Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r
202
1
, pp.
14
39
~
14
49
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
3
.
pp
14
39
-
14
49
1439
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
An effici
ent dyn
am
ic pow
er man
agem
ent m
odel fo
r a sta
nd
-
alone DC Mi
crogri
d usin
g CPIHC t
echni
que
N.
Sh
armil
a
1
, K
.
R
.
N
atar
aj
2
, K
.
R
. Rekh
a
3
1,3
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tron
ic
s
and Comm
unicati
on
Eng
ineeri
ng
,
SJ
B
ins
ti
tu
te of
Technol
ogy,
Beng
a
luru
,
Ind
ia
2
Depa
rtment of
Resea
rch
and
De
vel
opm
ent
,
Don
Bosco
Instit
u
te
o
f
Technol
ogy
,
B
enga
l
uru
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
M
a
r 9, 2
021
Re
vised Ju
n 2
6, 20
21
Accepte
d
J
ul
21, 2
021
The
power
gen
era
t
ion
using
so
la
r
photovolta
ic
(PV
)
sys
tem
i
n
m
ic
rogrid
req
uire
s
ene
rgy
storage
sys
tem
due
to
th
ei
r
dilute
and
int
e
rmit
te
nt
nat
u
re.
The
sys
tem
r
e
quire
s
eff
icient
cont
ro
l
te
chn
i
ques
to
ensure
the
re
li
ab
le
oper
ation
of
th
e
mi
cro
gr
id.
Thi
s
work
pre
sents
d
ynam
i
c
power
ma
nag
em
en
t
using
a
de
ce
n
t
ral
i
ze
d
appr
oa
c
h.
Th
e
con
trol
technique
s
in
mi
cro
g
rid
inc
ludi
ng
droo
p
cont
ro
ll
e
rs
i
n
ca
s
ca
de
wit
h
proporti
on
al
-
i
nte
gra
l
(PI)
cont
rollers
for
v
olt
ag
e
st
abi
l
it
y
and
power
b
al
a
nce
have
f
ew
limit
a
ti
ons.
PI
cont
rollers
a
lo
n
e
will
not
ensu
re
microgrid’
s
stabi
lity.
Their
par
amete
rs
ca
nnot
be
opti
m
iz
ed
for
v
ary
ing
demand
and
ha
ve
a
slow
tr
ansi
ent
r
esponse
which
in
cre
as
e
s
the
set
tl
ing
ti
me.
The
dro
op
cont
ro
ll
ers
have
lower
eff
icienc
y
.
Th
e
l
oad
power
v
aria
ti
on
and
ste
ady
-
stat
e
v
ol
ta
g
e
err
or
m
ake
th
e
droop
cont
ro
l
in
eff
ective.
Thi
s
p
ape
r
pr
ese
nts
a
cont
rol
sche
m
e
f
or
dynami
c
power
ma
nag
e
me
nt
by
in
cor
pora
ti
ng
t
he
c
ombi
ned
PI
an
d
hystere
sis
cont
roller
(CPIH
C)
te
chn
ique.
The
sys
tem
b
ecome
s
robust
,
p
e
rform
s
well
under
v
ary
ing
d
em
and
c
ond
it
ion
s,
and
show
s
a
f
aste
r
dynamic
re
spons
e.
Th
e
proposed
DC
microgrid
has
solar
PV
as
an
en
erg
y
source
,
a
l
ea
d
-
ac
id
ba
ttery
as
the
ene
r
gy
st
ora
ge
sys
tem,
c
onstant
and
dyn
am
i
c
lo
ads.
The
simul
a
ti
on
result
s
show
the
proposed
CP
IHC
technique
eff
i
ci
en
tl
y
m
ana
g
es
the
dyn
am
i
c
power,
reg
u
late
s
DC
li
nk
voltage
and
ba
tt
er
y’s
stat
e
of
ch
arg
e
(SoC
)
com
par
ed
to
con
vent
ion
al
com
bi
ned
PI a
nd
droo
p
cont
ro
ll
er
(CPI
DC).
Ke
yw
or
ds:
C
ombine
d
P
I
a
nd dr
oop
con
t
ro
ll
er
Hy
ste
resis c
on
t
ro
l
M
a
xim
um
pow
er
po
i
nt
trackin
g
P
hoto
vo
lt
ai
c
Pr
op
or
ti
onal
-
i
nt
egr
al
Vo
lt
age
s
ource
conv
e
rters
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
N.
Sh
a
rmila
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
ro
nics
and C
om
m
unic
at
ion
En
gin
ee
rin
g
SJB I
ns
ti
tute o
f
Tec
hnolog
y
Be
ng
al
uru,
Ka
rn
at
a
ka
, In
dia
Emai
l:
sh
ar
mil
a.n
.
89@
gm
ai
l.
com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
the
recent
da
ys
,
as
the
de
man
d
f
or
e
nergy
is
inc
reasin
g
at
a
faste
r
ra
te
,
the
fo
c
us
of
resea
rch
is
towa
rd
s
gen
e
ra
ti
on
of
e
nerg
y
us
in
g
al
te
rn
at
e
sou
rces
of
e
ne
rgy
as
well
as
gen
e
rati
on
of
green
e
nergy
[1
]
,
[
2
].
In
te
gr
at
io
n
of
distrib
uted
e
ne
rgy
res
ources
(D
ER
)
into
t
he
conve
ntion
al
gr
id
t
o
re
duc
e
the
dema
nd
and
t
o
impro
ve
the r
el
ia
bili
ty o
f
t
he
s
ys
te
m
has
gai
ne
d
po
pu
la
rity a
cro
ss t
he
w
orl
d [3
]
-
[
7].
With a
n
ad
va
nced
c
ontr
ol
sy
ste
m,
a
micr
ogrid
will
be
capab
le
of
op
e
r
at
ing
in
a
co
or
din
at
ed
man
ne
r
an
d
gi
ve
opti
mize
d
pe
rfo
rm
ance
to
it
s co
nsume
rs.
A DC mic
r
ogri
d
a
rch
it
ect
ure i
s as s
how
n
in
Figure
1
.
In
t
his
w
ork,
w
e
ha
ve
sim
ulate
d
a
mic
rogr
i
d
wor
king
in
isl
and
e
d
c
onditi
on,
ha
ving
le
ad
aci
d
batte
r
y
as
sto
ra
ge
sy
s
te
m
a
nd
s
uppl
ying
t
he
DC
and
AC
l
oads
th
rou
gh
a
volt
age
s
ource
c
onve
rter.
I
nc
re
mental
c
onduct
ance
MPPT
al
gorithm
h
as b
ee
n
i
nc
orporated
f
or
t
he
so
la
r
a
rr
a
y
to
ex
tract
max
im
um
po
wer. A
CPIH
C
base
d
DC
-
DC
conve
rter
is
us
ed
to
c
onnect
the
batte
r
y
to
t
he
DC
bus.
T
he
VS
C
is
decoup
le
d
c
on
tr
olled
t
o
regulat
e
the
fre
qu
e
nc
y
a
nd
volt
age
of
the
A
C
side.
The
en
ti
re
sy
ste
m
is
s
imulat
ed
i
n
Si
mu
li
nk
a
nd
the
p
ow
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
14
39
–
14
49
1440
wav
e
f
or
m
s
of
the
s
olar
a
rr
a
y,
loa
d,
batte
r
y,
DC
li
nk
volt
age,
volt
age
a
nd
c
urren
t
of
th
e
load
are
car
efu
ll
y
analyze
d.
T
his
sy
ste
m
proves
to
be
a
n
eco
no
mica
l
al
te
rn
at
ive
f
or
t
he
po
w
er
sup
ply
in
t
he
near
fu
t
ur
e
w
it
h
th
e
grow
i
ng
popula
rity fo
r
re
ne
w
able
ene
r
gy and
roof
t
op s
olar PV
ge
ner
at
io
n i
n
pa
rtic
ular
.
Figure
1. F
unda
mental
str
uctu
re
of
DC
m
ic
rogr
i
d
Sedhom
et
al
.
[
8]
a
protect
io
n
sc
he
me
has
bee
n
de
sig
ne
d
for
a
l
ow
volt
age
micr
ogr
id
to
e
nsure
sta
bili
ty.
SJ
ha
e
t
al
.
[
9]
the
aut
hors
ha
ve
ma
de
a
s
tu
dy
on
di
ff
e
ren
t
c
ontrol
and
co
mm
un
ic
at
ion
te
ch
ni
ques
f
or
an
isl
an
ded
mi
crogr
i
d.
Diff
e
r
ent
co
ntr
ol
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
to
im
pro
ve
volt
age
and
fr
e
quenc
y
regulat
ion,
m
ai
ntain
powe
r bala
nce
and en
sure sta
bili
ty of th
e
mi
crogr
i
d hav
e
bee
n discus
sed
in [1
0]
-
[
14]
.
The
P
I
c
ontr
oller
is
a
cl
assic
al
co
ntr
oller
a
nd
has
be
en
w
idely
us
e
d
in
t
he
co
ntr
ol
of
micro
gr
i
d.
It
fin
ds
a
ppli
cat
i
on
in
ma
ny
proces
s
c
on
t
ro
l
in
du
st
ries
due
to
it
s
r
obus
t
pe
rformance
.
The
DC
off
s
et
gets
rem
ov
e
d
by
t
he
integral
act
io
n
in
the
PI
al
gorith
m.
T
he
P
I
con
t
ro
ll
er
has
slow
e
r
ti
me
re
sp
onse
w
hich
r
edu
ce
s
the
ma
xim
um
ov
e
rs
hoot
a
nd
impro
ves
the
dam
ping
a
nd
c
auses
ze
r
o
off
set
values
.
T
he
majo
r
li
mit
at
ion
of
this
co
ntr
oller
is
the
increa
se
in
rise
ti
me.
I
n
the
micr
ogrid,
th
e
er
ror
si
gn
al
is
t
he
di
f
fer
e
nce
bet
we
en
the
measu
red
volt
age
a
nd
the
de
sired
volt
age.
The
PI
co
ntr
oller
ca
n
re
gula
te
the
f
reque
ncy
at
AC
bus
of
th
e
micro
gr
i
d
a
nd
causes
ve
ry
l
it
tl
e
os
ci
ll
ation
s
wh
e
n
t
he
load
fluct
uates
[15
],
[
16]
.
F
or
a
PI
Co
ntr
oller
the
sta
nd
a
rd eq
uati
on u
s
ed
to de
note
the
outp
ut s
ign
al
is
giv
e
n
in
(
1
)
.
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
+
∫
(
)
0
(1)
W
he
re
y(t
)
is
t
he
desire
d
outpu
t
a
nd
fed
int
o
the
s
ys
te
m
or
process
as
t
he
m
odulate
d
i
nput,
(
)
is
the
act
ual
out
pu
t
of
t
he
syst
em,
e(t)
is
t
he
error
si
gn
al
,
is
the
co
ntr
oller
gai
n
an
d
is
t
he
integ
ral
ti
me
const
ant
of
th
e
co
ntr
oller.
F
igure
2
s
hows
the
P
I
c
ontr
ol
impleme
nted
in
P
W
M
Vo
lt
age
S
ource
I
nverter
s,
wh
e
re
oute
r
po
wer
c
on
t
ro
l
lo
op
ge
ner
at
es
r
efere
nce
cu
rr
e
nt
value
s(
′
and
′
)
an
d
in
ner
c
urren
t
c
on
tr
ol
lo
op
gen
e
rates
ref
e
r
ence
vo
lt
ag
e
va
lues
(
′
an
d
′
).
These
ref
e
re
nc
e
value
s
are
c
ompare
d
with
act
ual
val
ue
to
gen
e
rate e
rror
sign
al
s a
nd c
onve
rted
to
‘
ab
c
’
f
rame
to ge
ne
rate gati
ng si
gnal
s.
Hy
ste
resis
c
ontrolle
r
is
a
sim
ple
no
n
-
li
nea
r
con
t
ro
ll
er
with
no
c
omplex
c
on
t
ro
l
ci
rc
uitr
y
involve
d
f
or
the
cu
rr
e
nt
c
ontrol
an
d
has
fa
st
resp
onse.
It
employs
fee
dback
c
urren
t
c
ontr
ol
meth
od.
The
In
th
e
c
on
trolle
r
act
ion
,
a
V
SI
makes
the
gr
i
d
c
urren
t
t
o
f
ollow
a
ref
e
re
nce
patte
rn.
T
he
e
rror
ge
nerat
ed
by
t
he
c
ontr
oller
pro
du
ces
t
he
s
witc
hing
wa
ve
s,
as
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
3.
He
re
,
curre
nts
′
an
d
′
are
co
nv
e
rted
into
‘
a
bc
’
fr
a
m
e
′
,
′
′
us
in
g
dq
/a
bc
c
onve
rter.
A
n
e
rror
si
gnal
is
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
c
ompa
rin
g
these
ref
e
ren
ce
c
urr
e
nts
with
their
act
ual
val
ues.
T
he
er
ror
sign
al
is
fed
to
the
hy
ste
resis
con
t
ro
ll
er
to
ge
ner
at
e
gatin
g
pu
lse
s
.
A
mi
nimu
m
width h
ys
te
re
sis ba
nd is mai
ntained
i
n order
t
o
mi
nimize
the
erro
r
[
17
]
-
[
19]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An
ef
fi
ci
ent d
y
namic
po
we
r
man
ag
e
me
nt mod
el
f
or
a
st
and
-
alone
DC
…
(
N.
Sharmil
a
)
1441
Figure
2. D
oubl
e loop c
on
t
ro
l
scheme
u
si
ng
PI
c
ontrolle
r
Figure
3.
Ge
ne
rati
on of s
witc
hing
pu
lse
s
usi
ng hystere
sis c
on
t
ro
ll
er
2.
PROP
OSE
D
MO
DELIN
G
OF
ST
AND
-
A
LONE
DC MI
CROG
RID
The
pro
posed
sta
nd
-
al
one
D
C
micr
ogrid
ar
chite
ct
ur
e
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
4.
The
desig
n
i
s
sim
ulate
d
in
M
AT
LAB/S
imuli
nk to
obs
erv
e
the
w
orking and t
o
a
naly
ze the s
ys
te
m
perf
ormance
.
Figure
4. A
rch
i
te
ct
ur
e
of
pro
pose
d
sta
nd
-
al
one
D
C mic
r
ogr
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
14
39
–
14
49
1442
2.1. M
od
el
in
g o
f
s
ola
r
PV
p
an
el
So
la
r
P
V
fin
ds
exte
ns
ive
a
pp
l
ic
at
ion
i
n
ge
ne
rati
on o
f
el
ect
r
ic
it
y,
ra
ngin
g
f
rom r
esi
de
ntial
ap
plica
ti
on
to
la
rg
e
powe
r
plants.
W
ork
on
va
rio
us
met
hods
of
modell
ing
the
PV
pa
ne
l
has
bee
n
done
in
li
te
ratu
re
[20
]
,
[
21]
.
Fi
gure
5
sh
ows
the
eq
ui
valent
ci
rc
uit
o
f
a
pract
ic
al
sol
ar
cel
l
us
e
d
f
or
m
odel
li
ng
of
PV
a
rr
a
y.
H
ere
,
I
PV
ind
ic
at
es
phot
o
c
urre
nt
of
s
ol
ar
cel
l
in
a
m
pe
re,
R
sh
is
t
he
s
hunt
resist
ance
of
the
so
la
r
ce
ll
,
R
is
the
non
-
li
near
impe
da
nc
e
of
t
he
p
-
n
j
un
ct
io
n,
R
s
is
series
resist
ance
of
t
he
s
olar
cel
l.
The
t
otal
l
oad
cu
rrent
is
giv
en
by
(
2).
I
=
-
I
rs
[
ex
p
(
)
−
1
]
(2)
W
he
re
I
is
the
PV
a
rr
a
y
ou
t
put
cu
rr
e
nt
in
a
mp
e
res,
V
is
t
he
P
V
ar
ra
y
outp
ut
volt
age,
n
s
represe
nts
numb
e
r
of
cel
ls
connecte
d
in
se
ries,
n
p
repr
esents
numb
e
r
of
m
odules
c
onnected
in
pa
rall
el
;
q
give
s
the
charge
of
el
ect
ron,
k
is
Bol
tz
mann
c
onsta
nt,
A
is
t
he
p
-
n
ju
nctio
n
i
de
al
it
y
facto
r
(
determi
nes
the
cel
l
dev
ia
ti
on
f
r
om
ideal
p
-
n
j
un
c
ti
on
c
har
act
eri
sti
cs,
rangin
g
f
rom
1
t
o
5,
1
bein
g
the
i
deal
value
);
T
re
presents
cel
l
te
mp
eratu
r
e
in
Kel
vin
;
I
rs
is
cel
l
rev
e
rse
sa
turati
on
c
urrent
in
am
per
e.
Th
e
cel
l
rev
e
rse
s
at
ur
at
io
n
c
urre
nt
va
ries w
it
h ch
ang
e
s in
tempe
ratur
e
acc
ordin
g
to
the
(
3)
.
Figure
5.
Eq
ui
valent circ
uit o
f
s
olar
cel
l
I
r
=
I
r
′
(
T
T
r
′
)
[
exp
(
q
E
g
kA
)
(
1
T
r
′
−
1
T
r
)
]
(3)
W
he
re
′
ind
ic
a
te
s
the
cel
l
refe
ren
ce
te
m
pe
r
at
ur
e
(
298K
),
′
represe
nts
re
ve
rse
s
at
urat
ion
current
at
Tr
,
giv
es
the
ba
nd
-
ga
p
e
nerg
y
of
semi
co
nduct
or
use
d
in
cel
l.
As
s
hows
(
4)
gi
ves
the
val
ue
of
so
la
r
P
V
c
urre
nt
(
I
PV
)
in am
per
e
.
I
PV
=
I
SC
ref
+
k
i
( T
-
T
r
'
)
(
S
100
)
(4)
W
he
re
I
SCref
in
dicat
es
cel
l
sho
rt
ci
rcu
it
c
urren
t
at
refe
re
nce
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
ra
diati
on
;
k
is
the
short
ci
rc
ui
t
current
c
o
-
e
ff
i
ci
ent;
S
repres
ents
so
la
r
rad
ia
ti
on
in
m
W/cm
2.
T
he
po
wer
f
rom
the
P
V
arra
y
can
be
cal
culat
e
d
us
in
g
t
he
(
5
)
a
nd
(
6
)
.
P
=
VI
(5)
=
−
[
(
−
1
)
]
(6)
2.2. M
axim
u
m power
p
oin
t
tr
ackin
g alg
orithm
In
c
reme
ntal
c
onduct
ance
(
IC)
has
bee
n
im
pl
emented
to
co
mpute
an
d
e
xtr
act
maxim
um
powe
r
f
r
om
the
s
olar
P
V.
The
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
is
simple
a
nd
offe
rs
bette
r
performa
nce
i
n
c
omparis
on
with
the
pe
rtu
rb
an
d
ob
s
er
ve
M
PP
T
al
gorithm
.
The
os
ci
ll
at
ion
a
bout
the
maxim
um
point
is
le
ss
an
d
has
faster
r
e
sp
onse
i
n
dynamic c
on
diti
on
s.
The
f
l
owchar
t i
n
Fi
gure
6
s
hows
the im
plementat
io
n o
f
IC
MPPT
al
gorith
m.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An
ef
fi
ci
ent d
y
namic
po
we
r
man
ag
e
me
nt mod
el
f
or
a
st
and
-
alone
DC
…
(
N.
Sharmil
a
)
1443
Figure
6.
Flo
w
char
t
of I
C
MP
PT
al
gorith
m
2.3. M
od
el
in
g o
f
b
oost
c
onv
erter f
or sol
ar
PV sy
stem
A
DC
-
DC
boost
conver
te
r
act
s
as
an
interfa
ce
betwee
n
so
l
ar
PV
t
o
the
D
C
bu
s
.
The
c
on
ver
te
r
al
on
g
with
the
I
nc
re
mental
Co
nduc
ta
nce
al
gorith
m
hel
ps
i
n
e
xtracti
ng
ma
xim
um
powe
r
fro
m
the
so
la
r
P
V,
boos
ts
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
s
ola
r
P
V
a
nd
co
nn
ect
s
the
s
ola
r
PV
s
ys
te
m
to
DC
bus
.
T
he
va
lues
of
i
nduct
ance
L
and capacit
a
nc
e C is gi
ven by
(
7
)
a
nd
(
8
)
re
sp
ect
ively
.
L
=
V
ip
(
V
op
−
V
ip
)
f
sw
×
∆
I
×
V
op
(7)
C
=
I
op
(
V
op
−
V
ip
)
f
sw
×
∆
V
×
V
op
(8)
W
he
re
is
t
he
in
pu
t
volt
age
in
volt
s,
re
presents
the
ou
tpu
t
volt
age
i
n
vol
ts,
is
th
e
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
in
hertz
,
∆
represe
nt
s the
volt
age
ripp
le
a
nd
∆
re
pr
e
sents the
curre
nt r
i
pp
le
.
2.4. M
od
el
li
n
g of batt
ery
e
nergy s
to
r
age
As
re
ne
wab
le
energ
y
res
ourc
es
are
dilute
a
nd
i
ntermitt
ent
in
natu
re,
e
ne
rgy
sto
rag
e
s
yst
em
plays
a
vital
r
ole
i
n
stori
ng
the
ge
ne
rated
ene
r
gy.
Lead
aci
d
batte
ries
a
re
the
mo
st
po
pu
la
rly
us
e
d
ene
r
gy
sto
rage
sy
ste
m,
pro
vidi
ng
c
onsidera
bl
e
per
f
orma
nc
e
in
a
micr
ogrid
s
ys
te
m
[
22]
.
The
ci
rcu
it
represe
nt
at
ion
of
a
batte
ry
is
s
hown
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
7.
T
he
batt
er
y
vo
lt
age
is
non
-
li
nea
r
in
natur
e
a
nd
de
pends
on
the
el
ec
troly
t
e
te
mp
erat
ur
e
T
and the
batte
r
y’s stat
e
of
c
ha
r
ge
S
oC as
gi
ve
n by the
(
9)
.
V
m
=
V
mo
–
K
[
273
+
T
]
[
1
−
SoC
]
(9)
Wh
e
re
V
m
represe
nts
ope
n
ci
rc
uit
vo
lt
age
i
n
vo
lt
s,
V
mo
giv
es
open
ci
rcu
it
volt
age
at
fu
ll
cha
rg
e
in
volt
s,
K
is
the
co
ns
ta
nt
in
vo
lt
s/
C,
T
is
the
el
ect
ro
l
yte
te
mp
e
rature
in
C,
So
C
repres
ents
sta
te
of
c
ha
rg
e
of
batte
ry
[23]
-
[29]
.
T
he
a
ppr
ox
imat
e
d
valu
e
of
resist
a
nce
as
seen
f
rom
batte
ry
te
rmi
nals
is
ass
um
e
d
to
be
te
m
pe
ratur
e
ind
e
pende
nt
a
nd
is
a
functi
on
of
Stat
e
of
Cha
rg
e
(d
e
fine
d
as
rati
o
of
batte
r
y’s
c
urre
nt
cap
a
ci
ty
to
t
he
nom
inal
capaci
ty)
of t
h
e b
at
te
r
y
a
nd gi
ven
by
(
10
)
R
s
=
R
sref
[
1
+
A
(
1
−
SoC
)
]
(10)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
14
39
–
14
49
1444
W
he
re
R
sref
is
the
value
of
Rs
for
S
oC=1
in
ohms
,
A
is
a
co
ns
ta
nt
a
nd
S
oC
is
the
batte
r
y
So
C.
The
maxi
mu
m
So
C l
imi
t i
s 80
% an
d mi
nim
um S
oC is
20%
.
Figure
7.
Ba
tt
ery eq
uiv
al
e
nt c
ircuit
2.5. C
ontr
ol al
go
ri
t
hm
fo
r
b
attery
conver
t
er sy
stem
Bi
directi
o
nal
c
onve
rter
is
us
e
d
f
or
the
batte
r
y
a
nd
the
c
ontr
ol
al
gorith
m
re
gu
la
te
s
t
he
DC
li
nk
volt
ag
e
if
the
l
oad
or
so
la
r
ir
rad
ia
nc
e
var
ie
s.
If
th
e
dema
nd
on
t
he
sy
ste
m
dec
reases
tha
n
th
e
s
olar
P
V
ge
ner
at
e
d
powe
r,
the
n
th
e
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
inc
reases.
If
the
dema
nd
it
is
mo
re
tha
n
the
so
la
r
PV
gen
e
rated
pow
er
or
there
is
a
dec
r
ease
in
irra
dia
nce,
the
n
the
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
ag
e
decr
ease
s
af
f
ect
ing
the
perf
ormance
of
t
he
three
ph
a
se
vo
lt
age
s
ource c
onve
rte
r
c
onnected
in t
he
gri
d.
The
c
on
t
ro
l
al
gorithm
is
ai
med
t
o
im
pro
ve
t
he
pe
rformance
of
the
batte
ry,
re
gula
te
the
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
a
nd
im
pro
ve
the
ste
a
dy
sta
te
pe
r
for
mance
of
t
he
gri
d
by
c
on
t
ro
ll
ing
the
gatin
g
pu
lse
s
to
the
ba
tt
ery
.
The
pro
pose
d
con
t
ro
l
te
ch
ni
que
is
im
pleme
nted
as
sho
wn
in
F
ig
ur
e
8.
I
t
make
s
a
c
omparis
on
betw
ee
n
t
he
act
ual an
d ref
e
ren
ce
values o
f
d
c li
nk
volt
ag
e and
ge
ner
at
e
s er
r
or
si
gnal
, whic
h
is fe
d
to
the P
I
c
ontroll
er.
T
he
total
re
fer
e
nce
cu
rr
e
nt
obta
ined
from
P
I
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
is
filt
ered
us
in
g
a
movin
g
a
ve
rage
filt
er.
A
ra
mp
rat
e
li
mit
er
li
mit
s
t
he
cha
r
ge/d
isc
harge
rate
a
nd
pro
vid
es
ref
e
re
nce
val
ue
of
ba
tt
ery
cu
r
re
nt,
as
show
n
in
Figure
8
(a)
.
T
his
ref
e
r
ence
value
of
batte
ry
cu
rrent
I
b
a
t
Re
f
is
c
ompa
red
with
act
ual
value
I
b
at
in
a
hyste
r
esi
s
co
ntr
ol
blo
c
k
to
gen
e
r
at
ing
the
s
witc
hing
pulse
s
f
or
switc
he
s
in
conve
rter
ci
rc
uit,
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
8
(
b).
T
he
bid
irect
io
nal
conve
rter
inte
rf
aces
the
ba
tt
ery
with
th
e
DC
li
nk
a
nd
ef
fici
ently
supp
li
es/
ab
sorbs
th
e
def
ic
it
/e
xcess
powe
r
to
re
gu
la
te
the
dc
li
nk
vo
lt
a
ge.
The
co
nv
e
rter
des
ign
e
d
is
a
half
br
id
ge
buc
k
boost
hy
ste
resis c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
con
ver
te
r.
(a)
(b)
Figure
8.
(a
)
g
ener
at
io
n of re
fer
e
nce
batte
ry cu
rr
e
nt and
(
b)
g
ene
rati
on of
switc
hing
pulse
s for t
he batt
ery
ci
rcu
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An
ef
fi
ci
ent d
y
namic
po
we
r
man
ag
e
me
nt mod
el
f
or
a
st
and
-
alone
DC
…
(
N.
Sharmil
a
)
1445
3.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
The
micr
ogrid
s
ys
te
m
is
desi
gn
e
d
with
a
10kW
s
olar
PV
s
ys
te
m,
co
nne
ct
ed
to
DC
li
nk
t
hro
ugh
a
boos
t
c
onve
rter.
T
he
DC
li
nk
is
regulat
ed
at
760
V.
Lead
aci
d
batte
r
y
is
us
e
d
as
sto
ra
ge
sy
ste
m
,
co
nn
ect
ed
thr
ough
a
bid
i
r
ect
ion
al
DC
-
D
C
conver
t
e
r
to
the
DC
li
nk.
C
on
sta
nt
an
d
dy
namic
resist
ive
loads
a
re
ap
pl
ie
d
to
the
syst
em.
Th
e
load
occ
urrin
g
on
the
s
ys
te
m
is
va
ried
at
0.3,
0.6
a
nd
0.8
sec
onds.
Ta
bl
e
1
s
hows
t
he
detai
ls
of the
par
a
met
er
values use
d for sim
ulati
on
of the
gr
i
d.
Table
1
.
Propo
se
d
s
ys
te
m
p
a
r
amet
er
detai
ls
SI.
No
Particular
Ratin
g
1.
Maximu
m
po
wer
o
f
so
lar
P
V a
rr
ay
1
0
kW
2.
Vo
ltag
e at
m
ax
im
u
m
po
wer
V
MP
445V
3.
Cu
rr
en
t at
m
ax
im
u
m
po
wer
I
MP
2
2
.47
1
9
A
4.
Rated
capacity
2
0
0
Ah
5.
State of Ch
arge
80%
6.
DC Link
Voltag
e
760V
The
va
riat
ion
s
in
DC
li
nk
volt
age,
batte
r
y
volt
age
a
nd
c
ur
ren
t,
ba
tt
ery
So
C
is
ob
se
r
ved.
Fi
gure
9
sh
ows
the
va
ri
at
ion
i
n
powe
r
of
s
olar
P
V,
load
a
nd
batte
r
y
with
res
pect
to
ti
me.
Fig
ur
e
1
0
sho
ws
regulat
io
n
of
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
ir
resp
ect
i
ve
of
t
he
cha
ng
e
in
l
oad.
F
igure
s
1
1
,
1
2
,
1
3
s
how
the
var
ia
ti
ons
in
ba
tt
ery
current,
volt
ag
e
and
So
C
with
res
pect
to
ti
me.
The
gr
a
phs
s
how
quic
k
and
s
mooth
t
ran
sit
io
n
w
he
n
load
changes
.
Figure
9.
Va
riat
ion
of so
la
r power
, lo
a
d
a
nd
batte
ry
po
wer
with
resp
ect
t
o t
ime
Fig
ure
14
s
ho
ws
the
act
ive
a
nd
reacti
ve
power
of
i
nv
e
rter
ci
rcu
it
an
d
co
ns
ta
nt
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
of
in
ver
te
r
.
Figure
15
s
hows
t
he
loa
d
volt
age
regulat
ion
an
d
va
riat
ion
of
l
oad
cu
r
ren
t
due
to
dy
namic
l
oad.
T
he
loa
d
vo
lt
age
is
mai
ntained
co
ns
ta
nt
an
d
c
urren
t
var
ie
s
acc
ordi
ng
t
o
var
ia
ti
on
in
loa
d.
T
he
dro
op
c
ontr
ol
cannot
perform
e
ff
ect
ively
in
mini
mizi
ng
ci
rcu
la
ti
ng
c
urren
ts
wh
e
re
c
riti
cal
commu
nicat
io
n
do
es
not
ex
ist
.
The
vo
lt
age
a
nd
f
r
equ
e
nc
y
of
suc
h
s
ys
te
m
va
r
y
du
e
to
l
oa
d
va
riat
ion
.
I
n
com
par
is
on
to
su
c
h
s
ys
te
ms
,
th
e
pro
po
se
d
micr
ogrid
has
acce
ptable
perf
or
m
ance
in
te
rm
s
of
dy
namic
power
sh
a
rin
g
as
well
as
maint
ai
nin
g
vo
lt
age
an
d
frequ
e
nc
y
of
t
he
micr
ogrid
unde
r
var
ia
ti
on
in
loa
d.
The
sy
ste
m
ca
n
be
furthe
r
im
pro
ved
to
minimi
ze
pow
er
fl
uctuati
ons
by
inc
orp
or
at
i
ng
eco
n
om
ic
al
ly
feasi
ble
hybri
d
st
or
a
ge
sy
st
em
.
Fi
gure
16
and
17
sh
ow
t
he
c
hange
in
batte
r
y
c
urren
t
a
nd
volt
age
du
e
t
o
dyna
mic
load
va
riat
ion
.
As
t
he
l
oad
co
nnect
ed
to
the
gr
i
d
cha
nges,
var
ia
ti
on
in
ba
tt
ery
volt
age
and
cu
rr
e
nt
is
obser
ve
d.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
te
chn
i
qu
e
offe
rs
bette
r
dynamic
res
po
ns
e
i
n
c
ompar
ison
to
the
c
onve
ntio
nal
CP
ID
C
te
c
hniq
ue
.
T
he
set
tl
in
g
ti
me
dec
rease
with
smooth
transi
ti
on w
it
h res
pect
to
loa
d va
riat
ion.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
14
39
–
14
49
1446
Figure
1
0
Re
gula
ti
on
of
DC li
nk
volt
age
irres
pecti
ve of
load va
riat
ion
Figure
1
1.
V
ari
at
ion
in
b
at
te
r
y cu
rr
e
nt due t
o
var
ia
ti
on in
dy
namic lo
ad
Figure
1
2
. Batt
ery v
oltage
va
r
ia
ti
on
w
it
h re
s
pect to
ti
me
Figure
1
3
. Batt
ery Stat
e of C
ha
rg
e
v
a
riat
ion
with
resp
ect
t
o
dyna
mic l
oad va
riat
ion
Figure
14.
Var
i
at
ion
of act
ive
and
reacti
ve
po
wer o
f
inv
e
rter a
nd
I
nverter
freq
ue
nc
y wit
h resp
ect
t
o
ti
me
Figure
15. Re
gula
ti
on
of loa
d vo
lt
age
and
va
riat
ion
of
current
due to
dynamic l
oa
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An
ef
fi
ci
ent d
y
namic
po
we
r
man
ag
e
me
nt mod
el
f
or
a
st
and
-
alone
DC
…
(
N.
Sharmil
a
)
1447
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
s
how
t
hat
the
pro
po
s
ed
c
on
tr
ol
te
ch
nique
has
an
imp
rove
d
sta
bl
e
operati
o
n
com
par
e
d
to
c
onve
ntion
al
C
PI
DC
c
on
tr
oller.
The
hi
gher
val
ue
of
droop
par
a
mete
rs
le
ad
t
o
i
ncr
eas
e
in
D
C
li
nk
volt
age
va
riat
ion
wh
ic
h
is
ov
e
rcome
by
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
CPI
HC
te
ch
nique.
T
he
dynamic
res
pons
e
of
t
he
gr
i
d
s
hows
a
n
impro
veme
nt
with
t
he
pro
po
sed
te
ch
nique.
In
c
omparis
on
to
c
onve
ntio
na
l
meth
od,
t
he
s
ys
te
m
has
bette
r
DC
li
nk
volt
age
re
gula
ti
on
a
nd
batte
ry
c
urre
nt
co
ntr
ol.
T
he
s
ys
t
em
has
sm
ooth
powe
r
s
har
i
ng.
The
transient
res
po
ns
e
af
fects
the
li
fe
of
batte
ry
since
it
has
l
ow
powe
r
de
ns
i
ty.
The
propos
ed
sy
ste
m
c
onsiders
resist
ive
l
oad
f
or
a
nalysis.
T
he
pe
r
f
or
m
ance
of
t
he
pro
posed
mic
rogr
i
d
ca
n
be
f
ur
t
her
imp
r
oved
b
y
inco
rpor
at
in
g s
up
e
r
ca
pacit
or
and ma
king t
he
en
e
rgy
st
or
a
ge
sy
ste
m
hy
br
i
d.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
tha
nk
SJB
I
ns
ti
tut
e
of
Tech
nolo
gy,
Be
ngal
uru
,vi
sv
esva
ra
ya
te
c
hnologica
l
un
i
ver
sit
y
(
V
TU),
belaga
vi
an
d
vision
gro
up
on
s
ci
en
ce
an
d
te
ch
no
logy
(
V
GS
T
)
Karnata
ka
F
und
f
or
Infr
ast
ru
ct
ur
e
stren
gth
e
ning
in
Scie
nce
&
Tech
no
l
ogy
L
evel
–
2
for
a
ll
the
sup
port
a
nd
e
ncou
ragement
pro
vid
e
d by th
em to ta
ke u
p
t
his r
e
searc
h w
ork
a
nd
publish th
is
p
a
per.
REFERE
NCE
S
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Hug,
S.
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.
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,
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r
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iv
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c
ontrol
of
distri
b
ute
d
ene
rgy
stor
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in
a
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cro
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a
nd
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me
nt
o
f
hybrid
ren
ewa
ble
en
erg
y
-
base
d
mi
cro
gr
id
wit
h
te
chno
-
ec
ono
mi
c
opti
mization:
A
ca
se
study
on
an
urba
n
com
mun
i
ty
in
Egypt
,
”
Su
stainabl
e
Cit
ie
s
and
Soc
ie
t
y
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aya
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r
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ec
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ble
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ti
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cro
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id
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rnationa
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h
ica
l
cont
ro
l
t
ec
hn
iq
ue
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base
d
h
arm
o
ny
sea
rch
optimizat
ion
a
lgorithm
v
ersus
model
pr
e
dic
ti
v
e
cont
ro
l
f
or
au
tonom
ous
smart
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s,”
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te
rnationa
l
Journal
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v
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nag
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Figu
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16.
C
ompa
rison
of
v
a
riat
ion
i
n batt
ery
current
with
syst
ems usi
ng C
PI
HC
and
CP
I
DC
Figure
17.
C
ompa
rison
of
v
a
riat
ion
i
n batt
ery
vo
lt
age
w
it
h
s
yst
ems usi
ng C
PI
HC
and CP
I
DC
0.
0
0.
2
0.
4
0.
6
0.
8
1.
0
760
780
800
820
840
B
a
tte
r
y
Vo
l
ta
g
e
(V)
Tim
e
(
S
)
C
P
I
H
C
C
P
I
D
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
14
39
–
14
49
1448
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.
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ision
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ma
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nt
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hy
brid
r
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en
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y
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gr
id
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ec
hno
-
ec
onom
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c
opti
miz
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A
ca
se
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n
com
mun
i
ty
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Cit
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s
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Luo
,
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.
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Z.
L
i,
H
.
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.
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,
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Gu,
“A
two
-
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ti
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ontrol
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cro
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id
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erg
y
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li
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,
vo
l.
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erm
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201
7.
0
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188.
[13]
H.
Shay
eghi
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