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A
P
h
o
to
v
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lt
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ic
(P
V
)
e
m
u
lato
r
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a
d
e
v
ic
e
th
a
t
p
ro
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c
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s
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tp
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se
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l
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ra
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ro
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ra
te o
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n
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l
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V em
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d
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u
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all
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8
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s
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lar
it
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d
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n
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n
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ab
le
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g
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e
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cr
ea
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n
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th
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co
s
t
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ctio
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o
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el.
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w
e
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er
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g
y
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r
o
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ce
d
b
y
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atio
n
s
y
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te
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i
s
h
i
g
h
l
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ep
en
d
ab
le
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n
th
e
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ie
n
t
co
n
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itio
n
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
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d
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
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h
ile
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
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m
o
d
u
le
is
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
,
w
h
ic
h
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
p
licate
th
e
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
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r
o
ce
s
s
.
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o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
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o
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er
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g
en
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ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
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m
o
d
u
le,
th
e
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
er
P
o
in
t
T
r
ac
k
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g
(
MP
PT)
is
ad
d
ed
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to
th
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g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
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n
th
e
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PT
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
m
a
n
ip
u
lat
io
n
is
ess
e
n
tial
to
test
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
MP
P
T
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
t
h
e
u
s
ed
o
f
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
h
alo
g
en
la
m
p
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el.
N
ev
er
th
ele
s
s
,
t
h
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
is
i
n
e
f
f
icien
t
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
lar
g
e
ar
ea
.
An
o
th
er
w
a
y
to
test
th
e
MP
P
T
is
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
P
V
em
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
P
V
em
u
lato
r
is
a
n
o
n
lin
e
ar
Dir
ec
t
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
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p
o
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u
p
p
l
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th
at
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ce
s
s
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m
ilar
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tp
u
t
a
s
th
e
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m
o
d
u
le.
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h
e
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e
an
d
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ar
e
ea
s
i
er
to
co
n
tr
o
l,
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t,
ab
le
to
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r
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d
u
ce
m
u
ltip
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d
if
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er
en
t
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d
u
le
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ir
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i
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g
ar
ea
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ar
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t
h
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
i
n
th
e
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m
u
lato
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,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
t
h
e
P
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m
at
h
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m
atica
l
m
o
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el,
t
h
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p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
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is
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r
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d
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ce
th
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C
u
r
r
en
t
-
Vo
ltag
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(
I
-
V)
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
cu
r
v
e
o
f
th
e
P
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m
o
d
u
le.
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h
e
s
i
n
g
le
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
in
t
h
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P
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e
m
u
la
to
r
ap
p
licatio
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as
th
e
P
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m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
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o
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s
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ce
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
el
is
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
s
i
m
p
l
e
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
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p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
t
er
em
u
late
s
t
h
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-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
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p
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d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
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m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
o
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el.
T
h
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e
ar
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u
s
to
p
o
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es
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n
th
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lato
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ep
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in
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o
n
th
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r
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q
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ir
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e
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ts
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y
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.
Ho
w
e
v
er
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th
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
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ter
ar
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
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in
t
h
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P
V
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lato
r
ap
p
licatio
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s
i
m
p
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u
m
b
er
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f
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
,
an
d
ea
s
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Dr
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m
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h
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Dir
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Me
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m
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n
tr
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l
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ce
it
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i
m
p
le
to
i
m
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n
t
[
6
]
-
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
ati
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
o
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Du
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tain
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H
y
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id
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l
Me
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[
9
]
an
d
th
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esi
s
tan
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C
o
m
p
ar
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n
Me
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h
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d
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
Hy
b
r
id
-
Mo
d
e
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
Me
t
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m
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in
e
s
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
Dir
ec
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ef
er
e
n
ci
n
g
Me
t
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o
d
s
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th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
t
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v
o
ltag
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o
l)
to
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en
t
th
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ci
l
latio
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o
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lem
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Ne
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test
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Sear
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D
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CO
M
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2
.
1
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P
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t
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v
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M
o
del
T
h
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P
V
m
at
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m
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-
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r
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ter
is
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f
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P
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m
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d
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s
in
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co
m
m
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I
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s
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(
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[
1
3
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(
1
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Me
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ca
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[
1
4
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T
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1
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I
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I
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s
ta
n
tan
eo
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
d
is
cr
ete
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
is
tic
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
g
ital
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
ev
en
ts
γ
Ki
to
b
e
s
et
to
in
f
i
n
it
y
.
γ
Ki
i
s
ca
r
ef
u
ll
y
s
elec
ted
to
allo
w
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
p
latf
o
r
m
to
co
p
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
b
u
r
d
en
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
ti
m
e
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
et
t
o
2
0
µs.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
is
cr
ete
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
lo
ck
an
d
ze
r
o
-
o
r
d
er
h
o
ld
b
lo
ck
in
th
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
/
Si
m
u
li
n
k
®
’
s
lib
r
ar
y
.
Usi
n
g
T
r
y
a
n
d
E
r
r
o
r
Me
th
o
d
,
γ
Ki
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
an
d
s
to
p
w
h
e
n
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
in
p
u
t
b
ec
o
m
es
o
s
cillate
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
tu
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
γ
Ki
is
2
.
5
.
B
esid
es
γ
Ki
,
th
e
i
n
it
ial
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
teg
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
s
p
i
k
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
tar
t
-
u
p
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
e
m
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
in
i
tial
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
th
e
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
lo
w
est
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
Fo
r
t
h
is
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
th
e
in
it
ial
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
te
g
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
1
5
V.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
V
pv
f
o
r
th
e
P
V
m
a
th
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
P
V
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
I
pv
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
V
pv
.
R
pv
i
s
ca
lc
u
lated
a
g
ai
n
w
i
th
R
o
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
ep
ea
ted
u
n
til
E
r
i
s
v
er
y
s
m
al
l.
4
.
RE
SUL
T
S AN
D
D
I
SC
US
SI
O
NS
Th
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
emu
la
to
r
is
co
mp
a
r
ed
w
ith
th
e
co
n
ve
n
t
io
n
a
l P
V
emu
la
to
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
Dir
ec
t
R
eferen
cin
g
Meth
o
d
[6
-
8]
.
Th
e
o
p
timu
m
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
2
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
Dir
ec
t
R
ef
er
e
n
ci
n
g
Me
t
h
o
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
o
s
c
illatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
a
t
a
ce
r
tain
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
[
1
]
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
t
h
e
K
p
an
d
K
i
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
8
0
% to
b
ec
o
m
e
0
.
0248
an
d
4
6
.
8
6
7
3
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
e
m
u
lato
r
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°C
.
4
.
1
.
Acc
ura
c
y
Th
e
a
cc
u
r
a
cy
o
f th
e
P
V
emu
la
to
r
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
P
V
ma
th
e
ma
tica
l m
o
d
el
a
n
d
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l str
a
teg
y.
To
test
th
e
a
cc
u
r
a
cy
o
f th
e
P
V
ma
th
ema
ti
ca
l m
o
d
el,
th
e
I
-
V
ch
a
r
a
cteris
t
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
is
mo
d
el
is
c
o
mp
a
r
ed
w
ith
th
e
I
-
V
ch
a
r
a
cteris
tic
o
b
ta
in
ed
fr
o
m
th
e
P
V
p
a
n
el.
Ho
w
ev
er,
to
t
est th
e
a
cc
u
r
a
cy
o
f th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
a
teg
y,
th
e
I
-
V
ch
a
r
a
cteris
tic
cu
r
ve
o
b
ta
in
ed
fr
o
m
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f th
e
P
V
emu
la
to
r
is
co
mp
a
r
ed
w
ith
th
e
P
V
ma
th
ema
tica
l
mo
d
el.
Th
is
s
tep
is
ta
ke
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
a
t th
e
err
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
P
V
ma
th
ema
tica
l m
o
d
e
l
is
n
o
t ta
ke
n
in
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
a
n
d
o
n
ly
err
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l str
a
teg
y
is
co
n
s
id
ered
.
Th
erefo
r
e,
V
o
a
n
d
I
o
o
b
t
a
in
ed
fr
o
m
th
e
P
V
emu
la
to
r
a
r
e
co
mp
a
r
ed
w
ith
th
e
I
-
V
c
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
c
u
r
ve
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
P
V
ma
th
ema
tica
l m
o
d
el,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
.
A
n
a
cc
u
r
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te
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o
n
tr
o
l str
a
teg
y
a
b
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f th
e
P
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r
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imila
r
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th
e
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-
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ch
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r
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cteris
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r
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th
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tica
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f th
e
c
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r
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n
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is
u
s
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fo
r
th
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p
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ter s
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th
e
o
u
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t o
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to
r
b
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o
mes o
s
cilla
te
in
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t v
o
lta
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e
r
eg
io
n
.
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is
is
b
ec
a
u
s
e
a
s
ma
ll c
h
a
n
g
e
in
V
pv
p
r
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d
u
ce
s
a
la
r
g
e
ch
a
n
g
e
I
pv
fo
r
th
e
P
V
ma
th
ema
tica
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o
d
e
l.
Th
erefo
r
e,
a
n
a
ly
s
is
o
f th
e
a
cc
u
r
a
cy
is
fo
c
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t v
o
lta
g
e
r
eg
io
n
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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P
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&
Dr
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8
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u
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(
b
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.
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r
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co
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ch
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n
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cted
fo
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3
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s
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r
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r
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n
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o
o
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ta
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fr
o
m
th
e
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n
v
en
tio
n
a
l P
V
em
u
la
to
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
Dir
ec
t
R
eferen
cin
g
Meth
o
d
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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V
emu
la
to
r
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
.
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e
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o
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n
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o
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d
u
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n
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n
d
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r
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to
r
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cc
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r
a
te
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th
e
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n
s
ta
n
t c
u
r
r
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t
r
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io
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,
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s
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o
w
n
in
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u
r
e
3
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.
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e
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r
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te
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r
e
o
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erved
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h
en
th
e
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u
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u
t o
f th
e
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V
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u
la
to
r
is
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n
th
e
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-
V
ch
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r
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cteris
tics
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r
ve
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r
o
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ce
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y
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th
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o
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u
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t o
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r
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r
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n
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ta
n
t v
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e
r
eg
io
n
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a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
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u
r
e
3
(
b
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.
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h
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n
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itio
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,
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n
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ted
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h
e
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cu
r
ate
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t
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r
o
d
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c
ed
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y
t
h
e
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n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
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V
e
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u
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r
is
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u
s
ed
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y
th
e
u
n
s
t
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le
r
ef
er
en
ce
in
p
u
t
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o
s
cillatio
n
o
f
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o
an
d
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o
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h
ile
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0
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o
f
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o
is
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n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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V
em
u
lato
r
w
h
e
n
th
e
i
n
ac
cu
r
ate
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
in
ac
cu
r
ate
o
u
tp
u
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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V
em
u
lato
r
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
l
i
m
itatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ita
l c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
is
c
an
b
e
s
o
l
v
ed
w
it
h
a
lo
w
er
s
a
m
p
lin
g
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m
e
o
f
th
e
d
i
g
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co
n
tr
o
ller
.
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o
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
s
a
m
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li
n
g
ti
m
e,
a
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
p
la
tf
o
r
m
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
o
w
er
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
a)
T
h
e
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
c
u
r
v
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el,
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P
V
e
m
u
la
to
r
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
em
u
la
to
r
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
.
b
)
T
h
e
zo
o
m
-
i
n
v
ie
w
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
3
4
.
2
.
T
ra
ns
ient
Respo
ns
e
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
e
m
u
la
to
r
is
al
s
o
an
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
f
ac
to
r
t
h
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
d
esi
g
n
.
T
h
e
s
lo
w
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
e
m
u
la
to
r
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
MP
P
T
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
P
V
em
u
lato
r
o
p
er
ates
in
ac
cu
r
atel
y
.
T
o
p
r
ev
en
t
th
is
,
t
h
e
P
V
em
u
lato
r
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
o
p
er
ate
w
it
h
a
f
as
t
tr
an
s
ie
n
t r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
t
h
a
t a
f
f
ec
t t
h
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
P
V
e
m
u
lato
r
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
.
C
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
a
h
i
g
h
er
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ca
n
r
esu
l
t
i
n
a
f
as
ter
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
i
n
ce
th
e
i
n
d
u
c
tan
ce
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
b
ec
o
m
es s
m
aller
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
also
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
P
V
e
m
u
l
ato
r
.
B
esid
es
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
,
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
al
s
o
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
e
m
u
la
to
r
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
i
s
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
g
ai
n
s
t
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P
V
e
m
u
lato
r
.
I
n
th
e
s
imu
la
tio
n
s
,
tw
o
d
iffer
en
t R
o
i
s
test
ed
o
n
th
e
co
n
ve
n
ti
o
n
a
l a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
em
u
la
t
o
r
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
Th
e
R
o
ch
o
s
en
is
th
e
min
imu
m
a
n
d
ma
ximu
m
R
o
limits
,
w
h
ich
a
r
e
3
Ω
a
n
d
5
0
Ω
r
esp
ec
tively.
W
h
en
3
Ω
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
P
V
emu
la
to
r
,
th
e
s
ystem
o
p
era
tes in
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
c
u
r
r
en
t reg
io
n
.
Th
e
s
ettlin
g
time
fo
r
th
e
co
n
ve
n
tio
n
a
l a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
emu
l
a
to
r
is
9
.
4
ms a
n
d
2
.
4
ms r
esp
ec
tively.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
emu
la
to
r
is
7
4
% fa
s
ter co
mp
a
r
ed
to
th
e
co
n
ve
n
tio
n
a
l P
V
e
mu
la
to
r
.
Th
is
s
lo
w
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f th
e
co
n
ve
n
tio
n
a
l
P
V
emu
la
to
r
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
8
0
% g
a
in
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
P
I
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
to
co
mp
en
s
a
te
th
e
o
s
c
illa
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem.
E
ve
n
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
a
in
s
a
r
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
p
to
8
0
%,
th
ere
is
s
till
a
n
o
u
t
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t o
s
cilla
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PV
e
m
u
lato
r
i
s
n
o
t
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt,
t
h
er
e
n
o
g
a
in
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
n
ee
d
ed
o
n
t
h
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
in
a
f
ast tr
an
s
ie
n
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
em
u
lato
r
.
W
h
en
5
0
Ω
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
P
V
e
m
u
lato
r
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
ates
in
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
ettli
n
g
ti
m
e
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
em
u
lato
r
is
5
.
4
m
s
an
d
2
8
.
2
m
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
820
–
828
826
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
em
u
lato
r
is
5
.
2
ti
m
e
s
s
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P
V
e
m
u
la
to
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
e
m
u
la
to
r
w
it
h
5
0
Ω
R
o
is
1
1
.
8
ti
m
es
lo
w
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
em
u
lato
r
w
it
h
3
Ω
R
o
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
i
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
e
m
u
la
to
r
b
ec
o
m
es
s
lo
w
er
a
s
R
o
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
.
T
h
i
s
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
es
i
g
n
o
f
th
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
R
o
,
w
h
ich
is
3
Ω
to
5
0
Ω
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
ag
g
r
es
s
i
v
e
as
R
o
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
tu
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
P
I
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
co
n
d
u
c
ted
at
th
e
lo
w
er
li
m
it
o
f
R
o
,
w
h
ich
i
s
3
Ω
.
T
h
is
r
esu
l
ts
in
a
s
lo
w
er
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
as
R
o
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P
V
e
m
u
lato
r
als
o
b
ec
o
m
es
s
lo
w
er
as
R
o
in
cr
e
ases
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
eg
io
n
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
ec
o
m
e
s
f
aster
as
R
o
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
t
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
l
tag
e
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
I
ref
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
b
y
t
h
e
Dir
ec
t Ref
er
e
n
cin
g
Si
g
n
al
is
v
er
y
h
ig
h
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
tar
t
-
u
p
o
f
th
e
P
V
e
m
u
lato
r
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
em
u
l
ato
r
d
u
r
in
g
1000
W
/m
2
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t o
u
t
p
u
t r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
a)
T
h
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t r
esis
ta
n
ce
(
3
Ω
)
.
b
)
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t r
esi
s
tan
ce
(
5
0
Ω
)
.
4
.
3
.
O
utput
Vo
lt
a
g
e
Ripp
le
T
h
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
S
w
itc
h
ed
-
Mo
d
e
P
o
w
er
Su
p
p
ly
(
SMP
S).
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
is
it
h
as
a
h
i
g
h
er
e
f
f
icien
c
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
lin
ea
r
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
[
1
7
]
.
Nev
er
th
eles
s
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tai
n
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
is
m
a
n
ip
u
la
ted
b
y
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
C
u
s
i
n
g
(
5
)
.
I
n
th
e
P
V
em
u
lato
r
ap
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ip
p
le
is
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
b
u
t
als
o
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
Dir
ec
t
R
ef
er
e
n
ci
n
g
Me
t
h
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
u
n
w
a
n
ted
o
s
cillat
io
n
t
h
at
r
esu
lts
in
a
h
i
g
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
r
ip
p
le
f
ac
to
r
,
γ
Vo
.
A
s
R
o
in
crea
s
es,
V
o
in
crea
s
es.
Th
e
in
crea
s
es in
V
o
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
in
crea
s
es in
D.
B
y
r
eferr
in
g
to
(
5
)
,
if L
a
n
d
C
a
r
e
ke
p
t fixe
d
,
th
e
in
cre
a
s
es in
D
r
esu
lts
in
a
lo
w
er γ
Vo
.
Ho
w
ev
er,
th
e
co
n
ve
n
tio
n
a
l
P
V
emu
la
to
r
d
o
es
n
o
t fo
llo
w
th
is
ch
a
r
a
cteris
tic,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
γ
Vo
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
a
s
R
o
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
u
p
to
2
9
Ω
.
W
h
en
R
o
is
3
0
Ω
,
γ
Vo
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
u
p
to
4
4
.
6
ti
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
d
d
en
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
γ
Vo
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
w
ea
k
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
Dir
ec
t r
ef
er
e
n
ci
n
g
Me
th
o
d
.
T
h
is
u
n
w
a
n
ted
o
s
cillatio
n
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
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[1
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R.
Ay
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T
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[2
]
Z.
W
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a
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J.
W
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Kim
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"
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M
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[6
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A
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d
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S
.
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[7
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J.
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a
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S
.
W
a
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Z.
W
a
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,
a
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1
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p
.
4
4
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5
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.
[8
]
F
.
J.
V
ig
lu
s
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
Ca
sa
ro
,
"
P
h
o
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lt
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m
u
latio
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si
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a
lv
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2
0
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1
2
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IEE
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I
n
te
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ti
o
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Co
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fer
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c
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In
d
u
stry
Ap
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li
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ti
o
n
s (
INDU
S
CON)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
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S
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Vo
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9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
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2
0
1
8
:
820
–
828
828
[9
]
Y.
Ki
m
,
W
.
Lee
,
M
.
P
e
d
ra
m
,
a
n
d
N.
Ch
a
n
g
,
"
Du
a
l
-
m
o
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
re
g
u
lato
r
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
d
u
le
e
m
u
latio
n
,
"
Ap
p
li
e
d
e
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
0
1
,
p
p
.
7
3
0
-
7
3
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
C.
H.
Ba
lak
ish
a
n
a
n
d
N.
S
a
n
d
e
e
p
,
"
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
M
icro
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
Ba
se
d
P
V
Em
u
lato
r
w
it
h
Cu
rre
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t
Co
n
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r
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ll
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d
DC
-
DC Bu
c
k
Co
n
v
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rter "
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ren
e
w
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
.
1
,
2
2
/1
1
/1
4
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
A
.
V
.
Ra
n
a
a
n
d
H.
H.
P
a
tel,
"
Cu
r
re
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t
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o
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led
b
u
c
k
c
o
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rter
b
a
se
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
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ic
e
m
u
lato
r,
"
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
d
u
stri
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l
a
n
d
In
tell
ig
e
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t
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
R.
Ay
o
p
a
n
d
C.
W
.
T
a
n
,
"
I
m
p
ro
v
e
d
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
e
m
u
lato
r
u
sin
g
re
sista
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
m
e
th
o
d
a
n
d
b
in
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ry
se
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rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
,
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o
l
a
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
5
3
,
p
p
.
8
3
-
9
5
,
9
/
1
/
2
0
1
7
.
[1
3
]
R.
Ay
o
p
a
n
d
C.
W
.
Tan
,
"
A
n
Ad
a
p
ti
v
e
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
E
m
u
lato
r
u
sin
g
A
rti
f
icia
l
N
e
u
ra
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
"
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d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
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e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
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e
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
5
5
6
-
5
6
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
D.
Ic
k
il
li
,
H.
Ca
n
,
a
n
d
K.
S
.
P
a
rlak
,
"
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
F
P
G
A
-
b
a
se
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
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ic
p
a
n
e
l
e
m
u
lato
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
DC/DC c
o
n
v
e
rter,"
in
Ph
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic S
p
e
c
ia
l
ists Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
PV
S
C),
2
0
1
2
3
8
th
IEE
E
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
0
0
1
4
1
7
-
0
0
1
4
2
1
.
[1
5
]
V
.
J.
Ch
i
n
,
Z.
S
a
lam
,
a
n
d
K.
Ish
a
q
u
e
,
"
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ll
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
l
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s fo
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
sim
u
lato
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
:
A
re
v
ie
w
,
"
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
5
4
,
p
p
.
5
0
0
-
5
1
9
,
2
0
1
5
/
0
9
/
1
5
/
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
"
M
o
n
o
-
Cry
sta
ll
in
e
5
0
W
p
S
o
lar
M
o
d
u
le S
P
M
0
5
0
-
M
,
"
S
.
P
.
M
a
rt
,
Ed
.
,
e
d
.
[1
7
]
D.
W
.
Ha
rt,
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
.
Va
lp
a
ra
iso
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
ian
a
:
T
a
ta M
c
G
ra
w
-
Hill
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ra
z
m
a
n
Ay
o
p
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
a
n
d
m
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
J
o
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
2
0
1
5
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
H
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
to
w
a
rd
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
t
e
re
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
t
h
e
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ic,
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic em
u
lato
r,
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
in
g
c
o
n
v
e
rter.
Ch
e
e
W
e
i,
T
a
n
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(f
irst
c
la
ss
h
o
n
o
rs)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(
UT
M
),
in
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
I
m
p
e
rial
Co
ll
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
U.K.,
i
n
2
0
0
8
.
He
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
w
it
h
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
we
r
e
le
c
tro
n
ics
in
re
n
e
wa
b
le/a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
st
e
m
s an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
.
Ch
e
n
g
S
io
n
g
,
L
im
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(f
irst
c
las
s
h
o
n
o
rs),
M
.
En
g
d
e
g
re
e
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l),
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
si
a
(UT
M
),
in
1
9
9
9
,
2
0
0
4
,
a
n
d
2
0
1
1
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
UTM
,
a
f
a
c
u
lt
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
in
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
s
y
ste
m
,
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
m
e
d
ica
l
se
r
v
ice
s,
tele
ro
b
o
ti
c
s
a
n
d
m
u
lt
i
-
a
g
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
.
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