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m
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
s
y
s
te
m
is
a
n
attr
ac
tiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
t
h
at
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
b
u
i
ld
in
g
[
1
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
a
n
d
lead
s
to
te
m
p
er
at
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r
e
r
is
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s
to
7
0
°C
r
esu
lt
in
g
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
i
n
it
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
2
]
.
He
n
ce
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
,
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
co
n
v
er
ted
in
t
o
elec
tr
icit
y
;
s
o
m
e
w
il
l
co
n
v
er
t
in
to
t
h
er
m
al
(
h
ea
t
)
,
th
u
s
,
b
y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
ca
p
ab
le
to
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o
d
u
ce
d
h
ig
h
e
r
o
u
tp
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t
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[
3
]
.
Hea
t
th
at
p
r
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d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
w
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ll
b
e
co
llected
b
y
th
e
a
b
s
o
r
b
er
c
o
llecto
r
an
d
d
r
ain
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
tan
k
f
o
r
o
th
er
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
i
n
g
o
f
h
ea
t a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
m
an
a
g
e
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
es i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
ca
p
ab
le
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
u
c
h
as lo
w
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
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n
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f
o
r
m
it
y
ar
c
h
ite
ctu
r
al
an
d
li
m
ited
r
o
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f
s
p
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r
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ep
ar
ate
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te
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in
s
tall
atio
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h
ad
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o
m
e
i
m
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tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
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n
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lu
e
n
ce
d
th
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o
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co
m
b
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n
in
g
t
h
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p
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to
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ltaic/t
h
er
m
al
(
P
VT
)
s
y
s
te
m
in
t
o
o
n
e
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
te
m
[
5
]
.
P
VT
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
s
co
n
v
er
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
r
m
al
a
n
d
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
ie
s
.
P
V
T
s
o
lar
c
o
llecto
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
w
id
el
y
ac
ce
p
ted
in
m
e
etin
g
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
a
n
d
r
esid
en
tial
elec
tr
ic
an
d
t
h
er
m
al
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
a
f
ter
d
e
ca
d
es
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
in
ce
n
ti
v
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Ho
t
w
ater
is
ess
e
n
tial
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
an
d
d
o
m
e
s
tic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
t
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
b
ath
e,
w
as
h
clo
th
es
a
n
d
k
itc
h
en
u
te
n
s
ils
a
n
d
o
th
er
d
o
m
e
s
tic
u
ti
liti
es
ar
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
i
n
t
h
e
ci
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
o
f
to
w
n
.
T
h
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
(
h
o
t
w
ater
)
i
s
al
s
o
n
e
ed
ed
in
q
u
a
n
tit
ies
in
h
o
tel
s
,
h
o
s
p
itals
,
d
o
r
m
s
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
i
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s
u
c
h
as
te
x
tile
s
,
p
ap
er
an
d
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
is
cu
s
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
n
o
v
e
lt
y
o
f
b
u
ild
i
n
g
in
teg
r
ated
p
h
o
to
v
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ltaic
t
h
e
r
m
al
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
(
B
I
P
V
T
)
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
o
th
elec
tr
icit
y
an
d
h
o
t
-
w
ater
s
y
s
te
m
.
B
esid
es
g
en
er
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n
g
“f
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t
-
w
ater
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
s
u
itab
le
d
o
m
e
s
tic
u
s
a
g
e
[
7
]
.
2.
T
H
E
P
RO
B
L
E
M
T
h
e
m
a
in
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
a
n
d
th
er
m
a
l
co
llecto
r
s
ar
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
llecto
r
.
T
o
d
ay
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
av
ailab
le
d
esig
n
s
f
o
r
f
lat
p
late
co
llecto
r
s
ar
e
w
it
h
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
ar
allel
d
esi
g
n
.
T
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
d
esi
g
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
co
o
lin
g
d
u
e
to
it
s
lo
w
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
at
a
h
ig
h
-
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
P
r
o
p
er
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
llecto
r
w
it
h
s
p
ec
ial
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
e
n
ab
les
t
h
e
f
l
u
id
to
f
lo
w
an
d
s
u
s
tai
n
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
i
n
s
id
e
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
llecto
r
n
ee
d
to
b
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
ex
a
m
in
e.
I
t
is
w
el
l
k
n
o
w
n
th
a
t
th
e
f
lat
p
late
co
llecto
r
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
an
ex
p
en
s
i
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
co
s
t
i
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
th
e
co
llecto
r
b
u
t
also
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
f
o
r
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
llecto
r
an
d
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
te
m
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
in
s
talla
tio
n
.
A
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
llect
o
r
is
a
n
ec
ess
it
y
t
o
n
o
t o
n
l
y
co
o
l th
e
ce
ll
s
an
d
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
it e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
b
u
t i
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
t
h
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
i
s
eq
u
all
y
v
alu
ab
le.
B
es
id
es
t
h
at,
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
lo
w
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
p
a
y
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ar
tic
u
lar
s
y
s
te
m
is
h
i
g
h
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
a
s
ep
a
r
ate
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
an
d
s
o
lar
t
h
er
m
a
l
)
ar
e
ca
l
cu
lated
as
s
ep
ar
ate
en
tit
y
.
S
in
ce
t
h
at,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
w
o
s
ep
ar
ate
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
t
h
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
iv
id
in
g
i
n
to
t
w
o
.
W
h
er
e
el
s
e,
af
ter
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
t
h
er
m
a
l
s
y
s
te
m
)
,
t
h
e
t
h
er
m
al
co
llecto
r
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ar
e
tr
ea
ted
as
s
in
g
le
e
n
tit
y
an
d
t
h
e
ar
ea
is
d
iv
id
ed
o
n
l
y
to
o
n
e.
B
y
in
teg
r
ate
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
eo
r
etica
ll
y
,
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
tr
e
m
en
d
o
u
s
l
y
b
u
t
also
d
ir
ec
tl
y
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
t
h
e
r
o
o
f
in
g
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
a
b
u
ild
in
g
,
m
in
i
m
ized
t
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
s
p
ac
e
o
f
in
s
ta
llatio
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SO
L
UT
I
O
N
T
h
e
n
e
w
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
d
esig
n
o
f
B
I
P
V
T
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
llecto
r
,
n
am
el
y
s
p
ir
al
f
lo
w
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
llecto
r
,
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
a
n
d
f
ab
r
icate
d
as
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
s
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
ec
tan
g
u
la
r
h
o
llo
w
tu
b
es
ar
e
attac
h
ed
clo
s
el
y
u
n
d
er
n
ea
t
h
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
w
it
h
m
etallic
b
o
n
d
ed
,
an
d
th
i
s
w
i
ll
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
ze
r
o
g
ap
o
r
n
o
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
u
b
es
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
d
u
le,
in
w
h
ic
h
h
ea
t
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ze
r
o
g
ap
is
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
h
ig
h
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
ex
ce
l
len
t
b
o
n
d
i
n
g
q
u
alit
y
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
co
llecto
r
an
d
t
h
e
s
h
ee
t
u
n
d
er
n
ea
th
t
h
e
ce
l
l
(
m
o
d
u
le)
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
c
o
llecto
r
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
is
m
ad
e
o
f
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
h
o
llo
w
t
u
b
e
o
f
s
tai
n
les
s
s
teel
m
a
ter
ial
w
it
h
th
e
d
i
m
en
s
i
o
n
o
f
(
D
h
)
1
2
.
7
×1
2
.
7
m
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
p
ir
al
f
lo
w
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
llecto
r
d
esig
n
A
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
m
m
er
cial
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
a
f
lat
p
late
s
in
g
le
g
laz
in
g
s
h
ee
t
o
f
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
s
ilico
n
w
i
th
s
in
g
le
g
lazi
n
g
s
h
ee
t
h
as
b
ee
n
la
m
i
n
ated
an
d
b
o
n
d
ed
w
it
h
a
h
i
g
h
-
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
ilico
n
e
ad
h
e
s
iv
e
an
d
s
ea
la
n
t.
O
n
ce
s
ea
led
a
n
d
w
ater
ti
g
h
t,
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
llecto
r
is
attac
h
ed
to
t
h
e
b
o
tto
m
s
id
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
en
ca
p
s
u
la
ted
in
a
P
o
ly
v
in
y
l
r
e
s
in
an
d
f
o
r
m
ed
a
co
m
p
lete
B
I
P
V
T
s
y
s
te
m
.
L
ate
r
,
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
lato
r
is
p
ac
k
ed
u
n
d
er
n
ea
t
h
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
c
o
llecto
r
to
p
r
ev
en
t
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
escap
i
n
g
f
u
r
t
h
er
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
c
o
llecto
r
.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
c
o
llecto
r
is
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
il
o
r
tu
b
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
at
lea
s
t o
n
e
in
let
an
d
o
n
e
o
u
tlet to
allo
w
t
h
e
m
ed
iu
m
(
wate
r
)
to
en
ter
an
d
to
ex
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
il r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
an
d
co
v
er
ed
th
e
en
tire
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1918
–
1
9
2
5
1920
I
n
th
i
s
o
u
td
o
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
,
t
h
e
h
o
t
-
w
ater
s
to
r
ag
e
is
lo
ca
ted
as
n
ea
r
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
t
h
e
c
o
llecto
r
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
w
ater
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
u
m
p
to
t
h
e
co
llecto
r
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
T
h
e
w
ater
s
to
r
ag
e
is
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
to
th
e
f
lat
p
late
co
llecto
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
et
s
o
f
p
ip
es
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
a
p
u
m
p
t
h
at
co
n
tr
o
ls
t
h
e
w
at
er
cir
cu
lati
n
g
.
I
t
i
s
ass
u
m
in
g
t
h
at
th
e
p
ip
es
ar
e
well
in
s
u
lat
in
g
to
p
r
ev
en
t
f
r
o
m
an
y
h
ea
t
lo
s
t
to
o
cc
u
r
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
th
e
co
llecto
r
u
n
it
ab
s
o
r
b
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
i
n
let
w
ater
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
at
t
h
e
co
l
lecto
r
is
ass
u
m
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
as
th
e
m
ea
n
w
ater
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
.
T
o
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
th
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t,
a
f
ab
r
icate
d
B
I
P
V
T
co
llecto
r
is
m
o
u
n
tin
g
o
n
to
a
s
h
ed
.
T
h
e
s
h
ed
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
w
it
h
a
m
il
d
s
teel
f
r
a
m
e
an
d
co
v
er
w
it
h
p
ly
w
o
o
d
m
a
ter
ials
.
T
h
e
B
I
P
V
T
co
llecto
r
is
later
,
in
s
tal
led
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
s
h
e
d
as
th
e
r
o
o
f
to
p
.
T
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
e
ti
led
an
g
le
o
f
1
4
°
to
b
e
th
e
b
est
-
ti
lted
an
g
le
f
o
r
s
ites
lo
ca
ted
at
0
°
-
1
4
°
latitu
d
e.
A
s
ilico
n
e
g
el
is
u
s
ed
as
a
jo
in
in
g
ag
e
n
t
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
u
n
tin
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
p
y
r
a
n
o
m
eter
is
f
ix
ed
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
'
s
f
r
a
m
e
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
tilt
ed
a
n
g
le
a
s
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
th
e
So
lar
E
n
er
g
y
R
esear
ch
I
n
s
t
itu
te
(
SERI)
So
lar
P
a
r
k
,
Un
iv
er
s
i
ti
Keb
an
g
s
aa
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
I
n
th
is
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t,
a
m
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
o
t
h
er
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
a
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
T
-
t
y
p
e
t
h
e
r
m
o
co
u
p
les.
So
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
n
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
E
p
p
ley
p
y
r
a
n
o
m
eter
.
I
n
t
h
is
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t,
eig
h
t
m
o
d
u
les
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ar
e
attac
h
ed
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel.
Ma
s
s
f
lo
w
r
ates
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
2
7
,
0
.
0
3
5
an
d
0
.
0
4
1
k
g
/s
an
d
d
ata
-
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
th
e
co
llecto
r
ar
e
later
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
.
4.
CO
M
P
ARIS
O
N
WI
T
H
P
RE
VIOU
S S
T
UDY
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ki
m
et
a
l.,
[
1
3
,
1
4
]
th
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
al
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
co
llect
o
r
s
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
v
er
o
r
w
i
th
o
u
t
t
h
e
co
v
er
b
u
t
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ter
m
co
lle
cto
r
m
a
y
also
g
iv
e
an
i
m
p
r
ess
io
n
o
n
th
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
ts
o
f
P
VT
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
s
.
T
h
e
y
u
s
e
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
ch
a
n
n
el
to
e
x
p
an
d
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
h
ea
t d
is
p
lace
m
en
t.
Z
o
n
d
ag
et
al.
[
1
5
]
h
av
e
m
ad
e
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
co
l
lecto
r
s
,
P
V
T
co
llecto
r
s
an
d
PVT
co
llecto
r
s
w
it
h
an
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
g
la
s
s
co
v
er
.
T
h
e
an
n
u
al
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
elec
tr
icall
y
g
en
er
ated
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
is
7
.
2
%,
7
.
6
%
an
d
6
.
6
%.
P
V
T
co
llec
to
r
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
co
v
er
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
h
ig
h
es
t
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
b
y
J
i
et
al.
[
1
6
]
o
n
n
at
u
r
al
cir
c
u
latio
n
h
y
b
r
id
P
VT
w
ater
h
ea
t
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
ey
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
P
VT
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
ab
o
u
t
5
5
%
w
it
h
4
5
%
th
er
m
a
l e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
P
V
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
o
f
1
0
.
1
%.
co
n
clu
d
e
t
h
a
t th
e
t
h
er
m
a
l e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
r
ea
ch
e
d
ab
o
u
t 4
0
%
w
h
e
n
th
e
i
n
itia
l
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
a
m
e
a
s
t
h
e
d
ail
y
m
ea
n
a
m
b
ie
n
t
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
T
h
e
P
VT
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
ab
o
u
t 5
0
%
w
it
h
4
0
% th
er
m
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
th
e
P
V
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
9
.
8
7
.
5.
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE E
VA
L
U
AT
I
O
N
O
F
B
I
P
VT
SO
L
AR
CO
L
L
E
C
T
O
R
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
is
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
[
1
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
B
I
P
VT
co
lle
cto
r
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
icted
b
y
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
[
1
8
]
.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
er
m
al
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
th
an
d
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
PV
,
w
h
ic
h
u
s
u
a
ll
y
i
n
cl
u
d
e
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
th
er
m
al
g
ai
n
a
n
d
el
ec
tr
ical
(
P
V
p
an
el)
g
ai
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
th
e
i
n
cid
en
t
s
o
la
r
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
co
llecto
r
’
s
g
ap
w
it
h
i
n
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
ti
m
e
o
r
p
er
io
d
.
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
E
q
u
atio
n
1
,
th
e
to
tal
e
f
f
ic
i
en
c
y
t
o
t
is
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
PV
th
t
o
t
(
1
)
T
h
e
th
er
m
al
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
(
th
)
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
B
I
P
VT
c
o
ll
ec
to
r
is
ca
lcu
late
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
E
q
u
at
io
n
2.
G
Q
u
th
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
Q
u
is
th
e
ac
tu
al
u
s
ef
u
l
co
llected
h
ea
t
g
ain
(
W
/
m
2
)
an
d
G
is
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
co
m
i
n
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
co
llecto
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
(
W
/
m
2
).
Usi
n
g
E
q
u
atio
n
2
,
th
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
co
llected
h
ea
t
(
Q
u
)
co
llected
b
y
t
h
e
w
ater
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
its
te
m
p
er
a
tu
r
e
r
is
e
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
f
u
r
th
er
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
E
q
u
atio
n
3
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
Ho
ttel
-
W
h
illi
er
eq
u
atio
n
s
[
1
7
]
:
a
i
L
PV
T
R
c
u
T
T
U
G
F
A
Q
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Th
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l (
B
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V
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…
(
A
d
n
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I
b
r
a
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im
)
1921
W
h
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e
i
T
is
in
let
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
a
T
is
a
m
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h
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r
ad
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at
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C
T
(
r
ad
iatio
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lev
el
8
0
0
W
/
m
2
,
a
m
b
ien
t
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r
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2
6
o
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d
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n
d
v
elo
c
it
y
1
m
/s
)
,
PV
is
P
V
th
er
m
al
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
F
u
r
t
h
er
,
th
e
co
llecto
r
ar
ea
A
c
an
d
is
th
e
co
llecto
r
ar
ea
an
d
h
ea
t
r
em
o
v
al
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
f
ac
to
r
F
R
an
d
'
F
is
co
llecto
r
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
f
ac
to
r
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
la
ted
b
ased
o
n
E
q
u
atio
n
4:
p
L
c
L
c
p
R
C
m
F
U
A
U
A
C
m
F
'
e
x
p
1
(
4
)
B
ased
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
E
q
u
atio
n
1
to
4
,
it
is
th
e
n
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ca
lc
u
l
ate
th
e
u
s
ef
u
l
h
ea
t
g
a
in
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
P
V
T
co
llecto
r
.
B
y
r
ea
r
r
an
g
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
lae,
th
e
th
er
m
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
co
llecto
r
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itte
n
as
i
n
Eq
u
atio
n
5
[
1
9
]
:
T
a
i
L
R
PV
R
th
G
T
T
U
F
F
(
5
)
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
to
e
v
al
u
ate
t
h
e
f
l
u
id
m
as
s
f
lo
w
r
ate
s
w
h
ic
h
l
ater
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
a
n
al
y
ze
t
h
e
t
h
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
o
f
th
e
B
I
P
VT
,
th
e
E
q
u
atio
n
6
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
b
ased
o
n
Ho
ttel a
n
d
W
h
illi
er
eq
u
at
io
n
s
av
Av
m
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
ρ
is
t
h
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
lu
id
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n
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u
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n
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e
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r
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o
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er
,
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is
th
e
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lt
o
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r
r
en
t,
I
(
V
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i
n
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r
r
en
t
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o
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g
e
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en
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en
t,
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er
e
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o
r
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th
e
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er
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al
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icie
n
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y
o
f
th
e
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r
ca
n
b
e
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p
r
ess
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f
u
r
th
er
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
7
:
T
p
p
th
G
A
T
C
m
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
m
th
e
m
as
s
f
lo
w
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ate,
Δ
i
s
th
e
d
if
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er
en
ce
s
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et
w
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n
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i
d
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u
tlet
te
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er
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r
e
a
n
d
f
l
u
i
d
in
let
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
(
K)
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A
p
i
s
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h
e
ar
ea
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v
er
ed
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y
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
llecto
r
an
d
G
T
is
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
at
NOCT
.
Fo
r
p
an
el
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
co
llecto
r
,
E
q
u
atio
n
8
,
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
f
o
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
P
V
p
an
el
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
B
I
P
V
T
m
o
d
u
le
[
2
0
]
:
r
c
r
pv
T
T
1
(
8
)
W
h
er
e
η
pv
i
s
t
h
e
P
V
p
a
n
el
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
,
η
r
is
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
(
η
r
=
0
.
1
2
)
,
is
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
(
º
C
0
.
0
0
4
5
º
C
-
1
)
,
T
r
is
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
T
c
is
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll (
K)
.
6.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
O
B
SE
RVA
T
I
O
NS
Av
er
ag
e
d
ata
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
co
llecto
r
h
as
b
ee
n
co
llected
a
n
d
g
at
h
er
ed
f
r
o
m
0
8
:0
0
to
1
7
:
0
0
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
a
t
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
ti
m
e
f
o
r
w
ea
t
h
er
d
at
a
to
b
e
co
llected
is
f
r
o
m
1
1
:0
0
to
1
5
:0
0
[
2
1
,
2
2
]
.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t,
d
at
a
w
er
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
o
r
ev
er
y
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
an
d
later
s
u
m
m
ed
u
p
to
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
1
m
i
n
u
te.
6
.
1
.
T
he
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
M
a
s
s
F
lo
w
R
a
t
es
o
n
O
pen
Circ
uit
Vo
lt
a
g
e
(V
oc
)
a
nd
t
he
M
o
du
les
Sh
o
rt
Circ
uit
Curre
nt
(I
sc
)
Fo
r
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
V
oc
a
n
d
I
sc
f
o
r
th
e
co
llecto
r
at
m
as
s
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
2
7
k
g
/s
t
h
ese
c
h
an
g
e
s
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
l
y
s
ee
n
as
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e
V
oc
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
6
V
to
4
.
1
V
w
h
ile
th
e
I
sc
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
2
7
.
6
A
to
5
5
.
6
A
.
Fo
r
th
e
ch
an
g
es
o
f
V
oc
an
d
I
sc
f
o
r
th
e
co
llecto
r
at
m
as
s
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
3
5
k
g
/s
t
h
ese
ch
a
n
g
e
s
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
l
y
s
ee
n
a
s
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
V
oc
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
2
.
6
V
to
4
.
1
V
b
ef
o
r
e
it d
r
o
p
p
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
b
ad
w
ea
t
h
er
,
w
h
i
le
th
e
I
sc
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
7
0
.
1
.
6
A
t
o
8
1
.
5
A
an
d
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
.
A
s
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
at
m
as
s
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
4
1
k
g
/s
,
th
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
V
oc
s
h
o
w
n
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
3
.
3
V
to
3
.
5
V
w
h
ile
th
e
I
sc
d
ec
r
e
ased
f
r
o
m
6
8
.
4
A
to
6
2
A
d
u
e
to
b
ad
w
ea
t
h
er
.
T
h
e
I
sc
an
d
V
oc
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
f
l
u
c
tu
atio
n
w
h
e
n
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
S
an
d
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
T
s
w
er
e
ch
an
g
ed
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
th
e
I
sc
w
a
s
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
iti
v
e
to
w
ar
d
s
an
y
c
h
an
g
es
o
f
s
o
lar
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1918
–
1
9
2
5
1922
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
S
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
s
m
all
ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
t
o
ev
er
y
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
T
s
.
Op
p
o
s
itel
y
,
th
e
V
oc
w
as
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
it
iv
e
to
an
y
c
h
an
g
es
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
T
s
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
to
s
o
l
ar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
S.
Du
e
to
th
a
t
f
ac
t
o
r
;
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
I
sc
i
s
d
ir
ec
tl
y
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
S
an
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
V
oc
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
T
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
I
sc
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
S in
cr
ea
s
ed
an
d
V
oc
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
w
h
e
n
th
e
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
C
h
an
g
es o
f
V
oc
an
d
I
sc
f
o
r
th
e
C
o
llecto
r
at
Ma
s
s
Flo
w
R
ate
o
f
0
.
0
2
7
k
g
/s
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
C
h
an
g
es o
f
V
oc
an
d
I
sc
f
o
r
th
e
C
o
llecto
r
at
Ma
s
s
Flo
w
R
ate
o
f
0
.
0
3
5
k
g
/s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
C
h
an
g
es o
f
V
oc
an
d
I
sc
f
o
r
th
e
C
o
llecto
r
at
Ma
s
s
Flo
w
R
a
te
o
f
0
.
0
4
1
k
g
/s
6
.
2
.
T
he
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
M
a
s
s
F
lo
w
Ra
t
es
o
n
E
f
f
icien
cy
ɳ a
nd
t
he
So
la
r
I
rr
a
dia
t
io
n
, S
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
g
ai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
w
er
e
g
ath
er
ed
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
ef
f
i
cien
c
y
o
f
th
e
co
llecto
r
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
t
h
e
th
er
m
al
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
t
h
e
to
ta
l
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
co
llecto
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
co
llecto
r
’
s
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
o
v
er
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
i
n
a
d
a
y
b
ased
o
n
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
S
an
d
m
as
s
f
lo
w
r
at
e
ṁ
.
T
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
s
o
n
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
ɳ
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
llecto
r
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
1
0
:0
0
to
1
6
:0
0
.
Du
r
in
g
th
i
s
ti
m
e,
th
e
m
a
s
s
f
lo
w
r
ate
w
as
s
et
to
0
.
0
2
7
k
g
/s
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
it
w
as
n
o
ticed
t
h
a
t
th
e
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
lev
el
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
co
llecto
r
.
F
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
d
u
r
in
g
1
0
:0
0
to
1
4
:0
0
,
th
e
to
tal
ef
f
ic
i
en
c
y
w
as
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
6
1
.
2
1
%
to
6
2
.
7
6
%
at
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
f
r
o
m
1
5
2
W
/
m
2
to
9
2
4
W
/m
2
.
T
h
is
i
n
d
icate
d
th
e
clea
r
s
k
y
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
n
th
at
d
ay
.
Af
ter
t
h
is
p
er
io
d
,
it
w
as
n
o
ticed
th
at
t
h
e
co
llecto
r
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
s
tar
ti
n
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
f
r
o
m
6
1
.
0
6
%
to
5
9
.
9
%.
I
t
is
n
o
ticed
al
s
o
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
e
f
f
icien
c
y
w
a
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
clo
u
d
y
w
ea
t
h
er
o
n
t
h
at
d
a
y
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
to
t
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
6
4
.
2
4
%
w
it
h
5
3
.
2
4
%
th
er
m
al
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
a
n
d
1
1
.
0
1
%
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
A
t
t
h
at
i
n
s
tan
t,
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
5
4
8
W
/
m
2
to
1
4
9
3
W
/m
2
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
6
2
.
0
%
to
tal
e
f
f
icien
c
y
w
as
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
I
t
w
a
s
also
clea
r
l
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e
d
r
o
p
s
to
4
5
7
W
/m
2
w
it
h
to
tal
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
a
ls
o
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
to
3
3
.
3
9
%
at
1
5
:0
0
o
n
w
ar
d
d
u
e
to
b
ad
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
.
No
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
to
tal
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
as
s
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
2
7
k
g
/s
an
d
0
.
0
3
5
k
g
/s
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
,
th
e
to
t
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
6
5
.
1
0
%
w
it
h
5
3
.
6
4
%
th
er
m
al
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
a
n
d
1
1
.
4
6
%
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
A
t
th
a
t
i
n
s
ta
n
t,
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
1
1
4
8
W
/
m
2
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
6
2
.
5
0
%
to
tal
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
w
a
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
Fro
m
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e,
it
w
a
s
also
clea
r
l
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
d
r
o
p
s
to
2
4
3
W
/m
2
w
it
h
to
tal
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
a
ls
o
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
to
3
1
.
7
7
%
at
1
5
:0
0
o
n
w
ar
d
d
u
e
to
b
ad
w
ea
t
h
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Ou
td
o
o
r
P
erfo
ma
n
ce
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f B
u
ild
in
g
I
n
teg
r
a
ted
P
h
o
t
o
vo
lta
ic
Th
erma
l (
B
I
P
V
T)
…
(
A
d
n
a
n
I
b
r
a
h
im
)
1923
co
n
d
itio
n
(
h
ea
v
y
r
ain
)
.
No
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
to
tal
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
a
s
s
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
3
5
k
g
/
s
an
d
0
.
0
4
1
k
g
/s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
h
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S
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