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r
ith
m
w
a
s
in
cl
u
d
ed
to
o
p
ti
m
all
y
al
lo
ca
te
th
e
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
to
m
in
i
m
ize
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
s
t.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
a
s
in
d
i
ca
ted
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fin
all
y
,
a
Sta
n
d
-
alo
n
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
in
[
1
9
]
.
A
n
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
a
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ate
g
y
w
as
ai
m
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
w
er
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
l
o
ad
d
em
a
n
d
,
an
d
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
in
t
h
e
tan
k
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
a
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
k
i
n
d
s
’
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
s
ta
n
d
-
alo
n
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
a
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
as
t
h
e
m
ai
n
s
o
u
r
ce
,
a
b
ac
k
u
p
s
y
s
te
m
a
s
a
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
ai
m
to
ap
p
l
y
a
M
A
S
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
e
e
x
ce
s
s
a
n
d
d
ef
i
cit
p
o
w
er
ca
s
e
s
ar
e
ev
alu
a
ted
in
d
etails.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
e
v
al
u
ated
b
ased
o
n
an
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
f
ile.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
s
cited
ab
o
v
e,
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
is
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
s
t
an
d
-
alo
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
ased
o
n
M
AS
w
it
h
a
f
e
w
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
:
a.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
its
d
ev
ice
s
:
An
u
l
tr
a
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
in
te
g
r
ate
d
to
en
ab
le
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
latter
,
p
r
esen
ts
a
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e
(
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
/ d
is
c
h
ar
g
in
g
)
m
u
c
h
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
b
atter
y
.
b.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
MU
s
:
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
E
MU
s
,
o
u
r
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
aim
s
to
r
en
e
w
t
h
e
clas
s
ical
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
u
s
in
g
a
I
n
te
lli
g
en
t P
o
w
er
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
.
c.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
:
An
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
d
ata
p
r
o
f
ile
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
T
u
n
i
s
ia
n
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
atab
ase
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
em
a
in
d
er
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
5
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
e
s
ec
tio
n
1
;
Sectio
n
2
p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
;
Sect
io
n
3
o
u
tli
n
es
th
e
I
n
telli
g
en
t
P
o
w
er
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
an
al
y
s
is
;
Sectio
n
4
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
th
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
a
n
d
co
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
r
em
ar
k
s
ar
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
Sectio
n
5.
2.
ST
AND
-
A
L
O
N
E
H
YB
RID
SYST
E
M
AND
M
UL
T
I
-
AG
E
NT
SYS
T
E
M
DE
SCR
I
P
T
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
t
h
e
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
p
r
esen
t
ed
an
d
ev
al
u
ated
(
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
.
E
ac
h
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
p
r
ese
n
ted
b
y
its
o
w
n
ag
e
n
t.
E
ac
h
ag
e
n
t
w
a
s
d
ep
lo
y
ed
to
g
ath
er
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
i
th
o
th
er
a
g
en
t
s
a
n
d
MA
S.
A
ll
th
e
s
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
an
d
m
a
n
ip
u
lat
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
i
n
tel
lig
e
n
t
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
(
s
to
r
ag
e
/
R
ec
o
v
er
y
)
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
u
p
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
t
w
o
o
p
er
atio
n
s
m
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
E
lectr
o
ly
s
er
m
o
d
e
w
as
u
s
ed
as
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
th
e
P
E
MFC
m
o
d
e
was
u
s
ed
as
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
als
o
co
n
tr
o
l
s
th
e
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
ta
n
k
a
n
d
th
e
U
C
ap
to
ac
tiv
ate
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
elem
en
t
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
p
lan
te
d
to
m
ee
t D
C
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
I
P
M
is
ap
p
lied
to
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
e
n
s
u
r
es
co
o
p
er
atio
n
w
i
th
ea
ch
o
th
er
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
.
T
h
e
I
E
M
is
a
s
t
an
d
-
alo
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
o
th
er
ag
e
n
ts
t
h
at
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
co
m
p
lica
ted
tas
k
to
g
eth
er
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
ate
w
i
th
ea
ch
o
th
er
to
o
p
tim
ize
e
n
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
S
h
ar
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
h
an
d
led
lo
ca
ll
y
.
Mo
s
tl
y
,
ea
c
h
ag
e
n
t
c
an
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
e
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
it
s
o
w
n
u
n
it.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
ea
ch
ag
en
t
h
a
s
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
t
h
e
ev
e
n
t
to
r
ea
ct
q
u
ick
l
y
to
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
tas
k
.
W
h
e
n
an
ag
en
t
f
ails
,
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
,
al
l
ag
e
n
ts
w
ill
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
h
ar
i
n
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
a
n
d
e
x
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
w
i
th
o
th
er
ag
en
ts
(
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
.
2
.
1
.
So
la
r
E
nerg
y
Ag
ent
T
h
e
p
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w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
So
lar
E
n
er
g
y
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y
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te
m
(
SES)
h
as
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e
en
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
v
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io
u
s
f
l
u
ctu
a
ti
o
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
cli
m
ate
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
u
c
h
as
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
.
A
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
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r
ac
k
er
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MPPT
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w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
m
ai
n
tai
n
o
p
tim
u
m
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
2
]
.
T
o
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
tat
u
s
,
an
Ag
e
n
t
-
So
lar
h
as b
ee
n
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t so
lar
ce
ll is
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
p
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sc
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ph
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e
x
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1
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V
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pV
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N
N
(
1
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2
.
2
.
E
nerg
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s
t
o
ra
g
e
Ag
ent
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
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s
y
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te
m
(
E
SS
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w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
co
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l
an
d
t
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s
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T
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ch
ar
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o
l
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is
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t
d
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lo
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en
er
ate
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m
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2
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s
d
eli
v
e
r
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
E
l
ec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
w
er
e
s
to
r
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
lo
n
g
-
t
er
m
.
T
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
Van
d
er
W
aa
ls
s
tate
eq
u
atio
n
,
f
o
r
r
ea
l g
ases
[
2
5
]
.
2
..
P
HT
T
T
Q
R
T
p
V
(
3
)
.
S
u
p
e
rv
i
s
o
ry
Co
m
m
a
n
d
S
to
r
a
g
e
R
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
R
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
QP
H
2
QC
H
2
S
to
r
a
g
e
S
o
l
a
r
F
e
e
d
i
n
g
(
a)
Sch
e
m
atic
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
(
b
)
Mu
lt
-
Ag
en
t
-
S
y
s
te
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
2
.
3
.
E
nerg
y
Rec
o
v
er
y
Ag
ent
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
E
R
S)
w
as
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
th
e
P
E
MF
C
.
T
h
e
E
SS
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
E
MFC
th
at
d
ep
lo
y
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
g
a
s
es.
P
E
MFC
w
as
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
t
h
at
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
-
D
C
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
t
is
a
s
tatic
en
er
g
y
S
ol
a
r
-
Age
n
t
P
E
M
F
C
-
Age
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
3
6
7
–
375
370
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
d
ev
ice
th
at
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ch
e
m
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
o
f
f
u
el
s
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
P
E
MFC
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as:
2
F
C
r
e
v
a
c
t
c
o
n
o
h
m
C
CE
L
L
H
E
RS
E
RC
F
U
U
(
U
U
U
)
N
Q
.
I
2
.
F
.
(
4
)
2
.
4
.
Ult
ra
-
Ca
pa
cit
o
r
Ag
ent
:
Sh
o
rt
T
i
m
e
s
t
o
ra
g
e
T
h
e
Ultr
a
-
C
ap
ac
ito
r
A
g
e
n
t
was
u
s
ed
as
a
s
h
o
r
t
s
to
r
ag
e
ti
m
e.
I
t
w
as
d
ep
lo
y
ed
to
co
r
r
ec
t
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
u
ctu
a
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
E
R
A
.
T
h
e
UC
ap
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
n
elec
tr
ic
d
o
u
b
le
-
la
y
er
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
(
C
U
Cap
)
,
an
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
s
er
ie
s
r
esis
ta
n
ce
(
R
s
)
,
an
d
p
ar
allel
r
esis
ta
n
ce
(
R
p
)
.
T
h
e
ca
p
is
ch
o
s
en
as
an
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
lier
.
A
n
ef
f
icien
t
A
g
e
n
t
w
a
s
d
ep
lo
y
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
U
C
ap
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
ag
e
n
t
w
a
s
d
ev
o
t
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
UC
ap
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
U
Cap
)
th
at
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
U
C
ap
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
[
2
7
]
-
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
UC
ap
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
its
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
ar
e
g
i
v
e
n
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
m
ax
U
C
ap
2
U
C
ap
t
DH
U
C
ap
U
C
ap
U
C
ap
U
C
ap
U
C
ap
U
C
ap
U
C
ap
0
U
SO
C
(
)
U
C
ap
U
1
U
R
.
I
.
I
I
.
dt
U
(
0
)
C
(
5
)
2
.
5
.
E
lect
rica
l Lo
a
d Ag
ent
T
he
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
was
ch
o
s
e
n
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
a
n
d
to
t
est
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
w
er
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
tial
p
o
w
er
to
o
p
tim
ize
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
to
o
b
tain
th
e
d
esire
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
tr
ea
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
an
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
d
ata
p
r
o
f
ile
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
T
u
n
is
ia
-
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
atab
ase
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
.
3.
I
NT
E
L
L
I
G
E
N
T
P
O
WE
R
M
ANAG
E
M
E
NT
ANA
L
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
is
a
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
r
u
le
s
is
u
s
e
d
to
m
o
n
ito
r
,
to
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
g
en
er
atio
n
.
I
n
o
u
r
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
P
M
w
as
in
te
g
r
ated
a
M
u
lti
-
Ag
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
M
A
S
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
latf
o
r
m
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ar
tif
icial
i
n
tell
ig
e
n
ce
an
d
t
h
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
to
o
ls
to
cr
ea
te
an
o
p
ti
m
a
l
a
g
en
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ea
ch
a
g
e
n
t
ca
n
d
etec
t
its
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
ac
ts
o
n
it.
T
h
e
m
u
lti
-
ag
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
A
g
e
n
t/
UM
L
th
e
l
an
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
is
lan
g
u
a
g
e
is
ch
o
s
en
to
ev
al
u
ate,
ex
p
lain
th
e
ag
e
n
t
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
g
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
UM
L
ag
e
n
t
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
ar
io
u
s
d
es
ig
n
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
t
y
p
e
s
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
Seq
u
en
ce
Dia
g
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
e
v
al
u
ated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
o
f
a
g
i
v
en
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
.
Fo
r
th
i
s
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
I
P
M
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l c
u
r
r
en
t
wh
ich
ca
n
id
en
t
if
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
ate.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
SES
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
o
n
e
(
I
CTR
=I
S
E
S
-
I
L
oad
)
.
He
n
ce
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
I
CTR
>
0
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
ex
ce
s
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
p
r
esen
t
b
y
I
E
X.
T
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
p
o
w
er
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
an
d
th
en
s
to
r
ed
.
I
n
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ca
s
e
(
I
CTR
<0
)
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
ec
li
n
es
a
d
ef
ici
t
p
o
w
er
,
g
i
v
en
b
y
I
DEF
.
So
,
t
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
EX
)
an
d
t
h
e
d
ef
ici
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
DE
F)
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
in
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
w
h
ic
h
ele
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
il
l
b
e
eith
er
o
n
o
r
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ib
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
g
iv
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
4
ca
n
b
e
r
an
g
ed
i
n
s
e
v
er
al
s
tates
:
State
1
:
(
W
h
en
I
EX
≠
0
)
Firstl
y
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ch
ec
k
s
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
tan
k
s
to
r
ag
e
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
State
2
: (
W
h
en
SO
C
H2
<S
OC
M
)
T
h
e
E
le
ctr
o
ly
ze
r
is
o
n
(
D
EL
=1
)
.
State
3
: W
h
en
SO
C
H2
>
SOC
M
T
h
e
E
L
ec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
is
o
f
f
ele
m
e
n
t
(
D
EL
=0
)
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
UC
ap
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
ec
tif
y
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
State
4
: W
h
en
:S
OC
UC
ap
<SO
C
mx
T
h
e
UCap
is
o
n
(
D
UC
=1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
n
I
n
tellig
en
t P
o
w
er Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
fo
r
S
ta
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
Hyb
r
id
S
ystem
.
.
.
.
(
B
en
S
la
ma
S
a
mi)
371
State
5
: W
h
en
SO
C
UCap
>
SO
C
mx
a
n
d
SOC
H2
>SO
C
m
T
h
e
UC
ap
is
o
f
f
(
D
UC
=0
)
an
d
FC
is
o
n
(
DFC
=1
)
State
6
: W
h
en
SO
C
H2
<SO
C
m
FC
i
s
o
n
(
DF
C
=1
)
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
UC
ap
s
tate
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
State
7
: W
h
en
SO
C
UC
>
SOC
mn
T
h
e
UC
ap
i
s
o
n
(
D
UC
=1
)
.
State
8
:
W
h
en
SO
C
UCa
p
<SO
C
mn
T
h
e
UC
ap
is
o
f
f
(
D
UC
=0
)
.
(a
)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
P
r
o
f
iles
Var
iatio
n
s
: P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
cu
r
r
en
t p
r
o
f
ile
(
a)
; T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
(
b
)
;
So
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
p
r
o
f
ile
(
c)
;
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
lo
ad
p
o
w
er
(
d
)
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
ev
a
lu
ate
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
M
A
S.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
n
d
ex
p
lai
n
ed
i
n
d
etails
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
be
lo
w
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
all
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
en
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
MA
S.
T
h
is
latter
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
a
n
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
all
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
a
n
d
th
e
I
P
M
.
T
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
all
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
,
w
e
u
s
ed
Ma
tlab
/S
i
m
u
li
n
k
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
esi
g
n
t
h
e
ag
en
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
S
tatef
lo
w
Mo
d
eli
n
g
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
i
m
u
lated
an
d
ev
alu
a
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
d
ata
p
r
o
f
iles
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
p
r
o
f
iles
(
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
)
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
en
tal
r
es
u
lts
,
w
e
h
av
e
o
b
ta
in
ed
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
esu
lt
s
.
All th
e
i
n
p
u
t p
ar
a
m
ete
r
s
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
1
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
,
o
cc
asio
n
al
l
y
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
o
v
id
es
e
x
ce
s
s
p
o
w
er
an
d
d
ef
icit
p
o
w
er
(
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
)
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
e
e
x
ce
s
s
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
e
r
ates t
h
e
ac
ti
v
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
E
lel
y
ze
r
f
o
r
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
.
W
h
er
ea
s
t
h
e
d
ef
icit
o
f
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ates t
h
e
ac
tiv
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
P
E
MFC
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
(
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
an
d
6
)
.
T
h
e
UC
ap
in
ter
v
e
n
es to
r
ec
tify
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
a.
R
ec
ti
f
y
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
wh
en
t
h
e
ta
n
k
i
s
e
m
p
t
y
(
SO
C
H2
=
0
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
3
6
7
–
375
372
b.
R
ec
ti
f
y
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
w
h
en
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
tan
k
is
f
u
ll (
SOC
H2
=
1
)
.
T
h
e
UC
ap
b
eh
av
io
r
is
g
i
v
e
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
v
alu
e
o
f
SO
C
UC
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
at
th
e
ca
p
i
s
ac
tiv
ated
i
n
lo
ad
m
o
d
e
w
h
ile
t
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
SO
C
UC
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
at
it
i
s
ac
ti
v
at
ed
in
u
n
lo
ad
m
o
d
e.
W
e
m
u
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
th
at
t
h
e
in
i
t
ial
v
al
u
e
o
f
SO
C
UC
is
ab
o
u
t
5
5
%
an
d
th
e
cr
itical
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
UC
ap
lo
ad
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
less
th
a
n
5
%.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
tak
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
o
r
ag
en
t
w
h
o
is
a
s
s
i
g
n
ed
to
th
e
ac
ti
v
atio
n
a
n
d
d
ea
ctiv
atio
n
o
f
ea
ch
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
o
n
en
t is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
O
n
/O
f
f
s
t
ates (
Fig
u
r
e
5)
.
Fin
all
y
,
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
is
d
ed
ica
ted
to
s
h
o
w
in
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
e
f
f
icie
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
clas
s
i
ca
l
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
W
e
ca
n
r
e
m
ar
k
th
at
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
as
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
th
an
t
h
at
w
a
s
s
h
o
w
ed
b
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
th
a
t
u
s
e
C
las
s
ical
p
o
w
er
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
o
b
tain
ed
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
r
ea
ch
es a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
f
3
5
%
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Seq
u
en
ce
Dia
g
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
HE
S s
y
s
te
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Op
er
atio
n
al
P
o
w
er
Ma
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
A
ge
n
t
S
E
A
A
ge
n
t
L
oad
A
ge
n
t
E
R
A
A
ge
n
t
E
S
A
A
ge
n
t
U
C
ap
C
O
U
R
A
N
T
S
E
C
D
E
M
A
N
D
E
N
E
R
G
Y
H
Y
D
R
O
G
E
N
N
E
E
D
E
D
H
Y
D
R
O
G
E
N
P
R
O
D
U
C
E
D
S
T
A
T
E
O
F
C
H
A
R
G
E
R
E
Q
U
I
R
E
M
E
N
T
S
A
T
I
S
F
I
E
D
S
E
T
O
N
/
O
F
F
S
E
T
O
N
/
O
F
F
S
E
T
O
N
/
O
F
F
S
E
T
O
N
/
O
F
F
A
ge
n
t
M
an
age
m
e
n
t
I
C
T
R
=
I
S
E
C
-
I
L
o
a
d
I
C
T
R
>
0
I
EX
=
I
C
T
R
I
D
E
F
=
-
I
C
T
R
I
L
o
a
d
I
S
E
C
S
t
a
r
t
D
EL
=
0
S
O
C
H
2
<
S
O
C
M
D
EL
=
1
S
O
C
U
C
a
p
<
S
O
C
m
x
D
UC
=
1
D
UC
=
0
D
FC
=
0
S
O
C
H
2
>
S
O
C
m
D
FC
=
1
NO
Y
E
S
S
O
C
U
C
a
p
>
S
O
C
m
n
E
N
D
NO
Y
E
S
Y
es
No
S
O
C
m
S
O
C
M
C
al
c
u
l
at
e
S
O
C
H
2
=
F
(
I
EX
,
I
D
E
F
)
E
xc
e
s
s
D
e
f
i
c
i
t
C
al
c
u
l
at
e
S
O
C
U
C
a
p
Exc
e
s
s
S
O
C
mn
S
O
C
mx
d
e
fi
c
i
t
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
No
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
n
I
n
tellig
en
t P
o
w
er Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
fo
r
S
ta
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
Hyb
r
id
S
ystem
.
.
.
.
(
B
en
S
la
ma
S
a
mi)
373
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
u
r
en
t
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
t
h
e
Stan
d
-
a
lo
n
e
H
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
H
y
d
r
o
g
en
P
r
o
f
iles
/
S
tate
o
f
C
h
ar
g
e
(
SO
C
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ov
er
all
s
ta
n
d
-
alo
n
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
tr
ea
ted
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
in
g
an
I
P
M
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
cli
m
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
I
P
M
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
in
p
u
t
s
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
th
at
u
s
ed
t
o
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
s
.
Fin
all
y
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
ev
alu
a
ted
o
u
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
an
d
w
e
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
a
n
d
th
e
to
u
g
h
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
MA
S
w
as
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ated
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
ag
e
n
t
s
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
ag
e
n
ts
,
k
ee
p
s
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
l
o
ad
d
em
an
d
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
l
ts
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
a
s
ta
n
d
-
alo
n
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
b
ased
o
n
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
to
r
ag
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
3
6
7
–
375
374
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
B.
Ka
n
a
se
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
In
teg
r
a
ted
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
o
ff
g
rid
ru
ra
l
e
lec
tri
f
ica
t
io
n
o
f
re
m
o
te
a
re
a
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
35
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
2
–
1
3
4
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
]
A
.
B.
K
.
P
a
ti
l
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
S
izi
n
g
o
f
a
n
in
teg
ra
ted
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
l
o
a
d
p
ro
f
il
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
li
a
b
il
it
y
in
d
e
x
f
o
r
th
e
sta
te o
f
Uttara
k
h
a
n
d
in
I
n
d
ia,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
36
(
11
)
,
p
p
.
2
8
0
9
–
2
8
2
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
S
.
Ra
jan
n
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
in
teg
ra
ted
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
a
re
m
o
te
a
re
a
in
In
d
ia,
”
Ren
e
w
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
0
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
–
1
8
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
A
.
Ch
a
u
h
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Disc
re
te
h
a
rm
o
n
y
se
a
rc
h
b
a
se
d
siz
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
in
teg
ra
ted
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
re
m
o
te ru
ra
l
a
re
a
s o
f
Uttara
k
h
a
n
d
sta
te i
n
In
d
ia,
”
Ren
e
w
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
9
4
,
p
p
.
5
8
7
–
6
0
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
S
.
Ra
jan
n
a
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Em
p
lo
y
in
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
sid
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
se
lec
t
io
n
o
f
su
it
a
b
le
sc
e
n
a
rio
-
w
ise
iso
late
d
in
teg
ra
ted
re
n
e
wa
l
e
n
e
rg
y
m
o
d
e
ls
in
a
n
I
n
d
i
a
n
re
m
o
te ru
ra
l
a
re
a
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
9
9
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
1
–
1
1
8
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
P
.
M
e
sa
rić,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Ho
m
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
sid
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
teg
ra
te
d
w
it
h
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
a
n
d
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
so
u
rc
e
s,
”
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Bu
i
ld
i
n
g
s
,
v
o
l.
1
0
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
9,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
B.
P
.
Esth
e
r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
su
rv
e
y
o
f
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
d
e
m
a
n
d
sid
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
,
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s,
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ls
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
s,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
5
9
,
p
p
.
3
4
2
–
3
5
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
J.
Ca
o
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
n
e
w
b
a
tt
e
r
y
/Ult
ra
Ca
p
a
c
it
o
r
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
e
le
c
tri
c
,
h
y
b
rid
,
a
n
d
p
lu
g
-
in
h
y
b
ri
d
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
/i
s
su
e
:
27
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
–
1
3
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
A
.
Kh
a
li
g
h
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ba
tt
e
ry
,
Ultra
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r,
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
,
a
n
d
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
s
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
,
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
,
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
,
a
n
d
p
lu
g
-
in
h
y
b
rid
e
l
e
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s:
S
tate
o
f
th
e
a
rt,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
ic
u
l
a
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
59
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
2
8
0
6
–
2
8
1
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
0
]
B.
G
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Tw
o
-
S
tag
e
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
p
lu
g
-
in
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
c
o
n
sid
e
rin
g
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
lo
n
g
e
v
it
y
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
icu
l
a
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
61
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
4
9
8
–
5
0
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
A
.
T
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
b
a
se
d
o
n
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s:
F
u
e
l
-
c
e
ll
/l
it
h
i
u
m
-
b
a
tt
e
r
y
a
n
d
Ultrac
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
V
e
h
icu
la
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
61
(
8
)
,
p
p
.
3
3
7
5
–
3
3
8
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
A
.
Tan
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
DC/DC
a
n
d
DC/A
C
c
o
n
v
e
rters
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
e
n
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
-
Ultrac
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs an
d
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
,
”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
9
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
6
8
6
–
6
9
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
M
.
A
.
T
a
n
k
a
ri,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Us
e
o
f
Ultrac
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
ries
f
o
r
e
ff
icie
n
t
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
W
in
d
–
Die
se
l
h
y
b
rid
s
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
4
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
4
1
4
–
4
2
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
4
]
L
.
Ba
r
e
ll
i,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
P
EM
F
C/
b
a
tt
e
ry
p
a
c
k
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
a
b
u
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
A
p
p
li
e
d
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
9
7
,
p
p
.
7
7
7
–
7
8
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
A
.
Jo
ss
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals
o
f
b
a
tt
e
r
y
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
5
4
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
5
3
0
–
5
3
8
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
6
]
J.
L
a
g
o
rse
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
m
u
lt
i
-
a
g
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
istri
b
u
ted
p
o
w
e
r
so
u
rc
e
s,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
35
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
7
4
–
1
8
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
7
]
M
.
S
.
Ra
h
m
a
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Distrib
u
ted
m
u
lt
i
-
a
g
e
n
t
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
8
,
p
p
.
5
7
3
–
5
8
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
8
]
A
.
El
-
Zo
n
k
o
ly
,
“
In
telli
g
e
n
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
o
p
ti
m
a
ll
y
lo
c
a
ted
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
s
in
c
o
rp
o
ra
ti
n
g
P
HE
V
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
4
,
p
p
.
4
2
7
–
4
3
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
M
.
V
e
n
k
a
tes
h
k
u
m
a
r,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
n
e
w
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
In
v
e
rter
S
tan
d
a
l
o
n
e
h
y
b
rid
P
V
/F
C
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
e
m
,
”
Fu
e
l
Ce
ll
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
15
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
8
6
2
–
8
7
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
0
]
P
.
G
ia
m
m
a
tt
e
o
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
p
ro
p
o
sa
l
f
o
r
a
m
u
lt
i
-
a
g
e
n
t
b
a
se
d
S
y
n
c
h
ro
n
iza
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
d
istr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
i
n
m
icro
-
g
rid
s
y
ste
m
s,
”
EA
I
En
d
o
rs
e
d
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
N
e
two
rk
s
a
n
d
I
n
telli
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
3
(
7
)
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
-
1
6
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
C.
L
i,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
D
y
n
a
m
ica
l
c
o
n
se
n
su
s
se
e
k
in
g
o
f
h
e
te
ro
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
m
u
lt
i
-
ag
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
s
u
n
d
e
r
in
p
u
t
d
e
lay
s,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
C.
Da
rra
s
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
izin
g
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
c
o
u
p
led
w
it
h
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
/o
x
y
g
e
n
sto
ra
g
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
ORIENT
E
m
o
d
e
l
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
35
(
8
)
,
p
p
.
3
3
2
2
–
3
3
3
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
3
]
B.
A
b
d
e
re
z
z
a
k
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
c
h
a
rg
e
tran
sfe
r
in
a
P
E
M
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
u
sin
g
so
lar
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
39
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
3
–
1
6
0
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
4
]
R.
B.
S
la
m
a
,
“
P
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
b
y
e
lec
tro
l
y
sis
o
f
w
a
ter:
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e
c
ts
o
f
th
e
El
e
c
tro
l
y
te
t
y
p
e
o
n
th
e
e
lec
tro
ly
sis
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s,
”
Co
mp
u
ta
ti
o
n
a
l
W
a
ter
,
En
e
rg
y
,
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
En
g
i
n
e
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g
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v
o
l
/i
ss
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e
:
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(
02
)
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p
p
.
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4
–
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8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
5
]
B.
M
a
h
m
a
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
D
y
n
a
m
ic
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
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e
o
f
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
P
o
w
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r
M
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
i
ty
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
S
c
ien
t
if
ic
Res
e
a
rc
h
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
-
2
2
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
6
]
B.
M
a
h
m
a
h
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
p
o
w
e
r
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
it
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
05
(
02
)
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
–
2
2
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
7
]
J.
Ba
u
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
F
u
e
l
-
Ce
ll
–
Ba
tt
e
ry
,
F
u
e
l
-
Ce
ll
–
Ultrac
a
p
a
c
it
o
r,
a
n
d
F
u
e
l
-
Ce
ll
–
Ba
tt
e
ry
–
Ultrac
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
v
e
h
icle
s,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
icu
la
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
57
(
2
)
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p
p
.
7
6
0
–
7
6
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
8
]
W
.
L
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
d
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li
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
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f
a
s
m
a
ll
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lar
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u
e
l
c
e
l
l
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Z
h
e
ji
a
n
g
Un
ive
rs
it
y
-
S
CIENCE
A
, v
ol
/i
ss
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:
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5
)
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p
p
.
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4
–
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,
2
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0
7
.
[2
9
]
J.
S
a
b
o
r,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
E
n
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y
m
a
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1
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u
z
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y
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g
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c
o
m
p
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ter
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
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l
J
o
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rn
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telli
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g
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f
o
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:
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(
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)
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
,
2
0
1
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.
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