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1
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1
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Vo
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2.
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Y.
M.
Irwa
n
,
W
.
Z.
L
e
o
w
,
M
.
Ir
wa
n
to
,
F
a
re
q
M, S.
I.
S,
Ha
ss
a
n
,
I.
S
a
fw
a
ti
a
n
d
A.
R.
Am
e
li
a
,
"
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l
c
o
o
li
n
g
sy
ste
m
b
y
u
sin
g
d
c
b
ru
sh
les
s f
a
n
a
n
d
d
c
w
a
ter"
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Bil
a
l,
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
N
a
e
e
m
A
rb
a
b
,
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Zain
Ul
A
b
id
e
e
n
Af
rid
i,
A
li
sh
p
a
Kh
a
tt
a
k
,
"
In
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
Ou
t
p
u
t
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
E
c
ien
c
y
o
f
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
b
y
Us
in
g
Co
n
c
e
n
tra
to
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ics
(C
P
V
)"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
W
o
rk
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
8
-
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
S
lam
e
t
W
id
o
d
o
,
G
o
ib
W
iran
to
,
M
irza
Nu
r
Hid
a
y
a
t,
"
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
d
y
e
se
n
siti
z
e
d
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
w
it
h
sp
ra
y
c
o
a
ted
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
(CNT
)
b
a
se
d
c
o
u
n
ter ele
c
tro
d
e
s"
,
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
p
p
.
3
7
-
4
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
P.
C.
Ch
o
u
b
e
y
,
A
.
Ou
d
h
ia
a
n
d
R.
De
wa
n
g
a
n
,
"
A
re
v
ie
w
:
S
o
lar
c
e
ll
c
u
rre
n
t
sc
e
n
a
rio
a
n
d
f
u
tu
re
tren
d
s"
,
Rec
e
n
t
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
9
-
1
0
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
Dh
a
rm
e
n
d
ra
th
a
k
u
r,
Am
it
a
rn
a
v
,
A
b
h
ish
e
k
d
a
tt
a
,
E.
V
.
V
Ra
m
a
n
a
m
u
rth
y
,
"
A
R
e
v
ie
w
o
n
Im
m
e
rs
io
n
S
y
ste
m
to
in
c
re
a
se
th
e
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
o
f
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
ls"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
2
-
3
2
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
A
n
k
it
a
Ga
u
r
a
n
d
G
.
N.
T
i
w
a
ri,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
M
o
d
u
les
o
f
Diff
e
r
e
n
t
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
s"
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
-
,
2
0
1
3
.
[8
]
Ay
G
e
g
ü
l
Ta
Gç
Jo
L
lu
,
On
u
r
T
a
Gk
Jn
a
n
d
A
li
V
a
rd
a
r,
"
A
P
o
w
e
r
C
a
se
S
tu
d
y
f
o
r
M
o
n
o
c
ry
st
a
ll
in
e
a
n
d
P
o
ly
c
r
y
sta
ll
in
e
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
ls
i
n
Bu
rsa
Cit
y
,
T
u
rk
e
y
"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
e
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
P
G
Nik
h
il
,
M
P
re
m
a
lath
a
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
so
lar
m
o
d
u
le b
y
c
o
o
li
n
g
:
A
n
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
"
,
in
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
7
3
-
8
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
K.
A
.
M
o
h
a
rra
m
,
M
.
S.
A
b
d
-
El
h
a
d
y
,
H.
A
.
Ka
n
d
il
,
H.
El
-
S
h
e
rif
,
"
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic p
a
n
e
l
s
b
y
w
a
ter co
o
li
n
g
"
,
Ai
n
S
h
a
ms
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
8
6
9
–
8
7
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
A
.
A
ld
ih
a
n
i,
A
.
A
ld
o
ss
a
r
y
,
S
.
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
,
R.
K.
AL
-
D
a
d
a
h
,
"
Th
e
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Co
o
li
n
g
o
n
th
e
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic Ce
ll
s
u
n
d
e
r
Du
sty
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
s"
,
E
n
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
6
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
8
3
-
2
3
8
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
P
iete
r
Ba
u
w
e
n
s
a
n
d
Ja
n
Do
u
tre
lo
ig
n
e
,
"
NMOS
-
Ba
se
d
In
teg
ra
ted
M
o
d
u
lar
By
p
a
ss
f
o
r
Us
e
in
S
o
lar
S
y
ste
m
s
(NIM
BUS):
In
telli
g
e
n
t
By
p
a
ss
fo
r
Re
d
u
c
in
g
P
a
rti
a
l
S
h
a
d
in
g
P
o
w
e
r
L
o
ss
in
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s"
,
e
n
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
Jo
n
g
-
Ro
k
L
im
,
Yo
n
g
Ki
M
in
,
T
a
e
-
He
e
Ju
n
g
,
Ja
e
-
H
y
u
n
A
h
n
a
n
d
H
y
u
n
g
-
Ke
u
n
A
h
n
,
"
Co
rre
latio
n
b
e
twe
e
n
Re
v
e
rs
e
V
o
l
tag
e
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
a
n
d
B
y
p
a
ss
Dio
d
e
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
w
it
h
Diff
e
re
n
t
S
h
a
d
i
n
g
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
c
-
S
i
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
M
o
d
u
le
P
a
c
k
a
g
e
"
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Of
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
An
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
p
p
.
5
7
7
-
5
8
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
R.
Ha
rih
a
ra
n
,
M
.
Ch
a
k
k
a
ra
p
a
n
i,
G
.
S
a
ra
v
a
n
a
Ilan
g
o
,
a
n
d
C.
Na
g
a
m
a
n
i,
"
A
M
e
th
o
d
to
De
tec
t
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
A
rra
y
F
a
u
lt
s an
d
P
a
rti
a
l
S
h
a
d
i
n
g
in
P
V
S
y
st
e
m
s
"
,
IEE
E
J
OU
RNA
L
OF
P
HO
T
OVOLT
AICS
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
8
-
1
2
8
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
T
a
n
v
ir
A
h
m
a
d
,
S
h
a
r
m
in
S
o
b
h
a
n
,
M
d
.
F
a
y
sa
l
Na
y
a
n
,
"
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
b
e
twe
e
n
S
in
g
le
Dio
d
e
a
n
d
Do
u
b
le
Dio
d
e
M
o
d
e
l
o
f
P
V
Ce
ll
:
Co
n
c
e
n
trate
Diff
e
r
e
n
t
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
E
ff
e
c
t
o
n
Its
Ef
f
icie
n
c
y
"
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
3
2
-
4
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
M
d
.
Im
ra
n
Az
i
m
,
M
d
.
Ra
ji
b
u
r
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
M
d
.
F
a
y
z
u
r
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
"
INT
E
G
R
AT
ION
OF
T
HE
O
UT
P
UT
OF
A
S
IL
ICON
S
OLA
R
CE
LL
T
O
T
H
E
G
RID S
YST
EM
"
,
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
6
1
-
2
7
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
7
]
A
li
H.
AL
-
H
a
m
a
d
a
n
y
,
F
a
ten
S
h
.
Zain
A
l
-
A
b
id
e
e
n
,
Jin
n
a
n
H.
A
li
,
"
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
A
n
g
le
Orie
n
tatio
n
o
f
F
lat
M
irro
r
Co
n
c
e
n
trato
r
o
n
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
S
y
st
e
m
Ou
tp
u
t"
,
IOS
R
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
6
-
2
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
8
]
A
b
a
b
a
c
a
r
Nd
ia
y
e
,
Ch
e
ik
h
M
.
F
.
Ké
b
é
,
P
a
p
e
A
.
Nd
iay
e
,
A
b
d
é
ra
f
i
Ch
a
rk
i,
A
b
d
e
ss
a
m
a
d
Ko
b
i
a
n
d
V
i
n
c
e
n
t
S
a
m
b
o
u
,
"
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
d
u
st
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(P
V
)
m
o
d
u
les
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
a
fter
a
n
e
x
p
o
siti
o
n
y
e
a
r
in
S
a
h
e
li
a
n
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t:
T
h
e
c
a
se
o
f
S
e
n
e
g
a
l
"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
6
-
1
1
7
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
9
]
S
a
th
y
a
n
a
ra
y
a
n
a
P
.
,
Ra
jk
iran
Ba
ll
a
l,
L
a
k
sh
m
i
S
a
g
a
r
P
.
S
.
,
G
iri
sh
Ku
m
a
r,
"
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
S
h
a
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
S
o
lar
P
V
P
a
n
e
l"
,
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
P
o
we
r
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
0
]
A
li
P
o
u
ra
k
b
a
r
S
a
ff
a
ra
,
Ba
h
m
a
n
De
ld
a
d
e
h
Ba
ra
n
i,
"
T
h
e
rm
a
l
Eff
e
c
ts
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
S
il
ico
n
S
o
lar Cells T
re
a
ted
b
y
L
a
se
r
Irr
a
d
iatio
n
"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ren
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