Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
112
~
120
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp
112
-
120
112
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
The casc
ade met
hods of
doubly
-
f
ed ind
uction mac
hine fo
r
generat
or syst
em
Diep
-
Du
n
g N
guy
en
1
, Ng
oc
-
Hoan T
ha
n
2
, Duc
-
T
uan H
oan
g
3
1,3
Facul
ty
of Electrical
-
El
e
ct
ron
i
c
Eng
ine
e
ring, V
ie
tn
am
Mar
it
i
me Unive
rsity
,
Vi
etnam
2
Depa
rteme
nt
of
Elec
tr
ical Engi
n
ee
ring
and
Auto
ma
ti
on
,
H
ai
phon
g
Private
Univ
er
sity,
Vi
et
na
m
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
8
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
J
an
19
, 20
21
Accepte
d
Fe
b
3
, 2
0
2
1
Thi
s
pap
er
pr
e
sents
two
solut
ions
to
ca
sc
ade
the
doubly
-
f
ed
induction
ma
ch
ine
s
in
the
power
gen
era
to
r
sys
te
ms.
Th
e
f
irst
soluti
on
is
a
tra
di
ti
on
a
l
one
with
th
e
po
wer
cont
rol
ci
r
c
uit
lo
ca
t
ed
on
t
he
stat
or
-
sid
e.
The
sec
ond
soluti
on
is
a
n
ew
one
wi
th
th
e
po
wer
cont
ro
l
ci
rc
uit
lo
cate
d
on
th
e
rotor
-
sid
e
.
After
an
al
ysis
a
nd
eva
lu
at
io
n,
it
is
show
n
tha
t
t
he
soluti
on
with
the
power
cont
rol
ci
r
cui
t
lo
ca
t
ed
on
th
e
roto
r
side
has
adva
nt
age
s
over
the
sol
uti
on
with
the
power
con
tr
ol
c
irc
ui
t
loc
a
ted
on
th
e
st
at
or
-
side.
The
r
efo
re
,
the
au
thors
chose
the
soluti
on
which
is
a
p
ower
co
n
trol
c
ir
cui
t
lo
ca
t
ed
on
t
he
ro
tor
sid
e
to
study,
an
al
yz
e
in
-
d
ept
h
and
r
un
the
simul
at
io
n.
Th
e
r
esult
s
sh
ow
tha
t
th
e
proposed
soluti
o
n
has
a
v
ery
goo
d
quality
,
the
out
put
vol
ta
ge
of
th
e
g
ene
ra
tor
al
ways
foll
ows
the
grid
-
vo
ltage
eve
n
wh
en
ch
angi
ng
th
e
gi
rd
-
volt
ag
e
or
cha
nging
the spe
ed
of the
gen
era
t
or.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Acti
ve powe
r
BDFIG
DF
I
G
Excit
at
ion
c
ontrol
Re
act
ive pow
e
r
Simi
la
r
sig
nals
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Diep
-
D
ung N
guye
n
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
-
Ele
ct
ronic Enginee
rin
g
Viet
nam Ma
riti
me Unive
rsity
, V
ie
tna
m
Emai
l:
nguyen
diep
dung.s
mq@g
mail
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nowa
day
s
,
the
res
ources
of
f
uel
are
r
unning
ou
t,
so
it
is
very
im
portant
an
d
necessar
y
to
fi
nd
a
n
d
us
e
t
he
re
newable
s
ources
.
These
re
ne
wa
ble
e
nerg
y
s
ou
rces
must
be
able
to
c
onnec
t
to
t
he
gri
d
or
wor
k
par
al
le
l t
og
et
he
r
[
1
]
,
[
2]. Wh
en
cha
ngin
g
th
e ro
t
or
s
pee
d
or unstable
gr
i
d vo
lt
age
, it i
s v
e
ry
dif
ficult
to
c
on
t
ro
l
the
gen
e
rato
r
s
ys
te
m
i
n
orde
r
f
or
the
ge
ner
a
tor
-
volt
age
c
oi
ncide
with
the
gri
d
-
volt
age
[
3
]
,
[
4].
The
m
et
hod
that
us
es
t
he
doubly
-
fe
d
i
nduc
ti
on
mac
hin
e
(D
F
I
M
)
i
n
generator
m
od
e
is
a
very
e
ff
ect
i
ve
[5
]
-
[
7],
bec
ause
it
can
keep the
stable f
reque
nc
y o
f
the
g
e
ner
at
or
-
volt
age
w
he
n
c
hangin
g
t
he rot
or
sp
ee
d [8
]
-
[
10].
The
D
FIM
is
a
n
in
du
ct
io
n
ma
chine
with
bot
h
sta
tor
a
nd
r
ot
or
wi
re
[
11
]
,
[
12].
T
he
DF
I
M
w
orke
d
in
the
gen
e
rato
r
mode
(
DF
I
G
)
has
in
her
e
nt
a
dv
a
ntage
s,
su
c
h
a
s
t
he
a
bili
ty
to
kee
p
the
unchange
d
fr
e
qu
ency
of
the
volt
age
in
the
case
of
va
riable
ro
t
or
spe
ed,
a
small
c
on
t
ro
l
ci
rcu
it
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
DFIG
is
wi
dely
use
d
i
n
gen
e
rato
r
sy
ste
ms,
su
c
h
as
the
wi
nd
generato
r,
sh
a
ft
ge
ner
at
or
in
a
s
hip
.
I
n
the
gen
e
rato
r
sy
ste
m
usi
ng
DF
I
G
,
the
powe
r
co
nt
ro
l
ci
rcu
it
is
l
ocated
in
the
r
otor
-
si
de,
an
d
the
ge
ner
at
e
d
powe
r
i
n
t
he
s
ta
tor
-
si
de
t
ran
s
mit
s
directl
y
to
t
he
gr
i
d.
T
hu
s
,
the
power
of
the
con
t
ro
l
ci
rc
uit
is
mu
ch
l
ow
e
r
than
the
pow
er
fe
d
into
t
he
gr
id
.
So
me
resea
rc
h
[13
]
-
[
15]
ha
ve
su
ccee
de
d
i
n
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
DF
I
G
a
s
a
ge
ner
at
or
.
T
he
di
agr
am
of
a
powe
r
gen
e
rato
r
s
ys
te
m usi
ng
DF
I
G i
s shown i
n
Fi
gure
1.
Stat
or
of
DFI
G
is
di
rectl
y
c
onnected
to
th
e
gr
i
d.
T
he
ro
t
or
of
DFI
G
is
connecte
d
to
t
he
gri
d
via
a
powe
r
c
on
t
ro
l
ci
rcu
it
that
le
t
the
ene
rgy
ca
n
tra
nsmi
t
in
bo
t
h
directi
ons
.
T
her
e
are
tw
o
w
orkin
g
modes
of
DF
I
G:
t
he
ove
r
s
ynch
ronizat
ion
m
ode
a
nd
t
he
belo
w
sync
hro
nizat
ion
m
od
e
.
In
the
both
m
odes,
the
sta
tor
gen
e
rates
t
he
energ
y
fed
int
o
th
e
gr
i
d.
T
he
r
otor
r
ecei
ve
s
the
e
ne
rgy
i
n
th
e
ov
e
r
s
yn
chro
nous
m
ode
an
d
transmits
t
he
e
nerg
y
in
the
be
low
sync
hronou
s
m
ode.
DFI
G
as
a
gen
e
rat
or
has
be
en
in
creasin
gly
ap
pl
ie
d
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e c
as
c
ade
m
et
hods
of
doub
ly
-
fe
d
in
duct
io
n ma
c
hin
e
for
gen
e
ra
t
or
syste
m
(
Die
p
-
Dun
g N
gu
ye
n
)
113
pr
act
ic
e.
H
owe
ver
,
the
te
ch
ni
qu
e
of
co
ntr
olli
ng
D
FIG
ro
t
or
ci
rcu
it
s
is
very
dif
ficult
[
16]
,
es
pecial
ly
when
t
he
ro
t
or
sp
ee
d
ch
ang
e
s,
t
he
c
ontrolle
r
m
us
t
c
ontr
ol
the
f
requ
ency
of
the
r
oto
r
ci
rc
uit
cha
nges
fast
a
nd
ti
mely
i
n
order t
o sy
nc
hron
iz
e t
he ge
nerat
or
volt
age
with th
e
gri
d v
oltage.
Figure
1. The
powe
r gene
rator sys
te
m
us
in
g DFIG
A
ne
w,
e
ff
ect
ive
so
l
ution
ha
s
bee
n
pro
po
sed
w
hic
h
is
to
us
e
t
he
cas
cade
of
tw
o
DF
I
Gs
.
The
ou
tst
a
nd
i
ng
a
dvanta
ge
of
DF
I
G
casca
de
so
l
ut
ion
is that t
he system
has
the
abili
ty to
sta
bili
ze
the f
re
quen
cy
o
f
the
ge
ne
rato
r
volt
age
very
we
ll
wh
e
n
t
he
ro
t
or
sp
ee
d
cha
ng
es.
T
her
e
are
two
s
olu
ti
ons
t
o
casca
de
DFI
Gs:
the
first
so
l
ution
is
a
tra
diti
on
al
one
with
the
po
wer
c
on
t
ro
l
ci
r
cuit
locat
e
d
on
the
sta
to
r
-
si
de
,
t
he
seco
nd
sol
ution
is
a
ne
w
on
e
with
th
e
po
wer
c
ontr
ol
ci
rcu
it
locat
e
d
on
the
ro
t
or
-
s
ide.
Th
is
re
se
arch
will
anal
yze
the
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
t
wo
D
FIG
c
ascade
s
olu
ti
ons,
t
hen
ch
oos
e
the
a
pprop
riat
e
so
luti
on
t
o
imp
rove
t
he
ef
f
ic
ie
nc
y
of the
ge
ner
at
or s
ys
te
m,
stu
dy in
-
de
pth
a
nd s
imulat
ion t
he
c
ho
s
en
so
l
ution.
2.
THE
DFI
G
C
ASCA
DE
S
Y
STE
M
W
ITH
THE
P
OWE
R
CONTR
O
L
CI
RCUIT
LOCA
TE
D
O
N
THE
STATO
R
-
S
IDE
2.1.
The stru
cture
of co
nt
r
ol syst
em
The
sy
ste
m
is
descr
i
bed
in
Fi
gure
2
[
17].
T
he
s
ys
te
m
co
nsi
sts
of
tw
o
D
FI
G
s.
Tw
o
r
oto
r
-
sha
fts
a
re
ti
gh
tl
y
co
nnect
ed
t
oget
her
a
nd
t
he
el
ect
ric
-
wire
of
tw
o
rot
or
s
are
al
s
o
di
rectl
y
c
onnect
ed
t
o
each
othe
r.
Th
e
powe
r
c
ontrol
ci
rcu
it
is
locat
ed
on
t
he
sta
to
r
-
si
de
of
DFIG
1.
T
he
el
ect
ric
al
powe
r
ge
ne
r
at
ed
in
t
he
sta
t
or
of
DF
I
G 2 is
tra
nsmi
tt
ed
dir
ect
ly to
the
gri
d.
The
nat
ur
al
fe
at
ur
e
of
the
DF
I
G
casca
de
s
ys
te
m
is
tha
t
the
sync
hro
ni
zat
ion
betwee
n
t
he
sta
tor
vo
lt
age
of
D
FIG2
a
nd
gr
id
volt
age
is
ve
r
y
high
a
nd
sta
ble
[
18].
F
ur
t
hermo
re
,
t
he
qual
it
y
of
D
FIG
ca
s
cade
is
mu
c
h
bette
r
t
ha
n
the
ge
ner
at
o
r
s
ys
te
m
us
in
g
the
in
de
pe
ndent
DFIG
[19].
The
refo
re,
this
sy
ste
m
is
bein
g
app
li
ed
m
or
e
and
m
or
e
wide
ly
in
gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d
gen
e
r
at
or
s.
To
da
y,
sever
al
man
uf
act
ur
in
g
facil
it
ie
s
have
integrate
d
the
DF
I
G
casca
de
sy
ste
m
i
nto
th
e
one
machi
ne
w
hich
is
cal
le
d
Br
ushl
ess
D
oubly
-
Fe
d
Ind
uction
Gen
e
rato
r (BD
FI
G
), t
he diag
r
am of B
DFIG
is sho
wn in Fi
gure
3 [
17].
In
Fig
ure
3,
t
he
sta
tor
of
DFIG
1
has
the
num
ber
of
pole
pair
s
p
1
=2
,
th
e
sta
tor
of
DFIG
2
has
th
e
numb
e
r
of
pol
e
pairs
p
2
=1
.
The
el
ect
ric
-
w
ire
in
th
e
r
otor
of
tw
o
DF
I
Gs
are
directl
y
c
onnected
to
gether,
s
o
this
s
ys
te
m
ha
sn
't
a
rin
g
a
nd
brus
h.
The
refor
e
,
this
s
yst
em
is
cal
le
d
Br
us
hless
D
oubly
-
Fe
d
I
nduction
Gen
e
rato
r
(B
DF
I
G
).
The
B
DF
I
G
fa
br
ic
at
ion
te
ch
niques
are
pr
ese
nted
in
de
ta
il
in
th
e
resea
rch
[
20
].
T
he
numb
e
r
of
po
l
e
pair
s
of
D
FIG1
an
d
D
FIG2
can
be
e
qu
al
or
dif
fe
ren
t
a
nd
th
ere
are
tw
o
wa
ys
t
o
c
onne
ct
two
el
ect
ric
-
wire
of
rotors, s
o
t
here are
fou
r
s
olu
t
ion
s
of inte
gr
at
ion
B
DFIG
, w
hich
a
re list
ed
in
Ta
ble
1
[
21
]
,
[
22]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
112
–
120
114
Figure
2. The
DF
I
G
ca
scade
sy
ste
m
with t
he
pow
e
r
con
t
ro
l ci
r
cuit
locat
ed on t
he
sta
tor
-
si
de
Figure
3. The
s
tructu
re
of BD
FI
G
Table
1.
T
he
T
yp
e
s
of
B
DFI
G
The con
n
ectio
n
between
two roto
rs
p
1
= p
2
The sy
n
c sp
eed
P
s
1
(pu
)
P
s2
(pu
)
P
g
=P
s1
+P
s2
Simila
r
-
p
h
ase
Yes
No
p
rod
u
ctio
n
g
p
g
p
−
0
Simila
r
-
p
h
ase
No
p
g
−
g
p
1
g
p
2
−
g
p
.
Rev
erse ph
ase
Yes
p
g
2
g
p
−
g
p
−
g
p
.
2
−
Rev
erse ph
ase
No
p
g
g
p
1
−
g
p
2
−
g
p
.
−
w
he
re
p
1
,
p
2
ar
e
the
num
be
r
of
pola
r
pairs
of
DFIG
1
a
nd
DF
I
G
2
re
sp
ect
ively;
P
s1
,
P
s2
and
P
g
are
t
he
act
ive
powe
r
of
DFI
G1
-
sta
to
r,
DFI
G2
-
sta
to
r,
a
nd
the
gri
d
res
pec
ti
vely;
is
the
a
ngular
sp
e
ed
of
the
r
otor;
is
th
e
angular
sp
ee
d of t
he gri
d
-
volt
age.
The
operati
on
pr
i
nciple
of
B
DF
I
G
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
4
[
17].
T
he
sta
to
r
cu
rr
e
nt
fr
e
que
ncy
of
D
FIG1
and
D
FIG
2
a
r
e
f
s1
,
f
s2
resp
e
ct
ively;
the
sta
tor
c
urre
nt
a
ngular
spe
ed
of
D
FIG1
a
nd
DFI
G2
are
1
,
2
resp
ect
ive
l
y; th
e r
oto
r
curre
nt
angular
sp
ee
d of DF
I
G1 and
DF
I
G
2
a
re
1
,
2
res
pecti
vely
.
Figure
4. The
pr
i
nciple
of
op
erati
on of B
DFIG
2.2.
The ener
gies in t
he
system
Con
si
der
i
ng
a
BDFIG ty
pe
w
it
h
the num
ber
of
po
le
pairs
is
d
iffe
ren
t
,
co
nnect
ing
meth
od in
the
ro
t
or
is
re
ver
se
-
ph
as
e.
Si
nce
DFI
G
2
is
directl
y
co
nn
ect
e
d
t
o
the
gr
i
d,
the
an
gula
r
s
pee
d
of
t
he
sta
tor
ci
rc
uit
i
s
e
qu
al
to the a
ngula
r
s
peed o
f
t
he gri
d vo
lt
age
2
=
.
The
a
ngular
s
pe
ed of
the stat
or circ
uit o
f DFIG1 i
s:
1
1
2
2
(
)
.
ss
pp
=
+
−
(1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e c
as
c
ade
m
et
hods
of
doub
ly
-
fe
d
in
duct
io
n ma
c
hin
e
for
gen
e
ra
t
or
syste
m
(
Die
p
-
Dun
g N
gu
ye
n
)
115
The
a
ngular
s
pe
ed of
the
ro
t
or circuit
of
DFI
G1 and
DFIG
2 are:
2
2
2
.
rs
p
=−
(2
)
1
1
2
.
rs
p
=−
(3)
The
sta
to
r p
ower
of
DFIG
1 an
d DFIG
2
a
re:
1
1
.
.
sg
g
p
PP
−
=
(4)
2
2
.
.
sg
g
p
PP
−
=
(5)
The rot
or po
w
er
of
DFIG
1 an
d DFIG
2
a
re:
1
11
1
r
rs
s
PP
=−
(6)
2
22
2
r
rs
s
PP
=−
(7)
The
r
otor
of
DF
I
G
1
a
nd
D
FI
G
2
are
c
onnected
int
o
t
he
lo
op,
so
P
r1
+P
r2
=
0
or
P
r1
=
-
P
r2
.
T
he
gen
e
rated
po
w
er
of
B
DFIG
in
to the g
rid
is
P
g
:
12
g
s
s
P
P
P
=+
(8)
Fr
om
(
4
)
-
(
7),
we
ha
ve
the
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
e
qua
ti
on
bet
ween
t
he
powe
r
sta
to
r
of
DFIG
1
an
d
DFIG
2
are
as
f
ollows
:
1
12
2
s
ss
s
PP
=−
(9)
As
s
how
n
i
n
(
9)
al
so
sho
ws
t
he
relat
ion
s
hip
betwee
n
t
he
powe
r
of
the
co
ntr
ol
ci
rc
uit
an
d
the
po
wer
transmitt
ed
i
nto
the
gr
i
d.
In
f
act
,
there
is
al
s
o
a
po
wer
l
os
s
in
the
sta
to
r
a
nd
r
oto
r
of
D
F
IG1
a
nd
DFIG
2,
the
energ
y
fl
ow d
i
agr
a
m is s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
5
[
17
]
,
[
18].
(a)
(b)
Figure
5. The
e
nerg
y
fl
ow d
ia
gr
a
m in
BDF
I
G
; a)
supe
r_
s
ynch
r
onous, b
)
s
ub_sync
hro
no
us
Accor
ding
to
t
he
e
nerg
y
diag
ram,
D
FIG
2
al
way
s
gen
e
rate
s
act
ive
powe
r
,
D
FIG
1
ge
nerat
es
act
ive
powe
r
in t
he o
ver
sync
hrono
us
m
ode a
nd a
bs
or
bs
the
acti
ve power
in t
he
b
el
ow s
ynch
r
onous m
ode.
Wh
e
n we
connect
t
he
r
ot
or
wire
by
re
ver
se
phase
m
et
hod,
t
he
e
ne
rgy
f
lo
wed
th
r
ough
DFIG
1
s
ta
tor
in
the
op
po
sit
e
directi
on:
D
FIG1
ab
sorb
s
ac
ti
ve
powe
r
i
n
the
ove
r
s
ync
hro
nous
mode
an
d
ge
ner
at
es
act
ive
power
in
the
belo
w
s
ynch
ronous m
od
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
112
–
120
116
The
researc
h
[
23]
has
c
ompa
red
t
he
qu
al
it
y
of
the
ge
ner
at
ed
el
ect
ric
between
BDF
I
G
and
D
FIG.
The
res
ults
s
howe
d
t
hat
the
powe
r
gen
e
rat
or
syst
em
us
in
g
B
DF
I
G
has
higher
qual
it
y
than
a
s
ys
te
m
us
in
g
DF
I
G.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
dr
a
w
ba
ck
of
the
B
DFIG
s
ys
te
m
is
t
hat
it
s
la
rg
e
si
ze
and
great
er
powe
r
loss
c
ompa
re
with
DF
I
G.
To
overc
om
e
t
his
li
mit
at
ion
,
an
oth
e
r
s
olu
ti
on
to
casca
de
D
F
IG
s
is
pro
pose
d
that
is
th
e
sol
ution
with
a
po
wer
c
on
t
ro
l
ci
rcu
it
l
ocated
on
t
he
r
otor
sid
e.
This
so
luti
on
has
re
du
ce
d
siz
e,
li
tt
le
powe
r
l
os
s,
s
imple
con
t
ro
l s
ys
te
m
,
etc.
3.
THE
DFI
G
CASC
A
DE
WITH
THE
POWER
C
O
NTRO
L
CI
R
CU
IT
L
OCA
TE
D
ON
TH
E
STATO
R
-
S
ID
E
3.1.
The stru
cture
an
d
opera
tin
g pri
ncipl
e
The
str
uctu
re
of
DFIG
ca
sca
de
with
t
he
power
c
ontrol
ci
r
cuit
locat
ed
on
the
sta
tor
-
side
is
sh
ow
n
i
n
Figure
6.
T
he
sy
ste
m
in
cl
ude
s
two
DFIG
1
and
DFI
G2
wi
th
the
same
num
ber
of
pole
pairs
p
1
=p
2
=p
,
the
processi
ng
sig
nal
sta
ges
an
d
the
c
urre
nt
c
ontrol
ci
rc
uit.
T
he
sta
tor
of
D
FIG1
is
co
nnect
e
d
directl
y
t
o
th
e
gr
i
d
so
the
a
ngular
sp
eed
of
t
he
sta
tor
ci
rc
uit
of
DFIG
1
(
1
)
is
equ
al
to
th
e
angular
s
pee
d
of
gr
i
d
volt
ag
e:
1
=
.
The
a
ngular
s
peed
of
the
r
ot
or
ci
rc
uit
of
DF
I
G
1
1
=
1
−
.
.
T
his
an
gu
la
r
s
pee
d
is
kep
t
const
ant
t
hrough
the
sig
nal
proces
sin
g
sta
ge
an
d
the
cu
rr
e
nt
co
ntr
ol
ci
rc
ui
t,
so
the
a
ngul
ar
s
pee
d
of
th
e
r
otor
ci
rcu
it
of
DFI
G2 is
2
=
1
=
(
1
−
.
)
.
The
a
ngular
s
peed
of
the
st
at
or
ci
rc
uit
of
DFIG
2
is
2
=
.
+
2
=
.
+
(
1
−
.
=
1
=
.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
t
he
an
gula
r
sp
e
e
d
of
t
he
sta
to
r
ci
rcu
it
of
D
FIG2
(
2
)
is
al
ways
e
qu
al
to
the
angular
sp
ee
d
of
the
gr
i
d
vo
lt
age
(
)
,
an
d
is
in
dep
e
nd
e
nt
t
o
the
a
ngular
s
peed
of
r
otor
(
).
W
it
h
this
natu
re
pro
per
ti
es,
t
he
sy
ste
m
has
t
he
abili
ty
to
f
ol
low
t
he
gr
i
d
volt
age
very
w
el
l
and
sust
ai
na
bly
.
I
n
t
he
s
yst
em
structu
re,
D
FIG1
does
not
ha
ve
the
r
ole
of
gen
e
rati
ng
power
fe
d
i
nto
t
he
gri
d
but
onl
y
creati
ng
th
e
si
gn
al
s
in
the
r
oto
r
wh
ic
h
is
the
in
pu
t
of
t
he
si
gn
al
proces
sin
g
sta
ge
.
The
re
fore,
D
FI
G
1
ca
n
be
s
el
ect
ed
as
a
s
mall
siz
e
and capacit
y D
FI
G
to re
du
ce
the
powe
r
los
s, c
os
t a
nd size o
f
the
syst
em.
Figure
6. The
s
tructu
re
of DFI
G
casca
de wit
h t
he powe
r
c
ontrol
ci
rc
uit l
oca
te
d
on t
he
sta
to
r
-
si
de
3.2.
The co
nt
r
ol sy
stem
The det
ai
le
d block dia
gr
a
m
of the c
on
t
ro
l s
yst
em is sho
wn in F
i
gure
7 [24
]
.
T
he
s
ys
te
m i
nc
lud
es:
•
DF
I
G
1
is
a
s
m
al
l
Dou
bly
-
Fe
d
Ind
uction
G
ener
at
or
,
it
s
st
at
or
is
co
nnect
ed
directl
y
to
t
he
gr
i
d,
it
s
r
oto
r
works in
the
hi
gh r
esi
sta
nce
mode.
The
role
of DFI
G
1
is t
o creat
e the
simi
la
r
sig
nal volt
a
ge
in
the
r
otor.
•
The
simi
la
r
a
n
isolat
io
n
sta
ge
is
a
sig
nal
a
mp
li
ficat
ion
ci
rcu
it
with
the
resist
ance
in
put
is
hi
gh
in
order
for
the
roto
r of DF
IG1 w
orks i
n
t
he hig
h resi
sta
nce mo
de.
•
The
i
ntegral
stage
•
The
si
gn
al
a
m
plific
at
ion
sta
ge
s
K
p
, K
q
a
nd the inve
rt stage
(
-
1).
•
The rotat
io
n
st
age
of 90
de
grees
•
The
c
urre
nt contr
ol circuit
c
r
eat
es
the c
urre
nt f
e
d
i
nto
t
he rot
or
of
DF
I
G
2.
•
DF
I
G
2
is a
Do
ub
l
y
-
Fed
I
nduc
ti
on
Gen
e
rato
r wit
h
the
role
of g
e
ner
at
in
g
t
he
curre
nt f
e
d
i
nto
the
grid
The
ro
t
or
-
sh
a
f
t
of
DFIG
1
a
nd
DFI
G2
a
re
rigid
l
y
c
onne
ct
ed
to
gethe
r
in
orde
r
f
or
the
a
ngular
coor
din
at
es
of
the roto
r wire a
nd stat
or w
i
re
are e
qu
al
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e c
as
c
ade
m
et
hods
of
doub
ly
-
fe
d
in
duct
io
n ma
c
hin
e
for
gen
e
ra
t
or
syste
m
(
Die
p
-
Dun
g N
gu
ye
n
)
117
Figure
7.
The
c
on
t
ro
l s
ys
te
m
with the
po
wer co
ntr
ol circ
uit l
ocated
on the
sta
tor
-
si
de
3.3.
Contr
olli
ng
the
system
With
the
ca
se
of
t
he
sta
tor
of
D
FIG2
is
no
t
connecte
d
t
o
the
gri
d,
the
ph
a
se
an
d
fr
e
quenc
y
of
t
he
sta
tor
volt
age
of
DF
I
G
2
are
al
way
s
e
qu
al
t
o
the
ones
o
f
gri
d
volt
age
.
Th
e
vo
lt
age
a
mp
l
it
ud
e
of
D
FIG
2
sta
tor
dep
e
nds
on
t
he
coeffic
ie
nt
(
K
cl
)
in
the
sim
il
ar
an
isolat
io
n
sta
ge
[
24].
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
vo
lt
a
ge
am
plit
ud
e
of
DF
I
G
2
sta
tor
can
be
a
dju
ste
d
by
a
djust
ing
the
co
ef
fici
en
t
K
cl
.
Af
te
r
a
dj
us
tme
nt,
Ge
ne
rator
vo
lt
a
ge
ha
s
the
ph
a
se,
am
plit
ude
an
d
fr
e
que
ncy
e
qual
to
the
ones
of
t
he
gri
d
volt
ag
e.
This
is
a
good
c
onditi
on
al
fo
r
connecti
ng t
he gene
rato
r
s
ys
te
m to
t
he gri
d.
With
the
case
of
the
sta
to
r
of
DFIG
2
is
c
onnecte
d
to
the
gri
d,
t
he
act
ive
powe
r
an
d
the
reacti
ve
powe
r of
DFI
G2 (
P
s2
,
Q
s2
)
a
re
propo
rtion
al
to
the
am
plific
at
ion
c
oeffici
ents
K
P
, K
q
[
24] respecti
vel
y:
2
2
.
.
sp
sq
P
K
X
Q
K
Y
=
=
(10.
a
,b)
w
he
re
X,
Y
is
const
ant
value
s
a
nd
do
no
t
de
pend
on
the
r
otor
s
pee
d,
but
only
on
t
he
st
ru
ct
ur
e
of
D
FIG1
a
nd
DF
I
G
2.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
t
he
act
ive
po
wer
a
nd
re
act
ive
power
of
DFIG
2
(
P
s2
,
Q
s2
)
tra
ns
mit
te
d
t
o
the
gri
d
c
an
be
ind
e
pende
ntly
con
t
ro
ll
ed
by a
dju
sti
ng t
he
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nts
K
p
,
K
q
.
The
resea
rch
[
25
]
,
[
26]
has
a
nalyze
d
t
he
m
at
hemati
cal
m
od
el
of
t
his
s
yst
em,
the
n
poi
nted
out
t
he
adv
a
ntage
s
of
app
l
ying
this
s
ys
te
m
i
n
the
ge
ner
at
or
co
nne
ct
ed
to
t
he
gr
i
d.
T
o
s
how
mor
e
detai
l
the
op
erati
ng
pr
i
nciple
a
nd
t
he
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
of
t
he
sig
na
ls
at
al
l
sta
ge
s,
we
wil
l
bu
il
d
a
nd
simulat
e
the
s
ys
te
m
m
od
el
on
M
at
la
b
Sim
ulink.
D
FIG1
a
nd
D
FIG2
a
re
Async
hro
nous
M
ac
hin
e
in
t
he
Sim
-
P
ow
e
r
-
S
ys
te
m
li
br
a
r
y
with
the
fo
ll
owin
g para
mete
rs
in
Ta
ble 2
:
Table
2.
T
he
paramet
ers
of
D
FI
G
1
a
nd
DFI
G2
P(VA
)
U(V)
f(
H
Z)
Rs
(
Ω)
Ls (
H
)
Rr(Ω)
Lr
(
H)
Lm(H)
DFIG1
200
600
60
0
.01
9
8
6
.7e
-
4
0
.01
8
9
6
.9e
-
4
0
.03
3
9
DFIG2
1
0
0
0
0
0
600
60
0
.01
6
0
5
.8e
-
4
0
.01
6
8
6
.7e
-
4
0
.04
1
9
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
4
.
1.
In the c
as
e
of
th
e
gener
ator
system is n
ot c
on
nec
ted
to
the
g
ri
d
The
pro
cess
of
adj
us
ti
ng
K
cl
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
8.
The
volt
age
of
A
-
ph
a
se
in
the
sta
to
r
of
D
FIG2
(
u
s2a
)
has
t
he
f
reque
ncy
a
nd
ph
a
se
al
wa
ys
coincide
s
with
the
ones
of
A
-
phase
volt
age
(
u
g
)
of
the
gri
d.
T
he
amplit
ude
of
u
s2a
can
be
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
by
adj
ust
ing
the
c
oeffic
ie
nt
K
cl
.
At
ti
me
t
=
0.
7
s,
set
ti
ng
K
cl
=
11.
4,
the
n
the
vo
lt
a
ge
u
s2
a
is
e
qual
to
t
he
gri
d
vo
lt
a
ge
in
a
mp
li
tu
de,
ph
a
se,
an
d
f
re
qu
e
nc
y.
T
his
i
s
a
go
od
c
ondi
ti
on
to
connect t
he
ge
ner
at
or
sy
ste
m
to the g
rid.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
112
–
120
118
Figure
8
.
The
process
of a
djust
ing
K
cl
Wh
e
n
c
hangin
g
the
r
otor
s
pe
ed,
the
res
pons
e
of
the
s
ys
t
em
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
9
(
a
)
.
The
res
ults
sh
ow
that
the
vo
lt
age
of
A
-
ph
a
se
in
the
s
ta
tor
of
the
ge
ner
at
or
(
u
s2a
)
al
way
s
coi
ncid
es
with
the
A
-
ph
a
se
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
gr
i
d
(
u
g
)
in
am
plit
ud
e,
fr
e
que
ncy
a
nd
phase.
T
her
e
fore,
th
e
a
bili
ty
to
f
ollo
w
t
he
gri
d
vo
lt
age
of
the g
e
ne
rato
r DFIG
2
is
v
e
ry good
w
hen the
rotor s
peed ch
ang
e
s.
Wh
e
n
t
he
gri
d
vo
lt
a
ge
dr
op
s
,
the
res
pons
e
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
i
s
show
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
9
(
b
)
.
T
he
r
esults
sho
w
that
the
volt
ag
e
of
A
-
phase
i
n
t
he
sta
tor
of
the
gen
e
rato
r
(
u
s2a
)
al
ways
c
oi
ncides
with
th
e
A
-
ph
ase
vo
lt
age
of
the
gri
d
(
u
g
)
in
am
plit
ud
e
,
f
reque
ncy
a
nd
ph
a
se.
T
her
e
f
ore,
the
abili
ty
to
f
ollow
t
he
gr
i
d
volt
age
of
the
gen
e
rato
r
DFI
G2
is
ve
ry
good
wh
e
n
the
gri
d
vo
lt
a
ge
c
ha
ng
e
s.
The
re
for
e,
in
t
he
ca
se
of
sta
to
r
D
FIG2
is
not
connecte
d
t
o
t
he
gri
d,
afte
r
adjustme
nt
K
cl
,
the
vo
lt
a
ge
of
the
gen
e
rat
or
s
ys
te
m
al
w
ays
f
ollows
t
he
gri
d
vo
lt
age
e
ve
n
wh
e
n
the
r
otor
s
peed
c
hanges
or
the
gri
d
volt
age
c
h
an
ges.
This
is
a
go
od
co
ndit
ion
to
c
onnec
t
the g
e
ne
rato
r
s
ys
te
m t
o
the
gr
id.
(a)
(b)
Figure
9. The
re
spon
se
of t
he system:
(
a)
w
he
n
c
hangin
g
t
he
rotor s
peed
;
(
b) whe
n
c
hang
ing
t
he
gr
i
d vo
l
ta
ge
4.2.
In the c
as
e
of
th
e
gener
ator
system is
c
on
n
ected
to the
gr
id
With
the
ca
se
of
ge
ner
at
or
s
ys
te
m
is
c
onne
ct
ed
to
the
gri
d,
the
res
pons
e
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
is
sh
ow
n
in
Figure
10.
T
he
res
ults
s
how
that
it
is
pos
sible
to
in
de
pe
nd
e
ntly
co
ntr
ol
the
act
ive
a
nd
rea
ct
ive
po
wer
of
DF
I
G
2
tra
ns
mi
tt
ed
to
the
gri
d
by
adj
us
ti
ng
t
he
c
oeffici
ents
K
p
and
K
q
.
T
he
act
ive
po
wer
de
pends
only
to
the
coeffic
ie
nt
K
p
.
The
reacti
ve
powe
r
dep
e
nds
only
to
t
he
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
K
q
.
T
her
e
fore,
co
ntr
olli
ng
the
act
i
ve
a
nd
reacti
ve
powe
r
of
DFIG
2
tran
smit
te
d
to
the
gr
i
d
will
be
ve
ry
sim
ple
a
nd
conve
nient.
F
r
om
the
ab
ove
r
esults,
it
sh
ows t
hat th
e D
F
IG casca
de
sy
ste
m
w
it
h t
he power
contr
ol circ
uit l
ocated
on the
ro
t
or
-
side is
ve
ry sui
ta
ble
for
a
pp
li
cat
io
n i
n
the
ge
ner
at
or w
it
h variable
ro
t
or
sp
ee
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e c
as
c
ade
m
et
hods
of
doub
ly
-
fe
d
in
duct
io
n ma
c
hin
e
for
gen
e
ra
t
or
syste
m
(
Die
p
-
Dun
g N
gu
ye
n
)
119
Figure
10.
T
he
r
es
pons
e
of th
e sy
ste
m
whe
n
K
p
a
nd
Kq
c
ha
ng
e
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
pa
per
pr
e
sented
a
nd
a
na
lyzed
the
gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d
ge
ner
at
or
str
uct
ur
es
us
in
g
D
F
IG
casca
de
so
luti
ons,
the
n
sh
ow
n
t
he
ad
va
ntages
of
ap
pl
ying
DFIG
cas
cade
so
l
ution
s
in
gen
e
rato
r
syst
em,
es
pecial
l
y
t
he
casca
de
s
olu
ti
on
with the
po
w
er c
on
tr
ol circ
ui
t l
ocated in
th
e r
oto
r
.
The
s
olu
ti
on
of
casca
de
D
FIG
with
the
power
c
ontr
ol
ci
rcu
it
at
the
ro
t
or
si
de
has
th
e
fo
ll
owin
g
ou
tst
a
nd
i
ng
a
dvanta
ges:
T
he
abili
ty
t
o
f
ollow
the
gr
i
d
volt
age
is
very
go
od,
e
ve
n
w
hen
the
gr
i
d
volt
age
changes
or
the
r
oto
r
s
peed
c
hanges;
T
he
a
ct
ive
powe
r
a
nd
reacti
ve
pow
er
of
t
he
ge
nerat
or
fed
int
o
t
he
gr
i
d
are
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
ly
co
ntr
olled
thr
ough
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nts
K
P
a
nd
Kq
;
Th
e
sim
pl
e
syst
em
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
te
m
str
uc
ture.
In
the
f
ut
ur
e,
the
aut
hors
will
s
tudy
more
i
n
-
dep
t
h
t
he
s
olu
t
ion
with
the
powe
r
c
ontr
ol
c
ircuit
loca
te
d
on
the
ro
t
or
-
side a
nd
app
l
y
this
syst
em in t
he real
gen
e
rato
r
s
ys
te
ms.
REFERE
NCE
S
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M.
M.
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ren
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te
rna
ti
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ere
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tri
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“
GWO
Base
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Optim
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eac
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ve
Pow
er
Coo
rdina
ti
on
o
f
DF
IG,
ULTC
and
C
ap
ac
i
tors,
”
Indon
e
sian
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
and
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ddin
e,
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aro
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ma
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A.
,
“
Deve
lopi
ng
a
gr
id
-
connect
ed
DF
IG
strategy
for
t
he
int
egr
at
ion
of
w
ind
power
w
it
h
har
monic
cur
r
e
nt
mi
t
iga
t
ion,”
I
nte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Elec
tri
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&
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r
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Modeli
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e
ma
gn
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pheno
me
n
a
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f
doubly
f
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ind
uct
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gen
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using
neur
o
-
fu
z
zy
a
lgo
ri
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c
onsideri
ng
non
-
li
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”
Int
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onal
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wabl
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e
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ra
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ngin
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ee
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“
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orma
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ce
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IM
fed
by
matrix
con
ver
te
r
and
mul
t
i
le
ve
l
inv
erter,
”
Ene
rgy
convers
ion
and
manage
ment
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