In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
2245~
22
53
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp2245-2253
2245
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Mitigation of pow
er qual
ity prob
lems using series a
ctive filter
in
a microgrid syste
m
A
w
a
i
s
Far
ooq
i
1
,
Muh
a
mma
d Mu
r
t
a
dha
O
t
h
ma
n
2
,
Ah
ma
d
Fa
rid
Ab
idin
3
, S
h
a
hril Irw
a
n
Su
l
a
ima
n
4
,
Mohd Amran
Moh
d
R
adzi
5
1
,
2,
3,
4
F
acul
t
y
of Elect
rical En
g
ineerin
g,
U
n
i
vers
iti T
e
kn
olo
g
i
M
a
ra,
M
alay
si
a
5
Dep
a
rt
em
ent
o
f
Elect
rical
&
El
e
ct
ro
nic
En
gine
e
r
in
g,
Fa
c
u
l
t
y o
f
En
gin
eerin
g, U
ni
v
e
rs
ity P
utra M
alay
si
a, M
alay
si
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
A
pr 10,
2
0
1
9
Re
vise
d Ju
l 1
4
,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
31,
201
9
Dy
nam
i
c
vo
lt
ag
e
res
t
o
r
er
(
DV
R)
i
s
a
series
act
ive
f
i
l
t
er
d
evi
c
e
t
h
a
t
is
u
sed
to
protect
s
ensitive
l
o
ads
f
r
o
m
p
ow
er
q
uali
ty
i
ssues
such
a
s
vol
t
a
ge
s
ag
,
s
w
ell
,
harm
o
n
ics
or
d
is
t
u
rb
ances.
T
h
is
i
m
p
li
es
t
h
a
t
th
e
DV
R
is
capab
le
t
o
m
i
ti
g
a
te
po
wer
q
u
al
it
y
distu
r
bances
a
t
lo
ad
t
erm
i
nal.
H
arm
oni
c
i
s
a
m
ajo
r
power
quality
p
rob
l
em
pollut
i
ng
d
i
s
t
r
ib
ution
ne
twork
causi
ng
t
h
e
e
nd-
use
r
equ
i
p
m
en
t
t
o
f
ail
o
p
erati
n
g
d
u
e
to
t
he
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
nc
e
of
d
i
s
tu
rban
c
e
s
i
n
vo
lta
ge
,
c
u
rre
nt
o
r
fre
q
u
e
nc
y
.
T
his
pa
p
e
r
d
i
sc
usse
s
on
t
he
DVR
u
se
d
a
s
t
he
p
ro
po
se
d
tech
ni
que
t
o
miti
ga
te
t
he
v
oltage
s
ag
a
n
d
s
we
ll
i
n
a
dist
ribu
ti
on
n
et
work
con
n
ect
ed w
ith energ
y s
t
o
r
age s
y
s
t
em an
d
m
ini-hyd
ro t
urbin
e
sys
tem.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Dy
n
a
mi
c
vo
lt
ag
e res
t
o
r
er
P
o
w
e
r qua
lit
y
Energy
s
tor
a
ge
M
i
n
i
-h
ydr
o
tur
b
ine
sys
t
em
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Mu
ham
m
a
d
M
urta
dha
O
t
h
ma
n,
Fa
cult
y
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
rica
l
En
gine
erin
g,
Un
iv
e
r
sit
i
Tekn
o
lo
gi
M
a
r
a,
4
045
0
Sh
ah
Ala
m,
S
el
a
n
go
r,
M
al
a
y
si
a
.
Em
ail:
ma
ma
t
505m
y
@
yah
o
o
.c
om
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Env
i
ron
m
e
n
t
a
l
po
l
l
ut
i
o
n
an
d
e
n
ergy
c
ri
ses
are
b
e
c
o
ming
i
nc
re
a
s
i
n
g
ly
i
m
p
o
r
ta
nt
f
or
t
he
i
nd
us
tries
t
o
ado
p
t
s
us
tai
n
a
b
le
e
ne
rg
y
ge
n
e
ra
tion
m
e
th
od
s
i
n
a
s
ys
tem
.
I
n
re
c
en
t
year
s,
t
he
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
io
n
of
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
e
nerg
y
re
so
u
r
c
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
c
o
me
i
mpo
r
t
a
nt
f
acto
r
s
i
n
g
e
n
erat
ing
el
ec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
due
its
c
o
s
t
e
f
fe
ct
ive
n
e
ss
in
r
e
d
uc
in
g
em
issi
on
s
[1].
H
ow
ever
,
w
ith
t
he
a
d
v
e
n
t
of
e
ne
rg
y
co
nvers
io
n
s
y
st
ems
i
n
r
e
n
ewab
l
e
r
eso
u
r
c
e
s
,
p
o
we
r
elec
tr
on
i
c
d
e
v
ic
es
p
l
a
y
s
a
m
ajor
r
o
l
e
t
o
i
m
p
ro
ve
p
ower
q
ual
i
t
y
p
r
obl
e
m
s
to
t
h
e
e
nd
-use
rs
t
h
r
o
ugh
v
ari
o
us
implem
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
l
gor
it
hm
[
2].
The
p
o
w
e
r
qua
li
t
y
p
r
o
b
le
ms
a
re
a
mong
the
c
r
ucia
l
fac
t
ors
t
h
at
h
as
an
a
dve
rse
im
pact
t
o
t
h
e
b
u
s
i
ne
ss
s
e
c
t
o
rs
a
nd
th
is
o
c
c
urs
due
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
ssi
ve
u
sa
ge
o
f
elec
t
r
on
i
c
s
e
q
u
i
p
m
en
t
su
ch
a
s th
e
p
r
og
ra
mma
b
l
e
l
ogi
c
co
nt
roll
er (P
L
C),
li
gh
t
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
di
o
de (
LE
D
)
and m
a
n
y
o
t
h
e
r
s [3]. The
pow
e
r
qua
l
ity
p
rob
l
e
m
s
m
a
y
inst
ig
a
t
e
to
a
d
is
t
u
r
b
ance
i
n
d
i
stri
bu
t
i
on
n
etw
o
r
k
t
ha
t
w
ill
d
e
t
e
r
i
or
ate
the
ec
onom
ic
pro
duc
t
i
v
ity
l
e
a
di
n
g
t
o
hu
ge
f
ina
n
cia
l
l
osse
s
[4,
5].
Th
is
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
se
9
2%
o
f
th
e
in
terr
upti
o
ns
i
n
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
t
ria
l
sect
ors
are due
t
o pow
er
qua
l
i
t
y
pr
ob
lem
s
of
vo
lta
ge sa
g
[6-
8]
.
O
n
t
he
o
t
h
e
r
h
an
d,
a
s
m
a
l
l
-sca
l
e
e
lec
t
ric
ity
d
is
tri
b
uti
o
n
netw
o
rk
k
now
n
a
s
m
ic
rogr
id
,
c
onne
ct
e
d
w
ith
e
n
e
rgy
so
urc
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
r
e
new
a
ble
e
n
ergy,
i
s
c
o
mb
i
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
po
we
r
e
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
sy
ste
m
i
n
su
ch
a
w
ay
t
h
a
t
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
f
o
r
a
s
m
a
l
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
.
M
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
i
s
a
s
t
an
d-a
l
one
c
on
tro
l
lab
l
e
w
o
rki
ng
pow
e
r
s
ta
t
i
o
n
con
s
is
tin
g
c
l
us
ter
s
o
f
loa
d
a
n
d
d
is
trib
u
t
i
o
n
ge
nera
t
o
r
s
.
A
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
m
i
c
rogr
id
ope
ra
tes
i
n
t
w
o
m
ode
s
i.e.
,
a)
a
gri
d
c
on
nec
t
ed
m
o
d
e
w
h
er
ei
n
the
c
o
l
l
a
b
orati
v
e
pow
e
r
i
s
sy
nc
hr
on
ize
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
gri
d
a
n
d
,
b)
a
n
isla
n
d
e
d
m
od
e i
n
w
h
i
ch the
m
icro
grid
i
s
o
p
er
a
t
i
n
g in
de
pe
n
d
e
nt
ly
to serve
t
h
e pow
er
t
o
a
s
m
all
c
o
m
m
unit
y
. A
mic
r
ogri
d
sys
t
e
m
is ins
tal
l
e
d
w
it
h d
i
str
i
bu
te
d ene
r
g
y
r
esou
rce
s
(D
E
Rs) suc
h
a
s hy
dro-t
u
rb
in
e
,
p
hot
ovo
l
t
a
i
c
o
r
win
d
gene
r
a
t
or
s
wi
th
i
m
m
e
di
ate
ener
g
y
stor
a
ge,
load
s,
and
power
e
lec
t
ro
ni
c
c
o
nve
rters
[9,
10].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
2
4
5
– 2
253
2
246
Th
is
p
a
p
er
p
re
se
nts
t
h
e
mic
r
ogr
id
c
o
n
si
st
i
n
g
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
v
o
ltage
r
e
s
t
o
re
r
(
D
VR
)
con
n
e
c
t
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
e
n
erg
y
stor
age
an
d
hy
dr
o-t
u
rb
i
n
e
ge
nera
tor
re
spon
di
n
g
t
o
the
c
h
a
l
le
n
g
e
s
i
n
m
itiga
t
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
qualit
y
prob
l
e
m
s
base
d
o
n
t
he
s
t
a
nda
r
d
s
sti
p
u
l
a
t
ed
i
n
t
h
e
IE
EE
11
59.
T
he
p
ow
e
r
q
ua
li
t
y
d
e
f
i
n
iti
on
a
nd
s
t
anda
r
d
s
acc
en
t
u
at
e
d
in
t
he
I
EEE
1159
a
re,
a)
t
he
p
er
centage
o
f
tot
a
l
harm
oni
c
d
i
s
to
rt
io
ns
(
TH
D
s
)
at
t
he
e
nd-
user
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
exc
eed
5
%,
b
)
vo
l
t
a
g
e
sa
g
ra
nge
i
s
i
n
d
e
c
r
ea
si
n
g
l
imi
t
s
to
1
0%
–
9
0
%
of
t
he
n
omina
l
v
al
ue
o
f
t
h
e
pow
e
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
fo
r
a
du
ra
ti
on
of
h
a
l
f
c
y
cl
e
t
o
1
m
i
n
ut
e
,
a
n
d
c
)
vo
l
t
a
g
e
sw
el
l
is
i
n
th
e
i
n
c
r
ea
sing
l
im
its
t
o
11
0%-
18
0% o
f nom
ina
l
a
t t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
fre
quenc
y
for
a
durati
on o
f
a
ha
l
f
c
yc
le
t
o
1
m
i
nute
[1
1,
12
]
.
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
alit
y
D
i
st
urba
nce
s
:
P
o
w
e
r
qu
a
l
i
t
y
pla
y
s
an
i
m
por
tan
t
r
o
l
e
i
n
mai
n
t
a
in
ing
th
e
vol
t
a
g
e
,
curr
ent
a
n
d p
o
w
er
w
ith
in t
he pe
r
m
i
ssi
b
l
e ra
nge
a
nd
su
p
p
l
y
in
g i
t
bac
k t
o
t
he c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
w
it
ho
u
t
a
n
y
d
e
l
ay
a
nd
in
t
e
rrup
t
ion
a
s
s
t
i
pu
la
te
d
u
n
d
er
t
he
I
E
C
s
ta
ndar
d
s
[1
3].
H
e
nce
,
t
he
u
t
i
l
itie
s
a
r
e
dee
m
e
d
t
o
pr
ov
i
d
e
qua
l
i
t
y
service
s
d
e
live
r
ed
t
o
t
h
e
c
ons
um
ers
in
a
d
e
s
i
r
ed
m
an
ner
c
o
mply
i
ng
w
ith
s
eve
r
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
v
o
lta
ge
r
at
in
g,
fre
que
nc
y
an
d
relia
bi
l
ity.
S
i
mul
t
a
n
eo
us
l
y
,
the
e
nd-u
s
er
s
ho
ul
d
a
b
le
t
o
u
t
i
l
i
ze
t
h
e
d
e
l
i
ve
red
p
o
wer
in
a
d
es
ired
and
q
u
al
i
t
y
m
a
nne
rs
[
2].
P
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
lit
y
pr
ob
lem
s
i
nc
urred
i
n
a
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
i
o
n
ne
t
w
or
k
can
b
e
c
a
te
g
o
riz
e
d
a
s
(i)
vo
lta
ge f
luc
t
ua
tio
n
and f
licke
r
i
n
g
, (
ii
)
har
m
onic
s
,
(iii) vo
lta
ge
s
ags,
(
iv) tra
n
s
i
e
n
t
s
,
and
(v)
grou
nd
ing.
Th
is
s
i
g
nifie
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
d
e
l
i
ve
red
pow
e
r
qua
lit
y
i
s
t
he
m
ain
con
c
e
r
n
for
cons
um
ers,
e
lec
t
rical
gene
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
is
trib
ut
io
n
com
p
an
ies,
a
n
d
r
e
s
ear
cher
s.
S
ubjec
t
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
m
i
s
si
on
a
nd
a
bun
d
a
n
c
e
of
e
n
ergy
,
re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
en
ergy
s
ource
s
(R
ES
)
,
l
i
k
e
so
l
a
r
a
n
d
w
i
nd
a
re
w
ide
l
y
u
s
ed
i
n
a
gri
d
s
ys
tem
w
ith
v
a
r
ie
t
y
i
n
its
s
i
z
ing.
T
he
pow
e
r
b
ala
n
ce
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
s
o
l
a
r
o
r
p
h
o
t
ov
o
ltaic
s
ys
tem
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
pow
er
g
ri
d
is
t
hr
u
t
h
e
dc
-bus
vo
lta
ge
i
nve
r
t
e
r
c
ontrol
l
er
.
In
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
,
the
dc-
bus
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
in
verter
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
gener
a
tes
reference
current
val
u
es
t
o
ens
u
re
t
ha
t
the
p
o
w
e
r
gener
a
te
d
b
y
t
he
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
a
r
r
ay
i
s
in
ject
i
ng
e
q
ua
l
p
o
w
e
r
to
t
he
g
ri
d
a
n
d
the p
o
we
r loss
es,
so that t
h
e
power
bala
n
c
e
c
ou
l
d
be
at
tai
n
ed
[
14,
15].
I
n
m
ost
c
a
ses,
t
he
p
ow
er
qua
lit
y
pr
ob
l
e
ms
t
h
a
t
oc
c
u
r
i
n
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ys
te
m
c
onnec
t
e
d
w
it
h
the
RES
are
suc
h
as
t
h
e
re
acti
v
e
pow
er com
pe
nsa
t
i
o
n (RP
C
) an
d e
l
ec
tric
a
l har
m
oni
c
s
p
oll
u
t
i
o
n
in
d
i
strib
u
tio
n
net
w
ork
in
a
m
icrogr
i
d
i
nsti
ga
te
d
b
y
the
o
p
e
r
at
i
on
of
p
ow
er
e
lectro
nics
d
ev
ic
e
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
he
m
a
j
or
pow
e
r
qua
l
i
t
y
pro
b
lem
s
o
c
c
u
r
i
n
a
m
i
c
rogr
id
a
re
s
uc
h
as
,
a
)
d
istur
b
anc
e
s
or
h
a
r
mon
i
cs
i
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e,
v
o
l
tage
s
a
g
/s
w
e
ll,
un
ba
lanc
e
d
o
r
flic
k
e
rin
g
v
ol
ta
ges,
b
)
d
i
stur
ba
nce
s
o
r
harm
onic
s
i
n
c
u
rr
ent,
l
oa
d
rea
c
t
i
ve
p
ow
er
,
un
b
a
la
nce
d
or ne
u
tral c
urre
nt
,
im
pu
l
s
e
tr
ans
i
en
t a
n
d in
te
rrupt
io
ns.
I
nverter
s
for
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
Enha
nce
m
e
n
t
:
I
nverte
r
s
a
r
e
m
o
stly
u
se
d
for
me
dium
a
n
d
h
ig
h-
po
w
e
r
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns.
The
m
u
lt
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
nve
r
t
ers
first
intr
od
uce
d
i
n
[17]
a
r
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
l
a
r
l
y
u
s
e
d
b
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
t
i
s
c
a
p
ab
l
e
t
o
a
c
hi
ev
e
high
e
r
out
put
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
ty
,
hig
h
e
r
ef
fi
c
i
en
cy
,
lo
w
h
a
rmo
n
i
c
co
mpo
n
e
n
t
s
,
l
o
we
r
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
loss
e
s
a
nd
l
o
w
e
r
di
/
d
t
or
d
v
/
d
t
.
V
a
rious
c
o
n
t
r
ol
t
o
p
o
l
ogie
s
a
nd
m
e
th
o
d
s
have
b
e
e
n
u
s
e
d
for
in
verter
s
t
o
e
l
i
mina
t
e
h
ar
mo
nic
s
s
uc
h
a
s
t
he
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
h
a
rm
oni
c
e
li
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
m
et
hod
(SHEM
)
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
S
H
EM
i
s
n
o
t
su
ita
b
l
e
t
o
b
e
use
d
i
n
a
r
eal-t
im
e
ha
rmon
ic
c
om
pe
ns
ati
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
on.
T
he
ref
o
r
e
,
m
o
r
e
adva
nc
e
d
s
o
l
uti
o
ns
w
ere
u
s
e
d
now
a
d
ay
s
for
harm
on
ic
c
om
pe
nsa
t
i
o
n
a
pp
lic
a
tio
ns
.
The
mos
t
p
op
u
l
a
r
app
l
ica
t
i
o
n
us
e
d
a
r
e
a
ct
ive
p
o
w
er
f
ilter
an
d
m
i
crogri
d
c
ont
rol,
a
nd
onli
n
e
c
o
nt
rol
me
thod
s
u
c
h
as
h
y
s
te
resi
s
ban
d
c
o
n
tro
l
.
P
o
w
e
r
qual
i
ty
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
a
re
u
se
d
to
e
n
han
c
e
p
o
w
e
r
qua
lit
y
o
f
t
he
s
ys
tem
s
u
c
h
a
s
st
a
t
i
c
c
om
pens
a
t
or
(
S
T
A
T
CO
M)
,
distr
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
sta
tic
c
ompe
nsa
t
or
(
DSTATCOM),
a
ct
ive
power
f
ilt
e
r
(
A
PF)
and
un
i
f
ie
d
po
w
e
r
qua
li
ty
c
o
n
d
i
ti
one
r
(U
P
Q
C)
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
her
e
a
r
e
adva
n
t
ag
e
s
a
nd
disa
dv
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
e
ac
h
con
t
ro
l m
e
th
od
s,
a
s m
e
ntio
ne
d a
b
o
v
e [
13, 1
2]
.
2.
DYNA
M
I
C V
O
LTAGE
R
ESTO
RER
Dy
n
a
mi
c
vo
l
t
a
g
e
r
es
to
rer
(DVR
)
i
s
u
su
a
l
ly
u
sed
t
o
p
ro
t
ect
s
en
si
t
i
v
e
l
o
a
d
s
c
o
m
i
n
g
from
t
h
e
suppl
y
line
suc
h
v
o
l
ta
ge
s
ag
/sw
e
ll
a
nd
othe
r
harm
on
ics
or
d
i
s
t
u
rbanc
e
s
.
A
typ
i
c
a
l
D
V
R
s
ys
te
m
ha
s
a
volta
g
e
s
ourc
e
in
verter
,
con
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
or
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
,
D
C
e
ner
gy
s
t
o
r
age
de
vic
e
,
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
i
lter
a
nd
a
n
i
n
j
ect
i
on
or
c
o
u
p
l
i
ng
trans
f
or
me
r [18] a
s
show
n i
n
F
i
gur
e 1.
I
n
F
igure
1,
t
h
e
oper
a
tin
g
pri
n
ci
p
l
e
o
f
D
V
R
i
s
to
d
e
t
ect
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
te
v
o
lta
ge
s
ags
o
c
curr
i
n
g
i
n
the
su
p
p
l
y
h
en
ce
s
h
i
el
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
ens
i
t
i
ve
l
oa
ds
f
rom
th
e
pow
er
q
ua
l
ity
i
ssue
s.
D
C
e
n
e
r
gy
s
o
u
r
ce
,
inj
e
c
tio
n
trans
f
or
me
r
con
n
ec
te
d
i
n
s
er
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
s
tri
b
u
tio
n
ne
tw
ork
a
n
d
s
en
si
ti
v
e
l
o
a
ds
a
re
p
art
s
o
f
sy
st
em
con
f
ig
ura
tio
n
for
t
h
e
re
quire
me
nt
o
f
D
V
R
i
nsta
l
l
at
i
on.
B
a
tter
i
e
s,
s
uperc
a
p
ac
it
ors,
s
upe
rcon
d
u
c
t
i
ng
m
a
gne
t
i
c
st
o
r
a
g
e
u
n
it
s
an
d
fly
w
h
e
el
s
are
t
h
e
a
l
t
e
rn
ati
v
e
o
p
tio
n
s
t
h
a
t
ca
n
b
e
u
sed
as
t
h
e
D
C
e
n
e
r
gy
so
u
r
c
e
.
V
o
l
t
a
ge
S
a
g
occ
u
rs
i
n
t
h
e d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
ne
t
w
ork,
i
s
com
i
n
g
from
t
h
e
i
n
c
o
m
i
ng
s
upp
l
y
.
On
ce
a
f
au
lt
i
s
d
e
t
ect
ed
b
y
th
e
DVR
,
i
t
i
s
th
e
n
c
o
m
p
e
nsa
t
ed
b
y
inj
e
ct
in
g
AC
v
olt
a
g
e
g
en
e
r
at
ed
f
ro
m
t
he
D
C
pow
e
r
e
nerg
y
sourc
e
t
hro
u
g
h
IG
BT
con
v
er
t
e
r.
T
r
a
nsform
er
f
eds
t
h
e
in
jec
t
e
d
v
ol
ta
ge
i
nto
a
d
i
s
t
rib
u
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
ork
t
o
m
it
ig
ate
t
h
e
v
o
lta
ge
s
a
g
i
n
order
to m
ain
t
a
i
n a
pow
er
qua
li
t
y
for
the
s
e
n
si
ti
ve l
oa
d [1
9].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Mit
i
ga
tio
n
of
powe
r
q
ual
it
y
pro
b
l
e
ms u
s
in
g
ser
i
es
a
c
ti
v
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
in
a
mi
c
r
ogri
d
sy
st
e
m
(Awa
i
s
Fa
ro
oqi
)
2
247
F
i
gure
1. O
p
e
ra
t
i
n
g
pr
i
nc
ip
le
o
f
D
V
R
[
1
9
].
2.1.
Wor
k
in
g
Prin
cip
l
e
of S
er
i
e
s A
c
tive Powe
r
F
i
l
te
r
F
i
gure
2
a
nd
F
i
gure
3
sh
ow
s
a
c
o
mbina
t
i
on
of
s
erie
s
a
c
ti
ve
f
i
l
t
er
a
nd
pa
ssi
ve
f
i
lte
r
s
f
or
c
ur
rent
harm
on
ic com
pen
s
at
i
on. LC pass
i
v
e
fil
t
er ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
in pa
ra
ll
e
l
t
o the l
o
a
d
tha
t im
pose h
i
gh fre
que
nc
y
impe
da
nce
c
u
rre
nt
p
a
t
h
to
c
om
pe
nsat
e
t
h
e
curre
n
t
h
a
r
m
oni
c
s
.
V
o
l
t
a
ge
r
e
g
u
l
a
tio
n
is
c
orre
cted
b
y
com
p
en
sat
i
ng
the
fu
n
d
a
m
ent
a
l
fre
que
nc
y
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e,
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
an
d
z
e
r
o
seque
nc
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
om
pone
n
t
s
of
t
h
e
di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
ne
tw
ork
[2
0].
In
F
igure
3,
a
s
mall
ra
ti
ng
of
p
a
s
si
ve
f
ilte
r
is
c
on
nec
t
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
rans
form
er
a
nd
i
n
v
e
rt
e
r
t
o
sup
p
r
ess
sw
i
t
c
hin
g
ri
ppl
es.
A
co
nt
rol
c
i
rc
uit
,
v
olt
a
g
e
c
o
ntr
o
lle
d
P
W
M
in
verter
,
a
nd
pow
er
sem
i
c
o
nd
uc
tor
gate
d
river
c
i
rc
u
i
t
ar
e
t
h
e
ma
i
n
p
ar
ts
o
f
serie
s
a
c
tive
fi
lter
[2
1].
The
fu
nc
ti
on
of
s
eries
trans
f
or
me
r
is
t
o
i
n
jec
t
c
ompe
nsa
t
i
ng
vo
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
to
a
d
ist
r
ib
ut
i
on
ne
t
w
or
k
[2
2].
In
F
igure
5,
a
D
C
e
n
erg
y
source
ca
n
be
use
d
t
o
sup
p
l
y
r
eal
pow
er
c
om
pensa
t
i
o
n du
rin
g
the
o
pera
ti
on
of D
V
R
[23
].
F
i
gure
2.
A
vol
tage
r
est
o
re
r: Se
r
ies
A
c
ti
ve pow
e
r
F
il
te
r [2
0
]
.
F
i
gur
e 3.
S
e
r
ie
s
ac
t
i
ve
pow
er
fi
l
t
e
r
a
nd pa
ss
i
v
e
fi
l
t
e
r
c
ombi
ne
d
i
n
a
one
s
yste
m
[2
0
]
.
In
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
,
b
y
a
ppl
yin
g
th
e
Ki
rchho
ff
’s
l
a
w
,
a
n
A
C
c
l
osed
c
i
r
c
ui
t
d
i
agr
a
m
for
eq
uve
le
n
t
ciruc
i
t
o
f
s
e
r
ie
s
c
o
n
v
erter
c
a
n
be
a
c
h
iv
ed
a
s
show
n i
n
F
igur
e
4
a
n
d
t
he
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng
m
ethem
a
tica
l
e
x
p
re
ssions
i
s
ob
ta
ine
d
[
24].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
2
4
5
– 2
253
2
248
Fi
g
u
r
e 4
.
Eq
u
iv
a
l
ent
ci
rc
ui
t
of
s
eri
e
s co
nv
e
r
te
r [
2
4
]
.
(
1
)
(
2
)
Where
f
o
r
series
c
onverter
,
= c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
n
p
u
t
,
=
i
nduc
tor
c
u
rrent,
=
o
utpu
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
,
=
D
C
lin
k
v
o
lta
ge
,
=
f
i
l
t
er
i
nduc
t
a
nce
,
=
f
i
l
t
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
,
=
e
qu
iv
al
en
t
se
ri
es
r
esi
s
t
a
n
c
e
(ESR
)
o
f
in
duc
t
o
r
,
a
nd
= ES
R
o
f t
h
e
ca
paci
t
o
r.
2.2.
D
V
R
c
omb
i
n
e
d
with
Min
i
-
Hyd
r
o T
u
r
b
in
e
The
bl
oc
k
d
i
a
g
ram
of
D
V
R
c
on
ne
c
t
ed to
a mic
r
ogri
d
s
yst
e
m
ins
t
al
l
e
d
w
i
th
t
he
m
ini-h
y
d
r
o
turb
i
ne
i
s
show
n in F
ig
ur
e 5.
I
n t
h
e pro
p
o
s
e
d
sys
t
em
, DVR
is used for m
iti
ga
tin
g the
un
ba
lanc
e
d
v
ol
tage
c
om
pe
nsa
t
i
o
n,
di
st
ort
i
o
n
s an
d
sags com
in
g fr
om
t
he su
p
p
l
y li
ne.
F
i
gure
5.
D
V
R
uti
liz
e
d
in a
micro
g
rid
syste
m
insta
lle
d w
i
t
h
the
mi
n
i
-
hydro
t
u
rbi
n
e.
F
i
gure
6
s
h
o
w
s
a
com
p
let
e
s
ystem
co
nfig
urat
i
on
w
h
er
e
i
n
a
t
h
r
e
e
-
pha
se
A
C
vo
l
t
a
g
e
s
ou
rc
e
i
s
direc
t
l
y
f
e
d
i
nto
t
h
e
mic
r
ogri
d
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
o
n
-li
n
ea
r
loa
d
.
A
t
hre
e
-pha
se
P
WM
v
olta
g
e
-so
u
rce
i
nve
r
t
er
is
c
o
n
n
ecte
d
i
n
series
w
it
h
th
e
i
n
pu
t
of
m
i
c
rogr
id
t
hr
o
u
g
h
a
t
h
r
ee-
p
h
ase
cou
p
l
i
n
g
tr
an
sfo
r
m
e
r
r
e
quired
by
a
n
ac
t
i
ve
s
e
r
ies
fi
l
t
er
c
o
n
tro
lle
r
so-ca
l
l
e
d
as
t
he
D
V
R
,
d
e
si
g
n
e
d
to
w
ork
on
t
h
e
f
o
ll
ow
i
n
g
pri
n
cip
l
es.
Tha
t
i
s
to,
a)
d
e
t
ec
t
imba
l
a
n
ce
vo
l
t
age
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
sa
g,
s
well
a
nd
harm
on
ics
a
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
side,
b)
p
ro
d
u
c
e
a
con
s
ta
n
t
s
i
n
e
w
a
ve
p
u
l
se
a
t
a
cons
tan
t
a
m
p
li
t
ude
t
o
d
i
ffer
en
t
i
a
te
i
t
w
i
t
h
d
e
t
ec
te
d
imba
la
nce
s
t
o
e
x
t
r
act
reference
volt
a
ge
p
ulse,
V
re
f
,
c
)
d
e
t
ec
t
vol
ta
ge
w
a
v
e
f
orm
IG
BT
b
ri
dge
o
utp
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ges,
V
c
,
an
d
d)
c
o
m
pa
re
V
re
f
w
i
t
h
V
c
p
lu
s
e
s
in
a
h
yste
res
i
s
c
ont
rol
l
e
r
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
at
e
i
n
pu
t
pul
se
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
utat
io
n
of
g
a
t
e
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
con
t
ro
l
l
ed I
GBT
swi
t
c
h
e
s
[2
5
,
26].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Mit
i
ga
tio
n
of
powe
r
q
ual
it
y
pro
b
l
e
ms u
s
in
g
ser
i
es
a
c
ti
v
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
in
a
mi
c
r
ogri
d
sy
st
e
m
(Awa
i
s
Fa
ro
oqi
)
2
249
By
a
p
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
af
o
r
ement
i
o
n
e
d
t
e
c
h
ni
que
,
t
h
e
DVR
i
s
abl
e
t
o
co
m
p
ensa
te
v
o
l
t
a
ge
acr
oss
t
h
e
prima
r
y
t
r
ans
f
orm
e
r.
H
enc
e
,
a
sig
n
if
i
c
an
t
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
i
n
vo
lt
age
ha
rmon
ics at
l
oa
d
c
a
n
b
e
a
c
qu
ired.
A
t
D
C
si
de
of
I
G
B
T
Bri
d
g
e
,
a
bat
t
ery
e
n
ergy
s
t
ora
g
e
sys
t
em
(
BES
S
)
is
u
sed.
T
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
-
h
y
d
r
o
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
a
r
e
con
n
ec
ted
to
t
he
B
ES
S
thr
o
ugh
a
sw
i
t
c
h
t
hat
ke
e
p
c
h
a
n
g
in
g
its
s
t
a
te
d
epe
n
di
n
g
o
n
the
curre
n
t
d
e
m
and
of
ene
r
g
y
o
r
s
t
a
t
e
of
c
ha
rge
(
S
OC)
cyc
l
e
for
the
ba
tter
y
.
Whe
n
t
he
h
yd
r
o
-turb
i
ne
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
is
g
rea
t
er
t
ha
n
dem
a
nd,
t
he
i
d
e
a
l
s
w
i
tch
c
l
os
es
t
o
al
low
ba
tter
y
t
o
star
t
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
nd
v
i
c
e
-
ver
s
a
.
I
n
the
BES
S
c
onfig
ur
ati
o
n,
a
SO
C subs
ys
te
m
is
i
mplem
e
nte
d
t
hat o
p
e
n
s
on
l
y
w
hen t
h
e
batter
y
i
s
rea
c
he
d cl
ose
to
S
O
C
=1
0
0
%.
The
pro
pose
d
m
icrogri
d
s
y
s
tem
co
ns
ists
o
f
re
ne
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
erg
y
c
o
n
t
ro
lle
r
at
tac
h
ed
w
it
h
bat
t
ery
cha
r
g
i
ng
c
o
ntr
o
l
l
er
s
yste
m.
B
a
ttery
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
te
d
to
b
ri
d
g
e
as
a
D
C
so
ur
ce.
T
he
D
V
R
w
ith
i
nve
rte
r
i
s
a
l
s
o
con
n
ec
ted
t
o
a
t
hree
-phase
t
r
a
nsf
o
rme
r
t
hro
u
g
h
a
p
a
s
si
ve
f
i
l
ter
c
irc
u
it.
T
he
t
hre
e
-p
ha
se
A
C
trans
f
or
me
r
i
s
con
n
ec
ted
be
t
w
ee
n
the
thr
e
e
-
ph
a
s
e
A
C
s
our
ce
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
nd
non-
li
n
ea
r
loa
d
p
ass
i
n
g
t
hro
u
g
h
t
he
m
i
c
rogri
d
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d
c
o
nt
ro
l
bl
o
c
k
.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
A
micr
ogrid
s
yste
m
show
n
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
6
hi
g
h
l
i
gh
ts
t
he
p
e
r
form
anc
e
o
f
D
V
R
c
on
nec
t
e
d
w
it
h
ba
tter
y
stor
age
and
mi
ni-
h
y
d
ro t
urb
i
n
e
s
yste
ms in
d
i
s
p
en
sab
l
e
for
mit
i
ga
t
i
ng
v
olt
a
ge sa
g
s an
d
swel
ls.
F
i
gur
e 6.
D
V
R
S
ystem
com
b
ined w
ith ba
tte
ry st
o
rage
a
nd
m
i
ni-
h
y
d
ro
t
ur
bine
sys
tem
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
2
245
–
2
253
2
250
3.
1.
Mit
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
B
a
l
a
n
c
ed
V
olt
a
ge
S
ag
An
e
qui
v
a
l
e
n
t
s
ho
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
u
it
f
a
u
lt
i
s
ex
ert
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
p
oin
t
o
f
c
o
mmon
c
oup
li
n
g
(
PC
C
)
y
i
e
ldi
n
g
to
a
b
a
l
a
n
c
ed
vol
t
a
g
e
s
ag
g
en
e
r
at
ed
b
y
s
w
it
c
h
ing
on
t
h
e
i
mp
ed
an
c
e
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
nd.
F
i
g
ur
e
7(
a
)
s
how
n
in
n
ex
t
pa
ge,
the
r
e
su
l
t
s
o
f
bala
nc
e
d
v
olta
ge
s
a
g
o
f
7
0
%
i
n
it
iate
d
fr
om
t
=
1
0
0
ms
u
nt
il
t=
35
0ms
at
t
he
P
C
C
.
T
h
e
D
V
R
vo
l
t
age
r
e
cove
r
y
m
ode
b
e
g
in
s
as
s
o
o
n
a
f
t
er
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
l
o
s
s
is
de
tec
t
e
d
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
F
igur
e
7(
c
)
show
s
a
n
i
mpr
ove
d
loa
d
i
ng
c
o
n
d
iti
on
w
i
th
m
it
i
g
a
t
e
d
b
a
l
a
n
ce
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
ag
c
onf
i
r
min
g
t
h
e
r
o
bu
st
ne
ss
i
n
the
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
D
V
R
.
F
i
gur
e
7
:
D
V
R
i
n
so
lv
ing
p
o
w
er
quali
ty
p
r
o
blem
w
it
h
(
a
)
b
a
lance
d
v
o
lta
g
e
s
ag
o
f
70
%
at
P
C
C
,
(
b
)
vol
t
a
g
e
in
j
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
D
V
R
,
and
(
c
)
improve
d
l
o
ad
i
ng
c
ond
it
i
on
ga
l
v
a
n
ize
d
b
y
the
m
i
t
i
g
at
ed
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
d vo
l
t
age
sa
g.
3.
2.
Mit
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
B
a
l
a
n
c
ed
V
olt
a
ge
S
we
l
l
I
n
c
a
s
e
of
b
a
l
a
n
ced
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
w
e
lls
h
a
p
pe
n
e
d
in
t
he
m
icr
ogr
id,
t
he
D
V
R
s
h
oul
d
a
b
s
o
r
b
t
he
p
ow
e
r
f
r
o
m
the
gr
id.
The
sta
n
d
b
y
m
ode
o
f
D
V
R
i
s
a
c
t
i
va
te
d
once
the
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
e
ner
g
y
is
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
r
om
t
he
b
a
tter
y
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
w
i
th
m
i
n
i-
hy
dr
o
tu
r
b
i
n
e
sy
stem
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
a
bso
r
pt
io
n
o
f
pow
e
r
i
s
ve
r
y
d
a
nge
r
ous
u
n
l
ess
a
p
o
w
e
r
di
ssipa
t
i
o
n
c
on
tr
o
l
s
ys
t
e
m
is
i
nsta
lle
d
tha
t
a
ble
to
p
r
o
v
i
de
o
v
er
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
pr
o
t
ecti
o
n
to
t
he
m
i
c
r
o
gr
id
[
1
8
]
.
F
i
gur
e
8(
a
)
a
s
show
n
i
n
n
ex
t
pa
ge,
e
x
pl
ica
t
e
s
a
2
0
%
b
ala
n
c
e
d
vo
l
t
a
g
e
sw
ell
beg
i
ns
f
ro
m
t=
1
0
0
ms
ti
l
l
t
=
3
5
0
m
s
i
n
t
r
o
duce
d
a
t
th
e
P
C
C
of
m
icr
ogr
i
d
.
I
t
c
a
n
b
e
o
b
se
rv
ed
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
DVR
resp
ond
ed
b
y
i
n
je
ct
ing
vo
l
t
age
w
i
t
h
1
80
o
s
h
i
f
t
s
o
t
h
a
t
i
t
i
s
i
n
pha
se
t
o
s
u
btr
a
c
t
t
he
e
xce
s
s
i
ve
v
ol
ta
ge
m
ag
nit
u
d
e
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
o
n
ce
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
i
s
d
e
t
e
c
t
e
d
,
D
V
R
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
t
o
s
t
a
n
d
b
y
m
o
d
e
t
o
m
a
in
tai
n
a
m
inim
u
m
c
o
nduc
tio
n
los
s
.
F
i
gur
e
8(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
i
n
j
e
c
t
ed
v
olta
ge
r
equ
i
r
e
d
fo
r
balan
c
e
d
v
o
l
tage
s
w
e
l
l
m
iti
gat
i
on.
I
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
8(
c)
,
t
h
e
D
V
R
i
s
a
b
l
e
t
o
m
a
in
ta
i
n
t
he
v
o
l
t
a
ge
p
e
a
k
clo
s
e
r
t
o
it
s
r
a
ted
val
u
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Mit
i
ga
tio
n
of
powe
r
q
ual
it
y
pro
b
l
e
ms u
s
in
g
ser
i
es
a
c
ti
v
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
in
a
mi
c
r
ogri
d
sy
st
e
m
(Awa
i
s
Fa
ro
oqi
)
2
251
F
i
gur
e 8
:
D
V
R
i
n
so
l
v
i
ng p
o
w
e
r
qua
lit
y pr
o
b
le
m
w
ith
(
a)
b
ala
n
ce
d
v
o
lta
g
e
sw
e
ll of 2
0%
a
t P
C
C,
(
b)
vol
ta
ge
i
n
jec
t
e
d
by
D
V
R
,
a
nd (c
) im
prove
d
loa
d
ing
c
o
n
d
iti
on ga
lva
n
ize
d
b
y
the m
it
iga
t
e
d
ba
l
a
n
c
e
d
vo
ltage
sw
e
ll.
3.3.
Min
ih
yd
r
o
T
u
r
b
i
n
e
S
ystem
for
Batte
r
y
C
h
a
rgin
g
S
y
ste
m
F
i
gure
9(a
)
a
s
show
n
i
n
n
e
x
t
pa
ge,
de
pi
c
t
s
t
h
e
d
i
sc
har
g
i
n
g
o
f
b
at
ter
y
dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
ope
rat
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
o
f
D
V
R
.
The
b
a
t
t
ery
ca
pac
i
t
y
i
s
10A
h
s
i
gn
ifie
s
t
h
at
it
ca
n
sup
p
l
y
for
sy
st
em
ope
rat
i
on
i
n
1
0
h
ours.
I
n
o
t
he
r
ca
se
s,
w
h
e
reby
t
he
b
at
tery
i
s
char
gin
g
from
mini-
h
y
d
ro
t
urbi
ne
system
,
its
initi
a
l
s
t
a
t
e-of
-
c
har
g
e
was
s
e
t
at
90
%.
A
nd F
i
gu
r
e
9(
b
) show
s the
cha
r
g
i
n
g
cu
r
ve r
i
s
in
g from
90% a
t t
=
0s
t
o
91.6%
a
t t
=
0.4s.
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
.
Bat
t
e
r
y
SO
C sim
u
l
a
tio
n
w
i
t
h
,
(a) d
i
sc
ha
rgi
n
g of
b
atte
r
y
d
ur
in
g
D
V
R
oper
a
t
i
on
mode
, a
nd (b)
bat
t
ery
char
g
i
n
g
f
rom
m
i
n
i
-
h
y
d
r
o
t
urbi
ne sys
tem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
2
4
5
– 2
253
2
252
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Th
is pa
p
er
h
as di
s
cuss
ed
o
n th
e im
p
o
rta
n
ce
o
f DVR f
or m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
th
e
po
we
r q
u
a
l
i
t
y
p
robl
e
m
s
in
t
he
mic
r
ogri
d
c
o
n
n
ecte
d
w
i
t
h
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
t
o
ra
ge
a
nd
mi
n
i
-hy
d
ro
t
urb
i
ne
s
ys
te
m
.
T
he
r
esults
h
ave
s
how
n
tha
t
t
he
hi
ghe
r
perc
en
t
a
ge
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
sag
requ
ires
i
nj
e
c
t
in
g
a
lar
g
e
D
C
v
o
lt
ag
e
f
o
r
mi
ti
ga
tio
n
.
7
0
%
o
f
vol
tag
e
s
a
g
requ
ire
s
the e
n
e
r
gy st
orage
s
y
st
e
m
to in
j
e
c
t
22
4
V
D
C
in
t
o t
h
e m
i
c
r
ogr
id s
ys
tem
. Thi
s i
m
pl
ies tha
t
i
t req
u
ire
s
a
bat
t
ery
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
s
ys
t
e
m
t
o
e
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
del
i
ve
r
c
o
nsta
nt
v
o
lta
ge
dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
sc
ha
rgi
n
g
or
c
harg
in
g
o
f
bat
t
ery
m
ode
s
[2
7].
Th
i
s
i
s
d
u
e
t
o
t
he
f
a
c
t
t
hat
t
h
e
ba
t
t
er
y
in
i
t
i
a
l
s
tate-
o
f
-
cha
r
ge
t
ha
t
is
l
ess
t
h
a
n
1
0
0
%
,
the
vo
lta
ge i
njec
ti
on s
y
s
t
em
is n
o
t a
b
le t
o de
liv
e
r
a
nd sus
t
a
i
n t
h
e
requ
i
re
d lev
e
l o
f
v
ol
ta
ge i
n
j
e
c
t
i
on.
F
urthe
r
m
o
re,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
D
VR
t
ec
hni
q
u
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
ns
id
ere
d
a
s
a
hi
ghl
y
rel
i
ab
l
e
,
ef
f
ectiv
e
an
d
qui
c
k
r
e
s
po
n
s
iv
e
d
e
vi
ce
f
o
r
pow
er
q
ua
li
ty
e
nha
nc
em
en
t.
I
t
i
s
a
ls
o
a
n
e
ffe
c
t
i
ve
d
e
v
ic
e
to
p
r
o
t
ec
t
se
ns
iti
ve
l
oa
ds
f
or
s
hor
t
per
i
o
d
o
f
t
i
m
e
from
s
u
dde
n
occur
r
enc
e
o
f
vo
lta
ge
s
a
g
s
a
nd
sw
e
lls.
In
t
he
case
s
t
u
d
y
of
D
V
R
w
ith
m
in
i-hy
dro
t
u
rb
ine
syste
m
,
it is c
apab
le
t
o
opera
te
unde
r t
h
e
scena
r
i
o
of
rene
w
a
bl
e
ene
r
gy ge
ne
rat
i
o
n
sys
te
m.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
Th
is
r
e
s
ear
ch
w
a
s
s
u
ppor
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
L
on
g-
Te
rm
R
esea
rch
G
r
an
t
(L
R
GS
)
,
M
in
ist
r
y
of
E
d
u
cati
on
Ma
lays
ia
f
or
t
he
p
ro
gram
t
i
t
l
e
d
"
D
e
car
bon
isa
t
io
n
o
f
G
rid
w
i
t
h
a
n
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
C
o
nt
r
o
ller
and
Energ
y
Ma
nage
me
n
t
f
or
E
ner
gy
S
t
orage
S
y
stem
i
n
M
i
cr
ogr
id
A
p
p
lica
t
i
ons"
w
i
t
h
pr
oj
e
c
t
c
o
d
e
600-
IRMI
/
L
RG
S
5/3
(00
1
/
2
019)
.
The
a
u
t
h
ors
w
o
u
l
d
als
o
l
ike
to
ack
n
o
w
l
e
dge
T
he
I
nst
itu
te
o
f
Resea
r
ch
M
ana
g
em
ent
&
Inn
ova
t
i
o
n
(
I
R
MI),
U
nive
rsit
i
Te
kn
olo
g
i
M
A
R
A
(U
i
T
M),
S
h
ah
A
l
a
m,
S
elan
g
o
r,
M
ala
y
s
i
a
for
the
fa
cil
i
t
i
es
pro
v
i
d
e
d
to
su
pp
ort
o
n
t
hi
s
rese
arc
h
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
G
.
T
i
a
n
,
S
.
W
a
n
g
d
a
n
G
.
L
i
u
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
r
e
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
T
A
T
C
O
M
f
o
r
p
ower
q
uali
ty
i
m
p
rovem
e
nt
o
f
win
d
tu
rbi
n
e
with
s
quirrel
cage
induction
ge
nerator,”
IEE
E
7th In
terna
tio
nal P
o
wer E
l
ect
ronics
an
d M
o
t
i
on Co
ntro
l
Con
f
eren
ce - E
CCE
Asia
,
p
p
.
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9
8
9
,
2
01
2.
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M
.
H
.
R
a
sh
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d
,
Power Elect
ro
n
i
cs H
and
bo
ok
,
C
a
n
a
d
a
:
Academi
c
P
ress, 20
0
1
.
[3]
N.
L
.
Ismail,
H
.
D.
M
.
H
i
d
z
i
r
,
S.
T
han
a
ko
di,
N.
S
.
M.
N
a
zar,
P
.
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b
r
a
h
i
m
d
a
n
C
.
K
.
M
.
S
.
C
.
K
.
A
l
i
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
vo
lt
age
sag
mi
ti
gation
usin
g
d
y
nam
i
c
v
o
ltage
r
es
to
rer
an
d
a
n
al
y
z
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
s
s
u
e
,
”
in Interna
tion
a
l
Con
f
eren
ce on
En
gi
neer
ing
a
n
d
T
echno
lo
gy
(
I
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201
7
)
,
P
u
t
rajaya,
20
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Z
.
Z
.
Z
.
R
.
M
.
Y
.
M
.
M
.
H
u
s
s
a
i
n
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
d
u
e
t
o
d
i
f
f
e
rence
transf
or
mer
tap
ch
anger
position
at
in
terf
ace,”
Jo
ur
nal
of
F
und
am
en
tal
an
d
A
ppli
e
d
Sciences
, vo
l
. 9
, n
o. 3S
,
p
.
2
0
1
7
, 2
01
7.
[5]
W
.
M
.
D
a
h
a
l
a
n
,
A
.
G
.
O
t
h
m
a
n
,
M
.
R
.
Z
o
o
l
f
a
k
a
r
,
P
.
Z
.
M
.
K
h
a
l
i
d
d
a
n
Z
.
I
.
R
i
z
m
a
n
,
“
O
p
t
i
m
um
D
NR
a
n
d
D
G
s
i
z
i
n
g
f
o
r
pow
er
l
oss
red
u
ct
ion
,
”
Asi
a
n Res
e
ar
ch P
ublishing Net
w
ork
(
ARPN
)
Journal
of E
ngin
eering and
A
ppli
e
d
Sci
e
nces
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
, n
o.
20
,
p
p
. 1
19
52
-1
19
29
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6]
M
.
H
.
J
.
B
o
l
l
e
n
,
Un
dersta
ndin
g
p
o
wer
qu
a
l
it
y pr
oblem
s:
V
o
lta
ge s
a
g
s
an
d i
n
t
e
rr
uptions
,
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
:
IEEE Pres
s
, 1999.
[7]
S.
W
.
M
i
dd
l
e
kauff
dan
E
.
R
.
Collins
,
“
Sys
t
em
a
nd
cust
omer
i
mpac
t:
c
onsi
d
e
rati
ons
f
o
r
series
c
ustom
powe
r
dev
i
ces,
”
IEE
E
T
r
an
sactio
ns
on
Po
wer
D
e
li
very,
v
o
l
.
13
,
no.
1
,
pp.
2
78
-282
,
1
998.
[8]
S
.
S
.
Choi,
J
.
D
.
Li
d
an
D
.
M
.
V
ilat
h
g
a
mu
wa
,
“
A
g
eneral
ized
v
o
l
ta
g
e
c
omp
e
ns
a
t
io
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
f
o
r
m
it
ig
a
t
in
g
th
e
impac
t
s
o
f
vo
ltage
s
ags/swells,”
IEEE T
r
an
sac
t
ions
on
Po
wer D
e
li
very
,
v
ol.
2
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp.
2
2
8
9
-
2297,
2
0
0
5
.
[9]
Th
om
as
A
ck
e
r
m
a
n
n
,
Göran
An
d
e
rs
so
n
an
d
L
e
nn
art
S
ö
der
“
D
ist
r
ib
ut
e
d
g
e
nerati
o
n
:
a
defin
i
tio
n,
”
Electri
c Po
wer
S
y
ste
m
s Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
vo
l
.
5
7,
p
p
.
195-2
0
4
,
2
0
0
1
.
[10]
M
.
T.L.
G
ay
atri,
D
.
A
.
M.
P
arim
i
d
a
n
A.
P
.
Kum
a
r,
“
Ap
plic
at
ion
o
f
dy
na
m
i
c
vo
lta
g
e
re
sto
r
e
r
i
n
mic
r
og
rid
f
o
r vo
ltage sag/s
well mi
t
i
ga
ti
on
,
”
IEE
E
P
o
wer,
Com
m
un
icati
on a
n
d In
fo
rma
t
i
on
T
echn
o
l
ogy
Co
nf
eren
ce
, 2
01
5.
[11]
IEEE.
S
td
1
159-
2009,
“I
EEE
recomme
nde
d
p
racti
ce
f
o
r
monitor
i
ng
el
ectri
c
powe
r
quality,”
I
EE
E
S
t
andards,
N
ew
York
, 20
0
9
.
[12]
IEEE
Std
1547-
2
018,
“IE
E
E
s
t
a
n
da
r
d
f
or
i
nterconnect
ion
and
i
n
t
e
roperab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
dist
rib
u
ted
energy
r
e
s
ou
r
ces,
”
IEEE St
andards,
N
ew York, 2018.
[13]
M
.
S
h
a
ran
y
a,
B
.
Banak
a
ra
d
an
M
.
S
a
s
i
kal
a
,
“
D
ynam
i
c
vo
lt
age
res
t
orer
a
nd
hy
b
r
id
acti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
i
lter
f
o
r
po
wer
quality improve
ment,”
ARP
N Jou
r
na
l
of En
g
i
n
eeri
ng an
d
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
iences
, vo
l
. 1
3, no
.
2
,
pp
. 7
33
-7
38
,
2
0
1
8
.
[14]
L.
B
.
G.
C
amp
a
nh
o
l
,
S
.
A
.
O.
d
.
Silv
a,
A
.
A.
d
.
Oliveira
d
an
V
.
D
.
Baco
n,
“
P
o
wer
f
l
o
w
a
nd
s
tabil
i
ty
a
n
a
ly
ses
of
a
m
u
ltifu
n
ctio
nal
di
st
ributed
g
e
n
e
r
ati
on
sy
st
em
i
n
t
eg
ra
t
i
n
g
a
p
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
s
y
stem
w
it
h
u
n
ified
po
wer
qual
i
t
y
con
d
i
t
io
ner,”
IE
EE T
r
ansactions
on Pow
e
r
El
ect
ronics
,
vo
l.
34,
no.
7
,
p
p
.
624
1-625
6,
2
01
9.
[15]
A.
B
.
Abd
e
lk
ad
er,
O
.
A
b
d
elk
h
al
ek,
I.
K
.
Bou
sserhane,
M
.
A.
H
art
ani
dan
A.
O
mari
,
“P
V
i
n
t
e
grated
s
eri
e
s
acti
v
e
filter
f
o
r
sag
voltage
a
nd
harmoni
c
c
ompensat
ion,”
In
tern
atio
na
l Jou
r
n
a
l
of
Power
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
nd D
r
i
ve Syst
em
(I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
vol.
1
0
,
no
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
255-1
262
,
2
01
9.
[16]
N. G.
Hing
oran
i, “In
t
r
o
d
u
c
ing
cu
st
o
m
po
w
er,”
IEE
E
S
p
ect
rum
,
v
o
l
.
32
,
p
p
.
41
-
48,
19
9
5
.
[17]
A.
N
ab
ae,
I
.
Takah
a
sh
i
d
a
n
H
.
A
kagi,
“
A
n
ew
n
eut
r
al-p
o
i
n
t
-cl
a
m
p
ed
p
wm
i
n
v
ert
e
r
,
”
IEEE Tr
an
sa
cti
ons o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
A
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
ns
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
5,
pp
.
51
8-5
2
3
, 1
981
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Mit
i
ga
tio
n
of
powe
r
q
ual
it
y
pro
b
l
e
ms u
s
in
g
ser
i
es
a
c
ti
v
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
in
a
mi
c
r
ogri
d
sy
st
e
m
(Awa
i
s
Fa
ro
oqi
)
2
253
[18]
D.
R
ajas
ekaran
,
D
.
S
.
S.
D
ash
d
a
n
P
.
V
i
gnes
h
,
“M
it
ig
a
t
i
on
of
v
o
lta
g
e
sa
gs
a
n
d
v
o
l
ta
ge
s
we
ll
s
by
d
yn
a
m
ic
v
o
l
ta
g
e
rest
orer,”
3
r
d
In
t
e
rn
ation
a
l
Con
f
er
ence o
n
A
d
va
nces
in
Recen
t
T
ech
nol
og
ies
in Com
m
u
n
icati
on an
d
Co
mp
uting
,
pp
.
3
6-40
,
2
0
1
1
.
[19]
B.
J
.
Bali
ga,
“
C
h
a
pter
1
7
-
IGB
T
A
pplications
:
F
i
nancial,”
i
n
Th
e
IG
BT
Device P
h
ysi
c
s,
D
e
sig
n
a
nd A
pplica
t
i
o
n
s
of
th
e
Ins
u
l
a
t
e
d G
a
t
e
Bi
polar
Trans
isto
r
, Ox
f
ord
:
W
il
l
i
a
m
A
n
d
r
ew &
E
l
s
evier Inc., 20
1
5
, pp
.
5
61
-
5
8
1
.
[20]
M
.
H
.
R
a
sh
i
d
,
Power Elect
ro
n
i
cs H
and
bo
ok: D
evices,
Cir
c
u
its,
and A
ppli
c
a
t
i
ons
,
Oxford
:
E
l
sevier
Inc.,
20
1
1
.
[21]
S
.
P
.
Li
trán,
P.
S
al
m
e
ró
n,
J
.
R.
V
ázquez
d
a
n
R.
S
.
H
e
rrera,
“
D
i
ff
erent
con
t
ro
l
strateg
i
es
a
ppli
e
d
t
o
s
eries
acti
v
e
filters,
”
i
n
Int
e
rnat
ion
a
l Con
f
er
en
ce o
n
R
e
newab
l
e E
n
er
g
i
es a
nd Po
we
r
Qu
alit
y
(
I
crep
q'07
)
,
Seville
, 2017.
[22]
S
.
S
ah
are
d
a
n
S
.
B
.
Ku
dk
elwar,
“
P
o
wer
q
u
al
it
y
im
pro
v
em
ent
us
i
n
g
t
hree
ph
ase
s
e
ries
act
ive
po
wer
f
i
lter,”
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
ur
nal
of Ad
van
ce R
e
sear
ch
an
d
Inn
o
va
tive
Idea
s
in
E
ducati
o
n
(
I
JARIIE)
,
v
o
l
.
3,
n
o.
4
,
pp
.
2
558
-25
6
3
, 2
017
.
[23]
A.
M
.
Saeed
,
S
.
H
.
A.
A
leem
,
A
.
M
.
Ib
rahim,
M
.
E.
B
alc
i
d
a
n
E
.
E.
E
l-Z
a
hab
,
“
Po
wer
co
nd
it
ionin
g
u
s
i
n
g
d
yn
amic
vo
lt
age restorers
un
der d
i
ff
erent
v
o
lt
age s
a
g t
y
p
e
s,”
Jour
nal of Adva
nced
Res
e
arc
h
, vo
l
.
7
, n
o.
1,
p
p
. 95
-
10
3,
2
01
6.
[24]
A.
B
.
A
bdel
k
ader,
O
.
A
bde
l
khalek
,
I
.
K.
B
o
u
s
s
erh
a
ne,
M
.
A
.
Hart
a
n
i
d
a
n
A
.
O
ma
ri,
“A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
tive
s
tu
dy
and
exp
e
rim
e
nt
al
v
alid
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
s
i
ngle
p
h
as
e
series
acti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
ilter
control
strat
e
gies
u
sing
p
i
,
f
lc
a
nd
slid
ing
m
o
d
e
c
ont
roll
ers,
”
Internat
io
nal
Jou
r
n
a
l o
f
Po
wer El
ectron
i
cs
a
nd D
r
i
ve S
y
st
em (
I
JPEDS)
,
v
o
l
.
10,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
7
31-7
4
3
,
2
0
1
9.
[25]
M
.
M
.
O
t
h
m
a
n
,
N
.
M
.
L
.
F
.
N
.
R
a
k
a
m
i
,
Z
.
A
.
H
a
m
i
d
,
I
.
M
u
s
i
r
i
n
d
a
n
M
.
L
.
O
t
hm
an,
“E
nerg
y
effi
cien
cy
enh
a
nc
em
ent
u
s
in
g
dy
namic
vo
ltag
e
r
es
torer
(DV
R
),
”
Int
e
rn
a
t
ion
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l
o
f
Power
E
l
ectr
o
n
i
cs
an
d
Dr
ive
Sys
t
em (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp
.
1
30
8-13
16
, 2
019
.
[26]
I.
A
nn
apoo
rani
,
R.
S
amikan
nu
d
an
K
.
S
e
n
t
hiln
ath
a
n,
“
S
e
ri
es
acti
ve
p
ow
er
f
ilter
fo
r
p
o
wer
qu
ality
im
p
r
ove
m
e
n
t
bas
e
d
o
n
d
is
trib
ut
ed
g
enerati
o
n
,
”
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Jou
r
n
a
l
of
Ap
pl
ied E
ngin
eerin
g
Resea
r
ch
,
vo
l.
12,
no.
2
2
,
p
p
. 12
2
1
4
-
12
21
8, 2
01
7.
[27]
B
.
M
.
T
.
L
a
w
d
e
r
,
B
.
S
u
t
h
a
r
,
P
.
W
.
C
.
N
o
r
t
h
r
o
p
,
S
.
D
e
,
C
.
M
.
H
o
f
f
,
O
.
L
e
i
t
e
r
m
a
n
n
d
a
n
M
.
L
.
C
r
o
w
,
“
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
En
ergy
Sto
r
age
S
y
s
t
em
(
BESS
)
an
d
Battery
M
anag
emen
t
S
y
st
e
m
(
BM
S
)
f
o
r
Gri
d
-S
cale
App
l
i
cati
ons,”
Pr
oceedi
n
g
s
of the
IEEE
,
v
o
l
.
102,
n
o
.
6
,
pp
.
1
014-10
30
,
2
014
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.