In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
645~
6
5
2
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
2.pp
6
45-
65
2
645
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Non
isolated coup
l
ed convert
er tied voltage source inverter
drive
A.
S
u
r
es
h K
u
ma
r
1
,
R.
K. P
o
n
gian
n
a
n
2
, C.
Bh
ar
at
i
r
aj
a
3
,
Ad
e
d
a
y
o
Yusu
f
4
, N
.
Yad
a
i
a
h
5
1
Dep
artm
en
t
o
f
Elect
rical
and
El
e
c
t
ro
nic
s
E
ng
in
e
e
ring
,
Sa
msk
r
u
t
i col
l
eg
e o
f
E
ngin
eerin
g an
d T
e
c
h
no
lo
gy
, Ind
i
a
2,
3
Dep
a
r
t
m
ent
o
f
Elect
rical
a
nd El
e
c
t
r
onics
En
g
ineerin
g,
S
R
M
In
s
t
i
t
u
t
e of
S
cience an
d
Techn
o
l
ogy, In
d
i
a
.
3,
4
Dep
a
rt
m
e
nt
o
f Elect
rical
E
ngineerin
g,
Un
iv
ersi
ty
of Joh
a
nn
esb
u
rg, Sou
th
Af
r
i
ca.
5
D
epartm
ent of
El
ectri
cal an
d
E
l
ect
ro
ni
cs E
ng
in
e
e
ring
,
J
N
T
UHCE
H
,
In
d
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
No
v
1
5
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Jan
2
9
, 2019
A
c
c
e
pte
d
F
eb 3,
201
9
Th
e
v
o
lt
age
so
urce
i
n
v
e
rters
(VS
I)
are
ev
er
r
equi
red
secti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
A
C
m
o
t
o
r
dri
v
e
an
d
pow
er
s
ys
t
e
m
i
n
terf
ace.
T
he
e
lect
ri
cal
d
riv
e
s
egm
e
n
t
,
t
h
e
V
S
I
bas
e
d
dri
v
es
a
r
e
u
nav
o
i
d
abl
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
are
clo
s
el
y
op
erated
w
i
t
h
i
nd
ucti
on
mo
to
r
,
p
e
r
ma
ne
n
t
m
a
g
na
te
s
yn
c
h
ro
no
u
s
m
otor
a
n
d
BLDC
m
otor.
Th
e
s
e
dri
v
es
a
re
n
ormall
y
needed
h
igh
t
o
rq
ue-po
w
er
c
h
a
ra
cters
.
H
en
ce,
t
he
i
np
u
t
DC-lin
k
si
de
vol
tag
e
i
s
in
creased
w
i
t
h
help
o
f
increasing
input
A
C
i
n
t
h
e
recti
f
ier
i
n
pu
t
.
H
owever,
thi
s
causes
the
power
quality
d
i
s
turb
ance
in
t
h
e
A
C
ma
in
a
nd
D
C-l
i
n
k
.
In
o
rd
e
r
t
o
go
f
or
a
i
nc
rea
s
ing
the
AC
v
o
l
ta
g
e,
t
h
e
recti
f
ier
out
i
s
co
nnect
ed
w
i
t
h
D
C
t
o
DC
boost
co
nv
erter
and
th
ey
a
re
in
creasin
g
th
e
DC
v
ol
tag
e
t
o
m
eet
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
rive
D
C-l
i
n
k
v
o
l
tage
d
em
and
.
With
t
h
i
s
a
i
m,
t
he
p
a
p
er
p
rop
o
s
e
s
th
e
idea
t
o
c
o
n
nect
h
ig
h
st
ep
n
on-i
solated
h
i
g
h
g
a
i
n
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
DC
t
o
DC
c
on
ve
rte
r
w
ith
th
re
e
pha
se
V
SI
f
or
d
rives
app
l
i
catio
n
s
.
T
h
e
pro
p
o
s
ed
c
on
verter
h
as
a
n
ab
ility
t
o
in
cre
a
s
e
t
he
voltag
e
fiv
e
tim
es
a
nd
t
h
e
c
oun
ter
wi
ndi
n
g
a
rran
g
em
ent
rati
o
o
f
t
h
e
c
on
vert
er
i
s
help
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
rt
her
in
c
r
eas
e
o
f
g
ai
n.
I
nn
t
his
int
e
rf
a
ce
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
e
n
d
DC
t
o
DC
con
v
ert
e
rs
i
nd
uct
o
rs
a
re
c
harged
by
m
a
k
i
ng
t
he
s
h
o
rt
c
i
r
cuit
wi
th
i
nvert
er
sw
it
chin
g
.
T
h
e
c
on
verter
v
ol
tag
e
g
ain
is
c
ontro
ll
ed
b
y
s
hoot
t
h
ro
ug
h
o
f
t
he
VSI
sw
itc
h
(c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
g
a
i
n
dire
ctly
p
ro
po
r
t
io
na
l
to
i
nv
e
r
te
r
sh
oo
t
thro
ug
h).
Th
e
p
r
op
os
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
rter
h
as
a
h
i
gher
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
f
r
eed
om
i
n
t
h
eir
va
lu
e
s
o
f
wi
ndin
g
a
nd
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
ltag
e.
H
ence,
t
he
D
C-link
v
o
l
t
age
of
t
h
e
i
nv
e
r
te
r
c
a
n
be
e
xt
end
e
d
i
n
a
ny
l
evel.
T
h
e
ope
rat
i
o
n
p
ri
nc
ip
le
a
nd
m
o
d
es
o
f
the
p
r
op
osed
DC
t
o
DC
S
o
u
rce
tied
V
S
I
is
a
nal
y
zed
a
nd
s
im
ul
a
t
ed
u
s
i
n
g
M
ATLAB
-
S
i
m
u
li
nk
s
o
ft
ware
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
.
T
h
e
l
abo
r
ato
r
y
bas
e
d
sm
al
l
sc
al
e
p
o
w
e
r
circu
i
t
i
s
d
evel
op
ed
w
it
h
hel
p
o
f
co
nt
rol
alg
o
rithm
.
T
he
e
nti
r
e
implemen
t
a
ti
on
is
d
one
through
PIC
mi
crocontr
oll
e
r
p
l
at
f
o
rm.
Th
e
de
ig
n
In
ve
stig
a
tion
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yste
m
s
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mu
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o
n
a
n
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x
pe
rime
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t
a
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irm
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t
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e
p
r
op
ose
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D
C
to
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C c
o
nv
e
r
te
r
t
i
e
d
VSI
d
rive
s
y
s
te
m.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
H
i
g
h
ste
p D
C
t
o
D
C
c
on
ver
t
e
r
,
impe
da
nce
ne
t
w
orks,
vol
t
a
ge
source
i
nver
t
er
.
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Dr.
C.Bhara
t
i
r
aja,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
and
El
ect
ro
ni
c
s
Eng
in
e
e
ring
,
SRM Inst
i
t
u
t
e
of
S
cie
n
ce
an
d T
ech
no
l
o
g
y
(forme
r
ly kn
o
wn
a
s S
R
M
U
n
ive
r
sity)
,
K
a
tta
nk
u
l
a
t
h
u
r Cam
pus,
Che
n
nai,
I
nd
i
a
-
603
20
3.
Em
ail:
bhara
tir
a
j
a
.
c
@
k
t
r
.
srm
univ.
ac
.in
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
vo
l
t
age
sour
ce i
nver
t
er
s (V
S
I) based ele
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
dr
i
ve
s a
r
e
the
una
v
o
i
d
able
s
egme
n
t
/
dev
i
ce
i
n t
h
e
in
dus
trial
dr
iv
es.
These
s
d
ri
ves
are
nor
ma
lly
d
e
i
gne
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for
ind
u
c
t
i
on
m
oto
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,
p
e
rman
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n
et
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yn
ch
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o
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LDC
mo
t
o
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a
nd
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
m
a
c
hi
n
e
s
ca
t
e
go
ry
.
Th
ese
d
r
iv
es
ar
e
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o
r
m
a
l
l
y
n
eede
d
h
i
g
h
t
o
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p
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cha
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e
rs.
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e,
t
he
i
np
u
t
D
C
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d
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vo
lta
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s
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w
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l
p
of
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s
ing
inp
u
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A
C
in
t
he
rec
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i
f
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e
r
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n
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t.
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ow
ever
,
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is
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a
u
se
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e
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qual
i
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C
m
a
in
a
n
d
D
C
-
l
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n
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n
c
u
rrent
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
645
–
6
52
64
6
e
r
a
e
l
e
c
t
ri
cal
v
eh
i
c
l
e
s
(EVs)
a
r
e
t
a
k
e
n
hi
gh
c
o
n
cert
a
tio
n
t
o
re
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
C
O
2
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
E
V
s
a
r
e
us
i
n
g
l
o
w
an
d
m
e
dium
pow
e
r
e
le
ctrica
l
driv
e
s
f
or
t
heir
a
c
c
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ler
a
ti
on
s
.
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n
ord
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t
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g
o
fo
r
a
i
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r
ea
si
ng
t
he
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C
vo
lta
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h
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re
ctif
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t
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w
it
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D
C
t
o
D
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b
oo
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c
on
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rter
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nd
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y
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t
h
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C
v
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m
ee
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o
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t
t
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r
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ve
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C-l
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n
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v
o
l
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ge
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e
m
and.
T
hese
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onve
rter
a
re
b
a
s
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c
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ly
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fi
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i
nt
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r
oup
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l
a
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on-
iso
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a
t
ed).
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sola
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v
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r
s
a
re
u
sin
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r
a
n
sf
orm
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r
a
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occu
p
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m
ore
space
.
H
o
w
e
ver,
t
he
thr
o
u
g
h
t
he
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o
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as
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r
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ys
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ms.
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h
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s
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,
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he
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ape
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ro
pos
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o
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onn
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t
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gh
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n
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o
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p
l
e
d
D
C t
o
D
C c
o
n
v
erte
r w
i
t
h
thre
e
p
ha
se
V
S
I
f
or
d
r
i
v
e
s a
p
p
lica
t
i
ons [
3-1
1
].
Re
cen
tl
y
nu
mero
u
s
r
ese
a
r
c
h
p
ap
e
r
s
pub
l
i
s
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d
in
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C
t
o
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C
po
we
r
c
on
v
e
rters.
T
he
a
ppl
ica
t
io
ns
o
f
the
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
on
ver
t
ers
ar
e
w
i
de
ly
u
sed
in
v
ari
o
us
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
on
i
n
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
ma
inly focuse
d
impr
ove
m
e
nt
o
f v
o
l
ta
ge ga
i
n a
n
d
smoo
t
h
c
urrent r
es
po
ns
e in c
on
t
i
n
u
es c
urrent s
ig
na
tu
re
. The
efficie
n
c
y
,
po
w
e
r
hand
l
i
n
g
,
sta
b
il
ity
i
s
a
n
a
dd
i
t
i
o
na
l
cha
r
ac
t
e
riza
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o
n
f
o
r
c
on
ver
t
e
r
s
d
e
si
gn.
T
he
c
on
tro
ller
argum
en
ts
i
s
re
late
d
w
ith
t
he
c
on
ver
t
e
r
s
ste
a
dy
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t
e
per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
r
ovem
e
nt
t
o
a
l
i
v
e
con
tin
uo
us
v
ol
ta
ge
and
c
u
rren
t
r
e
s
po
nse
s
.
In
p
a
r
ti
c
u
lar
l
y
for
t
h
e
t
w
o
s
t
age
pow
er
co
n
v
ersio
n
d
ri
ve
s
yst
e
m
,
t
here
D
C
to
D
C
con
v
er
t
e
r
l
ook
in
g
for
a
hig
h
r
e
liab
i
l
i
t
y
a
nd
e
ffic
i
e
n
cy
[
5-
18].
T
h
e
V
S
I
f
e
d
d
r
i
v
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
i
m
t
o
have
a
v
a
r
iab
l
e
D
C
-
b
u
s
vo
l
t
a
g
e
for
V
S
I
is
t
o
ge
t
b
e
tt
e
r
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
c
o
n
tr
o
l
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
by
bo
os
tin
g
the
D
C
-
b
us
v
o
lta
ge
f
or
t
he
p
e
r
i
o
d
o
f
f
l
ux-w
e
aken
i
ng
in
t
he
m
ot
o
r
dr
i
v
e
.
I
n
fl
u
x
-w
e
a
ken
i
n
g
ope
rat
i
on
sta
t
e
,
a
restric
t
e
d
D
C-bus
v
o
lta
ge
r
e
s
ults
i
n i
n
v
o
l
v
i
ng direc
t
l
y
c
o
n
tr
ol
t
he fl
u
x.
T
o
a
c
hie
v
e t
h
is hi
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
ge ga
i
n
D
C
-
D
C
c
on
v
e
rter
e
mplo
ye
d
w
i
th
i
n
v
erter
.
A
s
a
resu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
var
i
a
b
l
e
D
C
-b
us
v
olta
ge
n
o
d-a
x
i
s
c
u
r
rent
i
s
com
p
u
l
s
o
ry
i
n
t
h
e
m
i
d-
range
h
ig
h
spe
e
d
.
Thus,
the
co
p
p
e
r
l
osse
s
g
e
t
r
e
duce
d
w
hic
h
g
etti
ng
b
e
t
t
e
r
s
y
stem
efficie
n
c
y
.
The
H
i
gh ste
p
vol
t
a
ge
gai
n D
C
t
o
D
C
c
onve
rter
i
s
a
pr
i
n
c
i
ple
fol
l
ow
s Z-sourc
e
n
e
t
w
o
rk [
6].
F
e
w
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
t
t
e
m
p
t
i
s
m
a
d
e
f
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
M
L
I
s
f
o
r
P
V
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
s
t
and
al
on
e
an
d
gri
d
c
o
n
n
ect
e
d
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns
a
s
w
e
ll
[7-1
0].
The
r
e
are
m
a
ny
r
esea
rch
h
a
s
bee
n
r
e
port
e
d
in
Z
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
ne
tw
ork,
w
h
i
ch
a
re
mai
n
l
y
d
ev
elop
ed
t
o
o
f
f
e
r
an
e
ffi
c
i
ent
po
wer
co
n
v
e
r
sio
n
wi
t
h
a
n
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
ve
v
o
lta
ge
g
a
i
n
[1
1],
hi
gh
e
r
v
o
lta
ge
bo
ost
i
n
g
t
hr
ou
gh
the
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
m
a
gne
tic
c
ircui
t
,
in
d
u
ct
or
a
rr
ange
m
e
nt
a
nd
s
h
o
o
t
-t
hro
u
gh
ti
m
e
[
12-1
4
]
.
T
he
cou
p
l
ed
m
ag
n
e
t
i
c
c
i
rc
ui
t
ba
s
e
d
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
on
ver
s
i
o
n,
v
e
r
it
y
o
f
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
is
p
ro
po
sed
[1
5-
2
3
]
.
T
he
w
ork
i
s
als
o
c
a
rried
o
u
t
f
or
m
ainta
i
n
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
sta
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
or
a
d
d
i
ng
th
e
ba
t
t
er
y
ac
ross
t
he
c
a
p
acit
o
r.
T
hrou
g
h
t
hes
e
idea
is
i
mpro
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
yste
m
sta
b
il
i
t
y,
t
h
e
c
os
t
an
d
s
i
z
e
doe
s
not
c
omp
r
eh
end
[22
]
.
Th
e
aut
h
o
r
s,
Y
.
P.
S
i
w
a
koti
et.
a
l
i
n
[
23]
s
ug
ge
st
e
d
t
he
i
n
t
e
r
est
i
ng
hi
g
h
s
t
e
p
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
nve
rs
i
o
n
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
nver
t
er
f
or
di
stri
b
u
te
d
pow
er
s
yste
m
whic
h
im
prove
s
overa
ll
syst
e
m
r
eliabi
l
i
t
y.
F
or
c
o
n
tr
ol
l
i
n
g
i
n
v
erter
a
l
on
g
w
i
t
h
Z
-
source
n
e
t
w
o
rk
m
an
y
P
W
M
tec
h
n
i
ques
a
r
e
de
vel
o
ped
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
m
a
i
n
l
y
g
i
v
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
s
h
o
r
t
thr
o
u
g
h
(
S
T
).The
s
e
S
T
a
t
t
e
m
pt
h
a
s
b
ee
n
do
ne
f
or
b
o
t
h
sine
P
WM
(
S
P
W
M
)
and
s
p
ac
e
v
e
c
t
o
r
P
W
M
(S
V
P
WM)
[2
4
-
25],
[
3
1
-39].
The
se
lec
t
i
v
e
ha
rm
oni
c
s
e
lim
in
ati
o
ns
a
nd
thr
i
d
or
de
r
har
m
onic
s
e
lim
i
n
a
t
io
n
i
s
a
nex
t
tec
hn
iq
ue
to de
a
l
t
he
i
nve
rter
p
erforma
n
ce
w
ith re
s
pec
t
to
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
s
ca
n
ce
l
a
ti
ons [
26
-
28].
F
r
om
t
he
a
bov
e
d
i
sc
uss
i
on
t
h
e
h
i
gh
ga
in
D
C
to
D
C
c
o
n
v
erter
is
a
s
u
i
t
a
ble
s
o
lu
tio
n
for
ele
c
tr
ical
dri
v
e
D
C
–
l
i
nk
im
pro
v
em
en
t.
W
i
t
h
t
he
a
im
t
he
h
ig
h
g
a
in
n
on-
iso
l
at
e
d
D
C
to
D
C
con
v
e
r
t
er
i
s
con
n
ect
ed
w
i
t
h
three
p
h
ase
s
i
x
sw
itc
h
V
S
I
w
i
t
h
s
u
ita
b
l
e
shoo
t
t
h
ro
ug
h
o
p
tio
n
b
a
s
e
d
P
W
M
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
has
an
a
b
i
lit
y
to
i
ncre
ase
the
vo
ltage
f
ive
t
i
me
s
a
nd
t
h
e
co
un
t
e
r
w
i
ndi
ng
a
rran
g
emen
t
ra
t
i
o
o
f
th
e
c
onve
rt
er
i
s
hel
p
f
or
t
he
f
urt
h
er
i
nc
rea
s
e
of
g
a
i
n.
I
nn
t
h
is
i
nter
fac
e
t
he
f
r
o
nt
e
n
d
D
C
to
D
C
c
onve
r
t
ers
in
d
u
ct
ors
ar
e
cha
r
ge
d by m
a
ki
n
g
the
shor
t
circ
u
i
t
w
ith
in
v
e
rter sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
v
o
lta
ge
ga
i
n
i
s
co
n
tr
ol
le
d by
shoo
t
thr
o
u
g
h
o
f
t
h
e
V
S
I
sw
it
c
h
(
con
v
e
r
ter
ga
i
n
d
ire
c
t
l
y
pr
op
ort
i
o
n
a
l
t
o
i
nve
rt
e
r
s
ho
ot
t
h
r
o
ugh
).
T
h
e
p
ro
po
sed
con
v
er
t
e
r
has
a
highe
r
de
gre
e
o
f
free
d
om
i
n
t
h
eir
va
l
u
e
s
o
f
w
i
n
di
n
g
a
n
d
o
ut
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
H
enc
e
,
t
h
e
D
C
-
l
i
nk
vo
lta
ge
o
f
t
h
e
in
verte
r
can
b
e
exte
n
d
ed
i
n
a
ny
lev
e
l.
T
he
oper
a
tio
n
pri
n
c
i
p
l
e
a
n
d
m
o
de
s
of
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
D
C
to
D
C
S
ource
tie
d
V
S
I
is
a
nal
y
ze
d
an
d
sim
u
la
te
d
usi
n
g
MA
TLA
B-S
i
muli
n
k
s
oftw
ar
e
sim
u
la
tio
n.
The
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
b
a
s
e
d
s
m
a
l
l
s
c
a
l
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
s
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
w
i
t
h
h
e
l
p
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
.
T
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
t
a
ti
on
i
s
do
ne
t
h
r
ou
gh
P
IC
m
i
c
ro
c
ont
rol
l
er
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m.
T
h
e
dei
gn
In
ves
t
ig
a
t
i
o
n,
s
ys
tem
sim
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
and
e
x
per
i
me
n
t
a
tio
n
c
o
n
f
irm
i
ng
t
h
e
pro
p
o
se
d
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
onve
r
t
er
tie
d
V
S
I
drive
system
.The
w
or
kin
g
pri
n
ci
p
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
rop
o
se
d
tra
n
sf
orme
r
ba
se
d
D
C
t
o
D
C
S
ourc
e
f
ed
V
S
I
i
s
ana
l
yse
d
a
nd
s
i
mul
a
te
d
us
ing
MATLAB/S
i
mulink
s
y
st
em
s
oftware.
2.
PROPO
S
E
D
DC
T
O
DC TIE
D
V
SI
F
E
D
DRIVE S
Y
S
T
E
M
.
A
classic
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
di
ve
m
ot
or
d
r
i
v
e
s
yst
e
m
consists
o
f
a
thre
e
-
phas
e
v
o
lta
ge
s
ourc
e
in
verter
d
riv
e
a
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
H
e
r
e
,
t
h
e
i
np
ut
s
up
ply
no
rmal
l
y
s
ing
l
e
ph
ase
A
C
s
upp
l
y
a
n
d
t
he
n
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r
c
o
nne
cte
d
w
ith D
C li
n
k
o
f V
S
I
drive
.
It
is
t
y
p
i
cal a si
n
gle sta
g
e
p
o
w
e
r c
onver
s
io
n
(
D
C t
o
A
C),
he
nc
e the
ou
t
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
ge
of
t
he
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
is
t
o
t
a
lly
d
ep
e
nds
o
n
r
ect
ifi
e
r
ou
tp
u
t
(
D
C
-li
n
k
o
f
the
i
n
v
e
rter
).
T
he
F
i
gur
e
2
s
how
t
h
e
t
w
o
st
a
g
e
pow
e
r
c
on
versi
o
ns.
H
e
re
,
the
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
c
o
nnec
te
d
be
tw
ee
n
i
nvert
er
a
n
d
r
ec
tifie
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
impro
v
e
m
e
n
t
of
D
C
–l
i
nk
v
o
l
t
a
g
e.
T
hi
s
co
nver
t
e
r
norm
a
l
l
y
a
b
u
c
k
-b
oos
t
co
nve
r
t
er
o
r
bo
os
t
co
n
v
er
t
e
r.
T
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Non iso
l
a
t
e
d
cou
p
l
e
d
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
tie
d vol
t
age
sou
r
ce inve
rter
driv
e
(
A
.Sures
h
K
u
mar)
64
7
dy
nam
i
c
loa
d
d
r
i
ve
a
pp
lic
at
ion
t
h
ese
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
on
ver
t
e
r
d
em
and
o
n
l
y
o
n
b
oos
tin
g,
h
e
n
c
e
the
h
i
gh
g
a
i
n
bo
ost
co
nver
t
e
r
is w
i
de
l
y
u
se
d.
V
DC
/2
S
1
S
4
S
3
S
5
S
2
S
5
A
B
C
D
r
i
v
e
D
C
t
o
A
C
c
on
v
ers
i
o
n
st
a
g
e
DC
-
L
i
n
k
V
DC
R
e
ctif
i
ers
AC
s
u
p
p
l
y
AC
t
o
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
S
t
a
g
e
F
i
gure
1.
Elec
t
ric
a
l d
i
ve
m
ot
o
r
d
rive system
The
F
i
gur
e
2
s
how
t
he
t
w
o
s
tage
pow
e
r
c
o
nvers
io
ns.
H
e
re
,
the
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
on
v
e
rter
i
s
c
o
nne
cte
d
betw
ee
n
inve
rt
er
a
nd
r
e
c
t
i
fie
r
f
or
t
he
i
m
p
r
ovem
e
n
t
o
f
D
C
–
li
n
k
vo
l
t
ag
e.
T
hi
s
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
n
o
rm
all
y
a
b
uck-
bo
ost
c
o
n
v
erte
r
or
b
o
o
s
t
c
on
ver
t
e
r
.
The
dyna
mic
loa
d
d
r
i
ve
a
pp
l
i
c
at
io
n
t
h
ese
DC
t
o
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
r
d
ema
n
d
on
ly
on b
o
o
s
ting,
henc
e
t
he
h
ig
h ga
in
b
o
o
s
t
c
on
verter
is w
i
del
y
use
d
.
The
pr
op
ose
d
pow
er
e
lec
t
ro
n
i
cs
i
n
t
e
r
fa
ce
i
s
con
n
e
c
t
h
i
g
h
ga
in
n
o
n
-is
o
lat
e
d
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
on
ve
rter
w
ith
s
i
x
s
w
i
tc
h
i
nver
t
er
d
r
i
ve
.
The
se
lec
t
i
v
e
sho
o
t
t
hrou
g
h
P
WM
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
se
d
in
t
h
i
s
i
nver
t
er
f
or
h
a
n
dl
in
g
t
h
e
DC t
o
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rt
er i
nduc
t
o
r st
o
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
t
s b
o
o
s
t
i
n
g
ga
i
n
.
V
DC
/2
S
1
S
4
S
3
S
5
S
2
S
5
A
B
C
D
r
i
v
e
DC
t
o
AC
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
sta
g
e
DC
-
L
i
n
k
DC
t
o
D
C
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
V
DC
DC
t
o
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
S
t
age
R
e
cti
f
i
ers
AC
s
up
pl
y
A
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
n
v
ers
i
o
n
S
t
age
F
i
gure
2.
Elec
t
ric
a
l d
i
ve
m
ot
o
r
d
rive system
3.
DC TO D
C C
O
NVERTER
3.1.
Co
u
p
l
e
d DC
t
o
DC co
nv
erte
r
A
ty
pica
l
c
o
u
p
le
d
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
sy
st
e
m
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
3.
T
he
c
on
verte
r
i
s
co
ns
is
t
o
f
t
h
re
e
magn
e
t
i
c
c
o
upl
e
d
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
ren
t
w
i
ngin
g
a
nd
i
nd
u
c
to
r
ra
n
g
e
.
T
he
i
n
p
u
t
d
i
o
de
i
s
us
ed
t
o
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
npu
t
DC
s
ou
rce
a
nd
t
h
re
e
coup
l
e
d
i
ndu
c
t
o
r
s.
T
h
e
c
a
p
ac
it
o
r
i
s
u
s
ed
t
o
s
ource
t
h
e
s
up
p
l
y
t
o
o
u
t
pu
t
in
duc
t
o
r
in
n
o
n
-
S
T
s
tates.
T
h
e
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
brid
ge.
Y
-
source
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
omp
r
i
s
e
s
o
f
a
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
d
i
o
d
e
,
D
,
a
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
in
duc
t
o
r
(N
1
:N
2
:N
3
)
a
l
ong
w
i
th
a
c
a
p
aci
t
o
r,
C
.
The
e
f
fe
ct
ive
n
ess
of
t
he
i
n
v
e
r
ter
de
pe
nds
o
n
t
h
e
m
a
gne
t
i
c
c
o
upl
in
g
t
i
ght
ne
ss b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he co
u
pl
ed
i
nd
uct
o
rs to
k
e
e
p
a
wa
y
f
rom
a
n
y
losse
s
t
hro
u
g
h
l
ea
kage
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
nces.
Th
e
Y-so
u
r
ce
i
mp
ed
a
n
ce
c
a
n
b
e
el
u
c
i
d
a
t
ed
b
y
a
si
mpl
e
s
i
n
gl
e-swi
tc
h
c
o
nver
t
e
r
a
s
pr
esente
d
in
t
h
e
F
i
gure
3.
B
e
a
ri
ng
i
n
m
i
n
d
t
h
e
netw
or
k
w
o
rk
in
g
o
p
era
t
i
on
i
n
i
dea
l
o
p
er
ati
ng
c
i
r
c
um
st
a
n
c
e
s
the
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
wil
l
one
o
r
the
oth
e
r
be
i
n
i
t
s
S
T
s
ta
t
e
o
r
non-
S
T
s
ta
t
e
w
h
i
le
d
i
s
co
un
ti
n
g
t
h
ei
r
l
e
ak
ag
e
i
ndu
ct
a
n
c
e
s
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
ST
st
a
t
e,
s
w
i
t
c
h
S
is
t
ur
ned
O
N
t
o
sh
or
t
term
in
als
1
an
d
2,
w
hi
c
h
in-
t
ur
n,
s
ourc
e
s
di
o
d
e,
D
does
n
o
t
c
o
nd
uc
t
(re
verse
bias).
T
he
c
o
nver
t
er
i
s
bri
ng
bac
k
t
o
t
h
e
n
o
n
-S
T
sta
t
e
b
y
t
u
rne
d
‘
O
F
F
’
t
he
pow
e
r
s
w
i
t
c
h
‘
S
’
w
ith
t
h
e
d
i
o
d
e
,
D
c
o
ndu
c
tin
g
.
T
o
Av
erag
i
n
g
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
c
r
o
s
s
th
e
i
nduct
a
n
c
e
L
1,
l
2
a
nd
L3,
pea
k
D
C-l
i
nk
vo
l
t
a
g
e
(V
12
=
V
DC
)
a
c
ross
te
rmina
l
s
1
a
n
d
2
i
n
t
er
ms
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
D
C-
l
i
nk
v
o
l
tage
t
o
t
he
V
S
I
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
t
his
ca
n
be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
6
4
5
–
6
52
64
8
a
ccom
p
l
i
she
d
o
n
l
y
w
ith
i
de
al
o
per
a
t
i
n
g
c
on
d
i
t
i
on,
w
her
e
t
he
l
ea
ka
ge
i
n
duc
ta
nce
s
,
L
l
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
a
b
o
lis
hed
or
e
x
p
r
e
ssi
ve
ly
r
e
d
u
ced.
Vo
u
t
=
V
D
C
lin
k
C
N
1
N
2
N
3
S
D
V
DC
1
2
F
i
gur
e
3.
M
ag
ne
tic
a
l
l
y
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
on
ve
r
t
er
[
2
3
]
3.
2.
M
o
d
e
s
of
o
p
erat
i
on
A
n
i
n
t
er
me
di
a
t
e
e
q
uiva
l
e
nt
c
i
r
c
u
it
i
s
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
ed
w
he
n
t
h
e
i
m
pe
d
a
n
ce
so
u
r
ce
t
ra
n
s
it
s
f
r
om
n
on
-ST
st
at
e
to
S
T
st
at
e
as
sho
w
n
i
n
Figu
re
3
(a).
D
u
r
ing
no
n-
S
T
s
ta
t
e
i
nd
uc
ta
nc
es
a
r
e
a
l
l
d
isc
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
e
ner
g
ie
s
as
we
ll
as curre
nt
is ther
efore
de
cr
ea
si
ng
.
Th
e
sh
unt
s
wi
t
c
h
S
i
n
the
fi
g
.3 i
s n
e
xt s
hor
ted,
whic
h
i
dea
l
l
y
, will l
e
a
d
to
th
e
ST
c
ircu
i
t
s
h
o
w
n
in
Figu
re 3
(c)
C
N
1
N
2
N
3
D
V
DC
1
2
S
op
e
n
(a)
(
b
)
(c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
At
N
o
n
-
ST, D
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
B
iased
, (
b
)
At
ST, D
f
o
r
war
d
Bias
e
d
, (c
)
A
t
ST
,
D
rev
e
r
se
d
Bi
ase
d
N
e
ve
r
t
he
less,
f
or
th
e
non-
i
d
e
a
l
c
ase,
a
n in
ter
m
edia
te
c
i
r
cu
i
t
s
how
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3 (
b)
w
il
l
be i
nse
r
ted
for
a
shor
t
t
i
m
e
i
n
t
e
r
va
l
,
s
our
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
a
pi
d
f
a
ll
o
f
the
cur
r
en
t
t
h
r
oug
h
l
e
ak
ag
e
i
n
du
c
t
anc
e
,
L
1
in
N
1
,
an
d
r
a
p
i
d
incr
ease
s
o
f
c
u
rrents
du
rin
g
l
ea
kage
i
n
duc
t
a
nces
N
2
an
d
N
3
.
T
h
e
in
t
e
rme
d
i
a
t
e
s
t
a
t
e
e
nd
s
o
n
ly
a
s
t
h
e
l
e
ak
age
c
u
r
r
e
nt
t
hr
o
u
g
h
N
1
an
d
di
o
d
e
D
r
e
duce
d
t
o
ze
r
o
.
F
o
r
S
T
t
o
no
n-
S
T
t
r
a
ns
it
ion,
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
i
n
its
S
T
sta
t
e
,
w
h
e
n
t
he
s
w
i
t
c
h,
S
i
s
t
u
r
n
e
d
O
FF
,
t
h
e
ne
t
w
or
k
a
t
t
a
c
h
ed
t
he
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
t
h
e
loa
d
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
its
t
o
non-
S
T
s
ta
te
.
U
n
l
i
ke
t
he
f
or
w
a
r
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
on,
t
her
e
i
s
n
o
i
n
t
er
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
st
ate
a
nd
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
e
nt
e
r
s
its
n
on-
S
T
s
tate
d
ir
ec
t
l
y
w
i
t
h
d
io
de,
D
con
d
u
c
t
i
ng,
t
h
oug
h i
t
s cur
r
en
t
m
a
y r
i
ses r
a
p
i
d
l
y
i
n
e
xce
s
s of
a
s
hor
t
dur
a
t
io
n
s
lig
ht
l
y
t
ha
n st
e
p
-
incr
ease
d
.
N
o
re
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
the
S
T
dur
ati
o
n
is
t
her
e
for
e
i
ntr
o
du
ce
d
b
y
t
he
r
e
v
er
se
t
r
a
nsi
t
i
on
.
The
c
u
rren
t
s
t
r
aine
d
v
i
a
t
h
i
s
c
apac
i
tive
loa
d
b
e
ab
le
t
o
a
d
ap
t
t
o
l
e
a
ka
g
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
t
in
sta
n
ta
ne
ou
s
c
o
mm
uta
t
i
on,
t
her
e
f
o
r
e
n
e
i
t
h
e
r
vol
ta
ge
s
p
i
kes
n
o
r
l
i
m
i
ta
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
p
r
a
c
t
ic
ed
w
i
t
h
ca
p
a
cit
i
ve
l
oa
ds.
A
t
l
es
s
in
d
u
ct
i
v
e
na
t
u
r
e
,
dur
in
g
the
c
o
m
m
u
t
a
ti
o
n
f
r
o
m
S
T
s
ta
t
e
t
o
no
n-
S
T
state,
l
e
a
ka
ge
c
ur
r
e
nts
c
a
u
s
ed
b
y
le
a
k
a
g
e
i
ndu
c
t
an
ce
i
n
N
3
w
il
l
be
d
r
a
pe
d
d
o
w
n
t
o
c
u
r
r
ent
dir
e
c
tly,
ensu
i
ng
i
n
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
c
i
rcui
t
.
B
esi
d
e
th
i
s
m
o
m
e
ntar
y
is
n
o
t
m
i
t
i
ga
te
d,
i
t
m
a
y
a
f
fec
t
N
1
a
nd
N
2
t
he
l
ea
ka
ge
c
ur
r
e
nt
s.
T
her
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
apa
c
i
t
i
ve
-
s
n
ubbe
r
m
a
y
be
a
ddi
ti
o
n
al
i
n
or
der
t
o
t
r
a
ns
por
t
dow
n
w
ar
d
betw
ee
n
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
c
u
r
re
nt an
d
l
e
ak
ag
e
cu
rre
n
t
.
At
t
he
S
T
st
a
t
e
in
ter
v
a
l
D
ST
,
whi
l
e
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
S
is
“
ON”
a
n
d
d
i
o
de,
D
is
r
eve
r
se-bia
se
d,
t
he
e
xpr
ess
i
on
as,
0
13
12
1
k
V
k
V
V
L
L
C
(1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Non iso
l
a
t
e
d
cou
p
l
e
d
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
tie
d vol
t
age
sou
r
ce inve
rter
driv
e
(
A
.Sures
h
K
u
mar)
64
9
Whe
r
e,
k
13
=
N
1
/N
3
,
k
12
=
N
1
/N
2
,
as well as
V
L
is give
n
as,
13
12
12
13
1
k
k
k
k
V
V
C
L
(2)
A
t
no
n
-S
T stat
e,
the
i
nt
e
r
val (
1
-D
ST
), dio
de, D
is
cond
uc
ti
ng
is
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
n
g
sourc
e
to t
h
e
l
o
ad,
the
K
VL
expre
ssi
on
for
V
L
=
DC
L
L
c
V
k
V
V
V
12
1
;
12
12
1
k
k
V
V
V
C
DC
L
(
3
)
The,
V
C
ca
n
be
derive
d as,
0
1
1
*
12
12
13
12
12
13
1
sT
C
DC
ST
C
d
k
k
V
V
d
k
k
k
k
V
(
4
)
Fr
om
t
he Eq.
(5), f
inally V
C
is de
ri
v
e
d a
s
,
)
(
)
1
(
1
)
1
(
13
12
13
12
n
n
n
d
n
d
V
V
ST
ST
DC
C
(5)
A
t
the
n
on-S
T
s
t
a
t
e
s,
ST
in
link
dc
Fd
V
V
1
_
;
2
3
1
3
N
N
N
N
F
(6)
N
1
+
2
N
2
>
N
3
; N
3
–
N
2
>
0
;
N
2
< N
3
; N
3
>
1
1
1
0
ST
Fd
;
k
d
d
ST
ST
/
1
0
max
896
.
0
/
1
ST
d
BF
(7)
The
pr
op
ose
d
c
ou
p
l
ed
D
C
t
o
D
C
co
nve
r
t
er
v
o
l
tage
g
a
i
n
d
i
ve
rges
w
ith
r
e
s
p
ect
t
o
di
ff
e
r
en
t
wi
nd
i
n
g
fa
ct
ors, on the
i
n
d
u
c
t
or.
The
S
T
dut
y c
y
cles
D
ST
i
s
mat
ch
ed
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
g
a
in
requ
i
re
me
n
t
. Th
e
d
esi
r
e
d
D
C
to
D
C
c
o
nver
t
e
r
g
ai
n
w
i
th
v
ari
ous
a
rr
an
gem
e
nt
s
of
F
a
nd
D
ST
.
Ta
ble
1.
S
how
s
K
and
D
ST
f
or
s
elec
ti
on
of
con
v
er
t
e
r
vol
ta
ge
gai
n.
T
he
t
a
b
le s
how
s t
h
e
cle
a
r
com
b
ina
t
i
on o
f F, D
ST
, volt
a
ge ga
i
n, N
1
:
N
2
: N
3
The
goa
l
is
t
o
m
a
xim
i
z
e
c
ou
pli
ng,
a
n
d
h
e
n
c
e
m
inim
ize
le
a
k
age,
w
hi
c
h
i
f
not
e
n
s
u
r
e
d
,
wi
ll
l
e
a
d
to
hi
ghe
r sw
itch
i
ng v
o
lta
ge
i
n add
i
tio
n
to
a
r
educ
ti
on i
n
g
a
i
n.
Ta
bl
e
1
.
C
o
n
v
e
rt
er p
a
r
amet
er
F,
d
ST
,
vol
tage
g
ai
n,
N
1
: N
2
: N
3
K
0
<
d
st
<d
st
m
a
x
V
olta
g
e
Ga
i
n,G
v
N
1
:N
2
:N
3
2
0
≤
d
ST
≤ 1
/2
0
.5
M(1
-
2
d
ST
)
-1
1:1:
3,
2:
1
:4,
1
:2:5,
3:1:5
3
0
≤
d
ST
≤ 1
/3
0
.5
M(1
-
2
d
ST
)
-1
1:1:
2,
3:
1
:3,
2
:2:4,
1:3:5
4
0
≤
d
ST
≤ 1
/4
0
.5
M(1
-
2
d
ST
)
-1
2:1:
2,
1:
2
:3,
5
:1:3,
4:2:4
5
0
≤
d
ST
≤ 1
/5
0
.5
M(1
-
2
d
ST
)
-1
3:1:
2,
2:
2
:3,
1
:3:4,
7:1:3
4.
SIMU
L
A
TION STUDY
The
c
o
up
l
e
d
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
ith
s
ix
s
w
itc
h
three
p
h
a
se
V
SI
for
EV
d
r
i
ve
.
T
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
m
o
t
or
has ch
ose
n
for EV
m
o
tor. The Tab
le 2, i
l
lu
str
a
ti
ons t
he
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e simulat
i
o
n
pa
ram
e
ter
fo
r
propo
sed c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
fe
d
V
S
I
drive.
T
he
t
hree
w
ind
i
ng
ind
u
c
t
or
t
ransfer
is
d
e
s
i
gne
d
by
v
aria
b
l
e
nu
mb
er
o
f
in
du
ct
an
ce
w
i
ndi
ng
v
a
lu
e
s
.
Th
e
con
v
e
rt
e
r
i
s
de
sig
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
565V
D
C–li
nk
vol
t
a
g
e
.
Th
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
ve
rter
v
o
lta
ge
i
s
c
o
nside
r
ed
a
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
6
4
5
–
6
52
65
0
10
0V
t
o
2
0
0
V
r
a
nge.
T
h
e
w
i
ndi
ng
r
at
io
s
N
1
:N
2
:N
3
=
1
:4
:
8
a
t
a
h
i
ghe
r
m
odu
la
tio
n
in
de
x,
M
a
=
1
;
w
hi
le
S
T
m
a
xim
u
m
du
t
y
r
atio a
t D
ST
= 0
.2
36
.
Ta
ble
2.
S
i
m
u
latio
n
par
a
me
ter
s
Par
a
met
e
r
s
P
ar
a
m
et
er
s
v
a
l
u
es
D
r
ive
rat
i
ng,
T
r
a
nsf
o
rm
e
r
T
urns,
N
1
,N
2
,N
3
330v
to
4
40V
,
1
.
5
KW
,
1:4:8
Li
ne
t
o
L
i
n
e
v
ol
t
a
ge
(
V
L
)
300-44
0
V
V
DC
,Fre
q
u
e
n
cy
(f)
,
S
witc
hing
fre
que
n
c
y
(
fs)
565V,
50H
z
,
5kHz
S
t
a
t
o
r
r
e
s
ist
a
n
c
e (
R
s)
0
.7
Ω
Sta
t
or
i
n
duc
t
a
n
c
e
(
L
s)
0
.
0047
H
R
o
tor re
sist
a
n
ce
(
R
r)
1.
35
Ω
Spe
e
d
1300
to
1
400
rpm
I
rm
s
5
A
V
rm
s
400V
T
o
rque
(T)
6
to8
N
m
Th
e
Figu
re
5
,
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
po
sed
D
C
t
o
DC
c
oupl
ed
i
nd
u
c
to
r
c
o
nve
r
t
er
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e,
w
hen
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
m
ain
t
ai
n
a
s
1
2
0
V
.
D
ur
in
g
the
t
i
m
e
w
in
di
ng
fa
c
t
or
o
f
t
h
e
con
v
erte
r
i
s
f
ixe
d
a
s
4.
F
rom
th
e
fi
gu
re,
i
t
cou
l
d
se
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
c
on
v
e
r
t
er
s
i
d
e
cap
a
b
l
e
t
o
mai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
inve
r
t
er
D
c
lin
k
vo
lta
g
e
a
s
45
0
(
V
DC
,
D
C
-
li
n
k
f
or
V
S
I
).
F
igur
e
6
s
how
s
the
V
S
I
vol
t
a
ge
l
i
n
e-
vo
ltag
e
a
nd
its
m
ai
n
t
ain
i
ng
the
dri
v
e
cha
r
ac
t
e
ris
tic
s
w
i
t
h
m
a
xim
u
m
D
C
-li
n
k
b
o
o
s
ti
ng
u
t
i
liza
tio
n.
F
rom
the
resul
t
s
it
s
ee
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
V
S
I
i
s
a
b
l
e
t
o
g
i
v
e
a
s
t
a
t
o
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
dr
i
v
e
a
nd
g
i
v
i
ng
the
su
i
t
a
b
le
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
f
or
t
he
d
es
ir
ed
t
or
q
u
e
–spe
e
d
.
The
vo
l
t
ag
e
per
c
en
tage
T
H
D
is
show
n
f
o
r
the
l
i
ne
–v
o
l
t
a
ge.
F
r
om
t
he
T
H
D
r
e
s
ul
t
is
it
c
o
u
l
d
un
d
er
sta
n
d
t
h
at,
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
3
rd
h
ar
mo
ni
cs
i
s
r
e
duce
d
t
he
T
H
D
w
e
ll
b
el
ow
.
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
0
1234
5
V
ou
t
se
c
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
5.
S
imula
t
i
on
r
e
su
l
t
s
of
c
onve
r
t
er
;
(
a
)
.
O
ut
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
(V
DC
)
(b
)
.
I
n
p
ut
o
f
co
nv
erte
r
0
50
0
50
0
50
0
50
0
50
0
50
0
0
0
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
6
0.
0
7
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
9
1
V
AB
V
BC
V
AC
F
i
gur
e
6.
S
im
ul
a
t
ion
r
e
su
l
t
s
o
f
V
SI
d
r
i
ve
–
vol
t
a
ge
f
or
a
l
l
lin
e
to
l
i
n
e
vol
ta
ge
5.
EX
PERIMENT
AL R
E
S
ULTS
A
N
D
DIS
CUSSION
S
The
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
s
how
s
the
la
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
s
c
a
le
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
s
etu
p
o
f
t
he
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
duc
t
o
r
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
n
v
er
ter
fe
d
t
h
r
e
e-
pha
se
V
S
I
c
on
ne
c
t
ed
R
loa
d.
F
or
the
i
n
v
e
s
ti
ga
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
xper
i
m
e
nt
al ver
if
ic
a
t
i
o
n for
th
e
pr
opose
d
m
ag
ne
tic
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
nver
t
e
r
w
it
h
s
i
x
sw
i
t
c
h
e
s
t
h
r
ee-
phase
V
S
I
,
the
1
0
0
W
s
h
ow
s
ix-
sw
itc
h
V
S
I
i
s
d
es
ig
ne
d
a
n
d
col
l
a
bor
a
t
e
d
w
it
h
dsP
I
C
micr
oco
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
dig
ita
l
imp
l
em
en
t
a
ti
o
n
p
la
t
f
orm.
T
he
TLP
25
0
ga
t
e
d
r
i
ve
r
c
i
r
c
u
it
i
s
u
sed
for
s
i
x
MO
S
F
ETs.
The
V
S
I
pul
s
e
w
i
d
t
h
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
u
s
e
S
P
W
M
a
n
d
de
p
l
oye
d
i
n
d
s
P
I
C
f
or
c
o
n
t
r
o
lli
n
g
i
n
v
e
r
ter
,
t
he
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
in
de
x
is
f
i
x
e
d
m
a
x
imum
a
s
0
.
1.
T
he
d
ea
d
t
i
m
e
of
in
ver
t
e
r
s
w
itc
h
i
s
f
ixe
d
a
s
5.
5
m
i
r
c
osec
d
ea
d
time
.
T
he
i
n
v
er
te
r
sw
i
t
c
h
i
ng
fr
eque
nc
y
is
f
i
x
e
d
a
s
5
kH
z
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
N
on is
o
l
a
t
e
d
c
o
u
p
l
ed
co
nv
er
te
r tie
d v
o
lt
age
sou
r
ce
i
n
v
e
r
ter
drive
(
A
.
Sures
h K
u
m
a
r)
65
1
C
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
du
c
t
o
r
s
3
P
h
a
s
e
L
o
a
d
Si
x
S
w
i
t
c
h
V
SI
Ds
P
I
C
(
a
)
(
b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
7
(
a)
E
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
s
e
t
up,
(
b)
I
nput
v
olta
ge
(
V
i
n)
,
o
ut
p
ut
v
o
lta
ge
(
V
DC
)
,
(
c)
E
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
L
i
n
e
vo
lta
ge
Th
e
Figu
re
7
(
b
)
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
c)
s
ho
w
t
h
e
Exp
e
ri
ment
al
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
co
nver
t
e
r
outpu
t
side
a
nd
in
ver
t
e
r
l
o
ad
s
id
e
.
H
e
r
e
t
h
e
exp
e
ri
me
nt
a
tio
n
i
s
s
ho
wn
f
o
r
f
i
x
ed
v
ari
a
bl
e
num
ber
o
f
w
i
n
d
i
ng
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
ce
va
lue
s
t
o
pr
ovi
de
a
F
=4
w
ith
i
nve
r
t
er
m
odu
la
ti
o
n
i
n
d
ex
0
.
9
a
n
d
D
ST
=
0
.
2
3
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
i
t
c
a
n
s
e
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
i
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
vo
l
t
a
g
e
fr
om
10
V
to
4
2
V
(
4
.
2
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
ga
in)
.
H
e
n
ce
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
t
h
i
s
F
i
gur
e
7(
c)
,
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
l
i
n
e
t
o
l
i
n
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
D
C
-
l
i
n
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
4
2
V
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
3
8
V
R
M
S
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
0.
86
m
o
du
la
t
i
on
in
de
x.
T
he
r
e
s
ults
a
r
e
c
onf
ir
m
i
ng
t
h
e
s
i
mula
t
i
o
n
r
e
su
lts.
F
r
om
t
he
c
on
ver
t
er
a
n
d
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
r
e
sults,
the
pro
pose
d
c
ou
p
l
ed
i
n
v
erter
tie
d
V
S
I
drive
i
s
a
bl
e
t
o
m
a
i
n
tai
n
t
he
d
r
i
ve
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
t
i
c
s
w
ith
h
i
g
h
e
r
d
e
g
r
ee o
f
f
r
eedo
m.
6.
CONCLUSION
Th
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
h
i
gh
g
a
i
n
DC
t
o
D
C
c
oup
l
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
t
i
e
d
in
v
e
r
t
e
r
dr
ive
ab
le
t
o
pr
o
v
i
d
e
ver
y
h
i
g
h
vo
l
t
age
ga
i
n
w
hi
le
ope
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
t
a
h
i
g
h
e
r
S
T
d
u
t
y
a
nd
h
i
gh
e
r
m
od
u
l
a
t
i
on
in
de
x
c
o
mbi
n
a
t
i
o
ns.
The
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
im
peda
nc
e
c
o
mbina
t
io
n
v
o
l
t
a
ge
g
a
i
n
de
r
i
v
a
tio
n
a
nd
c
o
u
p
li
ng
ne
t
w
o
r
ks
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
i
s
c
l
e
a
r
ly
d
i
s
cu
ssed
a
nd
c
o
mpa
r
ed.
Th
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
pr
i
n
ci
p
l
e
of
t
he
p
r
o
pose
d
h
i
g
h
ga
i
n
D
C
to
D
C
co
u
p
le
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
tie
d
i
nver
t
er
i
s
in
ves
t
iga
t
e
d
a
n
d
s
t
u
di
ed t
hr
ough MA
TLA
B/S
i
muli
n
k
s
of
t
w
ar
e
si
m
u
l
ate
d
.
The
la
bor
at
or
y
e
x
per
i
m
e
n
t
a
t
io
n
se
t
u
p
i
s
d
ev
elop
ed
vi
a
d
sP
IC
con
tr
o
l
ler and
t
h
e
resu
lts
a
re carrie
d
ou
t
f
o
r
en
t
i
r
e
o
per
a
tin
g
c
o
n
d
iti
on
s.
T
he
S
tud
y
,
sim
u
la
ti
on
a
n
d
e
xper
i
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
on
val
i
d
at
i
ng
t
h
e
su
gge
ste
d
h
ig
h ga
i
n
,
h
ig
h
con
t
r
o
l
de
gr
ee
f
or
f
r
e
e
d
om
c
onver
t
e
r
fed VS
I
drive a
p
p
lic
at
io
ns.
REFERE
NC
E
S
[1]
J
.
A
.
P
eças
L
o
p
es
,
F
.
J
.
S
o
ares,
and
P.
M
.
Roch
a
Alm
e
i
d
a,
“
Inte
g
r
a
t
io
n
o
f
e
lectri
c
veh
i
cles
i
n
the
electri
c
po
wer
sy
ste
m
,”
Proc.
I
E
E
E
,
vol.
9
9
,
pp.
1
68
–1
83,
J
an
. 2
01
1.
[2]
C.
Bharati
r
aja,
P
.
S
a
n
j
eevi
kum
ar,
P
i
e
r
l
u
i
g
i
S
iano,
K
.Ram
esh,
a
n
d
S
.
Ragh
u.,
“
R
eal
T
im
e
F
o
recast
i
n
g
o
f
EV
Ch
argi
ng
S
tation
S
c
hed
u
l
i
n
g
f
o
r
S
m
a
rt
E
nerg
y Sy
st
e
m
”,
E
n
ergies
, vo
l
.
1
0
,
no
.
3
7
7
, pp
. 1
-14
,
M
a
r
ch 2
01
7.
[3]
K
.
K
um
ar,
R.
T
iwari,
N
.
R.
B
ab
u,
S
.
P
a
dm
anaba
n
,
M.
S
.
Bhask
a
r,
and
V
.
K
.
Ram
achan
dar
a
m
u
rthy
,
“An
a
lysis
o
f
high
v
o
lta
g
e
-ga
i
n
hy
brid
D
C-
DC
p
o
w
e
r
c
on
ve
rte
r
w
ith
RB
FN
b
a
s
e
d
M
P
P
T
f
or
r
en
ewabl
e
p
h
o
to
volt
a
ic
ap
pl
icat
ions,
”
2017
IEE
E
Co
n
f
er
ence o
n
E
n
er
gy Co
nver
sio
n
(CENCON)
,
O
c
t.
2017.
[4]
H
.
C
ha,
F
.
Z
.
P
e
ng
,
and
D.
W
.
Yoo
,
"
Distri
bute
d
i
m
p
ed
ance
net
w
o
rk
(
Z
n
e
two
r
k)
d
c-dc
c
on
ve
rter,
"
IEE
E
Tran
s.
P
o
wer
El
ectr
on.
,
v
o
l.
25,
n
o
.
11,
pp
.
2
72
2-27
33
, N
ov
.
2
0
10.
[5]
W
u
h
u
a
Li;
Xi
a
n
g
n
i
ng
He
,
“
R
ev
iew
of
N
on
isolat
ed
H
i
g
h
-
Step-U
p
DC/
DC
C
on
vert
ers
in
P
hot
ovo
lt
aic
Gri
d
-
Co
nn
ected
A
p
p
licati
o
n
s
,”
I
EEE Trans
.
Industrial
E
l
ect
ronics
,
v
o
l
.58
,
p
p.
123
9–
1250
,
M
ay
2
01
1
.
[6]
S
a
v
i
o
A.,
D
.
;
Ju
li
et,
V
.
;
Ch
o
k
kal
i
ng
am,
B.;
P
a
dm
anab
an,
S
.
;
K.
Ra
m
achand
a
ramu
rth
y
,
V
.
D
esig
n
an
d
I
m
pl
e
m
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
M
u
lt
i
p
l
e
C
h
a
r
g
in
g
P
o
in
t
A
d
a
p
te
d
Hy
br
i
d
M
i
c
r
og
rid
P
o
wered
E
l
ect
ri
c
V
e
hicl
e
Charg
i
n
g
S
t
ati
o
n
and
It
s
E
n
erg
y
M
an
age
m
ent
St
rategy.
P
rep
r
in
ts
2
018
,
2
0
1
80
40
226
(
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
209
44
/p
reprin
ts
20
18
04
.
0
2
26.
v1
).
[7]
C.
Bharati
r
aja,
S
.J
eevanan
th
an.,
L
a
t
ha
,
R
.,
“
F
P
G
A
ba
se
d
pra
c
tic
a
l
imp
l
emen
t
a
tion
of
N
PC-M
LI
w
ith
S
VP
WM
f
or
an
a
ut
on
om
ou
s
o
p
erati
o
n
P
V
s
yst
e
m
wit
h
cap
ac
ito
r
bal
a
ncin
g”,
i
n
In
ter
natio
nal
Jo
ur
nal
of
Electri
cal
Power
an
d
E
n
er
gy S
y
st
em
s
,
v
o
l. 6
1,
p
p.48
9
-
50
9, Oc
t
20
1
4
[8]
M.
T
ariq
,
M.
T
.
I
q
b
a
l
,
M
.
Meraj,
A
.
Iq
bal
,
A
.
I.
M
aswo
od
,
and
C
.
Bh
arati
r
aja,
“
Des
i
g
n
o
f
a
p
r
o
p
orti
on
a
l
r
eso
n
an
t
co
nt
roller
fo
r
p
acked
U
cell
5
l
e
vel
i
nvert
er
f
o
r
g
rid-co
nn
ecte
d
ap
plic
a
t
io
n
s
,”
20
16 IEE
E
In
t
e
rnati
o
n
a
l
Con
f
er
ence
o
n
Power El
ectron
i
cs,
Drives
and E
n
er
gy S
y
st
ems (
P
EDES)
,
Tri
v
e
n
d
ram
,
k
erala,
I
ndi
a.
1
4
-1
7
D
e
c
20
16
.
[9]
C.
B
harat
i
raja,
S.
P
ad
m
a
naban
,
P
.
Sian
o,
Z.
Leon
ow
icz,
a
n
d
A.
I
q
b
al
,
“A
h
ex
ago
n
al
h
y
s
t
e
resis
s
p
a
ce
v
e
cto
r
c
urren
t
cont
roller
f
o
r
s
i
ngl
e
Z
-source
network
multi
l
e
vel
i
n
verter
w
ith
cap
aci
tor
b
a
lan
c
ing
,
”
2
017
IEE
E
Intern
atio
nal
Conf
erenc
e
on
E
n
vir
onment and Elect
r
i
cal Eng
i
n
eer
ing and
2017 IEEE Indust
r
ial and
Commer
c
ial
P
o
wer
Systems
E
u
r
o
pe (
E
EEIC /
I
&
C
P
S
Europe
)
,
M
ilan, I
tal
y
,6-
9
J
une 2017.
[10]
P.
C
.
L
o
h,
D
.
M.
V
i
l
a
t
h
g
a
muwa,
C.
J
.
Ga
jan
a
yak
e
,
Y.
R
.
L
i
m,
a
n
d
C
.
W
.
T
eo,
“Trans
ien
t
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
u
l
s
e-widt
h
mo
d
u
lat
e
d Z
-
so
urce inv
e
rt
er,”
IE
E
E
Trans. Powe
r Ele
c
tr
on
.
, vo
l
.
22
,
n
o
. 2
, p
p.
49
8
-
50
7, Mar.
20
07
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
645
–
6
52
65
2
[11]
F
.
Z. P
en
g
, "Z-sou
r
ce in
verter,
"
IEE
E
Tran
s.
In
d. Ap
pl
ic
at
.
,
v
ol
.
3
9
, n
o.
2,
pp
.04
-
5
1
0
, Mar
/Ap
r
.
20
03
.
[12]
M
.
K
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
,
Y
.
C
.
L
i
m
,
a
n
d
Y
.
G
.
K
i
m
,
“
T
Z
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
,
”
IEEE Trans.
Ind.
Elect
ron
.,
v
o
l
.
60
,
no.
12,
p
p
.
56
86
-56
9
5
,
D
ec.
2
0
13.
[13]
M
.
Ad
am
o
w
i
cz,
R
.
St
rzelecki
,
F
.
Z.
P
en
g,
J
.
G
u
z
i
n
s
ki,
and
A
.
H
.
Rub
,
"
New
t
y
p
e
L
CCT
-
Z-s
ource
con
v
ert
e
rs
,"
i
n
Pr
oc. EP
E
2
011
,
Sept
.
2
0
1
1
p
p
. 1
-10
.
[14]
M
.
A
damo
w
i
cz,
J
.
Guzi
n
s
ki,
an
d
P
.
S
tec,
"
F
i
ve-ph
a
se
E
V
d
r
ive
w
i
th
switched-aut
o
t
r
ansf
or
m
e
r
(LCC
At)
con
v
ert
e
r,"
in
Proc.
VPP
C
20
14
, Oct
.
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
.
[15]
Y
.
P
.
S
i
w
a
k
o
t
i
,
P
.
C
.
L
o
h
,
F
.
B
l
a
a
b
j
e
r
g
,
S
.
J
.
A
n
d
r
e
a
s
e
n
,
a
n
d
G
.
E.
T
o
w
n,
"
Y
-
So
urce
i
m
pedan
c
e
net
w
ork
bas
e
d
bo
os
t
D
C
/D
C
co
n
v
erter
fo
r
d
i
st
rib
u
t
e
d
g
e
nerati
on,
"
IEEE T
r
ans. In
d.
El
ec
t
r
o
n
., v
o
l
. 6
2,
n
o.
2,
Feb.
2
01
5.
[16]
T.
K
.
S
S
a
th
ayan
a
r
ay
anan
,
M
Ram
a
sam
y
,
C
Bharatiraj
a,
J
L
M
u
n
d
a
“
M
o
d
e
llin
g,
I
m
p
ed
anc
e
D
esi
g
n
,
a
nd
E
fficien
cy
An
aly
s
i
s
o
f
Battery
As
s
i
sts
P
V
tied
Quasi-Z
so
u
r
ce
i
nvert
er”,
i
n
Int
e
rnati
o
n
a
l
J
our
na
l of
P
o
wer Elect
ronics
an
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
em
(
I
JP
EDS)
s
,
vol.
3
,
no.
7
,
pp.
8
16
-825,
D
ec
20
16
.
[17]
H.
C
ha
,
F.
Z
.
Pe
ng
,
a
n
d
D.
W
.
Yoo
,
"
Dis
t
ribu
te
d
impe
d
a
n
c
e
ne
two
rk
(
Z
n
e
tw
ork
)
d
c-dc
c
on
ve
rt
er,
"
IE
EE Trans
.
Power E
l
ectron
.,
vo
l.
2
5
,
no.
11,
p
p.
2
7
22-2
7
3
3
,
Nov
.
2
01
0
.
[18]
Y.
T
ang,
S
.
X
i
e,
a
n
d
C
.
Z
h
an
g,
"
Z-so
urce
ac-a
c
c
on
v
e
rters
s
o
lvi
ngco
m
m
u
tation
pro
b
lem
,
"
IE
E
E
Tr
ans
.
Pow
e
r
El
ectr
o
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
22,
n
o.
6
,
pp.
214
6
-
2
1
5
4
,
N
ov.
2
007.
[19]
P
.
C
.
Lo
h
,
D
.
Li,
a
nd
F
.
Bl
aabjerg
,
“
T
-Z-so
u
rc
e
co
nv
erters,
”
I
EEE Tr
ans. P
o
wer
El
ect
r
o
n
.
,
vol.
28,
n
o.
11,
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p
.
48
80
-48
8
4
,
N
o
v
.
20
13.
[20]
R.
St
rzelecki
,
M
.
A
d
am
owicz,
N
.
S
t
rzel
e
c
k
a
,
and
W
.
B
u
r
y,
“
N
e
w
t
ype
T
-so
u
rce
con
v
erter,
”
i
n
P
ro
c.
C
P
E
2
009
,
May
20
09
,
p
p
. 1
91
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5
.
[21]
W
.
Q
i
an
,
F
.
Z
.
P
e
n
g
,
and
H
.
C
h
a
,
"
T
rans
-Z-so
u
rce
con
v
e
rters
,
"
IEE
E
T
r
an
s.
Po
w
e
r
Ele
c
t
ro
n
.,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
12
,
pp
.
34
53
-34
6
3
,
D
ec.
2
0
11.
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Y
.
P
.
S
i
w
a
k
o
t
i
,
F
.
B
l
a
a
b
j
e
r
g
a
n
d
P.
C
.
Loh,
“
Ne
w
magnetically
c
oup
led
im
ped
a
nce
(Z-)
S
o
u
r
ce
n
e
tw
orks
,
”
IE
EE
Trans. P
o
wer
Elect
ron
., v
ol
.
3
1
,
n
o
. 11
,
pp
. 7
41
9
-
7
4
3
5
,
J
un
e 20
1
5
.
[23]
Y.
P
.
S
i
wako
t
i
,
F.
Z
.
Peng
,
F.
B
la
abjerg,
P.
C
.
Lo
h
an
d
G.
E
.
T
o
w
n
,
“
Im
p
e
dance
so
urce
n
e
tw
ork
f
o
r
el
ectri
c
po
wer
con
v
ers
i
o
n
— Part
I: A to
polo
g
ical rev
iew,
”
IEEE T
r
ans.
P
o
wer
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
.
,
vol.
3
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
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p
.
699–7
16
,
F
eb.
2
0
1
5
.
[24]
C
.
B
h
a
r
a
t
i
r
aj
a and
J
.
L
.
M
u
n
d
a,
“
S
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
ed
S
VPW
M
f
or
Z
S
o
u
r
c
e
T
-
NP
C-MLI
i
n
cl
udi
ng
neu
tral
p
o
i
n
t
b
a
l
an
cing
,”
20
16
IE
EE
S
y
mpo
s
i
u
m
o
n
Comp
ut
er Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
ions
&
Industri
a
l
E
l
ect
ronics
(
I
SCAIE)
,
Pen
a
ng
,
Malaysi
a
,3
0-
3
1
Ma
y
[25]
S
a
nt
hak
u
m
a
r
,
C
.,
S
hi
vak
u
m
a
r
,
R
.
,
B
h
ar
at
i
r
aj
a,
C
., S
anj
eev
i
k
um
ar
,
P.
“
Carrier
s
h
i
fti
n
g
algorit
h
m
s
f
o
r
t
he
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
ion
of
c
i
r
cul
a
ti
ng
current
i
n
di
od
e
clam
ped
M
L
I
fed
in
du
c
t
io
n
mo
to
r
d
r
i
v
e
”
,
i
n
In
ter
nat
io
nal Jo
urn
a
l
of
Po
we
r
El
ectr
onics
an
d
D
r
ive Sys
t
ems
,
vol.
8
,
no
.
2
,
pp.
844-8
52,
J
u
n
e
2
017
[26]
Y.
P
.
S
i
wa
ko
ti,
P
.
C.
L
o
h
,
F
.
B
l
a
a
bje
r
g
a
nd
G
.
To
wn
,
“
Y
-So
u
rc
e
Im
p
e
dance
N
e
two
r
k,
”
i
n
Pro
c
.
APEC 20
14
,
For
t
Wo
rth,
T
X,
p
p
.
336
2-3
3
6
6
,
M
ar.
20
14
[27]
C.Bharat
iraj
a,
S
.
R
aghu
,
An
ath
r
a
j
,
P
r
abat
hku
m
a
r
“A
nal
y
sis
an
d
si
m
u
latio
n
of
m
agn
e
ti
call
y
c
ou
pl
e
d
Y
s
h
a
pe
im
p
e
dan
c
e
so
urce in
vert
er”,
In
d
i
an
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
Sc
ie
nc
e
a
n
d
Te
c
h
no
lo
gy
,
Volu
me 9
,
Is
su
e 44
,
p
p
. 1
-
7
,2
01
6
[28]
C.
B
harati
raja,
S
.
J
eev
anan
than
,
and
J
.
L
.
M
unda,
“
A
T
i
m
in
g
Cor
recti
o
n
Alg
o
ri
th
m
-
Bas
e
d
Extend
ed
S
VM
f
or
Three-Leve
l
Neut
ral-Point-Clampe
d
M
L
I
in
O
v
e
r
M
o
d
u
l
a
ti
on
Z
o
n
e
,
”
IEEE Jo
ur
na
l
o
f
Emer
g
i
ng
a
n
d
Select
ed
T
o
p
i
cs in Po
wer
E
l
ect
ronics
,
v
o
l
.
6,
no.
1
,
pp.
2
33–2
45,
M
ar.
2
018.
[29]
Y.
T
ang
, S
.
Xi
e,
a
nd
C
. Zh
a
ng
, "An
i
mp
rov
e
d
Z-
so
u
r
ce in
verter,"
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
s
.
P
o
w
e
r Ele
c
t
ro
n
.,
v
o
l
.
26
,
no
. 1
2,
p
p
.
38
65
-38
6
8
,
D
ec.
2
0
11.
[30]
C.
B
h
a
rat
i
raj
a
,
T.
B
.
P
r
asad
,
and
R.
L
at
ha,
“Co
m
parat
i
ve
r
eal
iz
at
ion
o
f
d
ifferen
t
S
VPW
M
s
ch
emes
i
n
li
near
m
o
d
u
l
a
ti
on
u
s
ing
F
P
GA,
”
2
0
0
8
IEEE
R
e
g
i
o
n
8 In
ter
natio
nal Co
nf
eren
ce
on
Com
p
u
t
atio
nal Tech
no
lo
gies
i
n
El
ectrica
l
a
n
d
El
ectro
n
i
cs E
n
g
i
neerin
g
, Jul
. 20
0
8
.
[31]
C.Bharat
iraj
a,
S
.
J
e
ev
anan
th
an,
S,
R
.
L
a
tha,
a
nd
V
.M
oh
an,
“Vect
or
s
el
ec
tio
n
app
r
oach-b
ased
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
h
y
s
t
e
resi
s
sp
ace
v
e
ct
or
c
ur
rent
c
o
n
tro
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
a
th
ree
p
h
ase
d
i
o
d
e
clam
ped
M
LI
w
ith
capacit
o
r
vo
ltag
e
b
alanci
ng
,”
IE
T Power
El
ectr
onics
.
,
v
ol.
9,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
0-13
61
,
J
une
2
01
6.
[32]
T.
K
.
.
Sa
t
h
ay
anarayan
an,
M
.
R
am
as
amy
,
C
.
Bh
aratiraj
a,
a
nd
J
.
M
un
da
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
,
I
m
p
e
da
n
c
e
De
sign
,
a
n
d
Eff
i
cien
cy
A
nalysi
s
o
f
B
a
t
tery
A
s
s
i
s
t
s
P
V
tied
Quas
i-Z
so
u
r
ce
i
nverter,”
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urn
a
l o
f
Powe
r
El
ectr
onics
an
d
D
r
ive Sys
t
ems
(
I
JPE
D
S
)
,
vol.
7,
no.
3
,
p.
816
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
6
.
[33]
C
Bh
arat
iraj
a,
J
L
M
u
nda,
Ish
a
n
V
a
ghasia,
Rajesh
V
al
ivet
i
,
P
.
Ma
nasa,
“
L
o
w
c
o
s
t
Real
T
im
e
Cen
t
rali
zed
S
p
eed
Control
of
D
C
Mot
o
r
Using
L
a
b
v
iew
-N
I
USB
6008”,
i
n
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jour
na
l o
f
Po
wer Electr
o
n
i
cs
and
Drive
Sys
t
em
s
,
vo
l
.
3,
n
o
.
7
,
pp.
6
56
-6
64,
D
ec
20
16.
[34]
C.
B
harati
raja
,
A.
R
avi,
S
.
Bane
rjee,
A
.
Chak
ra
b
o
rt
y,
A
.
A
nup
am
,
an
d
A.
M
eno
n
,
“A
H
y
b
ri
d
Ca
s
caded
M
u
l
ti
level
Inv
e
rter w
it
h D
i
o
d
e A
ssist
ed Boos
ti
ng
Net
work,”
E
n
erg
y
Proced
ia
,
vo
l.
1
1
7
,
pp
.
10
24
–1
031
,
J
un.
2
0
1
7
.
[35]
C
.
B
h
a
r
a
t
i
r
a
j
a
,
a
n
d
R
.
L
a
t
h
a
,
"
A
3
-
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l
S
v
p
w
m
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
,
It
s
FP
GA
-Im
p
l
em
en
t
a
tion
f
o
r
M
u
lti
l
ev
el
Inverters
"
,
in
Jou
r
n
a
l of El
ectrical
E
ngi
neerin
g
, v
ol
.
14,
I
ssu
e
2,
P
a
g
es
61-7
0
,
2014.
[36]
C.Bharat
iraj
a,
M
oh
am
mad
S
h
a
b
in
,
"A
N
ovel
redu
ced
s
wi
tch
s
i
n
g
l
e
so
urce
M
L
I
top
o
l
o
g
y
w
ith
v
ari
a
bl
e
in
pu
t
ov
ervo
lt
age co
ntro
l", i
n
P
r
o
cedi
a
E
ngineer
in
g
,
vo
l
.
6
4
,
p
p
.
205
–2
14,
2
0
13
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