In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
602~
6
1
0
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
2.pp
6
02-
61
0
602
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
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score
.
com
/
j
o
u
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na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Proposal
of a dynamic numerica
l approac
h
in predicting
flashove
r critical voltage
Ali
.
A.
S
a
l
e
m
1
,
R. A
bd-Rah
m
an
2
, M.
S
.
K
amarud
i
n
3
,
H
.
A
hmad
4
,
N.A
.
M.
Jama
i
l
5
,
N.
A.
O
t
h
man
6
,
M.T.
Is
h
ak
7
,
M.N
.
R. Bah
ar
om
8
,
S
. Al-Ameri
9
1
,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6
,
8,
9
F
acul
t
y
Elect
rical and
E
l
ectronic
Engineerin
g,
U
n
i
versity
Tu
n
H
ussei
n
Onn
M
alay
s
i
a
(U
TH
M
)
, M
a
lay
s
i
a
7
F
acul
t
y
of E
ngin
eering
, N
ati
ona
l
De
f
e
nce Unive
r
sit
y
of Malays
i
a
(UP
NM
), Mala
y
sia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Dec
1
8
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Jan
2
2
, 2019
A
c
c
e
pte
d
F
eb 23,
2
0
1
9
Gl
ass
insul
a
tors
,
due
t
o
its
d
i
v
erse
c
h
a
racteris
ti
c
s
,
w
e
re
u
s
e
d
w
idel
y
aro
und
th
e
wo
rld
f
o
r
high
v
o
l
t
a
ge
t
ransm
i
ssio
n
lin
e
s
.
Su
rf
a
ces
o
f
t
h
e
in
su
la
t
o
r
s
a
r
e
exp
o
s
e
d
t
o
h
i
g
h
elect
rical,
mech
ani
cal,
an
d
t
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er
m
a
l
s
t
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o
v
e
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t
he
p
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i
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of
s
ervice.
A
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of
c
o
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tam
i
natio
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d
i
st
ort
stres
s
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d
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rib
u
tion
a
l
on
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th
e
i
n
su
la
t
o
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t
hat
m
a
y
l
ead
t
o
flas
ho
ver
u
nder
sev
e
re
c
on
di
ti
o
n.
I
n
thi
s
pap
e
r,
O
benau
s
p
ol
luti
on
m
ode
l
h
a
s
b
een
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
to
p
ro
pos
e
a
d
y
na
m
i
c
mathematical
m
odelling
t
o
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etermi
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f
l
a
shover
c
ri
t
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cal
v
oltage
with
r
egard
to
p
a
r
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s
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p
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f
contaminat
i
o
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o
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t
he
s
urf
a
c
e
o
f
glas
s
insulator.
I
n
addition,
l
abo
r
atory
exp
e
rim
e
nt
al
w
orks
h
av
e
b
een
c
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out
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rding
to
I
E
C
603
05
t
o
v
alidat
e
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e resu
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s
f
r
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nu
m
eri
cal ap
p
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hi
ch i
ndicat
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.
K
eyw
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s
:
A
r
c
lengt
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ndu
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iv
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F
l
ash
ove
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O
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t
d
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o
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s
u
la
to
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t
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o
n la
yer
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
A
li A
h
m
e
d A
l
i
S
a
lem,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
and
Ele
c
t
ron
i
c E
n
g
i
nee
r
in
g,
University T
un Husse
in
O
n
n
Ma
l
ays
i
a,
86
4
00 Pa
rit Ra
ja,
Joh
o
r,
M
alays
i
a,
Em
ail:
en.a
lisa
l
e
m
@gm
a
i
l
.c
o
m
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
H
i
g
h
v
olta
ge
e
lec
t
r
i
c
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l
g
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id
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ut
d
oor
pow
er
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ys
t
e
m
e
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t
s
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r
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o
n
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ta
n
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l
y
s
ub
jec
t
e
d
t
o
di
verse
t
ype
s
o
f
c
l
i
m
a
te
,
for
exam
ple,
s
no
w
and
co
ntam
i
n
an
ts,
t
h
a
t
m
a
y
lea
d
t
o
fl
a
s
h
ove
rs.
F
l
a
s
ho
v
e
rs
o
n
in
su
la
tors
s
urfa
ce
un
der
po
l
l
u
te
d
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s
ar
e
w
i
d
e
ly
a
ckn
o
w
l
e
d
ged.
I
t
is
a
h
i
g
hl
y
c
o
mpl
i
ca
te
d
si
tu
a
t
i
o
n
bec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
he
i
n
t
era
c
t
i
on
be
tw
ee
n
impor
ta
nt
p
ara
m
e
t
e
r
s
suc
h
a
s
e
le
c
t
ri
cal
s
tre
s
s,
c
l
i
m
a
te
a
n
d
e
nv
iro
n
e
m
ta
l
aspec
t
s
as
w
el
l
a
s
t
he
i
ns
u
l
a
t
o
r
p
rof
i
le
/
s
truc
t
u
re
[
1,
2
].
U
nde
r
t
h
e
sa
me
poll
u
ti
on
s
it
u
a
ti
ons,
t
h
e
rea
l
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
ge
is
t
o
pr
opose
insu
la
t
o
rs
d
e
s
i
g
n
w
i
t
h
t
he
g
re
a
t
es
t
rel
i
a
b
i
lit
y
a
nd
p
erf
o
rman
ce
.
De
v
e
l
o
p
i
ng
a
ccu
rat
e
m
o
d
e
ls
t
o
pred
ic
t
t
h
e
flas
ho
ver
a
t
t
he
p
o
l
l
u
ted
la
yer
o
n
t
he
i
ns
ula
t
ors
a
n
d
u
nd
erst
an
din
g
t
h
e
e
x
t
end
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
s
ch
arge
h
as
bee
n
t
he c
o
n
ce
r
n
of
num
erou
s st
ud
i
e
s [3
-5
].
N
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
ap
proa
c
h
a
n
d
m
ode
l
l
i
n
g
o
f
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
f
las
h
ov
er
c
a
n
b
e
a
go
od
s
ol
u
t
i
o
n
t
o
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
expe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
t
ests
on
t
h
e
rea
l
i
ns
u
l
a
t
or
s
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
nta
l
i
nve
st
i
g
at
ion
o
n
s
i
t
e.
S
eve
r
al
r
ese
a
rc
h
stu
d
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
pro
duce
d
c
ompa
rat
i
ve
n
ume
r
ica
l
m
ode
ls
a
d
d
ressi
n
g
t
he
f
la
sh
ov
e
r
phe
n
o
m
enon
[
3,
5
].
I
n
order
t
o
u
n
d
e
rstan
d
ac
cura
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
pa
ga
t
i
o
n
an
d
grow
t
h
o
f
po
l
l
u
tio
n
flas
ho
v
e
r,
d
yna
m
ic
a
spe
c
t
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
t
he
e
le
c
t
ric
a
l
a
n
d
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
c
r
iterias
s
ha
l
l
b
e
co
ns
i
d
e
r
e
d
.
F
l
a
s
ho
v
e
r
mode
ls
i
nd
ica
t
e
t
h
e
gre
a
te
st
p
ro
ba
bi
li
ty
o
f
flas
ho
ve
r
occ
u
ra
nce
on p
o
l
l
ute
d
i
nsu
l
at
ors
[6].
T
he
m
ode
l
can
b
e
us
e
t
o
p
re
d
i
c
t
f
la
sho
v
e
r
v
ol
ta
ge
a
nd
als
o
t
o
de
t
e
rm
ine
sever
a
l m
a
jor
para
me
t
e
rs,
su
ch a
s disc
har
g
e
tim
e,
v
eloc
it
y, a
nd
lea
ka
ge
c
urr
e
nt (L
C
).
I
n
t
his rese
arc
h
w
ork,
a
n a
lter
n
at
ive
m
a
t
h
em
atica
l
mo
d
e
l
s
is pr
op
ose
d
to
ac
cu
ra
t
e
l
y
p
re
dic
t
f
l
a
sh
ov
er
vo
lta
ge
a
t
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
t
e
s
. In
a
ddit
i
o
n
, the de
v
e
lo
pme
n
t
o
f
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
l
a
s
h
o
v
e
r
s
on po
llu
t
i
o
n
in
s
ula
t
or
s
urfa
ce
s as a
fu
nc
ti
o
n
w
it
h
i
n
cre
a
se
t
he
p
ollu
te
d
reg
i
on
o
n
t
h
e
ins
u
l
a
t
o
r
s
u
r
fa
ce
w
,
di
scha
rg
e
d
i
st
a
n
ce
(x
)
a
n
d
con
d
u
c
ti
vi
t
y
of
p
ol
l
u
t
i
o
n
l
aye
r
,
σ
w
e
re
a
ls
o
c
o
nsi
d
e
r
ed.
Ex
perim
e
n
t
al
r
esu
l
t
s
o
n
p
in-
c
u
p
i
nsu
l
a
t
ors
u
nder
po
l
l
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t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
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c
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D
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IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Propos
a
l
o
f
a dyn
a
m
i
c n
u
m
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ric
a
l
a
p
p
ro
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pre
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(Al
i
. A. Sal
e
m
)
60
3
con
d
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t
i
on
s
w
e
re
c
ompa
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o
t
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r
es
ul
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bt
a
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ne
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us
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pro
p
osed
m
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t
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tic
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odel
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o
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flas
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pred
ic
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t.
2.
POLLU
T
I
ON
IN
S
ULAT
OR FL
A
S
H
OV
ER PHENOM
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NON
V
a
rious
pol
lu
t
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nt
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uch
a
s
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t,
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over
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h
e
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gh
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t
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outd
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nsul
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end
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i
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t
em
per
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t
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re,
and
h
u
m
i
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ty.
We
t
pol
l
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t
i
o
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i
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o
w
n
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e
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yp
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ed
w
ith
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n
t
pr
oba
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ity
o
f fla
s
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ula
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or
s
ur
fac
es. Poll
u
t
i
o
n
flas
h
o
v
er
o
ccur
in s
tages
as fo
llow
:
-
t
he
for
ma
t
i
o
n
of p
o
llu
ti
o
n
on
the
i
n
s
u
l
a
to
r
surfa
ce
dec
r
e
a
se
s the
lea
k
a
g
e
dis
t
ance
.
-
p
resenc
e
o
f
a
w
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t
l
a
y
er
c
a
u
se
d by
se
vera
l fa
ctors,
s
u
c
h h
u
m
i
di
t
y
a
nd ra
in
on the
p
o
ll
u
t
i
o
n
l
a
yer,
c
a
uses t
he
incr
e
ase
i
n
s
urfa
ce
con
d
u
ct
i
v
it
y.
-
a
form
a
ti
on
of t
he
dry
b
a
n
d
c
a
used
by
the
lc
w
ar
ming in
flue
n
ce
s and
inc
r
ea
se
s t
h
e v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
f
in
a
l
ly
re
sulti
n
g
in a
fl
a
s
h
ove
r.
Base
d
on la
b
o
r
a
tor
y
test
s
a
nd
fie
l
d e
xper
i
enc
e
,
it w
a
s
not
e
d
t
h
a
t
f
l
a
sh
o
v
er
i
n
insu
la
tors
c
o
v
ere
d
w
it
h
a
heavy
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
on
la
yer
w
a
s
not
a
n
i
m
m
e
d
i
at
e
phen
o
me
n
on,
but
r
e
su
lts
f
ro
m
a proc
ess in
vo
l
v
i
n
g
p
o
l
l
u
t
ion
and
disc
ha
rges
,
com
p
rised
t
h
r
ee
st
a
g
es,
as ill
us
t
r
ated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1 [2]
.
The
F
i
r
s
t
s
t
ag
e
-
P
o
ll
uti
o
n
ac
cre
tion
on
insu
la
t
o
rs
i
s
n
on-
un
if
orm
,
a
s
se
vera
l
reg
i
ons
o
n
t
h
e
in
su
la
tors
a
re
n
o
t
p
o
llu
ted.
S
uc
h
non-
p
o
ll
ut
ion
z
o
nes
ar
e
re
fer
red
to
a
s
d
r
y
ba
n
d
s.
T
his
is
d
ue
t
o
the
h
e
a
t
in
g
effec
t
o
f
the
l
e
akage
c
u
r
r
en
t,
p
art
i
al
a
rc
a
c
t
i
v
it
y,
a
nd
i
n
cr
ea
se
i
n
air
te
mp
e
r
ature
.
I
t
is
g
ener
al
ly
a
gre
e
d
t
ha
t
the
w
a
ter
film
on
t
h
e
surfa
c
e
of
t
he
p
ol
l
u
t
i
o
n
l
a
yer
is
r
esp
ons
ib
le
f
or
t
he
b
r
eak
dow
n
or
f
las
h
over
t
h
a
t
o
cc
urs.
The
i
n
cr
ease
d
v
o
lta
ge
u
sua
l
l
y
c
ros
s
es
t
he
d
r
y
b
a
n
d
be
cau
se
o
f
c
o
ndu
c
t
iv
e
w
a
t
e
r
on
t
he
p
o
l
lu
tio
n
l
a
ye
r.
T
he
c
o
r
o
n
a
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
t
a
r
t
s
m
a
i
n
l
y
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
h
i
g
h
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
acr
oss
the
dry
b
a
nd
s,
a
nd
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
branc
h
ed f
ila
me
nts
from
the
a
rc
than
ap
pea
r
,
w
h
ich de
vel
o
p
s
f
ro
m t
h
e ro
o
t
(s
t
em),
a
s
show
n in
F
ig
ure
1(a).
The
S
econ
d
s
ta
ge -
The
c
oron
a
lea
d
s
t
o
the
c
re
ation
o
f
pa
r
t
i
a
l
ar
cs in
t
h
e
d
r
y
ban
d
r
egio
ns
c
a
u
si
ng a
sign
ifica
n
t
incr
e
a
se
i
n
LC.
Th
e
s
e lum
i
no
us
b
r
a
nche
d fi
lam
e
nt
s d
ev
elo
p
to
b
e
c
o
m
e a c
h
ann
e
l
.
Th
e
ot
h
er
pro
p
er
t
i
e
s
o
f a
c
c
u
mula
te
d
p
o
llu
t
i
on
o
v
er
t
he in
s
u
l
a
t
or w
il
l m
o
d
if
y over
t
i
m
e
due
t
o
t
h
e t
e
m
p
er
ature
an
d
curr
ent lea
k
a
g
e
,
a
s
show
n i
n
F
igur
e
1
(
b).
T
h
e
T
h
i
r
d
s
t
a
g
e
-
A
t
t
h
i
s
s
t
a
g
e
,
t
h
e
a
r
c
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
y
.
On
e
o
f
t
wo
t
hi
ng
s
o
ccu
r,
e
i
t
h
er
t
h
e
a
rc
s
die
ou
t
or
t
he
a
rcs
are
propaga
t
e
d
al
o
n
g
t
h
e
po
llu
ti
o
n
l
a
y
er
o
n
a
n
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
o
r
sur
f
ac
e
to
b
e
c
om
e
whi
t
e
arc
s
t
hat
occ
u
r
a
c
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
a
c
ertai
n
le
n
g
t
h
from
a
w
hite
a
rc
(
ar
ound
si
x
t
y perc
en
t
of
t
he len
g
t
h
o
f
t
he
i
ns
ula
t
or).
T
h
i
s
d
e
p
e
nd
s
o
n
t
h
e
c
on
du
ct
ivi
t
y
a
n
d
l
e
ng
th
o
f
t
h
e
c
ont
a
m
i
n
at
e
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
i
n
al
l
y
,
t
h
e
flas
ho
ver
i
s
c
o
m
plet
e
alo
n
g
the
i
n
s
u
l
ator,
a
s
s
how
n in F
i
g
ur
e 1(
c).
F
i
gure
1. P
roc
e
ss of
f
las
h
o
v
er on p
o
l
l
u
t
e
d
ins
u
l
a
tor
3.
CONCE
PT
O
F
T
H
E MODEL
O
n
e
o
f
t
he
f
irs
t
m
ode
ls
o
f
f
l
a
s
ho
v
e
r
o
n
p
o
l
l
u
t
e
d
i
n
su
la
tor
surf
ace
s
w
a
s
i
n
tr
od
uce
d
by
O
b
ena
u
s
[7]
.
Th
us
f
ar
,
the
m
o
st
a
nal
y
t
i
c
model
s
p
ro
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
r
e
s
ear
ch
er
s
sinc
e
the
n
h
ave
de
pen
d
e
d
on
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
n
d
es
ig
n,
in
w
h
i
c
h
a
c
on
t
a
m
i
na
t
e
d
i
n
su
lat
o
r
w
a
s
m
o
de
ll
e
d
b
y
a
n
e
l
e
ctrica
l
e
qui
va
le
nt
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
of
a
n
el
e
c
tric
a
l
resistance with an
a
r
c
in
s
e
ries.
Wh
e
r
e
th
e
d
r
y
b
a
nd
r
esi
s
to
r w
a
s
i
n
s
eri
e
s wi
th
t
h
e
w
et
reg
ion
r
esistor
of a
n
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
o
r,
a contam
i
n
a
t
e
d
surfa
ce
w
a
s
assum
e
d.
I
n
this
m
ode
l
,
t
he
a
rc
c
ha
nne
l
w
a
s
equ
i
val
e
n
te
d
as
a
c
yl
in
der
w
ith
a
r
a
d
i
u
s
r
and
l
e
n
g
t
h
l. I
t was
also trans
ferr
ed to an
RLC
e
lec
t
rical circle,
as
show
n in F
igur
e
2.
The
sa
l
i
e
n
t
fe
a
t
ures
o
f
t
h
is
m
ode
l
a
r
e
brie
fly
re
presen
te
d
he
re
.
F
i
gu
r
e
3
i
l
l
u
stra
tes
a
flo
w
char
t
o
f
t
h
e
me
cha
n
ism
mode
l
c
o
m
p
r
i
si
ng
t
he
g
e
o
m
e
try
of
t
he
i
n
s
ula
t
or,
cha
r
a
c
t
e
r
istics
of
t
he
c
o
n
tam
i
na
ted
la
yer
,
app
l
ied
vo
l
t
a
g
e,
a
nd
s
om
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
it
i
a
l
rea
d
in
g
use
d
a
s
t
h
e
i
np
ut
d
at
a
.
T
h
e
f
l
a
sh
ov
e
r
d
i
s
ch
arge
t
i
m
e
w
a
s
di
v
i
ded
in
t
o
s
t
e
p
s
dt
(
be
low
t
h
e
t
i
me
c
ons
ta
n
t
f
or
a
n
a
r
c)
from
t
e
q
u
a
l
s
z
e
r
o
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
,
a
n
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
vo
lta
ge
o
f
the
arc
w
a
s
m
a
de,
w
h
ic
h
mus
t
b
e
h
i
g
h
e
no
ugh
t
o
ob
t
a
i
n
a
n
a
rc
t
ha
t
e
x
cee
ds
t
he
f
irst
l
e
n
gt
h
for
a
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
602
–
6
10
60
4
arc
.
W
he
n
t
h
e
preva
l
e
n
t
crit
er
i
o
n
is
m
et
b
ase
d
o
n
Heske
t
h’s
dP
a
/
d
x
>
0,
w
her
e
P
a
i
s
t
h
e
arc
po
we
r
su
ppl
y
from
t
he
s
o
u
rc
e
o
f
t
he
p
ow
e
r),
t
he
a
r
c
w
ill
s
t
a
r
t
t
o
d
e
v
el
o
p
.
I
t
i
s
a
gr
ee
d
th
a
t
t
he
p
r
opa
ga
t
i
on
o
f
th
e
a
r
c
w
i
l
l
b
e
at
t
ha
t
v
o
lta
ge
.
The
in
ter
n
a
l
v
ar
i
a
b
l
e
s
(
r
a
d
i
u
s
,
ve
lo
c
i
t
y
,
e
t
c
.
),
a
s
we
l
l
as
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
i
nin
g
pol
lu
t
i
on
l
a
y
er’s
re
si
st
an
c
e
,
are
t
h
en
d
et
ermi
n
e
d[8
]
.
Th
e
d
e
t
e
rmi
n
a
t
i
o
n
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
ical
p
a
r
am
eter
s
demand
s
the
i
m
media
t
e
un
bri
d
ged
c
o
n
t
am
inat
ed
l
a
y
e
r
r
esista
nce
,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
de
te
rmin
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
ns
ul
a
t
o
r
g
e
o
met
r
y
;
t
hu
s,
i
llu
s
t
rat
i
ng
the
e
f
fe
ct
o
f
th
e
fla
s
h
ove
r
proc
ess.
T
he
v
ol
tage
Us(t
)
,
i
n
t
h
e
A
C
vo
lt
ag
e
f
o
rm,
wa
s
ca
l
c
u
l
at
ed
a
t
ea
c
h
t
i
m
e
b
a
sed
on
t
h
e
s
ame
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
a
s
fo
r
th
e
st
at
i
c
m
od
e
lli
ng
,
w
h
i
c
h
d
e
t
ermi
n
e
d
th
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
fl
as
hov
er,
i
.
e.
a
t
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Us
during
a
very
s
hor
t
tim
e,
a
f
lashover
will
occur.
A
t
each
tim
e
dt
,
th
e
crit
ica
l
s
i
t
ua
t
i
o
n
f
or
c
o
n
ti
nue
d
grow
th
o
f
t
h
e
fla
s
h
ove
r
w
e
re
t
este
d
an
d,
i
f
i
t
w
as
f
a
v
o
r
able,
the
flas
h
over
w
o
u
l
d co
n
t
i
n
u
e
forw
a
r
d
to th
e
fina
l lea
p
ste
p.
F
i
gure
2. Mo
d
e
ll
i
ng pr
opa
ga
t
i
n
g
f
lash
o
v
er
on a
contam
ina
t
ed sur
f
a
ce
and
El
e
c
t
ri
cal
eq
u
i
v
al
e
n
t
RL
C
circ
ui
t
Ot
h
e
rwi
s
e
,
t
h
e
a
rc
w
i
l
l
di
e
-
ou
t
,
a
n
d
a
d
i
scharg
e
wo
ul
d
not
o
c
c
u
r
.
T
hen,
a
n
e
w
s
tep
is
r
epe
a
te
d
b
y
incre
a
s
i
ng
the
a
p
p
lied
v
o
l
t
a
g
e.
T
he
c
om
pu
t
i
ng
is
r
e-
run
ag
a
i
n
b
y
i
n
i
t
ia
liz
in
g
t
h
e
inp
u
t
p
ar
am
eters.
W
hen
t
h
e
arc
le
n
g
th
i
s
e
qua
l
t
o
m
ore
t
h
an
h
a
l
f
t
h
e
in
sula
tor
len
g
t
h
Lf
,
t
h
e
d
i
sc
ha
rge
w
o
u
l
d
occ
u
r.
U
nder
al
ter
n
at
in
g
vo
lta
ge,
th
is
o
cc
urs
at
t
he
t
o
p
v
a
l
ue
o
f
t
h
e
las
t
q
uarte
r
o
f
th
e
p
e
ri
od
c
y
c
l
e
T/4
a
n
d
co
ns
eque
n
t
l
y
,
ve
lo
cit
y
i
s
modi
fie
d
t
o
o
b
ta
i
n
a
ll
d
i
sc
ha
rges
a
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
im
e.
T
hus,
if
t
h
e
c
r
i
tic
al
v
alu
e
i
s
mo
re
t
h
a
n
th
e
s
u
rf
a
c
e
con
d
u
ct
i
v
it
y,
i
t
i
s
c
on
si
de
red
tha
t
t
he
a
rc
l
e
n
g
t
h
i
s
s
i
m
ilar
a
nd
a
n
y
v
a
r
ia
ti
on
i
n
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
i
s
a
r
e
su
l
t
o
f
t
h
e
varia
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
c
on
duc
t
i
v
i
ty
a
t
the
w
e
t
la
ye
r
surface
,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
c
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
n
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
deter
m
i
n
ed
v
a
l
ue
o
f
F
O
V
,
t
he
d
a
t
a
i
n
t
he
l
a
s
t
p
h
ase
w
o
u
l
d
be
d
e
te
rmin
ed
b
y
repe
a
tin
g
the
sim
u
la
t
i
on.
A
t
e
a
c
h
∆
t
,
t
h
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
c
a
n
d
i
t
s
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
w
a
s
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
ed.
I
f
t
he
c
ri
te
rio
n
i
s
no
t
m
a
tche
d,
t
he
f
la
sho
v
er
wo
ul
d
not
o
ccu
r.
I
n
th
i
s
c
as
e,
a
n
e
w
s
t
e
p
in
cre
a
s
ed
t
h
e
v
o
l
ta
g
e
Us
.
The
c
o
mputa
t
io
n
w
a
s
re
-run
b
y
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
the
in
put
d
a
t
a a
s
show
n in
f
l
o
w
cha
r
t i
n
F
igure
3.
4.
T
H
E TE
S
T
S
AND PROCEDURE
Bef
o
re
t
he
s
tar
t
o
f
t
h
e
descr
i
p
t
i
v
e
ex
pe
rime
n
t
,
t
h
e
esse
nt
i
a
l
p
a
r
am
eter
s
tha
t
i
nfl
u
ence
d
th
e
flas
ho
ver
vo
lta
ge (
F
O
V)
w
e
r
e
explai
ne
d
a
s
foll
o
w
s
:
The
ge
om
etry
o
f
the
i
n
su
la
to
r
(i.e.
di
a
m
e
t
er
a
nd
len
g
t
h
of
a
rci
n
g
).
T
he
s
hor
t
e
r
the
arc
i
ng
d
i
sta
n
ce
,
the sm
al
ler
the fl
a
s
h
over
vol
ta
ge
;
al
so,
w
i
t
h
a
shorte
r diam
et
e
r,
t
he
fl
a
s
hove
r vol
tage
is a
t
a
m
axim
um
[
10
];
-
A
w
e
t laye
r c
onduc
tiv
it
y an
d
pre-
poll
u
tio
n
;
-
P
r
op
e
r
ties o
f
app
l
i
ed
v
o
l
t
a
ge
(
for
m
a
nd
p
o
la
rity);
-
En
viro
nme
n
t
a
l,
tem
per
a
ture,
a
t
m
o
s
phere
,
st
r
e
ss and
mois
t
u
re;
-
Ty
pe
a
n
d
n
a
t
ur
e
of
c
o
n
tam
i
na
nt
s
de
pos
i
t
ed
(
har
d
o
r
so
ft
r
i
m
e
,
a
nd
w
a
ter
)
,
w
ith
a
l
ow
e
r
d
e
n
sit
y
o
f
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
on
lead
i
ng t
o
h
i
g
h
e
r
fla
s
h
ove
r vo
lta
ge
;
-
A
uni
for
m
a
nd no
n-u
n
i
for
m
c
on
tam
i
na
tio
n
la
yer
su
r
f
ac
e
-
P
r
esence
of dry
ban
d
s
:
p
oll
u
t
i
o
n
de
p
o
s
i
t
s
w
i
t
h
l
e
sser
dry ba
nds
h
ave
l
o
wer
flash
o
v
er
v
o
lta
ge [1
1
];
Wet-
po
l
l
u
t
io
n, w
hic
h
i
s the
m
o
s
t
dan
ge
ro
us
t
ype of
p
o
l
lu
tio
n th
at
c
re
a
t
es
fl
a
sh
ov
e
r
s
,
w
as
u
sed
i
n
t
he
expe
r
i
me
n
t
s ca
r
r
ied ou
t
i
n
t
h
i
s stu
d
y
. To a
c
h
i
eve
po
ll
ut
i
on, c
o
l
d
p
ow
der
a
nd sa
l
t
y w
a
te
r w
e
re used. To e
n
s
u
r
e
prepa
r
ed
w
ater
f
or
e
a
c
h
ex
pe
rime
nt
,
t
h
e
co
nd
uc
t
i
v
ity
o
f
water
w
a
s
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
mi
xi
ng
s
od
i
u
m
chl
o
ri
de
N
a
C
l
(
s
a
l
t
)
a
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
[
1
0
]
.
The
th
ick
n
e
ss
of
t
he
p
o
l
lu
tio
n
layer
on
t
h
e
i
n
s
u
la
t
o
r
w
a
s
the
n
de
te
r
m
ined.
We
t-p
o
l
l
u
ti
on
w
a
s
dep
o
s
i
t
e
d
o
n
t
he
i
ns
u
l
at
or
w
i
t
h
a
norma
l
t
e
m
p
er
ature
o
f
25
°
C
.
F
i
gure
4
sh
ow
s
the
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
i
n
s
u
l
at
or
use
d
t
hat
c
o
nsi
s
te
d
of
a
n
IEC
stan
dar
d
1
4
6
m
m
by
2
5
5
m
m
cap
a
nd
p
in
g
la
ss
i
n
s
u
l
a
tor
disc
s,
one
c
le
a
n
a
n
d
one
p
o
l
l
u
te
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Prop
o
s
al
of
a
d
y
na
mi
c nu
me
r
i
c
a
l
app
r
o
a
c
h i
n
p
r
ed
i
c
ti
ng
fl
as
ho
ve
r cri
t
i
c
a
l
vol
t
a
g
e
(Ali
.
A.
S
a
l
em)
60
5
F
i
gur
e
3.
T
he
m
odel
f
l
ow
c
ha
r
t
F
i
gur
e
4.
G
l
a
ss
i
nsula
t
or
a
nd
po
llu
t
i
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
602
–
6
10
60
6
Exp
e
ri
ment
s
ha
v
e
v
a
lid
a
t
e
d
o
n
4
IEC
st
and
a
rd
i
n
s
ul
at
o
r
u
nit
s
,
t
he
d
ime
n
sio
n
s
of
i
ns
ul
a
t
or
u
se
d
is
ill
us
trate
d
i
n
T
a
ble
1.
Ta
b
l
e 1.
G
e
o
me
t
r
i
c
s o
f
i
nsu
l
a
t
ors
use
d
She
d
d
i
ame
t
er
mm
Sh
ed
s
p
aci
n
g
mm
L
eak
a
g
e
dista
n
ce
mm/u
n
i
t
A
r
c
i
ng
Dis
t
a
n
c
e
for 4 units
mm
255
146
320
584
A
tes
t
s
e
t
up
c
ompris
in
g
o
f
a
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
ge
s
in
gle
tra
n
sfo
r
m
e
r
of
2
2
0
k
V
,
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
d
i
v
i
d
e
r
f
o
r
me
asure
app
l
y
vo
l
t
a
g
e,
c
on
t
r
ol
p
a
n
e
l
,
an
d
da
ta
c
o
lle
c
t
s
ys
tem
s
i
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
gu
re
5
.
Th
e
t
r
an
sfo
r
mer
em
power
s
the
insu
la
tors
w
i
t
h
vo
l
t
a
g
e.
P
ara
m
e
t
e
r
s
me
asuring
s
y
s
t
em
,
whi
c
h
pro
v
i
de
s
t
h
e
fa
ct
ors
e
f
fe
ct
o
n
t
h
e
Le
ak
ag
e
C
u
rre
n
t
su
ch
a
s
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
ch
ang
e
s,
p
e
a
k
v
al
u
e
,
and
me
an
va
l
u
e,
i
nc
l
ude
s
a
n
a
d
v
a
n
ce
d
osc
i
l
l
o
s
co
pe
and
a
1
0
k
Ω
resistor
d
iv
id
e
r
f
or
m
easurin
g
L
C
u
n
d
er
p
o
llu
t
i
o
n
a
nd
c
l
e
an
i
ns
ula
t
or.
L
eaka
g
e
c
u
rrent
me
asure
m
e
n
t
s
w
ere
c
a
rr
i
e
d out b
y
ap
pl
y
i
n
g
vol
tage
o
f
(20 /
(3)
0.5
)
=
11 kV
R
MS
appr
ox
m
a
tll
y.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
5.
(
a) HV
A
C
circui
t te
st
in
g o
n
ou
t
do
or
i
ns
ula
t
or (
b) Exp
e
r
ime
n
ta
l tes
t
setu
p
a
n
d
a
rrange
me
nt an
d
d
ata
ac
qu
i
s
i
tio
n
sys
t
em
5.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
5.1.
I
n
flu
e
n
c
e
of
in
s
u
l
at
or d
ia
mete
r
Th
is
s
tu
d
y
i
s
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
or
v
er
y
hea
vy
po
l
l
u
t
io
n
c
a
se
s
o
n
i
nsu
l
a
t
o
rs,
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
usua
lly
a
ffec
t
e
d
b
y
dus
t
or
s
now
[
12]
,
[1
3].
The
w
i
d
t
h
(
d
)
w
a
s
c
o
mm
ensura
te
t
o the
i
n
s
u
la
t
o
r
d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
.
H
o
w
e
ver,
it
is prac
t
ic
a
l
ly
impo
ssi
ble
to
o
b
t
a
i
n
suc
h
i
ns
ula
t
ors.
T
he
c
o
n
t
a
mi
na
t
i
o
n
l
a
y
ers
o
f
ten
a
ccu
m
u
late
o
n
t
h
e
w
i
ndw
ard
re
g
i
ons
o
f
the i
n
s
u
lat
o
rs. There
fore
, the
simu
l
at
i
on ha
d
used a
n ex
pe
ri
me
n
t
a
l m
o
del
as
s
how
n i
n
F
i
gur
e 6[
11]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Prop
o
s
al
of
a
d
y
na
mi
c nu
me
r
i
c
a
l
app
r
o
a
c
h i
n
p
r
ed
i
c
ti
ng
fl
as
ho
ve
r cri
t
i
c
a
l
vol
t
a
g
e
(Ali
.
A.
S
a
l
em)
60
7
F
i
gur
e
6.
S
im
ulat
ion
o
f
t
he
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
or
d
iam
e
te
r
The
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
la
ye
r
was
estim
ated
a
s
a
hal
f
c
yl
i
nder
with
a
w
id
th
(
d
)
o
ver
t
h
e
in
su
l
a
to
r
gi
v
e
n
as:
(1
)
w
h
e
r
e
D
is
t
he
d
iam
e
t
e
r
of
t
he
i
ns
ula
t
or
a
nd
w
i
s
t
he
c
onta
m
ina
t
i
on
laye
r
th
ic
kne
ss.
Wh
i
l
e
th
e
equ
i
vale
n
t
d
i
a
me
t
e
r
of
i
ns
ul
a
t
or
i
s
give
n
b
y
:
2
(
2
)
the
insu
la
tor
d
i
a
m
e
t
er
i
nf
l
u
e
n
ce
was
c
o
mp
ute
d
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
er
ent
wi
d
t
h
s
o
f
th
e
pol
lut
i
on
l
a
y
e
r
c
ov
ering
th
e
in
su
la
tor
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
.
A
pollu
t
i
on
l
aye
r
t
h
i
c
knes
s
(
w
)
o
f
1.
5
mm
a
n
d
w
i
dt
hs
(
d)
o
f
4
cm
,
9.
4
cm
,
14c
m,
a
n
d
2
8cm
r
e
spec
tive
l
y w
a
s sele
cte
d
f
or te
s
ti
n
g
.
The
r
e
sul
t
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
f
i
gur
e
8
in
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
ha
t
a
ny
inc
r
ea
se
i
n
the
w
id
th
o
f
th
e
po
ll
u
tio
n
la
y
e
r
(d)
on
th
e
in
su
la
tor
w
o
u
l
d
see
a
d
ec
rea
s
e
i
n
c
r
itica
l
v
olta
ge
(
Vc
).
I
n
a
d
di
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
re
w
a
s
a
g
ood
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
b
e
t
w
ee
n
sim
u
la
ti
on
a
n
d
expe
r
i
m
e
n
t
r
e
s
ults,
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
igur
e
7.
F
i
gur
e
7.
C
r
itic
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
c
as
a
f
unc
ti
on
w
ith
W
i
d
t
h
o
f
po
l
l
u
tio
n
la
y
e
r
for
σ
=
80
μS
/c
m
and
w
=
1.
5
cm
.
5.
2.
Len
gt
h
of
a
r
c
e
ff
e
c
t
C
r
itica
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
c
is
p
r
o
por
t
i
o
n
al
t
o
the
le
ng
t
h
o
f
ar
c
L
and
n
u
mbe
r
o
f
insu
la
tor
u
n
its
i
nc
rea
s
in
g
a
nd dec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
.
F
i
gur
e 8
s
h
o
w
s
the cr
i
t
ica
l
v
o
lta
ge
a
s
a
fu
nc
ti
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
rc
l
en
gth
fo
r
d
i
ffe
r
en
t
l
e
ak
ag
e
di
st
a
n
ce
of
i
ns
u
l
a
t
or
.
Com
p
ar
i
s
on
s
of
t
he
e
xpe
r
i
me
nt
a
l
r
e
s
u
lts
u
si
ng
one
t
o
f
our
I
EC6
0
3
05
sta
ndar
d
g
lass
i
n
s
u
l
at
or
u
n
it
s
uni
fo
rml
y
c
ov
e
r
e
d
w
it
h
wet
co
nt
ami
n
at
ion
l
a
y
e
r
wi
th
c
ri
ti
ca
l
f
l
ash
ove
r
v
o
lta
ge
s
i
m
ulate
d
b
y
the
m
o
d
e
l
a
r
e
show
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
8.
T
he
t
hic
k
ness
of
t
he
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
d
ep
o
s
i
t
e
d
on
the
i
n
su
lat
o
r
w
a
s
ab
ou
t
1
m
m
f
or
a
ll
t
h
e
tes
t
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
6
0
2
–
6
10
60
8
F
i
gur
e
8.
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
vo
l
t
ag
e
V
c
a
s
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
a
r
c
l
en
gt
h
f
o
r
σ
=
80
μ
S
/cm
and
w
=
1.
5
c
m
.
5
.
3
.
Co
n
d
uctiv
i
t
y
o
f
w
e
t-
p
o
llut
i
o
n
lay
er ef
f
ect
B
a
se
d
o
n
f
ie
l
d
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
t
i
o
n
s
and
la
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
e
xper
i
m
e
nts,
i
t
w
a
s
fo
un
d
t
h
a
t
w
et-
c
o
n
t
am
in
ati
o
n
laye
r
co
nd
u
c
ti
v
ity
h
as
a
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
abl
e
i
nfl
u
en
ce
on
th
e
f
l
ashov
e
r
v
olt
a
g
e
o
f
i
n
s
ul
a
t
o
r
s.
C
rit
i
cal
v
olt
a
g
e
w
a
s
f
ou
nd
t
o
de
cr
e
a
se
a
s
th
e
c
onta
m
ina
t
i
on
l
a
yer
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
ncr
ease
d
.
The
m
od
el
o
utp
u
t
s
w
er
e
also
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
labo
r
a
to
ry
r
es
u
l
ts
,
acq
u
ired
fro
m
a
strin
g
o
f
4
units
o
f
I
E
C6
03
05
s
t
a
n
d
ard
g
l
ass
i
n
s
u
la
t
o
rs,
whe
r
e
var
i
o
u
s
w
a
ter
c
o
nd
uc
tivi
t
i
es
w
er
e
tes
t
ed
a
s
s
how
i
n
F
i
gur
e
9.
T
hese
r
es
ult
s
s
ho
w
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
re
i
s
a
go
od
d
e
g
re
e
of
ag
re
emen
t
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
crit
i
c
a
l
vol
t
a
g
e
c
al
cu
l
a
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
he
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
tio
n
a
nd
t
h
e
la
b
o
r
a
t
o
ry
t
est
r
e
s
u
lts
.
The
F
O
V
ha
d
r
e
du
ce
d
w
i
t
h
i
ncr
e
a
s
i
ng
co
n
duc
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
po
l
l
u
t
io
n
l
ay
er with
m
in
o
r
erro
r
s
.
F
i
gur
e
9.
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
c
)
as
a
f
unc
ti
on
o
f
p
o
l
lu
t
i
o
n
l
a
y
e
r
cond
uct
i
v
i
t
y
for
w
=
1.
5
cm.
B
a
se
d
on
t
he
r
esu
lts,
i
t
w
a
s
o
bser
ve
d
th
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
w
a
s
g
o
o
d
c
on
ve
n
tio
n
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
ed
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
fo
r
t
h
e
fl
as
hover
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
nd
t
ho
se
f
o
und
e
xp
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
lly
.
Arc
i
n
g
ev
en
ts
a
re
s
o
di
ffi
c
u
lt
t
h
a
t
many
f
a
c
ili
t
a
t
i
ng
a
s
sum
p
tio
ns
m
us
t
be
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
to
o
b
t
ai
n
nu
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
m
odel
l
i
n
g
i
n
a
n
e
a
s
i
er way
.
6.
CONCLUSION
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
dy,
a
d
ynam
i
c
mo
de
l
w
a
s
a
p
p
lie
d
to
i
nve
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
t
s
o
f
s
om
e
par
a
m
e
ter
s
o
n
t
h
e
f
l
a
s
hove
r
v
o
lta
ge
o
f
p
o
l
l
u
ted
i
n
su
la
tor
s
.
The
sug
g
es
te
d
n
u
m
e
r
ic
a
l
m
ode
l
a
ffe
c
t
ed
t
he
s
e
que
n
tia
l
spr
ead
o
f
the
a
r
c.
T
he
m
odel
in
puts
w
e
r
e
t
h
e
g
e
o
me
tr
y
of
t
he
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
or
,
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
on
la
yer
pr
o
p
er
tie
s
(
a
)
,
a
pp
l
i
e
d
v
o
lta
g
e
a
nd
som
e
essent
ia
l
va
lue
s
. The
o
u
t
com
e
o
f the
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
ic
a
l
m
ode
l
w
a
s
va
li
d
a
te
d
a
g
a
i
nst th
e
e
xper
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
m
odel
u
s
i
n
g
po
llu
t
i
o
n
c
ov
e
r
ed
I
EC
60
305
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
g
l
a
s
s
i
ns
ul
at
o
r
s,
t
a
k
in
g
t
o
a
cco
unt
d
if
fere
n
t
l
en
gt
h
s
o
f
t
h
e
ar
c
a
n
d
d
i
a
m
e
t
ers
as
w
e
l
l
as
d
i
f
f
e
re
n
t
w
et
p
oll
u
t
i
o
n
lay
e
r
co
ndu
ct
ivi
t
y
.
Th
e
e
xpe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
r
e
s
ult
s
c
l
o
se
ly
r
e
s
emb
l
e
d
the
r
e
su
l
t
s
fr
o
m
t
he
m
odel
a
nd
c
oul
d
for
e
c
a
s
t
t
h
e
f
l
a
s
h
o
v
e
r
vol
ta
ge
(
F
O
V
)
unde
r
A
C
v
o
l
ta
ge
w
ith
a
gr
ee
able
a
ccur
acy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Propos
a
l
o
f
a dyn
a
m
i
c n
u
m
e
ric
a
l
a
p
p
ro
ac
h
in
pre
d
i
c
tin
g fla
sh
over cri
tic
al vo
l
t
a
g
e
(Al
i
. A. Sal
e
m
)
60
9
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
t
hor
s
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
ke
t
o
th
ank
U
n
i
v
ersi
t
y
T
u
n
H
usse
in
O
nn
Ma
la
ys
i
a
a
nd
the
office
for
Res
e
arch,
Inn
ova
t
i
o
n
,
Co
m
m
ercializa
t
i
o
n,
a
n
d
c
o
n
sul
t
anc
y
M
ana
g
e
m
e
n
t
(ORI
C
C)
f
o
r
f
u
ndi
n
g
t
hi
s
rese
a
r
c
h
und
e
r
t
h
e
pos
tgr
a
d
u
ate
Re
se
arc
h
Gr
a
nt (G
P
P
S
),
VOT
#
U71
1
.
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T
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nt
a
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s
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d
ist
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ib
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t
ion
m
eas
urem
ent
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lt
age
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M
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4
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I
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B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
A
l
i
Ahmed
Ali
S
a
l
e
m
(A
li.
A
.
S
a
l
e
m
)
w
as
b
o
r
n
in
S
ana’a,
Y
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M
a
rch
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98
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H
e
receiv
e
d
M
.
En
g.
i
n
E
l
ectri
cal
P
ow
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E
n
g
i
n
eering
f
r
o
m
U
n
i
versit
i
T
un
H
us
se
i
n
O
nn
M
al
a
y
si
a
(U
THM
)
f
ro
m
2014
t
o
2
0
1
6
.
Curren
tl
y
he
i
s
P
u
rs
ui
ng
P
h
.
D.
d
egree
a
t
Hi
gh
V
o
ltag
e
i
n
F
aculty
o
f
E
l
e
ct
rical
E
ngi
neerin
g,
U
THM
.
H
i
s
r
es
earc
h
i
nteres
t
i
n
clu
d
es
t
he
d
ynamic
a
rc
m
odelling
o
f
p
o
l
l
u
tio
n fl
ash
over
on
h
i
gh
vo
lt
ag
e
o
u
td
oo
r in
sulators
.
R.
A
bd
Rahm
an
w
as
born
in
K
e
d
ah,
M
a
l
a
ysia
i
n
1
9
8
4
.
He
r
eceiv
e
d
t
h
e
M
.
E
n
g
.
d
eg
ree
in
el
ectrical
a
n
d
e
lect
roni
c
en
gi
nee
r
in
g
f
r
om
C
ardiff
U
n
iv
ersity,
UK
i
n
200
8.
A
f
t
er
h
is
g
radu
ati
o
n
,
he
j
oi
ned
U
n
i
v
e
r
siti
Tun
Husse
in
O
nn
Mal
a
ys
i
a
(
UTHM)
as
a
n
acad
em
ic
s
taff
and
res
earch
f
e
llow. In
20
08
,
h
e
cam
e b
ack
to
Cardi
ff as a Ph
D
candi
dat
e
wi
t
hin
th
e Hi
gh
Volt
a
ge an
d
E
nergy
S
y
ste
m
s
gro
u
p
an
d
re
cei
ved
hi
s
p
h
D
in
2
0
1
2
.
C
u
rrentl
y
,
he
i
s
a
lect
urer
a
t
U
n
iv
ersity
o
f
Tun
H
u
ss
ein Onn
Ma
l
a
ys
ia (
U
T
HM
), Batu
P
a
hat,
M
a
l
ay
si
a
.
M
.
S
.
K
a
m
a
ru
din
ob
tain
ed
h
i
s
B
.
E
n
g
.
and
M.Eng.
D
eg
rees
i
n
El
ect
ri
cal
E
ng
ineering
(P
o
w
er)
f
r
om
U
niv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
ogi
M
ala
y
s
i
a
(UTM
)
in
2003
a
n
d
200
5,
r
esp
ecti
v
ely,
a
n
d
a
P
h.
D.
i
n
High
V
o
ltage
E
ngi
neeri
ng
f
r
om
C
ard
i
ff
U
niv
e
rsit
y,
UK,
i
n
20
14
.
Curre
nt
ly
,
he
i
s
a
s
e
ni
or
l
ect
urer
i
n
t
h
e
F
acul
t
y
o
f
E
l
ectri
c
a
l
&
Electron
i
c
E
ngi
ne
eri
ng
at
U
n
i
v
e
rs
it
i
T
u
n
H
u
ssein
O
nn
M
al
aysi
a
(U
TH
M
)
.
H
i
s
research
i
n
t
erest
s
i
ncl
ude
g
as
d
is
charg
e
s
,
h
igh
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
urg
e
a
rre
s
t
ers
,
a
nd
d
i
elect
rics
a
nd
el
ectri
cal
i
n
s
ula
t
ion
sy
s
t
em
.
H
e
i
s
regi
st
e
r
ed
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
B
o
a
r
d
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
(
B
E
M
)
.
H
e i
s
al
s
o
cur
r
e
n
t
l
y
a m
em
b
e
r
of
I
E
E
E
and
a gr
a
d
u
at
e m
e
m
b
er o
f Ins
t
i
t
u
tio
n o
f
E
ngi
neers
,
M
ala
y
si
a (IEM
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
602
–
6
10
61
0
H
u
ss
ein
Ahma
d
was
bo
rn
i
n
19
53
an
d
g
r
a
duat
e
d
w
ith
B
S
c
(
Elect
ric
al
a
nd
E
l
ect
roni
c
E
ngi
neeri
n
g
)
a
nd
M
S
c
(E
lectri
cal
P
ow
er
E
ngin
eering
)
fro
m
U
n
iver
sity
o
f
S
t
rat
h
clyde,
G
lasgo
w
i
n
1
97
7
and
19
81
r
esp
ectiv
ely
.
S
u
b
s
e
quen
t
l
y
r
e
cei
ved
hi
s
P
h
D
in
h
i
g
h
voltage
e
ngineeri
n
g
in
1
9
8
6
fro
m
UM
IST
of
U
ni
versity
o
f
M
a
n
c
hest
er.
H
e
was
a
cont
ract
p
r
o
f
e
ss
or
a
t
th
e
U
n
iv
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
T
un
H
u
s
s
ei
n
O
n
n
M
a
l
a
ysia
(
UTHM
),
B
at
u
P
a
hat
,
M
alay
si
a
in
t
he
R
e
s
earch
C
ent
e
r
of
A
pplie
d
E
l
ectrom
a
gn
etic
s
i
n
t
he
F
acu
lt
y
o
f
E
lectri
cal
a
nd
El
ec
t
r
on
ic
E
n
gine
e
r
in
g,
U
T
H
M.
H
e
wa
s
the
f
o
r
m
er
C
hai
r
man
and
H
e
ad
o
f
Pow
e
r
E
ngi
neeri
n
g
Chapter,
I
EEE
Ma
l
ay
si
a
Ch
apt
e
r.
H
is
l
ast
posi
ti
on
in
U
T
M
b
ef
ore
r
e
tire
m
ent
in
2011
was
Di
rector
o
f
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Hig
h
Vo
lta
ge
a
nd
H
ig
h
Cu
rren
t
(IVAT
)
an
d
p
r
of
es
sor
of
t
he
F
acult
y
of
Elect
rical
E
ngi
n
eerin
g,
U
T
M
,
S
k
u
d
ai.
His
res
earch
i
n
t
erest
is
t
h
e
a
rea
e
a
rt
hi
ng,
b
o
ndi
ng,
l
igh
t
n
i
n
g
p
ro
t
ectio
n,
i
ns
u
l
atio
n
p
e
rfo
rm
ance
and
re
ne
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
usin
g
ligh
t
n
i
n
g
.
Hi
s
i
s
a
lso
th
e
Dire
c
t
o
r
o
f
D
ynam
i
c
Elect
ri
cal
a
n
d
L
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
E
a
rthi
ng
S
oluti
o
n
enterp
ris
e
(
D
E
LES
).
C
urren
t
ly
h
e
is
a
n
Ad
ju
nc
t
Prof
e
ssor
at
I
VA
T,
U
T
M
(2018-2020)
N
o
r
Akmal
M
o
h
d
J
am
ail
is
a
l
ect
urer
o
f
Univ
ers
i
t
i
T
u
n
H
u
s
s
e
in
O
nn
M
al
aysia
s
i
nce
20
08
.
Sh
e
receiv
e
d
the
Bachelo
r
d
eg
ree
in
Electri
cal
E
ngin
eeri
n
g
f
r
o
m
U
ni
vers
iti
T
e
kn
ologi
M
alay
si
a
in
2
0
0
5
,
M.
En
g
in
P
ow
er
S
ystem
f
r
om
U
n
i
vers
iti
Tun
H
u
s
s
e
i
n
O
n
n
M
a
l
ay
si
a
i
n
2007
and
P
h
.
D
.
in
H
i
gh
V
olt
a
ge
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
ng
f
r
om
U
n
i
vers
iti
T
e
kn
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lays
ia
,
i
n
2
01
5.
H
er
r
es
earch
i
nt
erests
i
n
clu
d
e
co
nd
it
io
n
m
onit
o
ri
ng
of
p
o
l
y
m
er
n
ano
c
om
p
o
site
i
ns
u
l
atio
n
for
HV
p
urp
o
se,
die
l
ectric
s
an
d el
ectrical
in
s
u
l
atio
n. S
h
e
is
regi
st
ered
w
it
h t
h
e
Bo
ard
of
En
gi
n
eers
Mal
a
ys
ia
(
BE
M).
N
o
rdi
a
na
A
zl
in
O
th
m
a
n
was
b
o
rn
i
n
J
oho
r,
M
alays
i
a
o
n
J
an
uary
1
9
,
19
86
.
S
h
e
rec
e
ived
D
i
plom
a
in
E
l
e
ctri
cal
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
and
B.Eng
i
n
E
lect
rical
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
f
r
om
U
ni
versiti
T
e
kno
lo
g
i
M
alay
si
a
(UTM
)
res
p
ecti
v
el
y
in
2
0
0
7
an
d
201
0.
S
he
c
om
pl
eted
h
er
P
hD
i
n
Sp
ace
Ch
arg
e
D
i
s
ti
rbuti
on
at
I
nst
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
Hi
gh
V
o
lta
ge
a
n
d
H
i
gh
Cu
rre
nt
(IV
AT)
in
F
acul
t
y
of
E
l
ectri
cal
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
ng,
U
TM.
Her
res
e
arch
i
n
t
erest
incl
ud
es
t
h
e
d
et
ec
t
i
o
n
a
nd
d
i
a
gno
stics
o
f
p
a
rtial d
i
sch
a
rge
an
d s
p
ace ch
arg
e
i
n i
n
s
u
latio
n f
o
r con
d
i
t
i
on
m
onito
rin
g
.
M
o
hd
Tauf
iq
I
shak
r
ec
eiv
e
d
th
e
B.
E
n
g
d
eg
ree
in
Elect
rical
E
ngi
neeri
n
g
(2
00
2)
f
ro
m
U
n
i
v
ersiti
T
e
naga
N
asi
onal
in
M
alaysia
an
d
M
.
E
ng
.
in
E
lectrical
E
n
g
in
eeri
n
g
(
20
04
)
f
r
o
m
U
M
I
ST,
UK
.
H
e
receiv
e
d
t
h
e P
h
D d
e
gree i
n
El
ect
rical P
ower Eng
in
eerin
g
f
r
om
U
niversit
y of
M
anch
est
e
r,
UK
i
n
201
0.
C
urrentl
y
h
e
i
s
a
S
enio
r
Lect
urer
i
n
th
e
D
e
partm
e
n
t
o
f
Elect
rical
a
nd
E
lect
ro
n
i
c
E
ngi
neeri
ng,
U
niv
e
rsiti
P
e
rtahan
an
N
asi
o
n
a
l
M
a
lay
s
i
a
.
His
resea
rc
h
in
te
re
sts
a
r
e
high
v
o
lta
ge
,
p
o
wer
trans
f
orm
e
r,
a
s
s
et
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
l
ifetim
e
p
r
edi
c
tio
n
,
r
enew
ab
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
c
on
di
ti
oni
n
g
m
o
nit
o
ri
ng
a
nd
sm
a
rt
g
ri
d.
Md
N
o
r
R
a
m
do
n
Bin
Ba
h
a
ro
m
wa
s
bo
rn
i
n
Kua
l
a
Lump
ur,
Ma
la
ysia
o
n
A
ugus
t
1
9
7
8
.
H
e
receiv
e
d
th
e
B.
E.
d
eg
ree
in
E
le
ctri
cal
a
nd
El
ectron
i
c
Eng
i
n
eeri
ng
f
r
o
m
S
cho
o
l
of
C
om
puti
n
g
,
Creati
v
e
Techn
o
l
o
g
i
es
&
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
ng,
L
eed
s
Met
r
op
olitan
U
niv
e
rs
ity,
Un
ited
Ki
n
g
dom
in
2
004.
H
e
r
eceiv
e
d
t
h
e Ph
.D.
d
e
gree
f
r
om
E
l
ectrical
E
ne
rgy
an
d
P
o
wer
S
yste
m
s
G
ro
up
o
f
th
e
Sc
ho
ol
o
f
E
l
ectri
cal
a
n
d
Electro
ni
c
En
gin
e
erin
g
at
t
h
e
U
niv
e
rs
it
y
of
M
anc
h
e
ste
r
i
n
20
10
.
He
i
s
c
u
rre
n
t
ly
w
o
rki
n
g
as
a
l
ec
tu
rer
i
n
D
epart
m
ent
of
P
o
w
er
Ele
ctri
cal
E
n
g
in
ee
rin
g
o
f
t
h
e
F
acul
t
y
of
E
l
ectrical
an
d
E
l
ect
ro
ni
c
E
ngi
neeri
ng,
U
n
i
v
e
rsiti
Tu
n
Hus
s
ei
n
O
n
n
M
a
lay
s
i
a
(
UT
H
M
),
M
al
ays
i
a.
H
is
m
a
jo
r
research
i
n
t
erest
s
i
n
c
lude
h
igh
-
vo
lt
age
in
sulatio
ns
,
o
v
e
r
h
ead-l
in
e
d
e
si
gn,
l
i
ghtni
ng
s
t
ruct
ure
p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
el
ectri
ca
l
env
i
ro
nm
ent
a
l
int
e
rferen
ce
im
p
act
,
com
p
os
it
e
ins
u
l
a
to
rs
a
nd
fl
asho
ver
of
c
on
tam
i
nated
in
sulators
.
S
a
l
e
m
Mg
amm
a
l
Awadh
N
a
s
ser
Al-A
m
e
ri
r
eceiv
e
d
B.
Eng.
i
n
M
ech
atro
nics
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
fro
m
A
s
ia
P
acifi
c
Univ
ersit
y
(
APU)
i
n
20
12
.
H
e
r
eceived
M.
Eng.
i
n
El
ectrical
P
o
w
er
from
U
n
i
v
ersit
i
T
un
Huss
ein
O
n
n
M
a
lay
s
i
a
(
U
T
HM
)
f
r
om
201
4
to
2
01
6.
C
urren
t
ly
h
e
i
s
pu
rsuing
P
h
.
D
.
D
e
gree
i
n
U
n
i
versi
t
i
T
u
n
Hu
sse
i
n
O
nn
M
alay
si
a.
H
is
r
e
s
earch
i
s
on
t
ran
sf
orm
e
r
c
o
nd
it
io
n
m
o
n
i
tori
n
g
usin
g
FR
A.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.