
c
k
f
or
s
witc
h
S
2a
an
d
S
3a
.
The
S
PWM
sign
al
for
eac
h
switc
h
is
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
8
a
nd
the
detai
l
(
zoom
wa
veform)
is
as
sho
w
n
i
n
Fi
gure
9.
The
par
a
mete
rs use
d
to
m
od
el
t
he pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
te
m ar
e
as tab
ula
te
d
in
Table
2.
Figure
5. Sim
ul
at
ion
m
odel
of
prop
os
ed
G2V
wireless
po
we
r
s
upply
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Grid
t
o
ve
hicle
(
G
2V
)
wi
rel
es
s power s
upply
u
si
ng sin
gle
-
phase
matri
x
.
..
(Muh
ama
d Hazi
q
M
ohm
ad A
kram)
291
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.
(a
)
S
PM
C si
mu
la
ti
on m
odel
, (b
)
Si
mu
la
ti
on
m
ode
l of the
bid
i
recti
on
al
s
witc
h
Figure
7.
Sim
ul
at
ion
m
odel
of
the s
witc
hing
con
t
ro
ll
er
Figure
8.
SP
W
M
s
i
gn
al
f
or
,
(
a) S1a
& S
4a, (
b) S2a &
S
3a,
(c)
S1b
& S
4b,
(d)
S2b
& s
3b
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
286
–
294
292
Figure
9. Detai
l of the
SP
WM
s
ig
nal
Table
2.
T
he
paramet
ers
for t
he
sim
ulati
on
model
Para
m
eters
Valu
es
So
u
rce
v
o
ltag
e
1
8
VAC,
5
0
Hz
Switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
(
SPMC
)
2
0
kHz
Res
isto
r
1
0
0
Ω
Cap
acito
r
2
0
0
0
μ
F
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
Figure
10(a
)
shows
t
he
i
nput
vo
lt
age
wa
veform
of
18
VAC
with
50
Hz
f
reque
ncy.
At
t
he
t
ran
s
mit
te
r
side
of
the
wi
r
el
ess
power
t
ra
ns
fe
r,
the
sour
ce
vo
lt
age
of
18
V
AC
is
us
e
d
as
a
pr
eca
utio
n
f
or
t
he
loss
du
e
t
o
the
c
onve
rter
a
nd
tra
ns
missi
on b
ef
ore
c
hargi
ng
the
1
2
V
DC
el
ect
ric v
ehicl
e’s
batte
r
y.
The
sou
rce volt
ag
e
will
pas
s
t
hro
ugh
t
he
SP
M
C
t
hat
a
ct
s
as
a
n
AC
to
AC
c
onve
rter
to
c
onver
t
f
rom
the
li
ne
fr
e
quenc
y
of 5
0
H
z
to
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
hi
gh
frequ
e
nc
y
of
20
kHz.
T
he
use
of
a
20
k
Hz
s
witc
hing
freq
ue
ncy
ca
n
pro
vi
de
a
high
-
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
wireless
powe
r
tra
nsfer
oper
at
ion
[21
].
Th
e
outp
ut
high
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
volt
age
from
the
SPM
C
is
as
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
10(b).
With
the
i
deal
modu
la
ti
on
in
dex
of
0.5
,
f
or
the
20
kHz
S
PWM
c
on
tr
oller,
the
pea
k
vo
lt
a
ge
of
the
S
PM
C
ou
t
pu
t
is
14.4
V
with
a
r
ed
uctio
n
of
3.6
V
f
rom
the
in
put
s
ource
vo
lt
age
.
T
he
outp
ut
from
SP
MC
will
be
tra
nsmi
tt
ed
thr
ough
wi
reless
power
tr
ansf
e
r
a
nd
will
be
receiv
ed
at
the
recei
ver.
B
ecause
of
the
use
of
the
ideal
tra
ns
f
ormer
as
a
WPT
me
d
iu
m,
the
re
a
re
no
l
os
se
s
f
rom
the
W
P
T
process.
T
he
volt
age
wa
ve
f
orm
at
the
receive
r
pa
rt
is
a
s
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
11(a
).
The
ou
t
pu
t
of
the
WPT
is
the
n
recti
fied
us
in
g
the
f
ull
-
br
i
dg
e
high
-
fr
e
quenc
y
recti
fier
to
pr
oduce
the
DC
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
form
to
cha
rg
e
the
12
V
DC
ba
tt
ery
.
Fig
ur
e
11(
b)
sh
ows
t
he
outpu
t
vo
lt
age
of
the
recti
fier
c
onve
rter.
The
outp
ut
rip
ple
of
the
load
vo
lt
a
ge
wa
vefo
rm
c
an
be
determi
ned
ba
sed
on
(
1)
[
25]
.
Th
us,
the
outpu
t
volt
age
ri
pple
is
4%
,
with
the
ave
rag
e
DC
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
of
12.48
V
.
T
he
losses
that
occ
ur
du
e
to
the
rec
ti
fier
pr
ocess
is
1.9
2V
or
13.
33%
c
ompa
red
t
o
t
he
receive
d
WPT
powe
r.
T
he D
C o
utput v
oltage is t
hen u
se
d t
o
c
harge t
he 12 V
DC elec
tri
c v
e
hicle
’s batt
ery.
%
=
×
100%
(1)
(a)
(b)
Figure
10.
(a)
Sour
ce
volt
age
50
Hz,
(
b)
O
utp
ut
SP
M
C
vo
lt
age
20 kHz
(a)
(b)
Figure
11.
(a)
WPT
r
ecei
ve
r vo
lt
age
, (b
)
L
oa
d vo
lt
age
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Grid
t
o
ve
hicle
(
G
2V
)
wi
rel
es
s power s
upply
u
si
ng sin
gle
-
phase
matri
x
.
..
(Muh
ama
d Hazi
q
M
ohm
ad A
kram)
293
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
per
des
cribes
the
c
om
pu
te
r
sim
ulati
on
model
of
gri
d
t
o
veh
ic
le
(G2V)
wireless
powe
r
s
uppl
y
us
in
g
a
si
ng
le
-
ph
a
se
m
at
rix
c
onve
rte
r
(S
P
MC
).
T
he
pr
opose
d
sy
ste
m
ha
d
bee
n
pr
e
sent
ed
i
n
detai
l
wi
th
a
simulat
ion
model
us
in
g
MA
TLAB/Si
m
ulin
k.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
ci
rc
uit
had
si
mp
li
fied
t
he
c
onve
ntion
al
gri
d
to
a
veh
ic
le
ci
rc
uit
with
the
wire
le
ss
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
f
unct
io
n
u
sin
g
the
SP
M
C
to
reduce
the
losses
an
d
ci
rc
uit
com
plexity
of t
he
c
onve
ntion
a
l ci
rcu
it
to
po
l
ogy. T
he use
of
SPM
C
in
t
he p
rop
os
ed
syst
em can
r
e
duce t
he
tw
o
conve
rsion
sta
ges
of
the
c
onve
ntio
nal
sy
s
te
m
to
a
sing
l
e
conversi
on
sta
ge
f
or
dire
ct
AC
-
AC
c
onve
rter
o
pe
rati
on.
The
val
ue
of
the
outp
ut
volt
ag
e
of
12.
48V
a
nd
4.45
%
rip
ple
is
good
e
nough
to
c
harge
t
he
commo
nly
us
e
d
12
V
batte
ry
f
or
an
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
.
T
he
adv
a
ntage
s
of
the
propose
d
s
ys
te
m
su
c
h
a
s
high
-
powe
r
densi
ty
an
d
high
ef
fici
ency
can
be
us
e
d
as
an
al
t
ern
at
ive
to
the
co
nventio
nal
G2V
wireless
powe
r
trans
fer
ci
rcu
it
.
The
f
uture
re
comme
ndat
io
n
for
t
he
pr
opose
d
st
udy
is
t
o
ex
plo
r
e
ot
her
wa
veforms
for
an
y
typ
e
of
fau
lt
in
the
s
ys
te
m
because
this
r
esearch
only
f
ocused
on
t
he
vo
lt
age
wa
ve
form.
Also,
si
nce
thi
s
project
on
l
y
i
nvol
ves
simulat
i
on,
t
he
f
uture
s
tudy
sho
uld
be
on
the
hardw
a
re
of
t
he
projec
t.
T
his
is
be
cau
se
of
the sim
ulati
on
,
and the
actual
sit
uation may
be diffe
re
nt du
e to
un
e
xpect
e
d fact
ors.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
Finan
ci
al
s
up
port
f
rom
Re
search
M
a
na
ge
ment
Ce
ntre
(RM
C
),
U
niv
ersit
i
Te
knol
og
i
MARA
(U
iT
M
)
, Gra
nt
No.
600
-
RMC
/LESTAR
I
S
D
G
-
T
5
/
3 (18
8/2019
)
is
gr
at
ef
ul
ly ackn
ow
le
dge
d.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
A.
Gil
and
J
.
Tai
ber
,
“
A
Liter
at
ur
e
R
evi
ew
in
Dyn
am
i
c
Wi
r
el
ess
P
ower
Tr
ansfe
r
fo
r
E
le
c
tric
V
ehi
c
l
es:
Te
chno
logy
and
Infr
astruc
tur
e
Int
egr
a
ti
on
Ch
al
l
enge
s,
”
Sustai
nable
Aut
omoti
v
e
Techno
logi
es
,
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–
298
,
20
13.
[2]
M
.
Q
.
I
.
M
.
Z
a
ma
ni
,
R
.
Bah
ar
om,
and
D
.
Joh
ari
,
“
Con
ce
ptu
al
study
on
gr
id
-
to
-
vehi
c
le
(G2V
)
wire
l
ess
power
tra
nsfer
using
s
ingl
e
-
ph
ase
ma
t
rix
conv
erter,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
an
d
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
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PE
DS)
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[3]
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Kesle
r
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R
esona
nt
Wi
r
eless
Pow
er
Tra
nsf
er
:
Saf
e,
Eff
ic
i
e
nt,
and
over
Distanc
e
,
”
201
7.
ht
tps://
wi
tric
i
ty.
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te
_
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r_2
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.
Yang
,
S
.
Du
,
W
.
Ch
en,
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.
De
ng,
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,
“
Optim
al
par
amet
er
design
for
ser
i
es
-
serie
s
r
esona
n
ce
conve
r
te
r
fo
r
wire
le
ss
power
t
ran
sfer,
”
2014
I
nte
rnational
Po
wer
El
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ct
ronics
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ire
l
e
ss
power
tra
nsfer
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te
m
with
asymm
etric
4
-
c
oil
resona
tor
for
el
e
ct
ri
c
veh
icle
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t
ery
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EE A
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Pow
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le
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.
K
loe
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“
Tre
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Vehi
cl
e
Conc
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and
Key
T
echnology
Deve
lo
pme
nt
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Hybri
d
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Ba
tt
ery
E
lec
tri
c
Vehic
le
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”
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tri
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ehi
c
le
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ol.
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,
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–
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,
2
013.
[8]
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Y
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ao
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i
Y
.
,
“
Opti
mi
z
at
ion
of
PH
E
V
Chargi
ng
Sch
edul
e
for
Lo
ad
Peak
Shaving
,
”
I
EE
E
Conf
ere
nc
e
and
Ex
posi
ti
on
o
n
Tr
anspor
tat
ion
Elec
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fi
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ti
on
,
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.
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–
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.
[9]
Hua
L
.
,
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ng
J
.
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.
,
“
Adapti
ve
Elec
t
ri
c
Vehi
cl
e
Charg
ing
Coordi
na
ti
o
n
on
Distributio
n
Network,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons On Smart
Gr
id
,
vo
l. 5, no. 6, p. 2666
–
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[10]
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seini
S
.
,
B
a
dri
A
.
,
and
Par
vani
a
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.
,
“
Th
e
Plug
-
in
E
lectr
i
c
Vehi
cl
es
for
Pow
er
Sys
te
m
Applic
a
ti
ons:
T
he
Vehic
l
e
to
Grid
(V2G
)
Conc
ept,
”
2012
I
EEE
I
nte
rnational
En
ergy
Conf
ere
nc
e
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Ex
h
ibi
t
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CON)
,
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1101
–
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[11]
Donoghue
J
.
an
d
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A
.
,
“
Whol
e
Sys
tem
Modell
ing
of
V
2G
Pow
er
Network
Control
,
Co
mm
unicati
o
ns
a
nd
Mana
gement,
”
2
013
World
E
lect
ric
V
ehi
c
le Sy
mp
osium and
Ex
h
ib
it
ion (EV
S27)
,
2
013,
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.
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–
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.
[12]
Zha
o
L
.
and
Aravi
nth
an
V
.
,
“
St
rat
eg
ie
s
of
Resi
dent
i
al
Pe
ak
Sh
avi
ng
Wi
th
Int
e
gra
t
ion
of
De
mand
Response
an
d
V2H
,
”
IE
EE
PES A
sia
-
Pa
ci
f
ic Po
wer
and
En
ergy
Eng
ine
ering
C
onfe
renc
e
(
AP
P
EE
C)
,
2013,
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–
5.
[13]
S.
H.
S.
S.
Sabe
rba
ril
E
.
,
“
Utiliz
ing
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