Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
6, N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2015
, pp
. 44
9
~
45
8
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
4
49
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
A
Single-Phase Dual-Stage PV
-Grid System with
Active
Filtering
Sl
amet
Ri
ya
di
*,
Y
a
nu
ars
y
a
h
H
a
roe
n
*
*
* Department of
Electrical Eng
i
n
eering
,
Soeg
ija
p
r
anata C
a
tholic
Universi
ty
, Semarang, Indonesia
** School of
Electrical Eng
i
neer
ing and In
formatic
s, Bandung
Institute of
Technolog
y
,
Bandung
, I
ndonesia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Apr 15, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Ju
l 28
,
20
15
Accepted Aug 10, 2015
Inte
grating photovolta
ic
ba
se
d
e
l
ec
tric
ity
into the
grid a
nd powe
r quality
improvement have become
two
m
a
jor is
s
u
es
in
ele
c
tri
cal
s
y
s
t
em
. F
o
rm
er
l
y
,
these
can
be solved b
y
using
tw
o c
onver
t
er
s
y
stems separately
,
a PV-Grid
S
y
stem
and an
activ
e power filte
r. But re
ce
nt techno
log
y
uses onl
y
a
convert
er s
y
stem
to do both fu
nction
.
An existed shunt activ
e
power filter
(S
APF
)
can be m
odified to form
a dual-s
t
age P
V
-Grid with a
c
tiv
e filt
erin
g
capab
ili
t
y
. In
th
is
paper
,
a P
V
-
G
rid S
y
s
t
em
th
at is
capab
le
to
trans
f
er
all
power generated
b
y
PV modules and
r
e
duce h
a
r
m
onic contents is proposed.
The s
y
s
t
em was
formed b
y
connecting
a boost
ch
opper as
a Maximum Po
wer
Point Tracker
and PV modules to th
e DC-link
capacitor
of a
single-phase
S
A
PF
. It jus
t
needed a curr
ent t
r
ans
ducer and a
l
s
o
required s
i
m
p
ler contro
l
circu
its
. A volt
a
ge control
l
er wa
s
needed to a
c
hi
eve power equ
ili
brium
while
a curren
t
contro
l
l
er was
need
ed t
o
m
a
ke
the grid
current sinusoid
a
l with un
ity
power factor. To
verif
y
th
e analysis,
simulations
and exp
e
riments
were done.
Keyword:
Activ
e filterin
g
In
verte
r
M
a
xi
m
u
m
pow
er
poi
nt
t
r
ac
ker
PV-grid syste
m
Shu
n
t
active po
wer filter
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Slam
et Riyadi,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
El
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neeri
n
g
,
So
eg
ij
ap
ran
a
ta Cath
o
lic
Un
i
v
ersity,
Paw
i
yatan
Luhu
r
IV
-1
Ben
d
a
n
D
u
wu
r
Sem
a
r
a
ng
50
234
, I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
Em
a
il: s_
riyad
i
6
720
03@yahoo
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Pho
t
ov
o
ltaic (PV) is
b
e
co
m
i
n
g
an
altern
ativ
e so
lu
tion to
o
v
e
rco
m
e th
e fo
ssil
b
a
sed
energ
y
crisis.
U
n
lim
i
t
ed
supp
or
ts of
so
lar
en
erg
y
on
ear
t
h
mak
e
s PV
i
s
m
o
re i
n
t
e
rest
ed
.
Som
e
PV base
d p
o
w
er
pl
ant
s
have
been
built in som
e
countries. Due to
the P
V
cha
r
acteristic [1], a
m
a
xi
m
u
m
power
poi
nt tracker
(MP
P
T) is
req
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
m
a
xi
m
i
ze t
h
e powe
r
ge
ne
rat
e
d. M
a
ny
M
P
P
T
m
e
t
hods
ha
ve bee
n
d
e
vel
ope
d t
o
i
m
pro
v
e t
h
e
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce of PV sy
st
em
s
[2]
-
[
4]
. I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
ng PV pa
nel
s
and g
r
i
d
s o
ffe
r som
e
advant
ages. S
o
m
e
of t
h
em
use
dual-stage
conve
rter syste
m
and
the
ot
hers
o
n
ly
re
q
u
i
re sin
g
le-sta
g
e
co
nv
erter
[
5
]
-[7]
.
Som
e
P
V
-
G
ri
d
Sy
st
em
s are aim
e
d t
o
t
r
ansm
it
al
l
power
ge
nerat
e
d by
PV
m
odul
es i
n
t
o
t
h
e gri
d
, t
h
ey
are al
so f
unct
i
one
d as
activ
e filtering
.
Recently, nonlinear loads are
widely
used in reside
ntial, office bu
ilding and industry applications.
They
i
n
cl
u
d
e s
t
at
i
c
conve
rt
ers
,
com
put
ers,
fl
uo
resce
n
t
l
a
m
p
s, et
c and ca
us
e no
n-
si
n
u
soi
d
al
curre
nt
s d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
harm
oni
c c
ont
ent
s
i
n
t
h
e
sy
st
em
. They
resul
t
i
n
po
wer
qual
i
t
y
degra
d
at
i
o
n
an
d c
o
nt
ri
b
u
t
e
seri
o
u
s
p
r
obl
e
m
s i
n
th
e system
. Activ
e po
wer
filtering
is cap
a
b
l
e to
m
i
t
i
g
a
te
th
e
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c co
n
t
en
ts
b
y
inj
e
ctin
g
cu
rren
ts/
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e system
[8
]-[10
].
In
the conv
en
tion
a
l
system
s,
PV-Gri
d
System
s an
d activ
e
power filters are u
s
ed
separat
e
l
y
so t
h
e sy
st
em
s are
m
o
re expa
nsi
v
e. B
y
devel
opi
ng t
h
e co
nt
r
o
l
schem
e
s of PV
-G
ri
d Sy
st
em
s, act
i
v
e
filterin
g
fun
c
tio
n
can
also
be d
o
n
e
.
A
d
u
al-stag
e
PV syste
m
u
s
in
g
zero-vo
ltag
e
switch
i
ng
h
a
l
f
-b
ri
d
g
e
co
nv
erter was o
p
e
rated
to
t
r
an
sfer real p
o
wer with
ac
tiv
e
filterin
g
so th
e to
po
log
y
is
m
o
re co
m
p
lex
[1
1
]
.
Ano
t
h
e
r
d
u
a
l
-
stag
e PV system with
activ
e
filterin
g
for
three-p
h
a
se syste
m
was d
e
si
gn
ed
b
y
u
s
ing
p
a
rallel
fou
r
-leg
inv
e
rt
er, an
LCL filter was also
in
serted
in
to
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
of th
e in
v
e
rter. Th
e dq
0-co
ord
i
n
a
tes b
a
sed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
6, No
. 3, Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
015
:
44
9 – 458
45
0
co
n
t
ro
l circu
it is u
s
ed
so
it h
a
d
m
o
re co
m
p
lex
ity [12
]
.
A si
ngle-phase
PV-Gri
d system
wi
th
stand
a
rd
topo
log
y
in
v
e
rter
was
dev
e
lop
e
d b
y
usin
g u
tility-cu
r
ren
t
co
mm
an
d
calcu
latio
n based
con
t
ro
l, it co
nsisted
o
f
m
o
re
num
ber
of
cal
c
u
l
a
t
i
ons
[
13]
.
In th
is
p
a
p
e
r, a sing
le-ph
a
se du
al-stag
e
PV-Gri
d
system
with
activ
e
filterin
g
cap
ab
ility is propo
sed.
It was con
s
tructed
fro
m
th
e
ex
isted
SAPF
b
y
conn
ectin
g an MPPT t
o
the capacit
o
r
dc-link. It
require
d
a
cu
rren
t tran
sd
ucer in
th
e in
ve
rt
er st
age a
nd
use
d
si
m
p
l
e
cont
r
o
l
ci
rcu
its.
Th
e Vo
ltag
e
So
urce Inverter
(VSI)
was op
erat
ed
a
s
a
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
d
c
u
r
r
ent
so
urce
wi
t
h
no
sy
nc
hr
oni
zat
i
o
n was neede
d
.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
On
e of m
a
in
prob
lem
s
ap
p
e
ars in power sy
ste
m
is p
o
wer
q
u
a
lity d
e
g
r
adatio
n
cau
s
ed
by h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
co
n
t
en
ts. A shu
n
t
activ
e po
wer filterin
g
(SAPF) h
a
s
b
ecome an
effective so
lu
tion
to
mitig
ate h
a
rm
o
n
i
cs. Th
e
core
of a SAPF is an inverte
r
with
a capaci
tor connected to
its dc-link. T
h
e abse
nce of
DC source at its dc-
l
i
nk,
so
t
h
e
SA
PF i
s
onl
y
ca
pa
bl
e t
o
i
n
j
ect
ha
rm
oni
c an
d re
a
c
t
i
v
e p
o
we
r.
PV-
G
ri
d Sy
st
e
m
s are co
m
m
onl
y
u
s
ed t
o
t
r
ans
f
er
p
o
we
r
gene
rat
e
d
by
PV m
odul
es i
n
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
.
They
deliver real powe
r
powe
r to th
e
grid
u
n
d
e
r lin
ear load
s; th
is is
re
p
r
esent
e
d
by
si
nus
oi
dal
cu
rre
nt
wi
t
h
u
n
ity po
wer facto
r
(Figu
r
e
1a). Th
e d
i
fferen
t situ
ati
o
n
will arise u
n
d
e
r
n
o
n
lin
ear lo
ads, th
e grid
d
i
sto
r
ted
cu
rren
t
will fl
o
w
(Figu
r
e 1b). Recen
tly the fu
n
c
tion
of
a PV-Grid Sy
ste
m
can
b
e
ex
p
a
nd
ed to do activ
e
filterin
g
.
Fi
gu
re
1.
C
u
rre
nt
s
of t
h
e P
V
-
G
ri
d Sy
st
em
unde
r l
i
n
ea
r l
o
a
d
s a
n
d
no
nl
i
n
e
a
r l
o
a
d
s
A P
V
m
odul
e i
s
capabl
e
t
o
co
nve
rt
so
l
a
r ener
gy
i
n
t
o
el
ect
ri
c ene
r
gy
i
n
t
h
e f
o
rm
of DC
vol
t
a
ge/
c
ur
re
nt
. Due t
o
i
t
s
charact
eri
s
t
i
c
cur
v
e, t
h
e
ope
rat
i
ng
poi
nt
m
u
st
be at
i
t
s
m
a
xim
u
m
powe
r
p
o
i
n
t
o
r
M
PP (Fi
g
u
r
e
2)
. Di
rect
c
o
n
n
ect
i
on
o
f
a P
V
m
odul
e t
o
l
o
ad
s res
u
l
t
s
i
n
t
h
e l
o
cat
i
on
o
f
i
t
s
ope
rat
i
n
g
poi
nt
d
e
p
e
nd
ing
on
th
e lo
ad
resist
an
ce. By u
s
i
n
g an
MPPT, th
e lo
ad
resistan
ce seen
fro
m
th
e PV si
d
e
will b
e
a
v
a
riab
le v
a
l
u
e. If it eq
u
a
ls t
o
th
e PV resistance un
d
e
r its MPP (
R
MPP
), th
e
max
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er will b
e
g
e
n
e
rated
(Fig
ure
3
)
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
P
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
cha
r
ac
t
e
ri
st
i
c
cur
v
e
a
b
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
A S
i
n
g
l
e-Pha
s
e Du
a
l
-S
t
a
g
e
PV-Gri
d
S
y
stem
with
Active Filterin
g
(S
lamet Riya
d
i
)
45
1
PV
V
PV
I
in
R
o
V
o
R
o
I
Fi
gu
re
3.
C
o
nn
ect
i
on
of
a P
V
m
odul
e an
d l
o
ads
vi
a a
n
M
P
PT
PV-Grid
System
s integrate the el
ect
ri
c e
n
e
r
gy
ge
nerat
e
d
by
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
s an
d a
gri
d
.
For
a
d
u
al
-
st
ages P
V
-
G
ri
d Sy
st
em
, t
h
e fi
rst
st
age
co
n
v
ert
e
r
i
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
ed as a
n
M
P
PT t
o
f
o
rce
P
V
m
odul
es
ge
nerat
e
d
maxim
u
m
power and the sec
o
nd
one is an inverter as a
n
int
e
rface to t
h
e grid. But
for a si
ngle
-
stage PV-Gri
d
Sy
st
em
, t
h
e conve
rt
er i
s
an i
nve
rt
er wi
t
h
d
u
al
fu
nct
i
o
ns (
F
i
g
u
r
e 4
)
.
An i
nve
rt
er t
a
kes s
i
gni
fi
ca
nt
rol
e
i
n
PV
-
Gri
d
Sy
st
em
s. It
m
u
st
be ca
pa
bl
e t
o
t
r
ansm
i
t
al
l
po
wer
ge
ne
rat
e
d a
n
d sy
nc
hr
o
n
i
ze t
o
t
h
e
gri
d
vol
t
a
ge
.
Fi
gu
re
4.
B
l
oc
k
di
ag
ram
of P
V
-
G
ri
d Sy
st
em
s (a
) wi
t
h
dual
con
v
e
r
t
e
rs
(b
)
wi
t
h
si
ngl
e c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
The P
V
-
G
ri
d Sy
st
em
consi
s
t
i
ng o
f
a bo
os
t
chop
pe
r an
d
an i
nve
rt
er i
s
pr
op
ose
d
. T
h
e sy
st
em
i
s
co
nstru
c
ted
b
y
con
n
ecting
PV-MPPT to the d
c
-lin
k cap
acito
r
of t
h
e e
x
isted SAPF (Figure
5). It
can
trans
f
e
r
the
m
a
xim
u
m
powe
r ge
nerat
e
d by PV m
odules a
nd is al
so capa
b
le to do active f
iltering. The inverter is
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ted
by a VSI and
op
erated
as a co
n
t
ro
lled
curren
t
sou
r
ce
(CC
S
) so
th
e co
mp
lex
ity related to
th
e
syn
c
hron
ization
can
b
e
reduce. Th
e CCS
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is au
to
m
a
t
i
ca
lly lo
ck
ed
to
th
e grid
v
o
ltage. To
cont
rol
t
h
e M
P
PT,
vol
t
a
ge a
n
d cu
rre
nt
det
ect
i
ons
on
PV a
r
e req
u
i
r
e
d
. B
a
s
e
d o
n
t
h
ese
det
ect
i
ons,
d
u
t
y
cy
cl
e
d
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t cho
p
p
e
r as t
h
e M
PPT is co
n
t
ro
ll
ed
. Th
en
th
e inp
u
t
cu
rren
t of t
h
e MPPT will
ch
ang
e
cl
o
s
er to
th
e
PV cu
rren
t at its MPP
(
I
MPP
)
.
The
fl
o
w
di
ag
r
a
m
of t
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
c
ont
r
o
l
i
s
depi
ct
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
6
.
Boost
Chopp
er
MPPT Contr
o
l
dr
iv
er
v
i
1-
phase
In
v
e
r
t
e
r
dr
i
v
er
Curr
e
n
t
Cont
ro
l
l
er
Nonl
ine
a
r
l
oad
x
LP
F
V_r
e
f
PI
-
+
+
-
PV
existed S
APF
Fi
gu
re
5.
The
pr
o
pose
d
PV
-
G
ri
d Sy
st
em
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b
e
r
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:
44
9 – 458
45
2
The single-pha
se inve
rter acts as an
interfa
ce betwee
n the MPPT and the
grid
th
erefore th
e ou
tpu
t
vo
ltag
e
will
b
e
l
o
ck
ed
to
th
e
grid
vo
ltag
e
. All p
o
wer
flowing
fr
o
m
th
e MPPT m
u
st b
e
tran
sm
itte
d
in
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
h
e
n
ce
the
in
verte
r
req
u
ires p
o
w
e
r flo
w
det
ectio
n. B
y
sen
s
ing th
e
DC-link
vo
ltage
v
cap
, th
e power eq
u
ilibriu
m
can
b
e
k
nown. Th
e vo
ltag
e
con
t
ro
ller is n
eed
ed
to
k
e
ep
th
e
D
C
-l
i
nk v
o
l
t
a
ge
const
a
nt
t
h
at
rep
r
ese
n
t
s
no
avera
g
e
powe
r abs
o
rbe
d
/released
by the inve
rter. T
o
reduce the
ha
r
m
oni
c cont
ent
s
caused
by
n
onlin
ear lo
ad
s, the g
r
id
current m
u
st be sinusoi
d
al wi
th
unity powe
r
factor. T
h
is ca
n
be ac
hieve
d
by a c
u
rrent c
o
ntroller.
Fi
gu
re
6.
Fl
o
w
di
ag
ram
of t
h
e
M
PPT c
o
nt
r
o
l
A cu
rren
t temp
late
i
temp
t
a
ken f
r
o
m
t
h
e gri
d
vol
t
a
ge
i
s
re
qui
red
,
t
h
e
n
i
t
s val
u
e i
s
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
out
pu
t
sig
n
a
l
of a
vo
ltag
e
co
n
t
ro
ller, it is
n
a
m
e
d as the
refe
re
nce
source
c
u
rrent
i
S-ref
. W
h
e
n
V
ref
is the
refe
renc
e
vol
t
a
ge
of
t
h
e
DC
-l
i
n
k
of
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
rt
er
(t
hi
s
m
u
st
be g
r
eat
er th
an
t
h
e
p
e
ak v
a
l
u
e
o
f
th
e
grid
vo
ltag
e
), the error
si
gnal
of
t
h
e v
o
l
t
a
ge
c
ont
rol
l
er
e
v
ca
n be o
b
t
a
i
n
ed by
cap
ref
v
v
V
e
(1)
If t
h
e m
odul
at
e
d
fact
or
i
s
k
t
h
en
by
u
s
i
n
g t
h
e
Pr
op
o
r
t
i
onal
-
I
n
t
e
g
r
al
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
we
have
s
e
s
K
K
s
k
v
i
p
(
2
)
Whe
r
e
K
p
and
K
i
are th
e p
r
o
portio
n
a
l and in
teg
r
al con
s
tan
t
s,
t
h
e so
urc
e
or g
r
i
d
cu
rr
ent refe
rence
can b
e
calculated as
temp
ref
S
i
.
k
i
(3)
Th
e cu
rren
t con
t
ro
ller requ
ires two inpu
t,
i
S-ref
and the
actua
l gri
d
c
u
rrent
i
S
. If th
e con
t
ro
ller run
s
well, then
ref
S
S
i
i
(
4
)
Based on the above analysis,
the power
flow is deri
ved
.
Th
e i
n
st
ant
a
ne
ou
s val
u
e o
f
t
h
e o
u
t
p
ut
po
wer
o
f
th
e MPPT can
b
e
d
e
term
in
ed
b
y
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g th
e i
n
stan
t
a
n
e
ou
s v
a
l
u
es
o
f
th
e cap
acitor
v
o
ltag
e
v
cap
an
d the
MPPT output current
i
MPPT
. If th
e MPPT is assu
m
e
d
id
eal so
th
e
a
v
era
g
e value
of the
MPPT output powe
r
P
MPPT
equal
s
t
o
t
h
e m
a
xim
u
m
po
we
r
gene
rat
e
d
by
P
V
m
odul
es
MPPT
cap
MPPT
i
v
p
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I
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6
9
4
A S
i
n
g
l
e-Pha
s
e Du
a
l
-S
t
a
g
e
PV-Gri
d
S
y
stem
with
Active Filterin
g
(S
lamet Riya
d
i
)
45
3
MPP
MPP
MPPT
MPPT
I
V
dt
p
P
.
(
5
)
Power e
quilibrium
can be analyzed
by usi
n
g the relations
hip am
ong t
h
e
in
stantane
ous
powe
r of the
DC-link
capacitor
p
cap
, th
e MP
PT
p
MPPT
an
d th
e inv
e
rt
er
p
inv
as th
e follo
wing
inv
MPPT
cap
p
p
p
(
6
)
to invert
er
from MPPT
MP
PT
p
ca
p
p
Fi
gu
re
7.
P
o
we
r fl
ow
i
n
t
h
e
D
C
-l
i
nk ca
paci
t
o
r
Fo
r th
e in
stan
t
ti
m
e
, wh
en
p
M
PPT
is greater t
h
an
p
inv
th
en
the cap
acito
r
vo
ltag
e
(DC-link
v
o
ltag
e
)
will
in
crease wh
ile
th
e v
i
ce v
e
rsa
con
d
ition
wi
ll
cau
se
th
e
cap
acito
r vo
ltag
e
d
e
creases. The vo
ltag
e
con
t
ro
ller
m
u
st b
e
cap
ab
le to
k
eep th
is
vo
ltag
e
n
early
c
onsta
nt s
o
the
avera
g
e
powe
r
of the ca
pacitor
P
cap
will
b
e
nu
ll.
0
dt
p
P
cap
cap
(
7
)
The a
v
era
g
e
va
l
u
e o
f
i
nve
rt
er
out
put
p
o
we
r
P
inv
is
MPPT
inv
inv
P
dt
p
P
(
8
)
Eq
uat
i
on
(8
) i
ndi
cat
es t
h
at
t
h
e i
n
vert
er
o
u
t
put
cu
rre
nt
i
s
si
nus
oi
dal
an
d i
n
p
h
ase
wi
t
h
res
p
ect
t
o
t
h
e gr
i
d
vol
t
a
ge
. If
V
S
i
s
th
e RMS v
a
l
u
e
o
f
th
e
g
r
i
d
vo
ltag
e
, its i
n
stan
tan
e
o
u
s
v
a
lu
e is stated
as
t
V
v
S
S
2
sin
(
9
)
th
en
0
cos
p
inv
S
inv
I
V
P
and
S
MPPT
S
inv
p
inv
V
P
V
P
I
t
I
i
p
inv
p
inv
2
sin
(
1
0
)
Whe
r
e
i
inv-p
is th
e inv
e
rter
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
rren
t th
at co
n
t
ribu
tes to th
e real
po
wer and
I
inv-p
is the RMS v
a
l
u
e of the
i
nve
rt
er out
p
u
t
cu
rre
nt
.
If the nonli
n
ea
r loads are c
o
nnected
to
th
e grid
, th
e lo
ad
curren
t
i
L
will
co
n
s
ist o
f
fu
nd
amen
tal
i
Lf
and
harm
oni
c com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
i
Lh
. The f
u
n
d
am
ent
a
l
com
ponent
c
ont
ai
n
s
t
h
e act
i
v
e cu
rre
nt
i
Lfp
and reactive current
i
Lfq
.
Lh
Lfq
Lfp
Lh
Lf
L
i
i
i
i
i
i
(
1
1
)
t
I
i
Lf
Lfp
sin
2
cos
(
1
2
)
2
sin
2
t
I
i
Lf
Lfq
sin
(
1
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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:
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94
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J
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S
Vo
l.
6, No
. 3, Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
015
:
44
9 – 458
45
4
~
sin
2
2
h
h
Lh
Lh
I
i
(
1
4
)
Wh
en
th
e grid v
o
ltag
e
is assu
m
e
d
id
eal as
stated
in
(9
), then the real power abso
rb
ed
b
y
th
e n
o
n
lin
ear lo
ad
can
be calc
u
lated as
cos
I
V
P
Lf
S
L
(
1
5
)
The
reactive a
n
d ha
rm
onic powe
r at t
h
e loa
d
si
de are
sin
I
V
Q
Lf
S
L
(
1
6
)
~
h
Lh
S
L
I
V
D
2
2
(
1
7
)
whe
r
e
I
Lf
is t
h
e RMS val
u
e
of fundam
e
ntal load curre
nt.
App
a
ren
t
power will co
nsist o
f
real po
wer
P
, reactive
power
Q
an
d
har
m
oni
c powe
r
D
. Under
a
n
id
eal grid
vo
ltag
e
,
P
an
d
Q
are related
to th
e si
n
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
cu
rren
t t
h
at in
p
h
a
se (
i
Lfp
) and
90 degree
di
splaced
(
i
Lfq
) with respect to
th
e
grid vo
ltag
e
wh
ile
D
i
s
rel
a
t
e
d t
o
t
h
e
ha
rm
oni
c cu
rre
nt
(
i
Lh
).
When
the PV
-G
ri
d
Syste
m
is fun
c
tio
n
e
d as active filtering
, t
h
e
g
r
i
d
cu
rren
t
only co
n
s
ists
o
f
activ
e curren
t
.
Lfp
S
i
i
(
1
8
)
The
n
c
u
r
r
ent
c
o
m
pone
nt
s
of
i
Lfq
and
i
Lh
are s
u
pplied
by the
inve
rter.
Lh
Lfq
p
inv
inv
i
i
i
i
(
1
9
)
It
m
u
st
be n
o
t
e
d t
h
at
i
Lfq
an
d
i
Lh
co
n
t
ri
bu
te no
real power
so th
e eq
u
a
ti
o
n
(8
) is still v
a
lid
.
3.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ON
To su
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
abo
v
e anal
y
s
i
s
,
sim
u
l
a
ti
on w
o
rks we
re de
vel
ope
d. T
h
e fi
rst
sim
u
l
a
ti
ons w
e
re do
ne t
o
p
r
ov
e th
e cap
a
b
ility o
f
th
e M
PPT co
n
t
ro
l m
e
th
od
as sh
o
w
n
in
Figu
re 6.
Th
is
works were b
a
sed
on
the PV
m
odul
e equi
va
l
e
nt
ci
rcui
t
de
pi
ct
ed i
n
Fi
gu
r
e
8 [
13]
.
The
vol
t
a
ge
E
,
R
LI
M
and
R
E
a
r
e v
o
l
t
a
ge co
rre
sp
on
ds t
o
the s
o
lar irradi
ance,
series
re
sistance that li
mits th
e out
put current a
n
d
resistan
ce fo
r op
en-circu
it cond
itio
n
,
wh
ile
R
B1
and
R
p
are t
h
e resis
t
ance that c
o
ntrol t
h
e
BJT
1
and
parallel resist
ance.
The si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on resul
t
s
un
der
di
ffe
re
nt
i
rra
di
ance l
e
vel
i
s
s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
r
e
9, t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of t
h
e P
V
m
odule will decrease signific
antly under lower irradia
n
ce
le
vel while the
PV curre
nt is slightly diffe
re
nt. The
ope
rat
i
n
g
poi
n
t
s of
t
h
e M
P
P
T
u
n
d
e
r t
w
o
di
ffe
rent
i
r
ra
di
an
ce l
e
vel
are
de
pi
ct
ed i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e 1
0
,
w
h
ere t
h
e t
w
o
ope
rating points are nea
r
the knee
of the
I-V cha
r
act
eristic curve.
Unde
r tim
e based curve, the
powe
r
g
e
n
e
rated (b
y
m
u
l
tip
lyin
g
I
PV
and
V
PV
)
wi
l
l
fl
uct
u
at
es
ne
ar t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
power
(
8
0
Wp
).
B
a
sed
o
n
t
h
e
si
m
u
latio
n
wo
rk
s, t
h
e MPPT
efficiency
is 94%.
LI
M
R
1
T
2
T
1
B
R
p
R
E
R
L
R
E
Fi
gu
re
8.
Eq
ui
val
e
nt
ci
rc
ui
t
o
f
a
PV m
o
d
u
l
e
[1
3]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
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:
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8-8
6
9
4
A S
i
n
g
l
e-Pha
s
e Du
a
l
-S
t
a
g
e
PV-Gri
d
S
y
stem
with
Active Filterin
g
(S
lamet Riya
d
i
)
45
5
Fi
gu
re
9.
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on res
u
l
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
PV
m
odul
e u
n
d
er
i
rra
d
i
ance l
e
vel
vari
at
i
on
fr
om
G =10
0
0
W
/
m
2
to
G
=800 W/m
2
(a) cu
rre
nt (
b
)
v
o
l
t
age
Fi
gu
re
1
0
. T
h
e
o
p
erat
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
of
t
h
e M
P
PT
un
de
r
di
ffe
rent
i
rra
di
ance
l
e
v
e
l
(f
rom
G =
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
2
to
G
=8
00
W/
m
2
)
The se
co
n
d
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
si
m
u
l
a
ti
on a
r
e
base
d
on
Fi
g
u
r
e
5.
Si
x P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
were
seri
es
co
nnect
e
d
a
n
d
th
en
a d
i
od
e rectifier with
h
i
g
h
l
y ind
u
c
tiv
e lo
ad
is u
s
ed
as th
e no
n
lin
ear lo
ad
fo
r t
h
e grid
.
Th
e parameters
use
d
i
s
rep
r
ese
n
t
e
d i
n
T
a
bl
e 1
.
Tabl
e 1. Param
e
t
e
rs
f
o
r
si
m
u
lat
i
on wo
r
k
s
Photovoltaic
6 pcs 80W
p PV
m
odules (
s
er
ies)
V
M
P
P
= 17.
3
V
,
I
M
PP
= 4.
6
A
DC-
link V
o
ltage
120 V
Gr
id V
o
ltage
80 V(
peak)
Th
e curren
t
wav
e
fo
rm
s u
n
d
e
r cond
itio
n
wh
en
t
h
e l
o
ad
p
o
wer
(
p
L
)
is greater t
h
a
n
t
h
e
powe
r
gene
rat
e
d
by
t
h
e P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
s (
P
PV
) is d
e
p
i
cted
in
Figu
re
1
1
.
Th
e
no
n-si
n
u
s
o
i
d
a
l lo
ad
cu
rren
t i
n
d
i
cates th
at it
cont
ai
n
s
harm
oni
c
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
The
g
r
i
d
c
u
r
r
ent
i
s
si
n
u
s
o
idal a
n
d i
n
phase
with res
p
ect to t
h
e
gri
d
voltage
.
Th
is m
ean
s th
at th
e g
r
id
d
e
livers real power
to
th
e lo
ad
with
ou
t h
a
rm
o
n
i
c co
n
t
en
ts. Parts o
f
th
e l
o
ad
power is
sup
p
l
i
e
d
by
t
h
e i
nve
rt
er
.
T
h
e
avera
g
e
val
u
e
of t
h
e i
n
ve
rt
er
out
put
p
o
we
r e
qual
s
t
o
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
ge
nerat
e
d
by
t
h
e
PV
m
odul
es
(F
i
g
u
r
e
1
2
).
Whi
l
e f
o
r
p
L
is less
th
an
P
PV
,
pa
rt
of
P
PV
will fl
ow i
n
to th
e grid so t
h
e
g
r
i
d
curren
t
is
sin
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
with op
po
site
p
o
l
arity with
resp
ect
to
th
e grid
voltag
e
(Fi
g
ure 13
).
Fig
u
re 11
. Simu
latio
n
resu
lts wh
en
t
h
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
is g
r
eater
th
an
t
h
e
PV po
wer
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t
em
b
e
r
2
015
:
44
9 – 458
45
6
Fig
u
re 12
. Simu
latio
n
resu
lts o
f
th
e po
wer
co
m
p
ariso
n
Fig
u
re
13
.
Simu
latio
n
resu
lts
wh
en
t
h
e lo
ad
p
o
wer is less t
h
an th
e
PV power
Fi
nal
l
y
, t
o
veri
fy
t
h
e si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on
res
u
l
t
s
, t
h
e
expe
ri
m
e
nt
al
wo
rk
s
were
d
o
n
e
based
o
n
t
h
e pr
ot
ot
y
p
e
depi
ct
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1
4
a
nd
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs sho
w
n
i
n
Ta
bl
e 2
.
T
h
e works
depict
the com
p
ar
ison
o
f
t
h
e lo
ad
cu
rren
t,
inve
rter curre
nt and gri
d
cu
rrent, they also show the
phase
displacem
ent between th
e gri
d
voltage and current
(
F
igu
r
e 15 and Figu
r
e
16)
.
The in
ver
t
er
curren
ts inj
ected into
th
e grid are
no
n
-
si
n
u
s
o
i
d
al
beca
use pa
rt
s of
t
h
e
currents re
pres
ent
real powe
r transm
i
t
t
e
d an
d t
h
e
ot
h
e
r
fo
r
harm
oni
c c
o
m
p
en
sat
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
di
ffe
re
nt
p
h
ase
of
t
h
e
gri
d
currents
means that
t
h
e gri
d
del
i
v
e
r
s
po
wer (Fi
g
u
r
e 15) a
nd a
b
s
o
r
b
s p
o
w
er (F
i
g
u
r
e 16
).
Wh
en t
h
e
nonlinea
r load
is im
ple
m
ented by a di
ode re
ctifier with induc
tive load, there is no react
i
v
e powe
r Q. the load
po
we
r
just
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
of
P a
n
d
D.
Fi
gu
re
1
4
. T
h
e
p
r
ot
ot
y
p
e
use
d
fo
r e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
al
w
o
r
k
s
Tabl
e
2.
Param
e
t
e
rs f
o
r
ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
al
wo
rks
Photovoltaic
6 pcs 80W
p PV
m
odules (
s
er
ies)
V
MP
P
= 17.
3
V
,
I
MP
P
= 4.6
A
(datasheet)
DC-
link V
o
ltage
120 V
Grid V
o
ltage
70 V(rm
s)
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6
9
4
A S
i
n
g
l
e-Pha
s
e Du
a
l
-S
t
a
g
e
PV-Gri
d
S
y
stem
with
Active Filterin
g
(S
lamet Riya
d
i
)
45
7
Fi
gu
re
1
5
. E
x
p
e
ri
m
e
nt
al
resul
t
s
wh
en
t
h
e l
o
a
d
po
we
r i
s
grea
t
e
r t
h
a
n
t
h
e
P
V
p
o
we
r
[7
A/
di
v
-
50
V/
di
v
–
5m
s/
di
v]
Fi
gu
re
1
6
. E
x
p
e
ri
m
e
nt
al
resul
t
s
wh
en
t
h
e l
o
a
d
po
we
r i
s
l
e
ss
t
h
an
t
h
e
PV
p
o
we
r
[7
A/
di
v-
50
V/
di
v
–
5m
s/
di
v]
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
A si
n
g
l
e
-
p
has
e
du
al
-st
a
ge
P
V
-
G
ri
d Sy
st
e
m
t
h
at
is cap
ab
le to
tran
sfer
pow
er
and to
do
activ
e
filterin
g
h
a
s b
e
en
an
alyzed
,
sim
u
la
ted
and
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ted
.
W
i
t
h
th
e sim
p
l
e
con
t
ro
l sch
e
mes u
s
ed in
M
PPT and
i
nve
rt
er st
ages
,
t
h
e sy
st
em
can del
i
v
e
r
al
l
t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
po
wer
ge
nerat
e
d
by
t
h
e P
V
m
odul
es a
n
d m
a
ke gri
d
cu
rren
t sinu
so
i
d
al with
un
ity p
o
wer factor un
d
e
r non
lin
ear loads.
Detecting the gr
i
d
current can
reduc
e
the
am
ount
o
f
cu
rr
ent
t
r
ans
duce
r
req
u
i
r
e
d
by
t
h
e i
nvert
er
. The
sy
st
em
can also be co
nst
r
uc
t
e
d fr
om
t
h
e exi
s
t
e
d
SAP
F
by
co
n
n
ect
i
ng a
n
M
P
P
T
t
o
t
h
e ca
pacitor
dc-link
of t
h
e SAPF.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
Thi
s
wo
r
k
was
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
by
The
Di
rect
orat
e Ge
neral
o
f
H
i
ghe
r E
d
ucat
i
o
n,
The
M
i
ni
st
r
y
of
Nat
i
onal
Edu
catio
n, Rep
u
b
lic of
I
ndon
esia
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
E. Koutroulis,
et
al
.,
“Develop
ment of a Micr
ocontroller-Based
Photovoltaic
Maximum Po
wer Point Tr
ackin
g
Control S
y
s
t
em”,
IE
EE
T
r
ans. on
Power
El
ectron
i
cs,
Vol. 16
, No
. 1, pp. 46-54, Jan. 2001
.
[2]
B. Alsay
i
d and J
.
Jallad
,
“M
odeling and Simulation of Phot
ovoltaic Cells/Modules/Array
s
”,
Inter
national Journal
of Research and
Reviews in
Com
puter Science (
I
JRRCS)
,
Vol. 2,
No. 6, pp 1327-1
331, Dec. 2011
[3]
C Liu,
et
al
.,
“Advanced Algor
ithm for MPPT C
ontrol of Photovoltaic S
y
stems,”
in Proceed
ings of Canadian Sola
r
Buildings Con
f
e
r
ence
, Montreal, Canad
a
, August.
2004.
[4]
M A G de Brito,
et
al
.,
“Ev
a
luation of th
e Main
MPPT Techni
qu
es for Photovoltaic Applications
”,
I
E
EE Trans.on
Industrial Electronics,
Vol. 60
,
No. 3, pp. 1156-
1167, Mar
c
h. 20
13.
[5]
S Jain and V. Agarwal, “A Single-Stag
e Grid C
onnected
Inverter Topolog
y
for
Solar PV Sy
stems with Maximum
Power Point Tr
acking”,
I
EEE Trans.on Po
wer
El
ectr
oni
cs
,
Vol. 2
2
, No. 5, pp. 192
8-1940, Sept. 20
07.
[6]
R. Gonzales
,
et
al.,
“Transfor
m
erless Inverter
for Si
ngle-Phase Photovoltaic Sy
stems”,
IEEE Trans.on Po
wer
Electronics,
Vol. 22, No. 2
,
pp
. 6
93-697, Mar
c
h.
2007.
[7]
S
.
B, Kj
aer,
et
al
.
,
“Review of S
i
ngle-Phase Gr
id
-Connected
Inverters for Photov
oltaic Modules”,
IEEE Trans.on
Industry Applica
tions,
Vol. 41
, N
o
. 5
,
pp
. 1292-1
306, Sept/Oct. 2
005.
[8]
H. Akagi, “Tren
d
s in Activ
e Power Line Conditioners”,
IEEE T
r
ans.on Power Electronics,
Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 2
63-
268, May
.
1994
.
[9]
S. Kim
and P. N. En
jet
i
, “A New H
y
br
id
Act
i
ve
Power Filter
(APF) Topolog
y
”
,
IEEE Trans.on Po
wer
El
ec
tr
oni
cs
,
Vol. 17
, No. 1, p
p
. 48-54
, Jan
.
20
02.
[10]
S Riy
a
di,
et
al
.,
“Functioning a
Shunt APF as a Po
wer or Current Compensator”,
European Journal of Electrical
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, Vol. 12
, No
. 1
,
pp
.
57-76, 2009
.
[11]
D. C. Martins a
nd K. C. A. de S
ouza, “
A
Single-Phase Grid-Connect
ed PV Sy
s
t
em
W
ith Active Power Filter”
,
International Jo
urnal of C
i
rcu
its
, Systems and Signal Processing
, Vol. 2, No. 1
,
p
p
. 50-55
, 2008
.
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I
S
SN
:
2
088
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94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
6, No
. 3, Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
015
:
44
9 – 458
45
8
[12]
X. Wang,
et
al
.
,
“
M
odel
i
ng a
nd Control of
Dual-Stage Hi
g
h
-Power Multif
unction
a
l PV System
in
d
–
q
–
o
Coordinate”,
IEEE Trans.on Ind
u
st
rial Electronics,
Vol. 60
, No.
4, pp
. 1556-157
0, April. 2013
.
[13]
T. F
.
W
u
,
et
al.
,
“
A Single-Phase Invert
er S
y
stem
for PV Powe
r Injec
tion
and Activ
e Power Filter
i
ng wit
h
Nonlinear Indu
ctor Consideration
”,
IEEE Trans.on Industry
Applica
tion
,
Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 1075-1083,
Jul/August. 200
5.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
OF AUTHO
R
S
Slame
t
Riy
a
di
was born in
Semarang-Indonesia, in 1967
.
He received
B.S. degree from
Diponegoro Universit
y
, Sem
a
rang in 1991 an
d M.Eng. d
e
gr
ee from
Bandu
ng Institut
e
of
Techno
log
y
, Bandung-Indonesia in 1997
. In
2
006, he
received Ph.D degr
ee in
Electr
ical
Engineering fro
m
Bandung Institute of Technol
og
y
with
Parti
a
l
Research
done
in ENSEEIHT-
INPT Toulouse, France. Currently
, he is with
the Departem
ent of Elec
tri
c
a
l
Engineer
ing
,
Soegijapr
anata Catholic
Univ
ersi
ty
, Semarang-In
donesia
as a lectur
er and
researcher. His
curren
t
research is focu
sed on power factor corre
ction
t
echniqu
es, ac
tiv
e power filter
i
n
g
and PV-Gri
d
S
y
stems. Some of his r
e
sear
ches were suppo
rted b
y
, ASEM duo-France,
The Ministr
y
of
Research
and
Technolog
y
-
Indon
esia,
The D
i
rector
ate G
e
nerale o
f
Higher Edu
cation-Ministr
y
of
National Edu
c
ation-Indonesia, etc.
H
e
is
also
an I
EEE member.
Yan
u
a
rs
yah
Haroen
receiv
ed
B.S. degr
ee fro
m
Bandung Institute of Technol
og
y
– B
a
ndung
Indonesia
in 19
76, Dipl. Ing
.
From ENSEEI
HT, Tou
l
ouse-France in 1980
,
DEA and Ph.D
degree from INPT, Toulouse-Fr
ance in 1981 an
d 1983. He
is currently
a Professor in electrical
engine
ering d
e
p
a
rtem
ent
,
B
a
ndu
ng Institut
e
of
Techno
log
y
. Hi
s research
int
e
r
e
sts are
power
ele
c
troni
cs
and
d
r
ives
. H
e
is
als
o
an IE
EE
s
e
nior
m
e
m
b
er.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.