I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
7
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
4
~
1
7
2
2
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v
8
i
4
.
pp
1
7
1
4
-
1722
1714
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JP
E
DS
Dig
ital Co
ntrol
for a
P
V
P
o
w
ered BLDC Mo
tor
Sla
m
et
Riy
a
di
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
So
eg
ij
ap
r
an
ata
C
at
h
o
lic
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
Se
m
ar
an
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
1
7
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
No
v
7
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
No
v
2
2
,
2
0
1
7
S
tan
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
P
V
)
c
a
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
w
a
ter
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
ru
ra
l
a
re
a
.
Th
e
p
ro
p
e
r
e
lec
tri
c
m
o
to
r
m
u
st b
e
c
h
o
se
n
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
a
l
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
s.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
rn
e
lec
tri
c
m
o
to
r
c
a
ll
e
d
b
ru
s
h
les
s
m
o
to
r
(BL
DC)
c
a
n
b
e
a
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
f
o
r
th
is
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
a
lt
h
o
u
g
h
it
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
in
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
P
o
w
e
rin
g
su
c
h
a
m
o
to
r
b
y
u
sin
g
e
lec
tri
c
e
n
e
rg
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
b
y
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
w
il
l
b
e
a
n
in
tere
stin
g
p
ro
b
lem
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r,
a
P
V
p
o
w
e
re
d
BL
DC
m
o
to
r
s
y
ste
m
is
p
ro
p
o
se
d
.
T
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
m
u
st
p
ro
d
u
c
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
a
t
a
n
y
in
sta
n
t
ti
m
e
a
n
d
th
e
n
t
h
is
p
o
w
e
r
m
u
st
b
e
a
b
le
t
o
ro
tate
th
e
m
o
to
r.
By
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
se
q
u
e
n
ti
a
l
sta
to
r
e
n
e
rg
izin
g
d
u
e
to
a
ro
t
o
r
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
P
W
M
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
,
th
e
sp
e
e
d
o
f
BL
DC
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
il
e
,
to
g
e
t
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
,
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
les
a
re
re
q
u
ired
to
b
e
c
a
lcu
late
d
.
Dig
it
a
l
S
ig
n
a
l
Co
n
tro
l
(DSC)
is
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
h
a
n
d
le
th
is
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
a
n
d
lo
c
k
s
th
e
w
id
th
o
f
th
e
P
W
M
sig
n
a
l
t
o
m
a
in
tain
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
u
n
d
e
r
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
sy
st
e
m
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
v
e
rif
ied
b
y
sim
u
latio
n
w
o
rk
s.
F
in
a
ll
y
th
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
w
o
rk
s
we
re
d
o
n
e
t
o
v
a
li
d
a
te
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
B
r
u
s
h
le
s
s
D
C
m
o
to
r
Dig
ital
C
o
n
tr
o
l
I
n
v
er
ter
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
P
W
M
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
7
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sla
m
et
R
i
y
ad
i
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
So
eg
ij
ap
r
an
ata
C
ath
o
lic
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
,
P
a
w
i
y
ata
n
L
u
h
u
r
I
V
-
1
,
B
en
d
an
Dh
u
w
u
r
,
Se
m
ar
a
n
g
5
0
2
3
4
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
e
m
ail:
s
_
r
i
y
ad
i6
7
2
0
0
3
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
o
r
i
n
P
V
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
ta
n
d
-
alo
n
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
c
an
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
w
a
ter
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
AC
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
s
to
r
o
tate
th
e
w
ater
p
u
m
p
w
i
th
o
r
w
ith
o
u
t
b
atter
ies.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
AC
m
o
to
r
r
e
q
u
ir
es
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
r
ati
n
g
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
,
t
h
is
k
in
d
o
f
m
o
to
r
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
f
er
ab
le.
P
V
h
as
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
th
at
a
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
o
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
s
h
o
u
ld
r
eg
ar
d
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
(
MP
P),
it
is
a
p
o
in
t
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
.
So
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
tak
e
ef
f
ec
t
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
it
s
MP
P
.
A
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
er
(
MP
PT
)
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
w
i
l
l
b
e
g
en
er
ated
.
So
m
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
So
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
P
V
p
o
w
er
ed
w
ater
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
u
tili
ze
AC
m
o
to
r
s
to
d
r
iv
e
w
at
er
p
u
m
p
s
.
T
w
o
co
n
v
er
ter
w
a
s
also
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
c
o
n
v
er
ter
w
as
o
p
er
ated
as
a
MP
PT
an
d
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
el,
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
to
co
n
v
e
r
t
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
in
to
AC
[
3
]
.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
DC
-
D
C
w
as
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
its
s
i
m
p
lic
it
y
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Fo
r
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
r
atin
g
,
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
AC
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
s
w
er
e
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
.
T
h
es
e
m
o
to
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
s
to
d
r
iv
e
a
s
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
a
MP
PT
ca
n
ap
p
ly
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
l
l
c
o
n
v
er
ter
[
6
]
.
An
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
d
o
esn
’
t
h
a
v
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
as
g
o
o
d
as
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
a
D
C
m
o
to
r
b
u
t
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
tio
n
m
o
to
r
h
as
s
o
m
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
a
DC
m
o
to
r
i
s
d
u
e
to
its
co
m
m
u
tato
r
,
b
u
t
a
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
v
a
n
ce
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
tato
r
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
a
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
c
u
it.
An
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
w
h
ic
h
ad
o
p
ts
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t
t
h
en
is
ca
lled
b
r
u
s
h
less
D
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Dig
ita
l Co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
a
P
V
P
o
w
ered
B
LDC
Mo
to
r
(
S
la
met
R
iya
d
i)
1715
m
o
to
r
,
th
is
m
o
to
r
h
a
s
b
ee
n
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
m
a
n
y
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
.
A
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
is
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
af
ter
d
ig
ital
co
n
tr
o
l
h
as
b
ee
n
g
r
o
w
in
g
r
ap
id
ly
.
So
m
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
,
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
an
g
le
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
a
s
a
b
as
ic
co
n
ce
p
t
[
7
]
o
r
f
o
u
r
q
u
ad
r
an
t
o
p
er
atio
n
th
at
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
[
8
]
.
Fo
r
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
[
9
]
an
d
d
ir
ec
t to
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
t
r
o
ller
f
o
r
B
L
DC
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
[
1
0
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
s
ed
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
tr
ate
g
ies
to
o
b
tain
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
B
L
DC
d
r
iv
e.
Fo
r
ce
r
tain
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
w
ater
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
s
i
m
p
licit
y
b
ec
o
m
e
an
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
o
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
le
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
is
t
in
g
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
p
o
w
er
ed
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
A
th
r
ee
-
leg
i
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
as
an
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
et
w
e
en
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
an
d
th
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
,
th
is
i
n
v
er
ter
m
u
s
t
o
p
e
r
ate
as
a
MPPT
an
d
a
B
L
DC
d
r
iv
er
.
T
o
a
d
ju
s
t
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
,
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
tatic
s
w
i
tch
es
ar
e
m
o
d
u
lated
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
to
lo
ck
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
at
MP
P
th
at
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
ce
r
tai
n
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
d
s
P
I
C
3
0
F4
0
1
2
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
a
s
a
co
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fin
all
y
,
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
b
y
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
w
o
r
k
s
.
2.
T
H
E
P
V
P
O
WE
RE
D
B
L
DC
M
O
T
O
R
SYST
E
M
C
o
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
a
lo
ad
to
a
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
w
ill
m
ak
e
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
r
u
n
at
a
s
p
ee
d
w
h
er
e
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
eq
u
als
to
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
m
u
lt
ip
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
an
d
th
e
s
p
ee
d
r
esu
lt
s
in
th
e
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
W
h
en
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
th
e
s
p
ee
d
w
i
ll
also
b
e
h
i
g
h
er
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e.
1
,
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
v
ia
an
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
il
l
f
o
r
ce
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
g
en
er
ate
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
at
an
y
co
n
d
itio
n
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
is
h
ig
h
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
w
il
l
b
e
h
ig
h
a
n
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
w
il
l
tr
an
s
m
i
t
th
is
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
th
en
r
esu
lts
i
n
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
w
h
er
e
u
n
d
er
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
,
all
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
eq
u
als
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
as
a
MP
P
T
an
d
a
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
er
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
DS
C
as
th
e
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
b
lo
ck
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Stato
r
w
i
n
d
in
g
s
a
n
d
r
o
to
r
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
2
.
1
.
B
L
DC
M
o
t
o
r
a
nd
I
nv
er
t
er
A
B
r
u
s
h
les
s
D
ir
ec
t
C
u
r
r
en
t
(
B
L
DC
)
m
o
to
r
h
a
s
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
ts
o
n
i
ts
r
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
s
tato
r
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
h
ase
w
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
A
th
r
ee
p
h
a
s
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
f
o
u
r
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
r
o
to
r
p
o
les
an
d
s
i
x
s
tato
r
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
tato
r
w
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
as
a
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
w
in
d
i
n
g
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e.
2
.
T
o
m
a
k
e
ea
s
ier
to
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
,
th
e
m
o
to
r
is
cu
t
th
en
th
e
s
tato
r
an
d
r
o
to
r
ca
n
b
e
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e.
3
.
T
h
e
r
o
t
o
r
p
o
les
ar
e
n
a
m
ed
as
N1
,
S1
,
N2
,
S2
w
h
ile
t
h
e
s
tato
r
p
o
les
ar
e
A
1
,
B
1
,
C
1
,
A
2
,
B
2
,
C
2
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
tato
r
p
o
le
B
1
an
d
B
2
ar
e
alig
n
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
o
to
r
p
o
le
s
,
th
e
y
ar
e
n
o
t e
n
er
g
ized
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
r
o
to
r
m
o
v
e
to
th
e
r
ig
h
t,
t
h
e
s
tato
r
p
o
le
-
A
m
u
s
t
b
e
en
er
g
ized
to
b
e
No
r
th
p
o
le
o
f
m
a
g
n
e
t
an
d
th
e
s
ta
to
r
p
o
le
-
C
m
u
s
t
b
e
en
e
r
g
ized
to
b
e
So
u
t
h
p
o
le
o
f
m
a
g
n
et.
T
h
is
co
n
d
it
io
n
ca
n
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
s
f
r
o
m
s
tato
r
A
to
C
.
T
h
e
r
o
to
r
p
o
s
itio
n
is
s
en
s
ed
b
y
t
h
r
ee
h
al
l
-
e
f
f
ec
t se
n
s
o
r
s
H1
,
H2
an
d
H3
r
esu
lts
in
1
0
1
in
Fig
u
r
e.
3
.
A
B
C
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
7
1
4
–
1
7
2
2
1716
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sp
r
ea
d
-
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
f
o
r
p
h
ase
-
B
ali
g
n
ed
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sp
r
ea
d
-
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
f
o
r
p
h
ase
-
C
ali
g
n
ed
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e.
4
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
h
ase
-
C
is
ali
g
n
ed
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
i
s
d
etec
t
ed
b
y
h
all
-
ef
f
ec
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
as
1
0
0
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
r
o
to
r
m
o
v
e
to
th
e
r
ig
h
t,
t
h
e
s
tato
r
p
o
le
-
A
m
u
s
t
b
e
k
ep
t
to
b
e
No
r
th
p
o
le
o
f
m
ag
n
et
a
n
d
th
e
s
tato
r
p
o
le
-
B
m
u
s
t
b
e
en
er
g
ized
to
b
e
So
u
th
p
o
le
o
f
m
ag
n
et.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
ca
n
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
t
h
at
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
s
f
r
o
m
s
tato
r
A
to
B
an
d
s
o
o
n
.
T
o
d
er
iv
e
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
f
a
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
,
s
o
m
e
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
t
ak
en
,
f
o
r
ev
er
y
p
h
ase
s
tato
r
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
h
as
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
R
,
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
L
a
n
d
b
ac
k
elec
tr
o
m
o
ti
v
e
f
o
r
ce
(
E
MF)
th
en
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
s
ta
ted
a
a
a
a
e
dt
di
L
i
R
v
.
(
1
)
b
b
b
b
e
dt
di
L
i
R
v
.
(
2
)
c
c
c
c
e
dt
di
L
i
R
v
.
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
v
,
i a
n
d
e
ar
e
p
h
ase
v
o
lt
ag
e,
p
h
ase
c
u
r
r
en
t a
n
d
b
ac
k
E
MF.
Fo
r
b
ac
k
E
MF
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
th
en
it c
a
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
as
m
e
e
a
f
K
e
.
.
(
4
)
m
e
e
b
f
K
e
.
3
2
.
(
5
)
m
e
e
b
f
K
e
.
3
2
.
(
6
)
w
h
er
e
e
e
e
m
f
K
,
,
,
ar
e
th
e
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
(
r
ad
/s
)
,
b
ac
k
E
MF
co
n
s
tan
t,
tr
ap
ez
o
id
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
V/r
ad
.
s
)
an
d
elec
tr
ic
r
o
to
r
an
g
le
(
r
ad
)
.
T
h
en
f
i
n
all
y
,
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
et
to
r
q
u
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lat
ed
as
m
c
c
b
b
a
a
e
i
e
i
e
i
e
T
.
.
.
(
7
)
or
c
e
b
e
a
e
T
e
i
f
i
f
i
f
K
T
.
3
2
.
3
2
.
(
8
)
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
th
en
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
c
an
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e.
5
.
N
1
S
1
N
2
S
2
S
2
N
N
S
S
A
1
A
2
C
2
B
1
B
2
C
1
1
0
1
H
1
H
2
H
3
3
0
s
e
n
s
o
r
N
1
S
1
N
2
S
2
S
2
N
N
S
S
1
0
0
A
1
A
2
C
2
B
1
B
2
C
1
H
1
H
2
H
3
3
0
s
e
n
s
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Dig
ita
l Co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
a
P
V
P
o
w
ered
B
LDC
Mo
to
r
(
S
la
met
R
iya
d
i)
1717
R
L
a
e
R
L
b
e
R
L
c
e
a
i
b
i
c
i
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
D
C
S
o
u
r
c
e
B
L
D
C
S
t
a
t
o
r
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
A
B
C
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
o
r
q
u
e
-
Sp
ee
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
th
r
ee
leg
in
v
er
ter
f
o
r
d
r
iv
i
n
g
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
T
o
m
a
k
e
th
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
r
u
n
s
,
cu
r
r
en
t
m
u
s
t
f
lo
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
w
o
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
in
t
h
e
s
tato
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
s
eq
u
en
ce
m
u
s
t b
e
ch
o
s
en
.
T
h
i
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
t
h
r
ee
leg
i
n
v
er
ter
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e.
6
.
A
t
a
n
y
i
n
s
ta
n
t
ti
m
e
a
n
u
p
p
er
s
id
e
s
w
itc
h
a
n
d
a
lo
w
er
s
id
e
s
w
itc
h
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
leg
w
i
ll
b
e
ON
s
tate.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
i
f
t
h
e
p
h
ase
-
A
s
tato
r
an
d
p
h
ase
-
B
s
tato
r
w
i
ll
b
e
m
ad
e
as
No
r
th
p
o
le
an
d
So
u
th
p
o
le
o
f
m
ag
n
et,
t
h
e
p
o
in
t
-
A
a
n
d
p
o
in
t
-
B
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
n
eg
ati
v
e
p
o
lar
it
y
o
f
th
e
D
C
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
clo
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
witch
es
S1
a
n
d
S4
,
an
d
it
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
as
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
m
a
y
b
e
s
elec
ted
to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
p
h
a
s
e
-
A
s
tato
r
an
d
p
h
ase
-
C
s
tato
r
w
ill
b
e
as
No
r
th
p
o
le
an
d
So
u
th
p
o
le
o
f
m
ag
n
et
t
h
e
n
th
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
S1
an
d
S6
m
u
s
t
b
e
clo
s
ed
an
d
s
o
o
n
2
.
2
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
ic
M
o
du
les
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
elec
tr
icity
in
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
w
h
er
e
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
u
tili
t
y
,
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
t
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
to
D
C
elec
tr
ic
en
er
g
y
.
A
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
is
n
o
t
a
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
.
P
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
cu
r
v
e
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e.
7
,
to
g
en
er
ate
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
,
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
m
u
s
t
b
e
o
p
er
ated
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
ca
lled
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
(
MP
P
)
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
is
p
o
in
t
i
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e
an
d
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
Op
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
t
h
i
s
MP
P
,
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
w
ill
p
r
o
d
u
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
I
MP
P
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
VM
P
P
,
s
o
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
is
s
tated
as
M
P
P
M
P
P
M
P
P
I
V
P
.
(
9
)
C
o
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
a
n
y
lo
ad
s
to
a
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
w
ill
h
a
v
e
a
n
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
a
n
y
w
h
er
e.
A
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
o
v
e
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
lo
ca
tio
n
clo
s
er
to
th
e
MP
P
,
th
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
al
s
o
ca
lled
as
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
er
(
MP
PT
)
.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
w
it
h
MP
PT
w
ill
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
d
u
les
f
o
r
a
ce
r
tain
v
al
u
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
cu
r
v
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
2
.
3
.
T
he
Co
ntr
o
l Sche
m
e
o
f
T
he
P
ro
po
s
ed
Sy
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
-
w
ater
p
u
m
p
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
elec
tr
ic
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
.
T
h
e
th
r
e
e
p
h
ase
i
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
a
s
a
MP
PT
an
d
a
d
r
iv
er
f
o
r
th
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
.
I
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
in
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
w
ill
r
u
n
f
a
s
ter
,
i
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
n
th
e
R
a
t
e
d
S
p
e
e
d
R
a
t
e
d
T
o
r
q
u
e
P
e
a
k
T
o
r
q
u
e
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
S
p
e
e
d
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
T
o
r
q
u
e
Z
o
n
e
I
n
t
e
r
m
i
t
t
e
n
t
T
o
r
q
u
e
Z
o
n
e
S
p
e
e
d
T
o
r
q
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
7
1
4
–
1
7
2
2
1718
m
o
to
r
r
u
n
s
s
lo
w
e
r
.
Un
d
er
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
m
o
to
r
al
w
a
y
s
e
q
u
als
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
r
ee
q
u
a
n
titi
e
s
,
th
ese
ar
e
P
V
v
o
lta
g
e,
P
V
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
h
all
-
ef
f
ec
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
a
s
a
r
o
to
r
p
o
s
itio
n
d
e
tecto
r
.
D
u
e
to
(
7
)
o
r
(
8
)
,
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
ch
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
i
ts
p
h
a
s
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
r
v
o
lta
g
e.
Fro
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
i
n
g
in
to
t
h
e
s
tato
r
w
in
d
i
n
g
is
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
th
e
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
w
o
s
w
itc
h
es
f
r
o
m
u
p
p
er
an
d
lo
w
e
r
s
id
e.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
p
h
a
s
e
-
A
to
p
h
ase
-
B
,
th
e
s
w
itc
h
S1
an
d
S4
m
u
s
t
b
e
ON
w
h
ile
th
e
o
th
er
s
ar
e
OFF.
B
y
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
s
w
itc
h
S1
ON
an
d
OFF
b
ased
o
n
P
W
M
(
P
u
ls
e
W
id
th
Mo
d
u
latio
n
)
c
o
n
ce
p
t
an
d
k
ee
p
S4
s
till
O
N,
th
e
a
v
er
a
g
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
i
n
g
in
t
h
e
s
tato
r
w
i
n
d
in
g
ca
n
b
e
r
eg
u
lated
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
t
h
e
n
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
.
Fin
all
y
,
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
P
W
M
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
w
il
l
d
ete
r
m
in
e
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
s
tato
r
w
in
d
i
n
g
.
T
o
l
o
ca
te
th
e
o
p
er
ati
n
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
,
P
&
O
(
P
er
tu
r
b
&
Ob
s
er
v
e)
m
e
th
o
d
is
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
co
m
b
in
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
P
W
M
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
eq
u
i
lib
r
iu
m
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
i
s
o
n
t
h
e
le
f
t
s
id
e
o
f
MP
P
th
en
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
il
l
m
o
v
e
th
e
p
o
in
t
to
th
e
r
ig
h
t
.
A
t
t
h
is
t
i
m
e,
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
w
il
l
in
cr
ea
s
e
to
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
r
u
n
s
f
a
s
ter
.
B
u
t
if
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
p
ass
es t
h
e
MP
P
th
en
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
g
o
e
s
d
o
w
n
,
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
will d
ec
r
ea
s
e
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
to
r
r
u
n
s
s
lo
w
er
.
T
h
i
s
co
n
d
itio
n
w
ill
f
o
r
ce
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
m
o
v
e
s
to
th
e
lef
t
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
ch
a
r
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l stra
t
eg
y
i
s
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
.
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
tr
o
ller
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
R
ef
er
r
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
Fig
u
r
e.
1
,
co
m
p
u
ter
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
w
er
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
P
SIM
to
v
er
i
f
y
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
an
al
y
s
is
.
Di
g
ita
l
co
n
tr
o
l
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
C
-
B
lo
ck
i
n
P
SIM
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e.
8
.
Deta
iled
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
o
r
k
s
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
s 6
0
W
p
(
e
a
c
h
mo
d
u
l
e
)
4
mo
d
u
l
e
s i
n
se
r
i
e
s c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
2
4
0
W
p
)
V
mp
p
=
1
7
.
1
V
o
l
t
I
mp
p
=
3
.
5
A
mp
e
r
e
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
T
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
se
t
h
r
e
e
l
e
g
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
D
C
-
L
i
n
k
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
2
0
0
0
u
F
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
u
s
i
n
g
C
-
B
l
o
c
k
B
L
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
T
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
se
st
a
t
o
r
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
L
o
a
d
0
.
8
N
m
T
o
m
ak
e
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
h
as
n
ea
r
l
y
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
al
u
e,
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
i
n
s
er
t
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
les
a
n
d
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
,
th
is
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
t
h
e
Fig
u
r
e.
9
–
Fig
u
r
e.
1
2
.
T
o
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
,
Fig
u
r
e.
1
3
an
d
Fig
u
r
e.
1
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
to
g
en
er
ate
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
clo
s
e
to
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
&
v
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
p
=
v
*
i
p
=
p
_
o
l
d
Y
p
>
p
_
o
l
d
v
=
v
_
o
l
d
v
=
v
_
o
l
d
Y
Y
Y
N
N
v
>
v
_
o
l
d
v
>
v
_
o
l
d
d
=
d
+
Δ
d
d
=
d
-
Δ
d
d
=
d
+
Δ
d
d
=
d
-
Δ
d
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
S
t
a
r
t
d
e
t
e
c
t
R
o
t
o
r
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
h
a
l
l
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
=
H
E
)
H
E
=
1
0
1
S
6
O
N
Y
d
>
C
a
r
S
1
O
N
Y
S
1
O
F
F
N
H
E
=
1
0
0
S
4
O
N
Y
d
>
C
a
r
S
1
O
N
Y
S
1
O
F
F
N
H
E
=
1
1
0
S
4
O
N
Y
d
>
C
a
r
S
5
O
N
Y
S
5
O
F
F
N
H
E
=
0
1
0
S
2
O
N
Y
d
>
C
a
r
S
5
O
N
Y
S
5
O
F
F
N
H
E
=
0
1
1
S
2
O
N
Y
d
>
C
a
r
S
3
O
N
Y
S
3
O
F
F
N
H
E
=
0
0
1
S
6
O
N
Y
d
>
C
a
r
S
3
O
N
Y
S
3
O
F
F
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Dig
ita
l Co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
a
P
V
P
o
w
ered
B
LDC
Mo
to
r
(
S
la
met
R
iya
d
i)
1719
w
h
ile
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
al
w
a
y
s
f
l
u
ct
u
ates
b
u
t
it
s
av
er
ag
e
v
al
u
e
e
q
u
als
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
.
A
t
t
h
e
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
i
n
s
t
an
tan
e
o
u
s
p
o
w
er
w
il
l
f
l
u
ct
u
a
te
at
h
ig
h
er
v
al
u
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
o
to
r
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
i
g
h
er
to
r
q
u
e
to
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
it
s
in
er
tia
th
e
n
th
e
p
ea
k
p
o
w
er
w
il
l
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
to
r
q
u
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
Fro
m
th
e
f
ig
u
r
es,
it
is
s
ee
n
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t is t
h
e
s
a
m
e
as t
h
e
p
o
w
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
u
n
d
er
d
=
0
.
4
(
a
)
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
(
b
)
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
u
n
d
er
d
=
0
.
4
(
a
)
th
e
m
o
to
r
p
h
ase
v
o
lta
g
e
(
b
)
th
e
m
o
to
r
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
u
n
d
er
d
=
0
.
8
(
a
)
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
(
b
)
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
u
n
d
er
d
=
0
.
8
(
a
)
th
e
m
o
to
r
p
h
ase
v
o
lta
g
e
(
b
)
th
e
m
o
to
r
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
(
a)
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e
(
b
)
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
cu
r
r
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
(
a)
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
(
b
)
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
(
c)
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
7
1
4
–
1
7
2
2
1720
Un
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
alu
e
o
f
s
o
la
r
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
w
il
l
g
e
n
er
ate
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
m
a
k
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
ch
an
g
e
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
k
ee
p
th
e
p
o
w
er
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
m
o
to
r
w
ill
f
l
u
c
tu
ates
n
ea
r
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les.
Fi
g
u
r
e.
1
5
d
e
p
icts
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
f
r
o
m
8
0
0
W
/m
2
to
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
2
t
h
at
m
a
k
es
t
h
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t so
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
a
)
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
(
b
)
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les (
c)
th
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
Un
d
er
p
o
w
er
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
,
E
q
.
(
7
)
eq
u
als to
E
q
.
(
9
)
th
en
it c
an
b
e
s
tated
as
c
c
b
b
a
a
M
P
P
i
e
i
e
i
e
P
.
.
.
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
h
ase
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ated
at
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
d
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
as
M
P
P
ph
V
d
V
.
(
1
1
)
if
w
e
as
s
u
m
e
t
h
at
ph
ph
e
V
th
en
m
e
c
b
a
M
P
P
M
P
P
T
i
i
i
V
d
P
.
.
(
1
2
)
Un
d
er
co
n
s
ta
n
t
p
o
w
er
an
d
l
o
ad
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
m
w
ill
b
e
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t.
R
e
f
er
r
in
g
to
th
e
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
it
is
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
d
w
ill
b
e
m
o
d
u
la
ted
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
.
W
h
en
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
es
r
is
e
s
,
t
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
is
o
b
tain
ed
a
n
d
f
i
n
a
ll
y
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
w
il
l b
e
f
aster
.
T
ab
le
2
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
w
o
r
k
s
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
s 8
0
W
p
(
e
a
c
h
mo
d
u
l
e
)
3
mo
d
u
l
e
s i
n
se
r
i
e
s c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
2
4
0
W
p
)
V
mp
p
=
1
7
.
3
V
o
l
t
I
mp
p
=
4
.
6
3
A
mp
e
r
e
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
T
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
se
t
h
r
e
e
l
e
g
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
D
C
-
L
i
n
k
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
2
0
0
0
u
F
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
u
s
i
n
g
C
-
B
l
o
c
k
B
L
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
–
W
a
t
e
r
P
u
m
p
T
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
se
st
a
t
o
r
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
5
0
V
/
2
5
0
W
M
a
x
6
0
L
/
mi
n
Fin
all
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
w
as
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
m
a
k
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
wo
r
k
s
.
th
e
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
t
h
r
ee
leg
in
v
er
ter
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
I
GB
T
C
P
V3
6
4
M
4
U
as
th
e
s
tatic
s
w
itc
h
e
s
.
T
h
e
d
s
PIC3
0
F4
0
1
2
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
d
ig
ita
l
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
L
E
M
HX
-
1
0
P
i
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
as
a
cu
r
r
en
t
d
etec
to
r
.
T
h
r
ee
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
NE
-
0
8
0
T
1
J
8
0
W
p
a
r
e
in
s
ta
lled
in
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
-
w
at
er
p
u
m
p
v
ia
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
Fi
g
u
r
e.
1
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
ase
v
o
lta
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
an
d
Fi
g
u
r
e.
1
8
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Dig
ita
l Co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
a
P
V
P
o
w
ered
B
LDC
Mo
to
r
(
S
la
met
R
iya
d
i)
1721
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
h
ase
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
f
iles
ar
e
a
l
m
o
s
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
as
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
p
r
o
f
ile
s
s
i
m
u
lated
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
DC
-
li
n
k
i
n
v
er
ter
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e.
1
9
,
t
h
is
p
r
o
f
ile
h
ap
p
en
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
P
W
M
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
P
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
al
test
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
es o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
[
s
ca
le
=
5
0
V/d
iv
]
Fig
u
r
e
1
8
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
(
a)
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
p
h
ase
-
A
(
b
)
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
p
h
a
s
e
-
A
[
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
g
a
in
=
2
0
,
cu
r
r
en
t tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
g
ain
=
1
]
Fig
u
r
e
1
9
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
in
p
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
in
v
er
t
er
[
cu
r
r
en
t tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
g
ai
n
=
5
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
ed
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f
a
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
,
an
in
v
er
ter
an
d
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
.
A
s
in
g
le
co
n
v
er
ter
t
h
at
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
a
th
r
ee
p
h
a
s
e
t
h
r
ee
leg
i
n
v
er
ter
w
as
u
s
ed
a
s
a
n
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
is
i
n
v
er
ter
w
as
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
as
a
MP
P
T
an
d
a
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
er
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
s
P
I
C
3
0
F4
0
1
2
as
th
e
co
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
p
le
co
n
tr
o
l
s
t
r
ateg
y
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
eq
u
ilib
r
i
u
m
b
y
m
o
d
u
latin
g
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
al
w
o
r
k
s
s
h
o
w
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
7
1
4
–
1
7
2
2
1722
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
w
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
R
esear
c
h
,
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
T
.
Esr
a
m
,
a
n
d
P
.
L
.
C
h
a
p
m
a
n
,
“
C
o
mp
a
r
i
so
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
A
r
r
a
y
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
P
o
i
n
t
T
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s.
o
n
En
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
3
9
-
4
4
9
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
7
.
[
2
]
D
.
P
.
H
o
h
m
a
n
d
M
.
E.
R
o
p
p
,
“
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
P
o
i
n
t
T
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms”
,
Pr
o
g
ress
i
n
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
:
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
1
1
:
4
7
–
6
2
,
2
0
0
3
.
[
3
]
M
.
A
.
V
i
t
o
r
i
n
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
M
o
t
o
r
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
P
u
mp
i
n
g
”
,
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
c
.
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
y
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
2
-
1
1
7
0
,
A
p
r
i
l
2
0
1
1
.
[
4
]
T
.
L
a
j
n
e
f
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
W
a
t
e
r
P
u
m
p
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
m”,
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
A
p
r
i
l
2
0
1
3
.
[
5
]
N
.
C
h
a
n
d
r
a
se
k
a
r
a
n
a
n
d
K
.
T
h
y
a
g
a
r
a
j
a
h
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
P
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
S
i
n
g
l
e
P
h
a
se
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
M
o
t
o
r
i
n
P
V
F
e
d
P
u
mp
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
m u
si
n
g
M
A
TL
A
B
”
,
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
0
5
-
3
1
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
6
]
J.V.M
.
C
a
r
a
c
a
s
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
H
i
g
h
-
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
H
i
g
h
-
L
i
f
e
t
i
me
,
a
n
d
L
o
w
-
C
o
st
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
a
n
A
u
t
o
n
o
mo
u
s
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
W
a
t
e
r
P
u
mp
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
m”,
I
EEE
T
ra
n
sc
.
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
ry
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
3
1
-
6
4
1
,
Ja
n
/
F
e
b
2
0
1
4
.
[
7
]
F
.
R
o
d
r
i
g
u
e
z
a
n
d
A
.
Ema
d
i
,
“
A
N
o
v
e
l
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
Te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
B
r
u
sh
l
e
ss
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
D
r
i
v
e
s”,
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
.
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
3
6
5
-
2
3
7
3
,
O
c
t
2
0
0
7
.
[
8
]
C
.
S
.
Jo
i
c
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
f
o
r
F
o
u
r
Q
u
a
d
r
a
n
t
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
T
h
r
e
e
P
h
a
se
B
L
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
W
i
t
h
L
o
a
d
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s”
,
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
.
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
7
4
-
9
8
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
3
.
[
9
]
L
.
Ji
n
-
l
i
,
“
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
B
r
u
sh
l
e
ss
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
B
a
se
d
o
n
F
u
z
z
y
I
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
”,
T
EL
K
O
M
N
I
K
A
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
V
o
l
.
1
2
,
N
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
3
9
2
-
3
3
9
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
4
[
1
0
]
V
.
G
e
e
t
h
a
a
n
d
S
.
T
h
a
n
g
a
v
e
“
,
P
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
D
i
r
e
c
t
T
o
r
q
u
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
B
L
D
C
mo
t
o
r
u
si
n
g
F
u
z
z
y
L
o
g
i
c
”,
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
st
e
m (
I
JP
ED
S
)
,
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
4
-
1
5
1
,
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
1
6
BI
O
G
RAP
H
Y
O
F
AUTHO
R
S
la
m
e
t
Riy
a
d
i
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
S
e
m
a
r
a
n
g
-
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
in
1
9
6
7
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Dip
o
n
e
g
o
r
o
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
S
e
m
a
ra
n
g
in
1
9
9
1
a
n
d
M
.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
-
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
1
9
9
7
.
I
n
2
0
0
6
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
In
stit
u
t
e
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
w
it
h
P
a
rti
a
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
d
o
n
e
in
ENS
EE
IHT
-
INP
T
T
o
u
lo
u
se
,
F
ra
n
c
e
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
w
it
h
th
e
De
p
a
rtem
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
o
e
g
ij
a
p
ra
n
a
ta Ca
th
o
li
c
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
S
e
m
a
ra
n
g
-
In
d
o
n
e
sia
a
s a
lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
is
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
fa
c
to
r
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
f
il
terin
g
,
P
V
-
G
rid
S
y
st
e
m
s
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
m
o
to
r
d
riv
e
s.
S
o
m
e
o
f
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
e
s
we
r
e
su
p
p
o
rte
d
b
y
,
A
S
EM
d
u
o
-
F
ra
n
c
e
,
T
h
e
M
in
istry
o
f
Re
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
T
h
e
Dire
c
to
ra
te
Ge
n
e
ra
le
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
-
M
i
n
istry
o
f
Na
t
io
n
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
-
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
e
tc.
H
e
is
a
lso
a
n
IEE
E
m
e
m
b
e
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.