Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 69
2
~
70
1
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p69
2-7
01
6
92
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
DG i
n
t
e
gration to distribution
system with active power
injection control
P. V. V
S
a
ty
a
n
ar
ay
an
a,
P. V.
R
a
ma
n
a
R
a
o
D
e
parte
m
en
t o
f
Ele
c
tri
cal an
d
E
l
ectro
n
i
cs Eng
i
n
e
e
r
ing
,
A
c
hary
a N
a
garjun
a Un
iv
ers
i
ty,
Indi
a
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
Ju
l
31
,
20
19
Re
vise
d N
o
v
9
,
20
19
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
D
e
c
3
,
20
19
Co
nv
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l m
e
th
od
ol
og
y
fo
r
ele
c
t
r
ica
l
power gener
a
ti
on is
vulne
r
able
due
to
en
viron
m
en
tal l
i
mi
tation
s
and
th
e
av
aila
bility
o
f
fu
el.
Distrib
u
ted
gen
e
ra
tion,
off
e
r
i
n
g
v
i
r
t
uo
us
b
e
n
e
fits
to
th
e
m
a
rk
et p
a
rtak
ers
,
is
t
r
ending
in
ele
c
trical p
o
w
e
r
sy
stem
in
mod
e
rn
era
.
Th
is
p
a
per
pr
es
en
ts
t
h
e
di
st
r
i
b
u
ted
g
e
ne
rat
i
o
n
i
n
t
e
gra
t
i
on t
o
g
r
id wi
th
ac
t
i
ve
po
we
r inj
e
ct
io
n
c
ont
rol
.
Distri
bute
d
gen
e
ra
tion
so
ur
ce d
e
liv
e
rs
DC p
o
w
e
r wh
ich
i
s
p
r
oces
sed
th
r
oug
h
sq
uare
wav
e
inv
e
rter
. I
n
v
e
rter
cir
c
u
i
t
is
co
ntrolled u
s
in
g a simp
le co
ntr
o
l
te
chn
i
q
u
e
to
ma
tch
grid
code. F
i
x
i
ng
th
e cu
rr
ent ref
e
re
nce
and
v
a
ryin
g
th
e s
a
m
e
,
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
i
s
c
a
r
rie
d
o
u
t
fo
r gri
d
int
e
gra
t
i
o
n
sc
hem
e
of di
stri
buted
ge
n
e
ra
t
i
o
n
in
je
ctin
g
a
c
tiv
e
pow
er
to
grid
.
S
i
mula
tio
n
wo
rk
is
carr
i
ed
ou
t and
res
u
lts
ar
e
show
n using MAT
L
AB/SIMU
L
IN
K s
o
ftware.
Ke
yw
ords:
Act
i
v
e P
o
we
r
Cur
r
ent
Re
fere
nce
D
i
st
ri
bu
te
d
G
e
n
e
r
a
tion
Gri
d
Int
e
gra
t
io
n
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
P
.
V
.
V
.
Sa
ty
an
ar
ay
a
n
a
,
Re
search
S
c
ho
l
a
r,
Depa
rte
m
e
n
t o
f
Ele
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
an
d Ele
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
En
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
Acha
rya Naga
rj
u
n
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
, G
unt
u
r
, AP,
Indi
a
.
Emai
l:
pvvsa
t
y
a
nara
ya
na.eee
@g
mai
l
.com
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
M
a
j
o
r
ity
of
the
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
ca
l e
n
er
gy
wor
l
dw
ide
is g
e
n
e
ra
te
d b
u
l
k
(
a
bo
u
t
1MW
to
100
0MW
)
p
o
we
r
pl
ant
s
a
nd
i
s
d
e
l
i
v
ere
d
t
o
c
o
nsu
m
er
s
t
h
ro
u
gh e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
t
r
ansmi
s
si
on a
n
d di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
syste
m
s. T
h
i
s
t
ype
of
p
o
w
e
r
sy
ste
m
is
g
e
n
e
ra
lly
t
e
rm
e
d
‘c
en
tr
al
iz
ed
p
o
w
er
syst
em
’. Th
is
elec
tr
ic
al
e
n
e
r
gy
i
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
te
d fro
m
com
b
u
s
ti
on
f
u
e
l
s (l
ike
c
o
a
l
, na
tu
ral
ga
s o
r
oi
l
)
or n
u
cl
ea
r
fue
l
s [1].
T
h
e
ma
i
n
c
o
nst
r
ai
nt
s
wi
t
h
t
h
e
us
age
of
con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
f
u
el
s
a
r
e
p
o
ll
ut
ion
a
n
d
a
v
ai
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y
[2-3].
C
o
n
v
ent
i
o
nal
fue
l
s are
at
e
x
ti
nct
poi
nt
no
w-a
-
da
ys a
n
d
c
o
st m
o
re
. Con
v
e
n
tion
a
l pow
e
r
p
l
a
n
ts a
r
e a
co
n
s
tra
i
n
t
th
e
s
e d
a
y
s
a
s
t
h
e
wo
r
l
d
c
ountr
i
e
s
ar
e
fo
c
u
si
n
g
o
n
i
s
sue
s
re
gardi
n
g
glo
b
a
l
wa
rm
ing.
D
i
st
ri
b
u
te
d
g
e
nera
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
vi
a
b
l
e
opt
i
o
n
t
o
red
u
ce
pol
l
u
t
i
on
a
n
d al
so t
o
add
r
e
s
s ma
n
y
t
e
c
hnic
a
l
i
ssues re
ga
rdi
n
g
con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
po
we
r ge
nera
ti
on. Di
st
ri
bu
t
e
d ge
ne
rat
i
o
n
i
s
t
h
e
gene
rat
i
o
n
at
l
o
ad
side
re
d
u
c
i
ng
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
smi
ssion
losses
c
onsi
d
e
r
a
b
l
y
[
4
-8
].
Ge
ne
ra
ti
o
n
of el
ec
tric
al
e
n
erg
y
f
r
o
m
th
e sourc
e
wh
ic
h a
r
e
ren
e
w
a
b
l
e in
nat
u
re
a
r
e ca
ll
ed
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
sou
r
ce
s
li
k
e
so
l
a
r
,
wind
et
c.
Di
strib
u
t
e
d ge
ne
rat
i
o
n h
a
s pe
net
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
man
y
of
t
h
e
Euro
pean
c
o
unt
ri
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
l
a
st
fe
w yea
r
s.
Po
we
r
gene
rat
i
o
n
nea
r
or at
t
h
e l
o
ad
p
o
int
s
or
a
t
t
h
e p
o
int
of u
s
e
i
s
te
rme
d
as
“
D
i
s
t
r
i
but
ed
ge
ne
rat
i
o
n
”
[
9
-1
6].
Ma
ny
re
ne
wa
bl
e so
u
r
c
e
s l
i
ke
p
h
ot
o
-
vol
t
a
i
c
s
y
ste
m
,
sma
l
l wi
nd
t
u
rbi
n
e
s
a
r
e
ca
pa
ble
of
ge
nerat
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
erg
y
at
di
stri
but
i
o
n
p
o
int
[1
7-
2
0
]. C
l
ima
t
i
c
c
h
a
nge
gui
de
li
nes
,
a
dva
nc
e
m
ent
s
i
n
te
ch
n
o
l
o
gy
a
n
d
i
n
cre
a
s
e
in
pros
pec
t
s of
c
u
sto
m
ers
l
e
d t
o
i
n
crea
sed
us
a
g
e o
f
D
G
s.
Fi
gu
re
1 sho
w
s
t
h
e sco
p
e
o
f
re
newa
bl
e
so
ur
c
e
s.
T
h
is
pape
r pre
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
di
st
ri
b
u
t
e
d
gene
rat
i
on i
n
t
e
grat
i
o
n
t
o
gri
d
[2
1-
26] wi
t
h
ac
t
i
ve
p
o
w
er
i
n
je
ct
i
o
n
cont
rol
.
Di
strib
u
t
e
d
ge
nera
t
i
o
n
so
u
r
c
e
de
l
i
ve
rs
DC
p
o
w
er
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
proc
esse
d
t
h
rou
g
h
s
q
uar
e
wa
ve
i
n
vert
e
r
[27]
.
In
verte
r
ci
rcui
t
i
s
c
o
ntr
o
ll
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
sim
p
l
e
c
ont
rol
t
e
c
h
niq
u
e
t
o
mat
c
h g
r
i
d
c
o
de
. F
i
xi
n
g
t
h
e
cu
rre
n
t
refe
re
nce
and
va
ryi
ng t
h
e
same, a
n
al
ysi
s
i
s
c
a
rrie
d
o
u
t
for
gri
d
i
n
te
grat
i
on sc
he
me
of
di
strib
u
t
e
d
gene
rat
i
o
n
inj
e
c
t
i
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
DG
I
n
te
grat
i
o
n t
o
Di
st
rib
u
t
i
on
Sy
st
em
wi
t
h
Ac
ti
v
e
Pow
e
r
Inj
ect
i
o
n C
ontr
o
l
…
(P.
V
.
V
S
a
t
y
a
n
a
r
ay
a
n
a
)
6
93
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
wer
to
gr
id
.
Sim
u
latio
n
wo
rk
is car
r
i
e
d
ou
t a
nd re
su
lt
s ar
e
sho
w
n
u
s
ing
M
A
TLA
B
/
S
I
M
U
LI
NK
s
o
ft
ware
.
Fi
gu
re
1. Sc
op
e
o
f
re
n
e
wabl
e
sou
r
ce
s
2.
DIST
RIBU
T
E
D
GE
NER
A
T
ION I
N
T
E
G
RAT
I
O
N
TO
GRI
D
D
i
st
ri
b
u
te
d
ge
nerat
i
o
n
(D
G) or
di
stri
but
e
d
ene
r
g
y
re
so
urc
e
s (DER
) a
r
e
t
h
e s
u
p
p
lyi
n
g
rese
rves
o
f
el
ec
tric
al
ene
r
gy
whi
c
h
are
d
i
rec
t
l
y
co
n
n
e
c
t
e
d t
o
the
l
o
c
a
l
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
on s
y
st
em.
Man
y
re
newa
ble
s
ourc
e
s l
i
k
e
ph
oto
-
volt
a
i
c
syst
em, s
m
a
l
l
wi
nd t
u
rbi
n
es
are
c
a
pa
bl
e o
f
gene
rat
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
ene
r
gy a
t
di
st
ri
bu
t
i
o
n poi
nt
.
Di
strib
u
t
e
d
ge
nera
t
i
o
n
mo
re
o
f
t
e
n i
n
vol
ve
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
(a
ls
o
c
a
l
l
e
d a
s
isol
at
ed) t
y
pe
or
gri
d
c
o
n
n
ect
e
d
(no
n
-
i
s
ol
at
e
d
)
m
o
de
o
p
e
r
at
ion
s
.
Off-
gri
d
dist
ri
but
e
d
ge
ne
rat
i
on
gene
ral
l
y
pro
v
i
d
e
s
i
t
s (
D
G
’
s)
se
l
f
ge
nerat
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
it
y
t
o
t
h
e
en
d u
s
e
r
s
a
n
d
is
iso
l
at
ed from
th
e
ma
in el
ec
tr
ic
al
g
r
i
d
.
On
th
e o
t
h
e
r h
a
nd
, g
r
i
d
co
nn
ec
te
d
di
st
ri
b
u
t
e
d
sy
ste
m
i
s
t
h
e
loc
a
l
ge
nerat
i
n
g
sy
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
n
ect
ed
t
o
ma
i
n
gri
d
. D
i
st
ri
b
u
t
e
d
ge
nerat
i
on
u
n
i
t
s
c
a
n
be
com
b
i
n
e
d
t
o
make
a smal
l
gri
d
an
d t
h
e
s
e
sma
l
l
gri
d
s
ca
n
be c
o
nne
ct
e
d
t
o
l
a
r
g
e/
cent
r
a
l
iz
ed g
r
i
d
t
o
st
abi
l
iz
e
t
h
e mai
n
g
r
i
d
.
Fi
gu
re
2 i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e Di
s
t
ri
bute
d
Ge
ne
rat
i
on i
n
t
e
grat
i
on
sche
me
t
o
Gri
d
. T
h
e
out
put
of
D
i
st
ri
bu
te
d e
n
er
gy r
e
sou
r
c
e
(D
ER) i
s
f
e
d t
o
DG
i
n
v
e
r
t
er
.
D
C
po
w
e
r ou
tp
u
t
fro
m
th
e
DER is
i
n
v
e
rt
ed
t
o
A
C
t
ype usi
n
g D
G
i
n
verte
r
. T
h
e q
u
asi
-
sq
uare
out
put
from t
h
e D
G
in
ve
rt
er i
s
furt
he
r smo
o
t
h
e
n
e
d
usin
g
i
n
te
rfa
ci
ng
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
a
nd s
u
p
p
li
es act
i
v
e
po
wer t
o
gri
d
.
F
i
g
u
re 2
.
D
i
st
ri
bute
d
Ge
ne
ra
ti
on
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
io
n sc
heme
to gri
d
3.
CO
NTR
O
L
S
T
RA
TE
GY F
O
R A
C
T
I
VE
POWER
I
N
J
E
CT
ION
F
R
OM
DG TO
GRI
D
C
ont
rol
me
t
h
o
dol
og
y
fo
r ac
t
i
v
e
pow
er i
n
j
e
c
t
i
on from
D
G
t
o
gri
d
is s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
3.
The c
ont
ro
l
st
ra
te
g
y
to c
o
n
t
ro
l
t
h
e
D
G
(s
qu
a
r
e
w
a
v
e
) inv
e
r
t
e
r
to inj
e
c
t
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r to
g
r
id is a
s
i
mp
l
e
d-
q
t
h
e
o
ry
.
I
n
iti
al
ly
,
a
ph
ase
sequ
en
c
e
si
g
n
a
l
i
s
e
x
tr
a
c
te
d wh
ic
h is syn
c
hro
n
i
z
e
d
on
z
e
r
o
cr
o
s
sing
s
o
f
fund
amen
ta
l ph
a
s
e
from t
h
e t
h
re
e
-
pha
se
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
l
t
a
ge
(usi
n
g
a
PLL
bl
o
c
k
)
.
Usi
n
g i
nve
rse
P
a
rks t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
on
a
s
in
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
(1
), t
h
e
rot
a
t
i
n
g
frame
t
i
me
d
o
mai
n
‘
d
-q
’
c
o
mpone
nts
a
r
e
t
r
a
n
sf
orme
d t
o
t
h
re
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
‘a
b
c
’ re
fere
nce
fra
me.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
9
2
–
701
69
4
2
3
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
co
s
2
/3
2
/3
2
/3
2
/3
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
(1
)
B
a
l
a
nc
ed syst
e
m
make
s
ze
ro-c
ompo
ne
nt
zer
o. T
h
e
t
h
re
e-p
h
a
se
refe
renc
e c
u
rre
n
ts a
r
e
c
o
mpa
r
ed
wi
th
a
c
t
u
al
th
r
e
e
-
pha
se
c
u
rr
en
ts
to g
e
n
e
ra
te
pu
l
s
e
s
to
squ
a
re
wa
v
e
(D
G
)
inv
e
rt
er
sw
i
t
ch
es.
C
o
mp
le
te
sc
h
e
ma
tic
arra
nge
ment
o
f
D
G
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
ed t
o
g
r
i
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
rres
po
n
d
i
n
g
cont
rol
c
i
r
c
ui
t
is rep
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
di
ag
ra
mma
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
i
n
Fi
gu
re
4
.
W
h
il
e i
n
te
grat
i
n
g
t
h
e s
y
ste
m
,
the
c
ont
rol
u
n
it
ge
n
e
rat
e
s t
h
e
si
g
n
a
l
s
s
u
ch
t
h
at
t
h
e
DG
in
ve
rt
er
out
pu
t
p
a
rame
te
r
s
m
a
t
c
h
th
e gr
id
c
ode.
Tab
l
e
1
il
lu
str
a
te
s t
h
e
sy
stem
p
a
ra
me
ter
s
u
s
ed
fo
r
th
e si
mu
la
tio
n
an
al
ysis.
Fi
gu
re
3. Co
nt
rol
me
th
o
dol
o
gy
fo
r ac
ti
ve
p
o
w
er i
n
je
ct
i
on from
DG
t
o
gri
d
Fi
gu
re
4. Sc
he
mat
i
c
a
rra
n
g
e
m
ent
of g
r
i
d
i
n
t
e
rfaci
n
g
sc
h
e
me
o
f
D
G
wi
th
co
nt
rol
met
h
o
dol
og
y
T
a
bl
e 1. S
y
ste
m
Pa
ramet
e
rs
P
a
r
a
me
te Value
D
C
I
nput Sour
ce
800
V
I
n
te
rf
ac
in
g
I
n
duc
tor
7.
5m
H
G
r
id Pa
r
a
met
e
r
s
440V
,
5
0
H
z
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
DG
I
n
te
grat
i
o
n t
o
Di
st
rib
u
t
i
on
Sy
st
em
wi
t
h
Ac
ti
v
e
Pow
e
r
Inj
ect
i
o
n C
ontr
o
l
…
(P.
V
.
V
S
a
t
y
a
n
a
r
ay
a
n
a
)
6
95
4.
SIM
U
LAT
I
ON
RE
SUL
T
S
AN
D A
N
A
L
Y
S
IS
4.1.
Acti
ve
p
o
wer
i
n
je
cti
o
n fr
om
DG to gr
id wi
th fix
e
d curre
nt re
fre
n
c
e
Fi
gu
re
5
sh
ow
s t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
i
n
d
u
ce
d t
o
g
r
i
d
fro
m
D
G
.
T
h
ree
-
p
h
ase
vol
t
a
ges
wi
t
h
ma
g
n
i
t
ude
3
6
0
V
a
r
e
i
n
du
ced
t
o
g
r
id
alo
n
g
with
th
r
e
e
-
ph
as
e
cu
rr
en
t
s
o
f
m
a
gn
i
t
u
d
e
20A
. Th
e ill
u
s
trat
io
n
o
f
Th
re
e-ph
a
s
e
current
s
i
s
ma
d
e
i
n
F
i
gu
re
6.
Fi
g
u
re 5
.
Th
re
e-p
h
ase Volt
ag
e
s
i
n
duce
d
t
o
g
r
i
d
Fi
gu
re
6.
Th
re
e-p
h
a
s
e
c
u
rre
n
t
s
i
n
duce
d
t
o
gri
d
The
phase a
n
gl
e
di
ffe
r
e
n
ce be
t
w
ee
n
i
n
d
u
ce
d vol
ta
ge a
n
d
i
n
duce
d
c
u
r
r
ent
i
s
sh
ow
n in
Fi
g
u
re
7. T
h
e
pha
se an
gl
e i
s
obs
e
r
ved al
m
o
st
ze
ro ma
king t
h
e p
o
w
e
r
fa
ct
or
nea
r
t
o
unit
y
a
s
de
ma
nde
d. G
a
i
n
o
f
c
u
rre
n
t
signa
l i
s
i
n
cre
a
s
ed
fo
r cl
ea
r
vi
sual
i
zat
i
on.
F
i
gu
re
7. P
o
we
r
fact
or an
gl
e b
e
tw
een i
n
d
u
c
e
d
vol
t
a
ge
an
d
c
u
rrent
F
i
gure
8 i
n
dic
a
t
e
s t
h
e a
c
t
i
ve
po
we
r fe
d t
o
g
r
i
d
from
D
G
a
n
d
F
i
g
u
re
9 i
l
l
u
st
rat
e
s t
h
e
rea
c
t
i
v
e
pow
e
r
exc
h
a
n
ge be
t
w
een
gri
d
a
nd
DG
s
y
ste
m
. A
c
ti
ve
po
we
r
o
f
10
.4
KW
is i
n
d
u
ce
d t
o
gri
d
fr
om
D
G
s
y
st
e
m
an
d
r
e
a
c
tiv
e
p
o
wer
e
x
ch
ang
e
is zer
o.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
9
2
–
701
69
6
Fi
g
ur
e 8
.
A
c
t
i
ve
p
owe
r
fe
d
t
o
g
ri
d f
r
om
D
G
Fi
g
u
r
e
9. Re
ac
ti
ve
p
ow
e
r
f
e
d
t
o
g
ri
d f
r
om
D
G
In
Fi
g
u
re
1
0
i
s
sho
w
n
t
h
e l
i
ne
vol
ta
ge
of 8
0
0
V
peak
in ea
c
h
l
i
ne o
f
D
G
i
n
v
e
rt
er.
Wherea
s
Fi
gu
re
11
sh
o
w
s
p
h
a
s
e
v
o
l
t
a
ges
wit
h
pea
k
535
V
.
F
i
gu
re
1
0
.
Li
n
e
vol
t
a
ge
s
of D
G
i
n
ve
rte
r
F
i
g
u
r
e
11
.
P
h
ase
vo
lt
ag
e
s
of D
G
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
Fig
u
r
e
12
sh
ow
s
th
e h
a
rmonic
a
n
al
y
s
is of
i
n
du
c
e
d
cu
rre
n
t
fro
m DG
t
o
g
r
id
.
I
ndu
ce
d
curr
en
t
con
s
ist
s
o
f
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
c
o
n
t
en
t
w
i
t
h
m
a
gn
i
t
u
d
e
4.
68
% (o
f fu
nd
a
m
en
ta
l
)
wh
ich
is wi
thin
th
e
p
r
e
s
c
r
ibed
lim
it.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
DG
I
n
te
grat
i
o
n t
o
Di
st
rib
u
t
i
on
Sy
st
em
wi
t
h
Ac
ti
v
e
Pow
e
r
Inj
ect
i
o
n C
ontr
o
l
…
(P.
V
.
V
S
a
t
y
a
n
a
r
ay
a
n
a
)
6
97
F
i
g
u
r
e
12
.
H
a
rmon
ic
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
of
indu
c
e
d c
u
rr
e
n
t t
o
g
r
id
4.2.
Acti
ve
p
o
wer
i
n
je
cti
o
n
fr
om
D
G
to gr
id wi
th va
r
i
abl
e
c
u
r
rent re
fere
nc
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
13 sh
ows
t
h
e vo
l
t
a
g
e
in
du
c
e
d
t
o
g
r
id fr
om
DG
. Th
ree
-
ph
as
e
vo
ltag
e
s w
i
t
h
magnit
u
d
e
36
0V
are i
n
duce
d
t
o
gri
d
al
o
ng
wi
t
h
three
-
p
h
ase
c
u
rrent
s
.
The
varia
b
le
cu
rre
n
t
refe
re
nce c
o
mma
n
d i
s
gi
ven at
0.3sec
. Cu
rrent
is
fe
d t
o
g
r
i
d
w
i
t
h
ma
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
2
0
A
be
fo
r
e
ch
ang
e
c
o
m
m
and
,
wh
e
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
re
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
i
g
n
a
l
is
v
a
ri
e
d
cu
rr
en
t p
eak
s to
60A
.
Th
e
ill
u
s
tr
at
io
n
of Th
r
ee-
ph
as
e c
u
rr
en
ts
i
s
m
a
d
e
in
F
i
gur
e
1
4
.
Fi
gu
re 1
3
.
T
h
ree
-
p
h
ase Vol
t
a
g
es
i
n
d
u
ce
d
t
o
gri
d
Fi
g
u
re
14
. Three
-
ph
ase
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
i
ndu
ce
d to
g
r
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
9
2
–
701
69
8
Th
e ph
as
e
a
n
g
l
e d
i
f
f
er
en
ce b
e
t
w
e
e
n
ind
u
c
e
d
vo
lt
ag
e
an
d i
ndu
c
e
d
cur
r
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
v
a
ri
ab
l
e
cur
r
e
n
t
re
fe
re
nce
i
s
s
h
ow
n i
n
F
i
gu
re
15
. T
h
e
p
h
ase
a
ngle
is
o
b
se
rv
e
d
al
most
ze
ro
ma
ki
ng
p
o
w
er
fac
t
o
r
ne
ar t
o
uni
ty
a
s
d
e
ma
nd
ed
. G
a
i
n
of
c
u
rr
en
t si
gn
al
i
s
in
c
r
ease
d
for
cle
a
r
visu
a
l
i
z
a
tio
n
.
F
i
gu
re
1
5
. P
o
w
e
r fac
t
or
a
ngl
e
bet
w
e
e
n
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
vol
ta
ge
a
n
d
cur
r
ent
Fi
gure
1
6
i
n
di
cat
es t
h
e
act
i
v
e p
o
we
r
fe
d
t
o
gri
d
f
r
om
DG a
n
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
17
i
l
l
ust
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
re
act
i
v
e
po
we
r
e
x
cha
n
g
e
be
t
w
ee
n
gri
d
an
d
DG
syst
e
m
wit
h
va
ria
b
l
e
curre
n
t re
fe
renc
e. A
c
t
i
ve
pow
e
r
of 1
5
.6
5
KW
is
i
nduc
ed
t
o
g
r
i
d
from
D
G
s
y
st
em be
fo
re c
u
rrent
re
fe
renc
e
is va
ri
e
d
a
n
d
a
f
te
r
var
y
i
n
g,
3
1
.
6
KW ac
t
i
ve
pow
e
r
i
s
fe
d t
o
g
r
i
d
.
Re
ac
ti
ve p
o
we
r
e
x
c
h
a
n
ge is z
e
ro
be
fo
re a
n
d
aft
e
r varia
b
le
c
u
rre
n
t
refe
re
nc
e com
m
a
n
d.
F
i
gure
16. A
c
t
i
ve
po
we
r
fe
d
t
o
gri
d
from D
G
F
i
gu
re 1
7
.
R
e
a
c
t
i
ve
p
o
we
r fe
d
t
o
grid
fro
m
D
G
Fig
u
r
e
18
show
s t
h
e
li
n
e
volta
g
e
of
8
00V
p
e
a
k
in
e
a
c
h lin
e
of
DG
inve
rt
er
. Fi
gu
re 19
sho
w
s th
e
p
h
a
se
v
o
l
tag
e
s w
ith
p
e
ak
535V
.
F
i
gu
re
1
8
.
Li
n
e
vol
t
a
ge
s
of D
G
i
n
ve
rte
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
DG
I
n
te
grat
i
o
n t
o
Di
st
rib
u
t
i
on
Sy
st
em
wi
t
h
Ac
ti
v
e
Pow
e
r
Inj
ect
i
o
n C
ontr
o
l
…
(P.
V
.
V
S
a
t
y
a
n
a
r
ay
a
n
a
)
6
99
F
i
g
u
r
e
19
.
P
h
ase
vo
lt
ag
e
s
of D
G
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
F
i
gure
20 sh
o
w
s
t
h
e
ha
rm
on
ic
a
n
al
ysis
of 4
.
8
0
% i
n
i
nduc
ed c
u
rre
n
t
fro
m
D
G
t
o
g
r
id
b
e
fo
re va
ri
abl
e
c
o
mmand
.
F
i
gu
r
e
21
sho
w
s th
e
h
a
r
m
on
i
c
an
a
l
y
s
is of 4
.
1
6
%
i
n
induc
ed
cu
rr
e
n
t fro
m DG
t
o
gr
i
d
aft
e
r
varia
b
le
com
m
a
nd
.
In b
o
t
h
t
h
e
ca
se
s,
be
fo
re
a
nd a
f
te
r va
ri
abl
e
com
m
a
n
d,
ha
rmoni
c
c
ont
e
n
t
i
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
es
c
r
ib
ed
limits.
Fi
gu
re
2
0
. T
H
D
i
n
so
u
r
c
e
c
u
rrent
bef
o
re
vari
abl
e
command
Fi
g
u
r
e
21
.
THD
in
sour
c
e
cu
rr
e
n
t af
te
r v
a
ri
ab
l
e
command
5.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
S
u
ffi
c
i
e
nt re
se
rve
p
o
w
e
r fro
m t
h
e D
G
s
i
s
ver
y
e
sse
nt
ia
l t
o
p
r
ovi
de a se
cure
syst
em a
n
d t
o
ma
int
a
i
n
t
h
e p
o
we
r
ba
la
nce
be
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e so
urce
an
d
dema
nd
.
T
h
e
po
we
r ge
ne
ra
t
e
d
from
t
h
e
d
i
st
ri
bute
d
ge
ne
ra
ti
on
usin
g a
dist
ri
b
u
t
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
re
sou
r
c
e
fe
d t
o
gri
d
i
s
di
scuss
e
d i
n
t
h
is
pa
pe
r. T
h
e
syst
em
c
o
n
f
i
g
urat
i
o
n of
D
G
i
n
te
grat
i
o
n
t
o
gri
d
an
d the
re
spec
ti
ve c
ont
ro
l
al
gori
t
hm for DG
i
nve
rte
r
for ac
ti
ve
p
o
we
r co
nt
rol
i
s
il
l
u
strat
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r.
S
i
mula
ti
on
a
n
a
l
ysi
s
is
do
ne
wi
t
h
fixe
d a
n
d
va
ri
abl
e
c
u
rre
n
t
re
fere
nce
a
n
d
resul
t
s
pro
v
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
syste
m
i
n
je
ct
s a
c
t
i
ve
p
o
we
r to g
r
i
d
i
n
b
o
th
the
c
o
n
d
it
i
ons
.
Rea
c
t
i
ve po
we
r exc
h
a
nge
bet
w
ee
n
t
h
e
gri
d
a
nd
t
h
e
i
n
te
grat
i
o
n
sy
s
t
em is z
e
r
o
a
n
d t
hus
po
we
r
fac
t
or is mai
n
t
a
i
n
ed
nea
r
er t
o
unit
y
. H
a
rm
on
ic
s in i
n
j
ect
ed
c
u
r
r
ent
are
a
l
s
o
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
escri
b
ed l
i
mi
t.
T
h
e
ac
ti
ve
po
wer i
n
j
e
ct
ion
c
ont
rol
met
h
odol
o
g
y
for
DG
in
v
e
rt
er is
si
mp
le
an
d
no
t co
mp
le
x
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
9
2
–
701
70
0
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
R.
N. Ant
h
on
y
a
nd S.
P.
Na
v
g
ha
r
e
,
"An in
sig
h
t
t
o
di
st
ri
bu
te
d
ge
ne
rati
on of e
l
e
c
t
r
ica
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
from
v
a
rio
u
s
renew
a
ble s
our
c
e
s
,
"
20
16
In
ter
n
atio
na
l
Con
f
er
en
ce
o
n
Energ
y
E
f
fic
i
ent
T
e
ch
nolo
g
i
es
for
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
ability
(ICEET
S
)
,
Na
ge
rc
o
il, 20
16
, pp
.
3
4
1
-
34
4
.
[2]
R.
Hl
edik
J.
Lazar L. Schwartz “D
istri
b
uti
o
n
Syst
em Pri
c
i
n
g with
Di
st
rib
u
t
e
d
En
e
r
gy
Re
so
ur
c
e
s
”
Ma
y
20
16
.
[3]
Renew
a
b
l
e
Ener
g
y
Cap
a
city
S
t
at
is
tics M
a
r
.
20
16
[4]
DK2
0
5
0
:
Gre
e
n
Growth
in
De
nma
r
k
T
o
ward
s
2
050—Fo
u
r
F
u
t
u
re
Sc
e
n
a
r
io
s
Ma
r.
201
7.
[5]
Tr
an
sf
or
mi
ng
th
e Eu
r
o
p
e
an
En
e
r
gy
S
y
s
t
em T
h
r
o
u
g
h
I
n
n
o
v
a
tion
—In
t
eg
rated Str
a
teg
i
c Energy
Tech
no
lo
gy
(SET)
P
l
an
P
r
og
ress in
20
16
[6]
Re
n
e
wa
ble
s
2
016:
Gl
ob
al St
atu
s
Re
p
o
r
t Ma
r.
20
1
7
[7]
F
.
Bla
a
bjerg
D.
M
.
Ionel
Y
.
Yan
g
H
.
Wang
"
R
en
ew
able en
erg
y
s
y
stem
s
—
Te
ch
no
log
y
ov
erv
i
ew
a
n
d persp
e
c
t
ives
"
in
C
h
ap
ter
1
i
n
Ren
e
w
a
b
l
e E
n
er
gy Dev
i
ces
a
n
d
S
y
st
ems w
i
t
h
S
i
mu
la
ti
ons
in M
A
T
L
AB
a
n
d
A
N
SY
S Bo
ca
Ra
to
n
FL
USA
:
CR
C P
r
es
s
p
p
.
1
-
16
20
17
[8]
M.
A.
Ze
hi
r
et
a
l
.,
"Id
e
ntifi
c
a
tio
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
ison
o
f
p
o
we
r an
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
nage
m
e
nt
ca
p
a
bili
ti
e
s
of
di
st
ri
bu
ted
e
n
e
r
gy re
so
urce
s,
"
20
18
6
t
h
In
t
e
rn
atio
nal
Is
ta
n
b
u
l
Sm
ar
t Grids
a
nd C
i
ties
Con
g
r
e
ss an
d Fa
ir
(ICSG
)
,
Ist
a
nb
ul,
2
0
1
8
,
pp.
11
9-123
[9]
V.
S.
Pa
pp
a
l
a
I.
Er
lic
h K.
Ro
hri
g
J.
Dob
s
c
h
i
n
ski
"A sto
c
ha
st
ic
mo
d
e
l fo
r t
h
e
op
tim
a
l
ope
ra
tio
n o
f
a
wi
nd
-th
e
rm
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
e
m
"
I
E
EE T
r
ans
. Pow
e
r
Sys
t
.
v
o
l
.
24 n
o
.
2 pp
.
9
4
0
-
9
50 Ma
y 2
0
0
9
.
[10]
P.
Rui
z
P. C. Phil
bri
c
k
E. Za
k K
.
W.
C
h
e
u
ng
P
.
Sa
u
e
r
"
U
n
c
e
r
ta
in
ty
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
i
n
the
un
it
c
o
mm
i
t
me
n
t
p
r
oblem
"
IEEE T
r
an
s. Po
wer
Sys
t
.
vo
l.
2
4
no.
2 pp
.
64
2-6
5
1
May
2
009
.
[11]
C. Weber
P
.
M
e
ibom
R.
Bar
t
h H
.
Bran
d
"WI
L
M
A
R:
A
s
t
och
a
stic prog
r
a
m
m
in
g
too
l
to
an
aly
z
e
th
e
larg
e
-
s
c
a
l
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
of
w
i
nd
ener
gy
"
i
n
O
p
tim
i
z
a
tio
n
in
th
e En
ergy In
dus
tr
y
Berl
in
G
e
rm
a
n
y: Sp
ring
er-Ve
r
la
g
pp
. 43
7-45
8
20
09
.
[12]
A. P
a
p
a
v
a
silio
u
S
.
O
r
en
R.
P
.
O’Neill
"
R
eser
ve r
e
qu
ir
emen
ts for
w
i
n
d
po
w
e
r int
e
gration
:
A
s
cen
ario-bas
e
d
stoch
a
sti
c
p
r
ogr
a
mming
fra
m
e
w
o
rk
"
IEEE Tran
s.
P
o
we
r Sy
st.
vol
.
2
6
n
o
. 4 p
p
.
21
9
7
-2
20
6 Nov
.
2
011
.
[13]
D.
S
t
imo
n
iaris
D
.
Tsiam
i
tros
E. Dia
l
y
n
as "
I
mpro
ved en
erg
y
s
t
o
r
age m
a
n
a
gem
e
n
t
and
P
V
-activ
e con
t
ro
l
i
n
frastruct
ure and s
t
rate
g
i
es
for
microg
r
i
d
s
"
IE
EE
Tra
n
sac
t
io
ns on
P
o
we
r
Sy
stem
vo
l.
31
n
o
.
1
p
p
.
81
3-82
0
Janu
ary
20
15
[14]
D Sa
tt
ia
na
d
a
n
,
K Sa
ra
va
na
n, S
.
Mu
ru
ga
n
,
N.
Ha
ri, P.
Ve
n
k
a
d
e
sh,
“
I
m
p
lem
e
nta
t
i
o
n
o
f
qu
a
s
i
-
z
so
u
r
c
e
in
v
e
rte
r
fo
r
grid
con
n
e
c
te
d
P
V
bas
e
d
ch
arg
i
ng
s
t
atio
n
of
electr
i
c
veh
i
cle”
,
In
tern
atio
na
l Jo
u
r
na
l
o
f
Po
wer
Electro
nics
an
d
Dr
ive S
y
st
em (I
J
P
EDS
)
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No.
1, pp
.
3
6
6
~373
,
Ma
rc
h 2
0
1
9
.
[15]
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Ibr
a
h
i
m A. Araf
a,
El-
S
ayed
So
lim
a
n
A
.
S
a
id
,
“A
d
i
ff
erent v
i
sion fo
r
un
in
terrup
t
ibl
e
load
us
in
g h
ybri
d
sol
a
r-gr
i
d e
n
e
r
gy”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
iona
l
Jour
na
l of
Po
wer Ele
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
stem (
I
J
P
ED
S)
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No. 1,
p
p
.
38
1~
38
7, M
a
rc
h
20
19.
[16]
B.
K
r
op
os
ki
e
t
a
l
.
"A
chiev
i
n
g
a 10
0%
ren
e
w
a
ble
grid
:
Op
erating
ele
c
tri
c
p
o
wer
sy
stem
s
w
ith
ex
tr
eme
l
y
h
i
g
h
lev
e
l
s
of v
a
riab
le r
e
n
e
wable
energ
y
"
I
E
EE Power
En
e
r
gy
Mag
. vo
l. 15 no
.
2
pp.
6
1
-
73
Ma
r.
2
0
1
7
.
[17]
V.
Knaz
k
i
ns "St
a
bi
lity of
power
syst
ems wit
h
l
a
r
g
e
amount
s
of
dist
ribut
e
d
genera
t
i
on" 2004.
[18]
Ma
h
r
ou
s Ahm
e
d
,
Mo
ha
m
e
d
K.
M
e
twa
l
y
,
Na
gy
I.
El
k
a
la
shy
,
“
P
erfo
rm
a
n
ce
i
nve
sti
g
a
t
io
n
of
m
u
lt
i-l
e
vel
i
n
v
e
rt
e
r
fo
r
DF
IG
du
ring
g
r
id
autore
clo
s
u
r
e
op
eratio
n”,
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urn
a
l o
f
P
o
w
e
r Ele
c
t
r
o
ni
c
s
a
n
d
Dr
iv
e
S
y
st
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
p
p
. 4
5
4
~
462
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
19.
[19]
D.
No
e
l
,
F. S
o
z
i
nh
o,
D. Wil
s
o
n
a
n
d
K. Ha
t
i
p
oglu
,
"Ana
l
y
si
s o
f
la
rge
-
sc
al
e ph
o
t
ovo
lt
a
i
c
po
we
r syst
e
m
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
o
t
h
e existi
ng ut
il
i
t
y gr
id
using PS
AT
,"
S
o
u
t
h
e
astCon
20
16
,
Norfo
lk
, VA, 2
0
1
6
, pp
. 1-7
.
[20]
L.
Ca
mp
anh
o
l S
.
S
i
lv
a A. J
ú
n
i
o
r
V
.
Bacon
"S
ing
l
e-stag
e
th
ree
-
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
id
-ti
e
d
PV syste
m
wi
th
uni
ve
rsa
l
fi
lte
ri
ng
capab
ility
app
l
i
e
d to
DG
sys
t
e
m
s
and
AC
mi
crog
r
i
ds
"
IE
EE Trans.
Pow
e
r Elect
ron
.
20
17
.
[21]
S
.
C
o
r
r
e
ia
,
S.
F
.
Pi
nt
o
and
J.
F
.
S
i
lv
a,
"
S
mar
t
i
n
teg
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
Di
s
t
r
i
bu
ted
En
er
gy
R
e
so
ur
c
e
s
in
m
i
cr
o
g
r
i
ds,
"
20
17
In
te
rna
t
io
na
l Youn
g E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
s Forum (YEF
-EC
E
)
, A
l
m
a
da
,
20
17
,
pp
.
8
5
-9
0
[22]
R.
P
i
l
l
a
i
,
G.
Gh
at
ik
a
r
a
n
d
A.
Ah
uja
,
"
I
nt
e
g
ra
ti
on
o
f
m
u
lti
va
ri
a
t
e
distri
bu
te
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
re
sou
r
c
e
s
for
dem
a
nd
re
sp
on
se
:
app
l
i
catio
ns
in
th
e In
d
i
an
scen
ar
io
s,"
in
CIRED - Op
en
A
c
ces
s
Pro
ceed
in
gs
Jou
r
n
a
l
, vo
l.
20
17
,
no
. 1
,
p
p
.
1
8
4
9
-
18
52
, 1
0
2
017
[23]
Y
.
Y
u
,
P
.
B
.
L
u
h
,
E
.
L
i
t
v
i
n
o
v
,
T
.
Z
h
e
n
g
,
J
.
Z
h
a
o
a
n
d
F
.
Zh
ao,
"
G
rid Integr
atio
n
of
Distri
bu
te
d
W
i
n
d
Ge
n
e
ra
tion:
Hyb
r
id
Ma
rk
ov
ia
n a
n
d Inte
rva
l
Uni
t
C
o
mm
i
t
m
e
nt
,"
in
IE
EE T
r
an
sactio
ns
on
S
m
ar
t G
r
id
, v
o
l
.
6,
n
o
.
6,
pp.
306
1
-
30
72
, No
v.
20
15
.
[24]
F
.
Blaab
jerg
,
Y. Yan
g
,
D.
Y
a
ng
and
X
.
Wang
, "D
istrib
uted
P
o
wer-G
e
n
eration
S
y
stems
an
d
P
r
ot
ect
io
n,"
in
Pr
oc
eed
in
gs
o
f
th
e
I
E
E
E
,
vol.
10
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
pp.
1
3
11
-13
3
1
,
Ju
ly 2
0
17
.
[25]
S.
Ic
h
o
u
a,
"
A
stoc
ha
stic
a
p
proac
h
fo
r t
h
e
inte
gra
t
io
n
of
di
st
ribu
te
d
e
n
e
r
gy
re
so
urc
e
s
,
"
20
14 IEE
E
In
t
e
rn
ati
onal
T
echn
o
lo
gy
Man
ag
ement
Con
f
er
ence
,
Ch
i
c
a
go,
IL,
20
14,
pp. 1
-
4
.
[26]
A. Bag
,
B.
S
u
bu
dhi and
P
.
K
.
Ray
,
"G
rid
in
tegr
ation
of P
V
sy
st
em
w
ith
ac
tive
p
o
w
er filter
i
n
g
,"
2n
d Int
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l
Con
f
er
e
n
c
e
on
C
o
n
t
r
o
l, In
str
u
m
e
ntation
,
En
er
gy
& Co
mmu
nicat
i
on
(CIEC)
,
Ko
lk
ata
,
2
0
1
6
,
pp
.
37
2-37
6
[27]
T
.
G
e
u
r
y S
.
Pi
n
t
o
J.
Gyse
li
nc
k
P.
W
h
e
e
l
e
r "
A
n
in
di
re
ct
ma
tri
x
con
v
e
r
t
e
r-ba
s
e
d
uni
fie
d
po
we
r qua
li
ty c
o
ndit
i
o
n
e
r
for
a PV
invert
er with
enha
nced power
quality
functi
onality"
IEE
E
In
nov
at
iv
e S
m
a
r
t Gri
d
Tec
h
no
lo
gie
s
- Asia
(ISG
T
A
S
IA
)
2015
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
DG
I
n
te
grat
i
o
n t
o
Di
st
rib
u
t
i
on
Sy
st
em
wi
t
h
Ac
ti
v
e
Pow
e
r
Inj
ect
i
o
n C
ontr
o
l
…
(P.
V
.
V
S
a
t
y
a
n
a
r
ay
a
n
a
)
7
01
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
AUTHO
R
S
P
.
V
.
V
.
Sat
y
an
a
r
aya
n
a wa
s b
o
rn
i
n
An
d
h
ra
Pra
d
es
h, I
ndi
a
i
n
19
6
7
. He
re
cei
ve
d hi
s
B
.
Te
ch a
n
d
M.Te
c
h
de
gree
s
i
n
El
ect
ri
c
a
l
a
nd Ele
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s En
gi
ne
eri
ng
from
J.N.T.
Uni
v
e
r
si
ty Ka
ki
na
da
,
A
.
P
,
In
di
a i
n
1
9
93 a
n
d 20
09
re
spe
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
He
al
so
rec
e
i
v
e
d
hi
s MB
A de
gr
ee from
O
s
ma
n
i
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
, H
yde
ra
bad
,
In
di
a in
2
013.
Hi
s empl
oy
me
nt e
x
peri
e
n
c
e
i
n
cl
ude
d
4 ye
a
r
s i
ndust
r
y a
n
d
2
2
ye
a
r
s t
e
a
c
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n
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tly work
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ssoci
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r
of
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c
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ec
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s
E
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of
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a
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I
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t
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c
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hnol
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de
ra
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Indi
a
.
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s s
p
ec
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a
l fi
el
ds of int
e
rest
i
n
cl
u
d
e E
l
ect
ri
ca
l
Mac
h
i
n
e
s
, Po
we
r Sys
t
ems, Po
we
r
Ele
c
t
r
o
n
i
cs,
No
n
-
co
nv
en
tio
n
a
l
en
ergy
so
ur
c
e
s, HVD
C a
n
d
FA
C
T
S.
D
r
. P.V.
RAM
ANA
R
A
O
w
a
s bor
n i
n
In
d
i
a
i
n
1
946
;
H
e
rec
e
i
v
ed
th
e B.Te
ch
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
El
ec
tric
al
an
d
El
ec
t
r
oni
cs
E
n
gine
e
r
i
n
g
fr
om IIT
Ma
d
r
a
s
,
Indi
a
i
n
19
6
7
and
M.Te
c
h
de
gree
fro
m
IIT Kha
r
ag
p
u
r, Indi
a
i
n
19
69.
He
rece
ive
d
Ph.
D
from
R.E
.
C
Wa
ran
g
al
i
n
19
8
0
.
Tot
a
l
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
e
x
peri
e
n
c
e
41
yea
r
s
a
t
NIT
Wa
ra
ng
a
l
out
o
f
whi
c
h
12
y
e
ars
as
P
r
o
f
e
s
s
o
r
of
E
l
ec
tric
al
De
pa
rt
ment
. C
u
rre
n
t
l
y
P
r
o
f
e
ssor
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
cal
D
e
part
me
nt
i
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
ty
co
lleg
e
o
f
Eng
i
ne
er
ing
an
d Tech
no
l
ogy
, A
c
ha
r
y
a N
a
g
a
r
j
u
n
a
Un
iv
er
sit
y
,
An
d
h
ra
P
r
ade
s
h,
India
.
Hi
s
fi
el
ds
of i
n
t
e
re
sts a
r
e
P
o
wer s
y
st
em
ope
ra
ti
o
n
an
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ntr
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l,
P
o
wer S
y
ste
m
S
t
a
b
il
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t
y,
HV
D
C
an
d F
A
C
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S
,
Po
we
r S
y
st
em
P
r
ot
ec
ti
on
,
A
ppl
i
cat
i
o
n
of
DS
P
t
ech
ni
q
u
e
s
a
n
d Ap
pl
i
cat
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o
n
o
f
Int
e
l
l
ige
n
t co
nt
rol
t
e
c
h
niq
u
e
s
t
o
P
o
w
e
r syst
ems.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.