Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
4, N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2014
, pp
. 34
3
~
35
5
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
3
43
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
Review of th
e UPFC Di
f
f
er
ent M
o
dels in Recent
Years
Mahm
oud Z
a
dehb
agheri,
Rahim Il
da
ra
bad
i
,
Maj
i
d
Bagh
a
e
i
N
e
ja
d
F
acult
y
of
Ele
c
tr
ica
l
,
Departm
e
n
t
of E
l
e
c
tri
cal
En
gineer
ing,
Haki
m
S
a
bzevari
Uni
v
ers
i
t
y
,
S
a
bz
eva
r
, Ir
an
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Mar 14, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Ap
r 8, 20
14
Accepted Apr 25, 2014
Unified Power
Flow Controller
(UPFC) is one
of the most intriguing and
,
potenti
all
y
,
th
e m
o
st versatile c
l
asses of Flexible AC Transm
ission S
y
stem
s
(
FACTS) devices. The UPFC
is
a devi
ce which can control simultan
e
ous
ly
tree p
a
ram
e
t
e
rs
line
im
pedan
ce,
volt
a
ge
, p
h
as
e angl
e
an
d d
y
n
a
m
i
c
com
p
ens
a
tion of
AC power s
y
s
t
em
. In ord
e
r to
anal
yz
e
its
t
r
ue
effec
t
s
on
power s
y
stems, it is important to
model
its constr
aints, du
e to various ratings
and operating limits. This paper
review
s on the different
models of UPFC
us
ed in r
e
c
e
nt
ye
ars
and
giv
e
s
s
e
ts
of
inform
ation
for
each
m
odel of t
h
e
UP
F
C
in AC tr
ans
m
is
s
i
on. The
n
the
diff
erent
m
odels
are
com
p
ared
and
featur
es
of
ea
ch
m
odel are
ex
am
i
n
ed.
Keyword:
Reactive Powe
r
Steady-state
Transm
ission Line
Uni
f
i
e
d Po
wer
Fl
ow
C
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
Vol
t
a
ge
C
o
nt
r
o
l
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
M
a
hm
oud
Za
deh
b
a
ghe
ri
,
Depa
rtem
ent of Elect
ri
cal
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
Hak
i
m
Sab
zevari Un
iv
ersity,
S
a
b
z
ev
a
r
,
Ir
an
.
Em
a
il: mzad
ehb
a
gh
eri@g
m
ail.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Un
i
f
ied
Po
wer Flow Con
t
ro
ller (UPFC
) is co
n
s
i
d
ere
d
as a powerful de
vice
of the Flexible
Alternatin
g C
u
rre
nt Tra
n
sm
ission
Sy
stem
s (FACTS
)
fam
i
l
y
, wh
ere it h
a
s bo
th
a sh
un
t an
d a series co
ntro
ller
in
sid
e
its fram
e
. Th
erefo
r
e
UPFC h
a
s th
e ab
ility to
d
o
both
o
f
Static VAR Co
m
p
en
sato
r (SVC
) and Static
Syn
c
hro
nou
s Ser
i
es Co
m
p
en
sator
(
S
SSC) p
e
r
f
or
m
a
n
ce si
m
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
l
y
[
1
]. U
PFC
allo
w
s
no
t only th
e
com
b
ined appl
ication of pha
s
e angl
e co
n
t
ro
l with
co
n
t
rollab
l
e series
re
active com
p
ensations a
nd
voltage
reg
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
b
u
t
al
so t
h
e
real
-t
im
e t
r
ansi
t
i
on
fr
om
one sel
e
c
t
ed com
p
ensat
i
on m
ode i
n
t
o
anot
her
o
n
e t
o
dam
p
o
s
cillatio
n
s
an
d to
h
a
nd
le p
a
rticu
l
ar sy
ste
m
co
n
ting
e
n
c
ies m
o
re effectiv
ely [2
]. Th
e
UPFC
allo
ws
sim
u
l
t
a
neous
cont
rol
of act
i
v
e p
o
we
r fl
o
w
, rea
c
t
i
v
e p
o
we
r fl
ow
, an
d v
o
l
t
a
ge m
a
gni
t
u
de at
t
h
e
UPF
C
termin
als. Alt
e
rn
ativ
ely, t
h
e con
t
ro
ller m
a
y b
e
set t
o
co
n
t
ro
l
on
e
o
r
m
o
re of th
ese p
a
ram
e
ters in
an
y
co
m
b
in
atio
n
or to
con
t
ro
l n
o
n
e
of th
em
[3
]. In
fact
, there
are three type
s of FACTS
m
odeling [7]: electro
mag
n
e
tic
m
o
dels fo
r
d
e
tailed
equ
i
p
m
en
t l
e
v
e
l in
v
e
stig
at
io
n
;
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
m
o
d
e
ls fo
r stab
ility an
alysis;
an
d
steady-state
models for steady state
ope
rat
i
on e
v
al
uat
i
o
n.
In rece
nt
y
ears, t
h
e use of t
h
e UPFC
fo
r di
ffe
rent
aim
s
has recei
ved inc
r
eased
attention. This
pape
r
pre
s
ents
diffe
re
nt m
odel of UP
FC in recent years.
2.
DIFFE
RENT MO
DELS
Miller [4
] talk
s abo
u
t
th
e d
y
na
m
i
c b
e
h
a
v
i
or
o
f
two
d
i
fferent flex
ib
le ac tran
sm
issio
n
syste
m
d
e
v
i
ces;
the Interli
n
e P
o
we
r-
flo
w
Co
ntr
o
ller (IP
FC)
and the U
n
i
f
i
e
d p
o
we
r-
fl
o
w
C
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r (U
PFC
) i
n
a be
n
c
hm
ark
syste
m
. A s
m
a
ll
m
o
d
e
l o
f
th
e IPFC is v
a
lid
ated
v
i
a electromag
n
e
tic tran
sien
ts (EMT) si
m
u
la
tio
n
u
s
ing a 1
2
-
b
u
s
n
e
two
r
k
wh
ich
can
m
o
d
e
l
m
u
lt
ip
le o
s
cillato
ry
m
o
d
e
s. Th
e UPFC con
s
ists o
f
a shun
t VSC and
a series
VSC connected via a common
dc bus
whi
c
h includes a
dc capacitor for ri
pple c
ont
rol. The s
h
unt
VSC
p
r
ov
id
es vo
ltag
e
sup
port to
th
e con
n
ected
bu
s .Th
e
seri
es
VSC h
a
s th
e ab
ility
to
p
r
ecisely co
n
t
ro
l power fl
o
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
014
:
34
3 – 355
34
4
in the
line.
In t
h
e
IPFC t
h
e t
w
o
VSC c
o
nve
rt
ers a
r
e
bot
h i
n
serted
i
n
series
with
two
different lines a
n
d s
h
are
a
co
mm
o
n
d
c
b
u
s
. Hen
ce, t
h
ey h
a
v
e
th
e cap
ab
ility to
p
r
ecisely con
t
ro
l p
o
wer flo
w
in
t
w
o
differen
t
tran
sm
issio
n
lin
es (Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
. By u
s
in
g
t
h
is
m
o
d
e
l, th
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
cap
ab
ilities o
f
th
e IPFC and
UPFC are
com
p
ared a
nd
som
e
resul
t
s
are obt
ai
ne
d.
I
n
s
t
al
l
i
ng an I
P
F
C
or
UPFC
i
n
con
s
t
a
nt
p
o
w
er
cont
rol
m
ode fo
r t
h
e
seri
es bra
n
c
h
has t
h
e sam
e
effect
as di
sc
on
nect
i
ng t
h
e t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
on l
i
n
e cont
ai
ni
ng t
h
e seri
es bra
n
c
h
. T
h
i
s
net
w
or
k st
r
u
ct
ure c
h
an
ge m
a
y
be used t
o
i
m
prove sy
st
em
dam
p
i
ng wi
t
h
o
u
t
req
u
i
r
i
n
g
t
h
e desi
g
n
o
f
a t
u
n
e
d
feedb
a
ck
con
t
ro
ller. Th
eoretically, sti
ll
th
ere is th
e p
o
s
sib
ility
o
f
ex
istin
g
poo
rly d
a
m
p
ed
m
o
d
e
s i
n
th
e
chan
ge
d
net
w
o
r
k;
i
f
t
h
ere i
s
s
u
ch
a m
ode, a
dam
p
i
ng c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r w
h
i
c
h
ca
n m
odul
at
e t
h
e
po
we
r re
fere
n
ces o
f
the FAC
T
S
de
vice can
be i
n
troduced. T
h
e IPFC has
two s
e
ries branc
h
es
, while the
UPFC has a si
ngle
series
b
r
an
ch
so
; th
e IPFC p
e
rm
i
t
s
m
o
re o
ppo
rt
un
ities fo
r
n
e
t
w
ork
seg
m
en
tatio
n
.
Con
s
equ
e
n
tly, th
e IPFC h
a
s
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
fo
r
great
er
dam
p
i
n
g
i
m
provem
e
nt
an
d al
s
o
im
pro
v
i
n
g t
h
e sy
st
em
’s dy
nam
i
c perf
orm
a
nce.
R
e
fere
nce [
5
]
i
s
aim
e
d at
fi
n
d
i
n
g t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
UPFC
c
ont
r
o
l
m
ode an
d s
e
t
t
i
ngs t
o
i
m
prove
t
h
e c
o
m
posi
t
e
reliability of powe
r system
s whe
n
all
UPF
C
com
pone
nts
are
a
v
ailable. The propos
ed approach
will m
i
nim
i
ze
ESR
A
C
fo
r i
m
provi
n
g
t
h
e
sy
st
em
rel
i
a
bi
li
t
y
. A sel
ect
ed
set of c
onti
n
gencies are a
n
alyzed and t
h
e
optim
a
l
p
o
wer flow (OPF) is u
s
ed
to
min
i
mize RAC an
d
calcu
late
th
e op
ti
m
a
l UPFC in
j
ection
s
an
d
th
e sen
s
itiv
i
t
y o
f
RAC to
UPFC in
j
ection
s
.
Th
e
resu
lts o
f
con
tin
g
e
n
c
y
analyses are
use
d
to calc
u
l
a
te post-continge
nc
y
in
j
ection
s
o
f
UPFC an
d to
esti
m
a
te
th
e ESRAC asso
ci
at
ed wi
t
h
c
ont
r
o
l
m
odes an
d
set
t
i
ngs. T
h
e
opt
i
m
al
UPFC
con
t
ro
l
m
o
d
e
an
d settin
g
s
are ob
tained
b
y
so
lv
ing
t
h
e
p
r
op
o
s
ed
m
i
x
e
d-in
teg
e
r
non
lin
ear op
timiz
atio
n
p
r
ob
lem
.
Th
e tw
o-
so
ur
ce
pow
er
i
n
j
ectio
n
m
o
d
e
l sh
own
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
2
is
used
t
o
represent th
e UPFC i
n
o
p
tim
a
l
po
we
r fl
o
w
st
udi
es
. In t
h
i
s
m
odel
,
paral
l
e
l
sou
r
ce (P
S) a
nd se
ri
es so
urc
e
(SS) a
r
e co
n
n
ect
ed t
o
PB
a
nd SB
,
resp
ectiv
ely, so
th
at t
h
e t
o
tal real power i
n
jectio
n
o
f
PS and SS is zero
:
(
1
)
In Fi
gure
2, once the three indepe
nd
en
t inj
e
ctio
n
s
of PS and
SS
(i.e.,
,
)
are k
nown,
th
e vo
ltag
e
and curren
t
of seri
es and
p
a
rallel
i
nve
rters i
n
Fi
gure
1 are calc
u
l
a
ted as
follows
:
(2)
(3)
∠
(4)
∠
(5)
Fi
gu
re
1.
C
o
nv
ert
e
r-
base
d F
A
C
T
S
Control m
odes associated wi
th series and
paralle
l inve
rters are also c
onsi
d
ere
d
for
PS and SS,
resp
ectiv
ely, as:
s
e
r
i
e
s
1
2
3
(
6
)
1
2
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
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:
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8-8
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4
Review of the
UPFC
Different M
odels
i
n
Recent Ye
ars (M
ah
moud Zade
hbagheri)
34
5
Fi
gu
re
2.
Tw
o
-
sou
r
ce
p
o
we
r i
n
ject
i
o
n m
odel
f
o
r
UP
FC
The two-state
up/
down m
odel is used for
re
liability
studies. The
propose
d
m
e
thod finds
the optim
a
l
cont
rol
m
ode a
nd
set
t
i
ngs
wh
en t
h
e
UPFC
i
s
i
n
t
h
e
up st
at
e. The m
e
t
hod
can f
u
rt
her
be
ext
e
n
d
ed
t
o
i
n
cl
ud
e
ot
he
r o
p
erat
i
n
g
st
at
es of UPF
C
s. In R
e
fe
ren
ce [6]
t
h
e UPF
C
i
s
connect
ed
at
t
h
e
m
i
dpoi
n
t
of t
h
e Tra
n
s
m
i
ssi
on
l
i
n
e. The basi
c com
ponent
s
of t
h
e U
PFC
are t
w
o v
o
l
t
a
g
e
sou
r
ce i
nve
r
t
ers (VS
I
s
)
sh
ari
n
g a com
m
on
DC
sto
r
ag
e cap
acito
r, an
d co
nn
ected
to th
e system
th
ro
ug
h co
up
lin
g tr
an
sformer
s
. On
e VSI is conn
ected in
shu
n
t
to the transm
ission system
via a shun
t tran
sform
e
r, wh
ereas th
e o
t
h
e
r on
e
is connecte
d
in series through a
series tra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r (Fig
u
r
e
3).
Fi
gu
re
3.
U
P
F
C
base
d t
r
a
n
s
m
i
ssi
on sy
st
em
, a) Tra
n
sm
ission system
with UP
FC
b) UPFC-b
ased
tran
sm
issio
n
lin
e m
o
d
e
l
The UPFC control system
is di
vide
d int
o
two pa
rts, ST
ATCOM c
ontrol and SSSC
cont
rol. T
h
e
STATC
O
M
i
s
cont
rol
l
e
d t
o
o
p
erat
e t
h
e
V
S
I
fo
r re
act
i
v
e p
o
we
r
gene
rat
i
o
n at
t
h
e c
o
nne
ct
i
ng
poi
nt
v
o
l
t
a
ge
V
ref
. T
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s at
t
h
e co
n
n
ec
t
i
ng
poi
nt
s are
sent
t
o
t
h
e
phase locke
d
- loop
(PLL) t
o
ca
lculate the re
fe
rence
angle, which is
synchronize
d
to the
refe
renc
e phase
vo
ltage. The
curre
nts
are
decom
pos
ed int
o
the
dire
ct and
qua
d
r
at
ure c
o
m
ponent
s,
Id a
nd
Iq
by
a d
-
q
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
a
ti
on
usi
n
g t
h
e P
L
L
angl
e as
refe
r
e
nce. T
h
e m
a
gni
t
ude
o
f
th
e
po
sitiv
e seq
u
e
n
ce co
mp
on
en
t o
f
t
h
e
co
nn
ecting
po
i
n
t vo
ltag
e
is co
m
p
ared
with
V
ref
a
nd t
h
e e
r
r
o
r i
s
passe
d t
h
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e PI c
o
nt
rol
l
er t
o
gene
rat
e
I
qref
. T
h
e reacti
v
e pa
rt of the s
h
un
t curre
nt is
com
p
ared
with I
qref
an
d
th
e erro
r
is p
a
ssed
thr
ough
th
e PI
con
t
roller
to
o
b
t
ain
th
e r
e
lativ
e ph
ase an
g
l
e of
th
e in
v
e
r
t
er
vo
ltage w
ith
respect
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
fere
nce
pha
se
v
o
l
t
a
ge.
Thi
s
pha
se a
ngl
e a
n
d t
h
e
PLL
si
g
n
a
l
are fe
d t
o
t
h
e STA
T
C
O
M
fi
ri
n
g
cir
c
u
it to
g
e
n
e
rate th
e d
e
sir
e
d
p
u
l
se
f
o
r
th
e VSI
.
Th
e ser
i
es i
n
j
ected
vo
ltag
e
is d
e
ter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e clo
s
ed
loop
cont
rol system to ens
u
re
tha
t
the desire
d
active an
d rea
c
t
i
v
e p
o
we
r fl
ow
occ
u
rs
des
p
i
t
e
po
we
r sy
st
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
014
:
34
3 – 355
34
6
changes
.
The
desire
d P
ref
a
nd
Q
ref
are c
o
m
p
ared with the m
easured ac
tive and react
ive powe
r flow in the
tran
sm
issio
n
lin
e, an
d
t
h
e error is p
a
ssed
th
ro
ugh
th
e
PI controller to derive the di
rect and qua
d
rature
com
pone
nt
s o
f
t
h
e seri
es i
nve
rt
er v
o
l
t
a
ge
, V
dref
and
V
qre
f
.
Thus, the
serie
s
injecte
d
volt
age a
nd
phase
angle
can
be f
o
un
d
o
u
t
f
r
om
t
h
e rec
t
ang
u
l
a
r t
o
p
o
l
a
r co
n
v
ersi
on
of t
h
e
V
dref
and V
qref
. Th
e
dead
an
g
l
e
(
f
oun
d ou
t
fr
om
t
h
e i
nve
rt
er
vol
t
a
ge
an
d
DC
l
i
n
k
vol
t
a
g
e
),
p
h
ase a
ngl
e
an
d t
h
e
PLL
s
i
gnal
a
r
e fe
d t
o
t
h
e
fi
ri
n
g
ci
rc
ui
t
t
o
gene
rat
e
t
h
e
de
si
red
p
u
l
s
e f
o
r
t
h
e SS
SC
V
S
I
.
Fi
gu
re 4.
S
u
cc
essi
ve rep
r
ese
n
t
a
t
i
on
of a
UPFC and its ass
o
c
i
ated line
The
dy
nam
i
c
m
odel
of a UP
FC
i
s
used
by
a l
a
rge
num
ber o
f
resea
r
c
h
er
s fo
r dy
nam
i
c
anal
y
s
i
s
of a
p
o
we
r
syste
m
[8]-[13]. The UPFC a
nd the as
s
o
ciat
ed transm
ission line are sepa
ra
t
e
l
y
show
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
4 w
h
ere t
h
e
U
PFC
is r
e
pr
esen
ted b
y
a ser
i
es vo
ltag
e
source
and a
s
h
unt
current
source
. N
o
te t
h
at
a
n
d
̅
are not
co
nstan
t
bu
t d
e
p
e
nd
on
th
e con
t
ro
l strateg
y
used
. Fo
r sim
p
li
city, th
e lin
e is
first represen
ted
b
y
on
ly its
series
reactance
. The leakage
reac
tance of th
e s
e
ries injection trans
f
orm
e
r (if any) ca
n
be
include
d i
n
. The
vol
t
a
ge s
o
urce
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
c
a
n
b
e
r
e
pre
s
ent
e
d
by
a cu
rre
nt
so
urce
in p
a
rallel with
as sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
gu
re 3(
b
)
.
(
8
)
W
i
t
h
ou
t l
o
ss of
g
e
n
e
rality, the curren
t
sou
r
ce
bet
w
een
bus
es
and
can be repl
ace
d by
t
w
o
s
h
unt
cu
rr
e
n
t
sources
(at
bus
e
s
and
)
.
Suc
h
an e
qui
val
e
nt
c
i
rcui
t
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3(c
)
whe
r
e:
̅
̅
̅
̅
(
9
)
Fi
gu
re
5.
U
P
F
C
com
pone
nt
s
and
t
h
ei
r
cl
assi
fi
cat
i
on i
n
t
o
t
h
ree s
u
b
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
Fig
u
r
e
3(
d) r
e
p
r
esen
ts th
e
-circu
it m
o
d
e
l
o
f
a UPFC
and
its
ass
o
ciated t
r
ansm
ission line.
The
UPFC
m
odel can als
o
be
us
ed t
o
re
prese
n
t an
SSSC
or
a
ST
ATCOM
by selecting a
p
propriate val
u
es
of
and
. Fo
r an
SSSC, it is n
ecessary to
set
0
and t
h
us
̅
o
f
(
4
)
s
i
mp
l
y
b
e
c
o
me
s
. In
th
is case,
is
k
e
p
t
in
q
u
a
d
r
at
u
r
e
with
t
h
e prev
ailin
g lin
e cu
rren
t.
However, fo
r a STATCOM,
(a
nd
he
nce
) is to
b
e
set to
zero.
A
l
a
rge
num
ber
o
f
researc
h
e
r
s
[
14]
-
[
18]
use
d
t
h
e
UPFC
s
y
st
em
whi
c
h
i
s
cl
assi
fi
ed
i
n
t
o
t
h
ree
su
bsystem
s
: t
h
e conv
erters an
d
cap
acitor lin
k
(C
L)
as su
bsy
s
t
e
m
1, t
h
e c
o
u
p
l
i
ng a
nd i
n
t
e
r
m
edi
a
te
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Review of the
UPFC
Different M
odels
i
n
Recent Ye
ars (M
ah
moud Zade
hbagheri)
34
7
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
rs as subsy
s
t
e
m
2
and t
h
e c
ont
rol
l
er wi
t
h
t
h
e co
rres
p
on
di
n
g
m
easuri
ng e
qui
p
m
ent
as subsy
s
t
e
m
3.
In
o
r
d
e
r to
d
e
velo
p
a reliab
ility
m
o
d
e
l o
f
a UPFC, th
e afo
r
emen
tio
n
e
d
subsyste
m
s
m
u
st
b
e
m
o
d
e
led
fo
l
l
o
w
ed
b
y
th
e d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t o
f
a com
p
le
te reliab
ility
m
o
d
e
l of t
h
e
UPFC
. The wo
rl
d
’
s first UPFC,
wh
ich was
co
mmissio
n
e
d in
Jun
e
1
998 at th
e
I
n
ez su
b
s
tation
o
f
A
m
er
ican
Electr
i
c Pow
e
r in K
e
n
t
u
c
k
y
,
h
a
s b
e
en
m
odi
fi
ed i
n
t
h
e
i
r resea
r
che
s
as
sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5.
Fi
gu
re 6.
U
n
i
f
i
e
d po
we
r
fl
ow
cont
rol
l
e
r di
a
g
ram
Th
e actu
a
l In
ez U
PFC co
m
p
rises tw
o
id
en
tical g
a
te tu
r
n
o
f
f
(
G
TO)
th
yr
isto
r
-
b
a
sed
conver
t
er
s. Each
co
nv
erter in
clu
d
e
s
m
u
ltip
le h
i
g
h
-power
GTO
v
a
lv
e st
ru
ct
u
r
es feed
i
n
g
an
in
term
e
d
iate tran
sfo
r
mer. Th
e
con
v
e
r
t
e
r o
u
t
p
ut
i
s
coupl
e
d
t
o
t
h
e t
r
ansm
issi
on l
i
n
e by
a con
v
ent
i
o
nal
m
a
i
n
coupl
i
n
g t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
r. To
max
i
m
i
ze th
e
v
e
rsatility o
f
th
e in
stallatio
n
,
two
id
en
tical main
sh
un
t tran
sfo
r
m
e
rs and a sin
g
l
e m
a
in
series
trans
f
orm
e
r have be
en
provi
d
ed.
W
i
t
h
thi
s
arra
ngem
ent, a num
b
er of powe
r ci
rcu
it co
nfiguratio
ns are
pos
si
bl
e. R
e
fe
rence
[1
9]
, [
2
0
]
has used a
n
ot
her m
odel
of
UPFC
as s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e 6.
The seri
es c
o
n
n
ect
e
d
i
nve
rt
er i
n
ject
s
a vol
t
a
ge
wi
t
h
co
nt
r
o
l
l
a
bl
e
m
a
gni
t
ude a
nd p
h
a
se ang
l
e in
series
with
t
h
e tran
sm
issio
n
lin
e,
there
b
y provi
ding active and reactive po
wer to
th
e tran
smi
ssio
n
lin
e. Th
e sh
unt-c
o
nnect
ed inve
r
t
er
pr
ov
id
es
the
active power drawn by
the
se
ri
es b
r
anch
an
d t
h
e
l
o
sses a
n
d c
a
n i
n
de
pen
d
e
n
t
l
y
pro
v
i
d
e
re
act
i
v
e
co
m
p
en
satio
n to
th
e system
.
The UPFC state
m
odel
is:
cos
∝
(10)
sin
sin
(11)
cos
cos
(12)
sin
sin
(13)
cos
sin
cos
∝
sin
12
−
(14)
T
h
e
cu
rr
en
ts
an
d
are the
dq
c
o
m
pone
nt
s
of
t
h
e
sh
u
n
t
cur
r
ent
.
T
h
e c
u
r
r
ent
s
and
are the
dq
com
pone
nt
s
of
t
h
e se
ri
es c
u
r
r
e
nt
. T
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
∠
and
∠
are t
h
e
sh
unt
an
d se
ri
es v
o
l
t
a
ge m
a
gni
t
ude
s
and a
ngles
,
res
p
ectively.
is t
h
e
vo
ltag
e
acro
ss th
e d
c
capacito
r,
represen
ts th
e switch
i
n
g
lo
sses,
and
are the s
h
unt tra
n
sform
e
r resistan
ce a
nd i
n
ductance
, respectively,
and
and
are the series
trans
f
orm
e
r resistance a
n
d inducta
nce,
resp
ectiv
ely. Th
e
con
t
ro
l p
a
ram
e
ters
and
∝
∝
are,
respect
i
v
el
y
,
t
h
e m
odul
at
i
o
n
gai
n
a
nd
v
o
l
t
a
ge p
h
ase a
n
gl
e of t
h
e sh
u
n
t
(seri
e
s
)
i
n
ject
ed v
o
l
t
a
ge.
The
po
w
e
r
bal
a
nce
eq
uat
i
ons
at
bus
1
(s
endi
ng
) a
r
e:
0=
cos
s
i
n
)
∑
(15)
0=
cos
)-
∑
(16)
And
at bus 2 (receiving)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
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-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
014
:
34
3 – 355
34
8
0=
cos
sin
∑
cos
(17)
0=
∑
(18)
Fi
gu
re
7 s
h
o
w
s a p
o
w
e
r i
n
je
ct
i
on m
odel
o
f
t
h
e U
PFC
.
The series
bra
n
ch shows
the se
ries injecte
d
vol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
t
h
e s
h
unt
b
r
a
n
ch
wi
t
h
v
o
l
t
a
ge c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d
by
and
∝
. C
o
m
b
i
n
i
ng
(1
0)
-
(
1
8
)
y
i
el
ds
ni
ne
eq
u
a
tion
s
with th
irteen
unk
no
wn
s; th
erefo
r
e, add
iti
o
n
a
l co
n
s
t
r
ain
t
s are
n
ecessary to
fu
lly d
e
term
in
e
th
e
o
p
e
rating
equ
ilib
riu
m
. In
th
e
p
o
wer in
j
e
ction
m
o
d
e
l, th
ree p
a
ram
e
ters
may b
e
arb
itrarily set: th
e sh
u
n
t b
u
s
voltage
m
a
gnitude
and t
h
e se
ries active and
reactive powers
suc
h
t
h
at:
+
(19)
-
(
2
0
)
Whe
r
e
,
and
are the s
p
ecifie
d
desire
d
values
. T
h
e sc
he
m
a
ti
c rep
r
esen
tation
o
f
th
e
UPFC is shown
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8 [
2
1]
, [
2
2]
. It
c
o
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
vol
t
a
ge
s
o
u
r
ce
co
nve
rt
ers
an
d a
dc ci
rcui
t
re
prese
n
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
cap
acito
r. Conv
erter 1 is primarily u
s
ed
to p
r
ov
id
e t
h
e re
al power dem
a
nd of c
o
nverte
r 2 at the c
o
mm
on dc
link term
inal from
the ac
power system
. Conve
r
ter
1 ca
n also
ge
nerate
or a
b
sorb re
a
c
tive powe
r at
its ac
termin
al, wh
ich
is ind
e
p
e
nd
en
t of th
e active p
o
wer tran
sfer to (or from
) the
dc term
inal. T
h
ere
f
ore, with
p
r
op
er con
t
ro
l, it can
also
fu
lfill th
e fun
c
tion o
f
an ind
e
p
e
nd
en
t adv
a
n
c
ed
static VAR com
p
en
sato
r
p
r
ov
id
ing
reactive power com
p
ensation fo
r th
e tran
sm
issio
n
lin
e and th
u
s
ex
ecu
ting
ind
i
rect vo
ltag
e
regu
latio
n
at th
e
in
pu
t termin
al
o
f
th
e UPFC.
Co
nv
erter 2
is u
s
ed
to
g
e
n
e
rate a v
o
ltag
e
so
urce at th
e fun
d
a
m
e
n
t
al frequ
en
cy
with
v
a
riab
le a
m
p
litu
d
e
0
an
d
pha
se a
ngl
e
0
2
,
w
h
i
c
h i
s
adde
d t
o
t
h
e
ac
t
r
ansm
i
ssi
on l
i
n
e by
t
h
e se
ri
es-co
n
n
ect
ed
bo
ost
i
n
g t
r
ans
f
or
m
e
r. The i
n
ver
t
er out
put
vol
t
a
ge i
n
ject
ed i
n
seri
es
wi
t
h
l
i
n
e can
be us
ed
fo
r di
r
ect
vol
t
a
ge c
o
nt
r
o
l
,
seri
es c
o
m
p
ensation,
phase s
h
ifter, a
nd t
h
eir c
o
m
b
inations.
Thi
s
vol
t
a
ge
s
o
u
r
ce ca
n i
n
t
e
r
n
al
l
y
gene
rat
e
or
abs
o
r
b
al
l
t
h
e
react
i
v
e
po
wer
re
qui
red
b
y
t
h
e di
ffe
rent
t
y
pe o
f
cont
rols a
p
plied a
nd t
r
ans
f
ers
active powe
r
at its dc te
rm
in
al. The e
q
uival
e
nt circuit
of
UPFC
placed in line
-
con
n
ect
ed
bet
w
een
bus
- a
n
d
b
u
s-
i
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
Fi
g.
9.
UP
FC
has
t
h
ree c
ont
rol
l
a
bl
e
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs, nam
e
l
y
, t
h
e
m
a
gni
t
ude
a
n
d
t
h
e a
ngl
e
o
f
i
n
sert
ed
v
o
l
t
a
ge
,
and
t
h
e m
a
gni
t
ude
o
f
t
h
e c
u
r
r
e
nt
.
Fi
gu
re
7.
U
P
F
C
eq
ui
val
e
nt
m
odel
Fi
gu
re
8.
Sc
he
m
a
t
i
c
di
agram
of
UP
FC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
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8-8
6
9
4
Review of the
UPFC
Different M
odels
i
n
Recent Ye
ars (M
ah
moud Zade
hbagheri)
34
9
Fi
gu
re
9.
Eq
ui
val
e
nt
ci
rc
ui
t
o
f
U
PFC
Fi
gure
10.
AC-si
d
e
represe
n
tation of s
h
unt ele
m
ents
B
a
sed
on
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
ci
pl
e
of
U
P
FC
an
d t
h
e
vec
t
or
di
ag
ram
,
t
h
e basi
c m
a
t
h
em
at
i
cal
rel
a
t
i
o
ns ca
n
be
gi
ve
n as:
′
,
2
⁄
a
n
d
′
(
2
1
)
The
p
o
we
r
fl
o
w
e
quat
i
o
ns
f
r
o
m
bus-
i
to
b
u
s
-
j
an
d
fr
om
bu
s-
j
to
b
u
s-
i
can
b
e
written
as:
∗
′
∗
(
2
2
)
∗
′
∗
(
2
3
)
Activ
e an
d reactiv
e po
wer
flows in th
e lin
e
hav
i
ng
UPFC
can
b
e
written
,
with
(2
1)-(23), as:
2
cos
cos
(24)
2
2
cos
(25)
R
e
fere
nces
[2
3
]
-[2
5]
di
sc
uss
t
h
e
harm
oni
c-
d
o
m
a
i
n
repr
ese
n
t
a
t
i
on
o
f
pul
s
e
wi
dt
h-m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d (
P
W
M
)
co
nv
erters and th
eir ap
p
licatio
n
to
t
h
e un
ifi
e
d
po
wer-
fl
o
w
cont
r
o
l
l
e
r (
U
P
F
C
)
. T
h
e UP
F
C
can be m
odel
e
d at
harm
oni
c fre
q
u
enci
es
by
con
s
i
d
eri
n
g t
w
o P
W
M
swi
t
c
hi
n
g
spect
ra an
d t
h
ei
r i
n
t
e
ract
i
on
on
bot
h t
h
e ac and
dc
si
des
of
t
h
e c
o
nve
rt
er.
2.1. PW
M Conver
ter Repre
s
entati
on
Since power-electronic conve
rters ar
e
,
i
n
pri
n
ci
pl
e, s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng m
o
d
u
l
a
tors
, they can be c
h
aracterized
i
n
t
e
rm
s of t
h
e harm
oni
c t
r
ansfe
r
s bet
w
een
t
h
e ac and dc
si
des. Thi
s
i
m
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on red
u
ces t
h
e st
ora
g
e
req
u
i
r
em
ent
s
for eac
h h
a
rm
oni
c p
h
as
or
by
reco
g
n
i
z
i
ng t
h
e con
j
ugat
e
d n
a
t
u
re
of
negat
i
ve f
r
eq
ue
ncy
t
e
rm
s.
Each
harm
oni
c pha
so
r i
s
t
h
e
r
ef
ore a c
o
m
p
l
e
x vect
or
of l
e
ngt
h
nh
, t
h
e h
i
ghest
harm
oni
c of i
n
t
e
rest
.
These
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
p
h
a
so
rs are tran
sferred acro
s
s a con
v
e
rter v
i
a conv
o
l
u
tio
n
with
t
h
e co
nv
erter’s
p
o
s
itiv
e frequ
e
n
c
y
spectra (
of
ba
nd
wi
dt
h
2
nh
(fu
l
fillin
g
t
h
e
Nyq
u
i
st rate).
The tran
sf
ers
can
th
erefore b
e
d
e
scrib
e
d
as:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
014
:
34
3 – 355
35
0
⨂
(
2
6
)
∑
⨂
(
2
7
)
Whe
r
e
bol
d t
e
xt
refe
rs t
o
a
h
a
rm
oni
c phas
o
r,
ph
refers to
p
h
a
se qu
an
titie
s, and
⨂
represen
ts Sm
ith
’s p
o
sitiv
e
fre
que
ncy
c
o
n
vol
ut
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
P
W
M
s
p
ect
ra
are
descri
bed
as a function
of t
h
e s
w
itching insta
n
ts, eac
h
of
whi
c
h i
s
de
fi
ne
d
by
cl
assi
cal
P
W
M
t
h
eo
ry
.
Th
e
switchi
ng
instants a
r
e st
ored in a
vector
, w
h
i
c
h c
ont
ai
ns a
n
ON a
nd
OFF
instant for eac
h of the N
p
con
d
u
c
tion
p
e
riod
s. Th
e ind
i
v
i
d
u
a
l in
stan
ts are calcu
lated
with
a
si
ngl
e
va
ri
abl
e
Ne
wt
o
n
sc
he
m
e
at
t
h
e be
gi
nni
ng
o
f
eac
h
i
t
e
rat
i
on.
The
r
e
sul
t
i
s
t
h
e
P
W
M
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
spect
r
a
,
whi
c
h i
s
defi
ne
d at
t
h
e
h
t
h
ha
rm
oni
c as:
∑
P
P
),
h=
0
(2
8)
∑
(2
9)
Figure 11. AC-side
re
presenta
tion of
series
el
e
m
ents
2.
2. Shu
nt an
d
Series Conn
ections
Si
nce F
A
C
T
S
devi
ces
u
s
e
pr
edom
i
n
ant
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
ge s
o
urce
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
,
i
t
i
s
co
nv
eni
e
nt
an
d l
o
gi
cal
t
o
include
shunt conve
r
ters as
harm
onic voltage s
o
urces
(Fig
ure
1
0
). Th
is app
r
o
a
ch
,
u
n
lik
e
shun
t cu
rrent
in
j
ection
m
o
d
e
ls, do
es no
t
req
u
i
re
k
nowledg
e ab
ou
t t
h
e t
e
rm
in
al v
o
ltage
to m
a
k
e
the vo
ltag
e
sou
r
ce
su
bstitu
tio
n
.
Th
is log
i
c do
es no
t ex
ten
d
to series co
nv
erters
wh
ere, i
n
o
r
d
e
r to
avo
i
d vo
ltag
e
d
e
p
e
nd
en
ce
p
r
ob
lem
s
, i
t
is
m
o
re co
n
c
ise to
u
s
e a
p
a
ir of o
ppo
si
ng
shun
t cu
rren
t sou
r
ces (Fig
u
r
e
11). Th
is represen
tatio
n
i
s
po
ssi
bl
e si
nc
e t
h
e i
n
ject
e
d
c
u
r
r
ent
ca
n
be
d
e
fi
ne
d i
n
term
s
o
f
th
e conv
ert
e
r vo
lta
ge
and
trans
f
orm
e
r leakage
im
pedance
bot
h
of
w
h
i
c
h
are
kn
o
w
n:
(
3
0
)
Th
is rep
r
esen
t
a
tio
n
m
a
in
tain
s th
e g
e
n
e
rality o
f
th
e so
l
u
tio
n
fo
rm
at, al
lo
wing
th
e
UPFC to
b
e
m
odel
e
d by
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
ng a
sh
u
n
t
a
n
d
seri
es
r
e
prese
n
t
a
t
i
o
n.
It is im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
no
te th
at t
h
ese m
o
d
e
ls are on
ly
use
d
t
o
fo
rm
ulat
e t
h
e harm
oni
c
m
i
sm
at
ches, a con
v
ent
i
o
nal
dual
v
o
l
t
a
ge so
urce re
p
r
esent
a
t
i
on
bei
ng
use
d
with
in
t
h
e
p
o
wer fl
o
w
.
2.3. AC-Side
Harm
onic
I
n
teracti
o
n
Si
nce t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
act
i
on
bet
w
ee
n
t
h
e se
ri
es an
d
sh
unt
e
q
ui
val
e
nt
ci
rc
ui
t
s
i
s
assum
e
d t
o
oc
cur ac
r
o
ss a
p
r
edo
m
in
an
tly
lin
ear
n
e
two
r
k
,
t
h
ey are easily co
m
b
in
ed
u
s
ing
trad
itio
nal circu
it an
al
ysis First con
s
id
er the
syste
m
ad
m
i
t
t
a
n
ce m
a
trix
, wh
ich
h
a
s b
e
en
p
a
rtitio
n
e
d
in
to
sub
m
a
tric
es
A
–J
, acc
or
di
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
t
y
pe o
f
harm
onic
injec
tion prese
n
t
at each busba
r
.
(
3
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
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:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Review of the
UPFC
Different M
odels
i
n
Recent Ye
ars (M
ah
moud Zade
hbagheri)
35
1
Whe
r
e
refers
t
o
i
d
eal
vol
t
a
ge-s
o
u
rce
bu
s
b
ars
(e.
g
., t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge s
o
urc
e
com
pone
nt
of t
h
e sy
st
em
equi
val
e
nt
V
in
f
),
the voltage
at harm
onic cu
rren
t
inj
ectio
n
b
u
sb
ars (V
i
and V
j
in Fi
g
u
r
e
12
), and
t
h
e
harm
oni
c
vol
t
a
ge
-s
ou
rce
b
u
sb
ars
(
V
shunt
i
n
Fi
gu
re
1
1
).
Al
l
ot
her
b
u
s
b
ars
(e
.g
., l
o
ad
b
u
sb
ars
)
a
r
e
treated as
harm
onic curre
nt
injectio
n busbars with
the harm
onic
injecti
o
n set to
zero. By assu
m
i
n
g
th
at no
v
o
ltag
e
h
a
rm
on
ics are presen
t at th
e id
eal v
o
ltag
e
sou
r
ces, it is p
o
ssible to
d
e
scrib
e
th
e un
kno
wn
cu
rren
t
flo
w
s (
at
t
h
e
harm
oni
c
v
o
l
t
a
ge s
o
urce
bus
b
a
rs a
n
d t
h
e
un
kn
o
w
n
vol
t
a
ge
s
at
t
h
e
harm
oni
c
cur
r
ent
i
n
j
ect
i
o
n
bus
ba
rs:
I
(
3
2
)
These ef
fect
i
v
el
y
descri
be t
h
e harm
oni
c i
n
t
e
ract
i
on
bet
w
e
e
n any
n
u
m
b
er of ha
rm
oni
c vol
t
a
ge o
r
current s
o
urce
s
use
d
to re
pres
ent FACTS
de
vices. T
h
e
m
a
them
atical UPFC
m
odel wa
s derive
d wit
h
the
aim
o
f
b
e
ing
ab
le to
stud
y th
e relatio
n
s
b
e
t
w
een
th
e electrical tran
sm
issio
n
system
an
d
UPFC i
n
stead
y-state
co
nd
itio
ns [2
6]. Th
e b
a
sic sch
e
m
e
o
f
th
is m
o
d
e
l is s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
re 12.Th
is fi
gu
re rep
r
esen
ts a single-lin
e
diagram
of a
sim
p
le transm
ission
line
with a
resistance
, an i
n
ductiv
e
reactance, a
UPFC, a
sending-e
nd
vol
t
a
ge
s
o
u
r
ce
, an
d a r
e
ceivin
g-
end
vo
ltage sou
r
ce
, r
e
spectiv
ely. A
c
cor
d
i
n
g to
Fi
gu
re 13
, t
h
e cu
rr
en
ts
,
and
are calcul
a
ted by t
h
e
foll
owi
n
g expressi
ons:
I
(3
3)
I
(34)
I
(35)
Whe
r
e,
(36)
Fi
gu
re 1
4
s
h
o
w
s t
h
e si
ngl
e-l
i
ne di
ag
ram
of a UPFC
c
o
n
n
ected at the end of the tr
a
n
smission line. T
h
e vector
d
i
agr
a
m
o
f
an
U
PFC
conn
ected
t
o
a n
e
t
w
ork
(
F
igur
e
1
3
)
i
s
pr
esen
ted in
Fig
u
r
e
14
. A
c
co
rd
ing
t
o
Figur
e
1
5
,
and
are t
h
e c
o
m
ponent
s o
f
t
h
e seri
es
vol
t
a
ge o
f
U
PFC
.
They
are p
r
op
ort
i
o
nal
t
o
t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge at
t
h
e
p
o
i
n
t
of con
n
e
ctio
n
o
f
UPFC
an
d can b
e
written
as:
(37)
Whe
r
e
and
are th
e con
t
rol v
a
riab
les.
Neg
l
ectin
g n
e
t
w
ork l
o
sses, the
elect
rical power
can be
expresse
d as:
′
sin
′
(38)
Fig
u
re
12
. Mat
h
em
at
ical
m
o
d
e
l o
f
a
UPFC i
n
stalled
in a tran
sm
issio
n
lin
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
014
:
34
3 – 355
35
2
Fig
u
re
13
.
Generato
r-infin
ite
b
u
s
system
wit
h
th
e UPFC
Fi
gu
re
1
4
.
Vec
t
or
di
ag
ram
of
a UP
FC
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d t
o
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
Whe
r
e X is t
h
e equivale
nt transient re
actance which
includes the tra
n
sient reacta
n
ce of
gene
rat
o
r, the
reactance
of the trans
f
orm
e
r an
d the t
r
ansm
ission line. T
h
e
gene
rator s
w
ing e
quation is:
(39)
Whe
r
e:
′
A
s
i
n
δ
(
4
0
)
Whe
r
e
in
tro
d
u
ces
add
ition
a
l
d
a
m
p
in
g
t
o
th
e system
if it
is p
o
s
itiv
e and
propo
rtion
a
l
to
th
e sp
eed
devi
at
i
o
n
. This can
b
e
ach
i
ev
ed throug
h the fo
llo
wi
n
g
con
t
ro
l strateg
y
:
(41)
B
y
repl
aci
n
g
(
4
1
)
i
n
(
4
0)
, t
h
e
dam
p
i
ng
fact
o
r
i
s
re
pre
s
ent
e
d as
bel
o
w:
.
(42)
Accord
ing
to Fig
u
re
1
5
, th
ere
are th
e fo
llo
wi
n
g
equ
a
tion
s
:
′
co
s
(43)
′
sin
(44)
The
n
:
′
sin
(45)
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