Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r
2020
, p
p.
17
31
~
17
36
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
4
.
pp
17
31
-
17
36
1731
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Flux mo
du
l
ate
d rotatin
g pole pi
ece m
agne
tic gea
r
Mohd
Fir
daus
M
.
A
H
alim
1
, E
.
Sul
aima
n
2
,
R
.
N
.
F
.
K
.
R
.
Ot
hman
3
1
,2
Resea
rch
Cen
t
er
for
Applie
d
E
l
ec
tro
ma
gne
ti
cs
,
Facul
ty
of Electr
ic
a
l
and
E
le
c
tron
ic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Univer
siti
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn Mal
aysia (UTHM)
Parit
R
aj
a
,
Johor
Mala
ysi
a
1,3
Cent
re
for
Ro
boti
cs
&
Industri
al
Auto
ma
t
ion, Fac
ul
ty
of
Elec
tr
i
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
i
kal
Ma
la
ysia
Me
la
ka
(UTe
M),
Ma
la
ys
ia
.
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
M
a
r
2
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
M
a
y
1
, 20
20
Accepte
d
J
un
26
, 20
20
In
thi
s
pap
er,
th
e
CMG
is
re
-
co
ndit
ion
so
tha
t
t
he
pole
pi
ec
e
a
c
t
as
th
e
out
er
rotor
instead
of
surfac
e
moun
t
PM
.
Thi
s
ma
gn
etic
coup
li
ng
of
t
he
CMG
is
simi
la
r
to
the
co
nvent
ion
al
CMG
which
uses
h
ar
moni
c
to
tr
ansfe
r
th
e
torque
and
spe
ed
from
the
inner
rotor
t
o
th
e
outer
rotor
.
The
working
p
rinc
iple
o
f
the
p
roposed
C
MG
is
der
ive
d
a
nal
ytica
ll
y
and
simul
a
te
d
using
f
ini
te
el
e
me
nt
software
.
For
this
rec
ondition,
th
e
PM
at
the
ou
ter
sec
ti
on
be
come
stationary
henc
e
,
re
taining
slee
ve
ca
n
be
r
em
oving
.
Th
e
p
roposed
MG
produc
ed
18%
highe
r
ave
r
age
t
orque
t
han
the
conve
nt
iona
l
M
G
with
dr
awba
c
k
in
torqu
e
rippl
e
.
Th
e
prop
osed
CMG
al
so
produc
e
high
er
gea
r
r
at
io
tha
n
t
he
same
pole
pai
r
of
conv
ent
i
onal
CMG
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Dou
ble roto
r
Finit
e ele
ment
Flux de
ns
it
y h
arm
on
ic
Flux switc
hing
M
a
gn
et
ic
gear
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
oh
d
Fi
rd
a
us
M
. A
Hali
m,
Re
search
Cent
er fo
r Appli
ed El
ect
ro
ma
gnet
ic
s,
Fac
ulty
of
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nic
Eng
ineerin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i T
un
Hu
s
sei
n O
nn
M
al
aysia
(
UT
HM) Parit
Raj
a,
Ba
tu Pa
hat, J
ohor
M
al
ay
sia
Emai
l:
mohd.fi
rd
a
us@utem
.e
du.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
mil
eage
of
el
ect
ric
trans
portat
io
n
is
a
ff
e
ct
ed
by
t
he
loa
d
ra
nge
a
nd
th
e
ene
rgy
st
or
a
ge
ca
pacit
y.
This
fact
or
is
di
rectl
y
dominat
ed
by
the
t
otal
weig
ht
of
the
c
ar
an
d
the
pro
pulsi
on’s
perf
ormance,
re
porte
d
by
Larminie
[
1].
Th
us
,
f
ocu
s
at
the
dri
ve
s
ys
t
em
m
us
t
be
e
xa
mined.
T
he
c
omp
on
e
nts
of
th
e
dri
ve
sy
ste
m
are
the
el
ect
rical
propulsio
n
(elect
rical
mo
t
or
an
d
trans
missi
on)
,
t
he
c
onve
rter,
a
nd
the
ene
r
gy
stora
ge.
The
e
nerg
y
flo
w
wit
hin
t
he
sy
ste
m
’s
c
omp
on
e
nts
is
t
wo
di
recti
on
s
.
The
la
rg
e
st
portio
n
of
losse
s
is
in
t
he
el
e
ct
rical
pro
pu
lsi
on,
72
%,
on
t
he
sta
ti
c
co
nv
e
rter
t
he
loss
is
a
rou
nd
19%,
a
nd
at
th
e
batte
r
y
le
vel
the
loss
is
ar
ound
9%
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
1.
Hen
ce
,
f
ocusi
ng
mai
nly
on
t
he
el
e
ct
rical
pro
pu
lsi
on
by
imp
r
ov
i
ng
it
s
ef
fici
en
cy
a
nd
powe
r
de
ns
it
y
w
il
l
impro
ve
the
over
al
l
effi
ci
ency
of
t
he
EV
as
publis
he
d
in
seve
ral
r
ecent
stu
dies
[
2
–
4]
.
With
re
gard
t
o
t
he
e
xisti
ng
pro
pulsi
on
s
ol
ution
,
it
ca
n
be
se
en
that
over
ti
me,
the
op
e
rati
ng
s
pee
d
has
su
bst
antia
ll
y
in
creased
me
ntio
ned
in
num
er
ous
st
udy
[
5
–
14
].
All veh
ic
le
prod
ucer
s
are
c
ompeti
ng
at
le
ve
ll
ing
up
t
he
velocit
y
of
ve
chile
,
ac
knowle
dgin
g
the
en
ha
nceme
nt
of
powe
r
de
ns
it
y
of
the
tra
ct
ion
syst
em,
a
s
well
as
E
V’
s
pe
rfo
r
mance.
In
this
relat
io
n,
it
m
us
t
be
remi
nded
t
hat
higher
sp
ee
ds
a
re
not
ef
fici
ently
po
ssible,
since
at
ta
che
d
to
the
el
ect
ric
mo
to
r,
a
gear
is
place
d
in
or
de
r
to
tra
ns
fe
r
t
he
to
r
qu
e
-
s
pee
d
to
the
car
’s
t
racti
on
wh
eel
s
.
T
hus,
in
order
to
ov
ercome
this
dr
awb
ac
k,
a
res
earch
m
us
t
be
co
nducte
d.
I
n
this
case
,
repl
aci
ng
mecha
nical
g
e
ar to ma
gn
et
ic
g
ear
(M
G)
w
ould
ser
ve
as
a
pr
e
fer
a
ble
op
ti
on.
Gear
s
are
us
e
d
widel
y
for
sp
ee
d
a
nd
to
r
qu
e
re
gula
ti
on
in
va
rio
us
fi
el
d.
It
is
c
om
mon
t
hat
the
mecha
nical
ge
ar
has
a
high
tor
que
to
wei
ght
rati
o,
howe
ve
r,
it
su
f
fer
s
fro
m
losses
in
fr
i
ct
ion
,
no
ise
,
an
d
heat,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
17
31
–
17
36
1732
no
t
to
me
ntio
n
vi
br
at
io
n
an
d
reli
abili
ty
issu
es.
Dif
fer
e
ntly,
MG
s
uggest
s
ign
ific
a
nt
e
dg
e
of
lo
w
mainte
nan
ce
const
,
reduce
d
no
ise
an
d
vi
brat
ion
,
reli
able
and
protect
ing
from
overl
oad.
Mo
reover
,
i
n
t
he
past
t
wo
de
cades,
M
G
s
hav
e
rec
ei
ved
relat
ivel
y
li
tt
le
interest
,
possi
bly
due
to
it
s
un
der
pa
r
to
rque
to
we
igh
t
a
nd
c
omp
le
xity
mentio
ned
in
r
ecent
stu
dies
[
15
–
17].
With
t
he
disc
over
y
of
the
high
e
nergy
de
ns
it
y
neodymium
iro
n
bor
on
(NdFeB)
pe
rm
anen
t
mag
net
(PM)
m
at
erial
in
19
80s,
the
researc
h
on
M
G
s
incit
e
ne
w
pa
ssio
n.
I
n
2001
,
K.
Atal
la
h
des
ign
e
d
a
high
t
orq
ue
densi
ty
M
G
cal
le
d
as
t
he
c
oa
xial
ma
gn
et
ic
gea
r
(CM
G
),
w
he
re
it
ap
plies
the
pri
nci
ple
of
mag
netic
fl
ux
modu
la
ti
on
bet
ween
P
M
a
nd
po
le
piece
[18,
19]
.
Ba
se
d
on
the
fl
ux
m
odul
at
ion
te
chn
iq
ue,
ma
ny
C
MG
to
po
l
og
ie
s
wer
e
pu
blishe
d
[
20
–
30].
C
M
G
i
ntrod
uced
by
K
.
At
al
la
h
is
reil
lustrate
d
in
Figure
2
in
J
MAG
A
ppli
cat
ion
No
te
[31
].
T
his
ma
gnet
ic
ge
ar
has
th
ree
i
mporta
nt
co
m
pone
nts,
t
hat
is
inn
e
r
ro
t
or
,
pole
pie
ce
an
d
o
uter
rot
or
.
Th
e
in
ner
and
oute
r
r
otor
are
mou
nted
with
permane
nt
mag
net
wh
ic
h
se
rv
e
as the
pole
p
ai
r
of the
roto
rs.
Figure
1
.
Lo
ss
es in t
he drive
chain
com
pone
nt.
Figure
2
.
CM
G
stru
ct
ur
e
.
Flux
mod
ulate
d
ty
pe
CM
G
c
on
sist
of
2
r
ot
or
s
,
in
ner
a
nd
ou
te
r.
I
nner
ro
t
or
s
is
made
of
the
P
M
pole
pairs
p
h
a
nd
yo
ke,
oute
r
ro
t
or
PM
pole
pai
rs
p
l
with
yo
ke
a
nd
bet
ween
the
two
r
oto
s,
the
re
are
fe
rroma
gn
et
ic
po
le
p
ie
ces n
s
.
Fr
om
the
in
ner
r
otor
pe
rs
pecti
ve,
ai
r
g
ap
ma
gn
et
ic
flu
x densi
ty d
ue
t
o
t
he
inn
e
r
r
oto
r
ma
gn
et
is
modu
la
te
d
by
t
he
po
le
piece,
and
ha
rm
onic
occurs
i
n
the
a
ir
ga
p.
With
t
he
co
up
li
n
g
of
mag
netic
flu
x
du
e
to
harmo
nic
a
nd
ou
te
r
r
oto
r
P
M
,
to
r
qu
e
is
tr
ansf
e
rr
e
d.
T
he
relat
io
nship
be
tween
p
h
,
p
l
a
nd
n
s
is
s
hows
in
(1).
The
relat
io
ns
hi
p
betwee
n
in
ne
r
ro
t
or
s
peed
w
h
a
nd
ou
te
r
r
otor
s
pee
d
w
l
wh
e
n
the
pole
piece
is
sta
ti
onary
is
sh
ow
n
in
(2
).
=
ℎ
+
(1)
=
−
ℎ
ℎ
(2)
CMG
c
ould
ac
hieve
high
to
r
qu
e
de
ns
it
y
be
tween
50
–
150
kNm/m3
c
om
par
a
ble
to
the
mecha
nical
gear
c
ounte
rp
a
rt.
H
oweve
r,
it
inh
e
rits
the
s
urface
mou
nt
P
M
pro
blem
w
hi
ch
are
not
r
obus
t
simi
la
r
to
oth
e
r
su
r
face
mou
nt
P
M
m
ac
hin
e
re
ported
in
t
wo
pa
pe
rs
[32
,
33
].
In
the
high
-
s
pee
d
m
ot
or
util
iz
ing
s
urface
-
moun
te
d
perm
anen
t
ma
gn
et
,
the
permane
nt
ma
gn
et
s
gl
ue
is
i
ns
uffie
nct
to
su
sta
i
n
f
or
ce
act
i
ng
towa
rd
s
ou
tsi
de
of
t
he
mo
to
r,
du
e
t
o
t
he
hi
gh
-
s
peed
mo
ti
on
of
the
ro
t
or
.
In
orde
r
to
retai
n
the
pe
rma
nen
t
ma
gnet
on
the
r
otor
s
urfa
ce,
a
retai
ning
sle
eve
is
usual
ly
us
e
d
placed
arou
nd
pe
rma
ne
nt
ma
gnet
s
urface.
The
co
m
plexity
of
t
he
desig
n
a
nd
ma
nufactu
r
abili
ty
w
hen
re
ta
ining
sle
e
ve
is
employe
d
m
ay
inc
rease
for
a
mac
hin
e
t
ha
t
us
e
two
s
ur
face
m
ount
ro
t
or
su
c
h as CM
G.
In
t
his
pap
e
r,
t
he
C
M
G
is
re
-
conditi
on
s
o
th
at
the
pole
piece
act
as
the
oute
r
ro
t
or
inste
ad
of
surface
moun
t
P
M
.
T
hi
s
magn
et
ic
co
up
li
ng
of
the
C
M
G
is
simi
la
r
to
the
co
nventi
on
al
C
M
G
wh
i
ch
us
e
s
ha
rm
onic
to
trans
fer
t
he
to
r
qu
e
an
d
s
pee
d
from
t
he
in
ner
ro
t
or
t
o
the
oute
r
ro
t
or
.
The
wor
king
pr
inc
iple
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
CMG
is
der
i
ve
d
anal
ytica
ll
y
and
sim
ulate
d
us
in
g
fi
nite
el
ement
softwa
re.
Fo
r
t
his
rec
onditi
on
,
t
he
P
M
at
the
ou
te
r
sect
io
n
be
come
sta
ti
ona
ry
he
nce,
retai
ning
sle
eve
ca
n
be
rem
oved
.
The
propose
d
CMG
al
s
o
produce
higher
g
ea
r rat
io tha
n
t
he
sa
m
e pole pai
r of
c
onve
ntion
al
CMG.
2.
WORKI
NG
P
RINCIPLE
Wh
e
n
eac
h
te
r
m in
e
quat
io
n
(
1) is m
ulti
plied
w
it
h
it
s
own
harm
on
ic
s
pee
d, it
can be e
xpre
ssed
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Flux
mod
ula
te
d
r
ota
ti
ng
pole
p
ie
ce
mag
netic
g
e
ar
(
M
ohd Fi
rd
aus
M. A
Ha
li
m
)
1733
+
ℎ
ℎ
=
(3)
Wh
e
re
w
l
,
w
h
and
w
p
is
the
mag
netic
flu
x
densi
ty
ha
rm
onic
sp
ee
d
of
in
ner
yoke
s
urfa
ce
moun
t
P
M
,
ou
te
r yoke s
urf
ace mo
unt P
M
and pole
piece
resp
ect
ivel
y.
In co
nventio
na
l C
M
G
, wp
is s
et
to
zer
o, he
nc
e arr
i
ved to
(
2). T
he gear
rati
o ca
n be
w
ritt
en
as
=
ℎ
=
−
ℎ
(4)
The
ne
gative
s
ign
mean
s
that
the
r
otati
on
di
recti
on
betwe
en
tw
o
ro
t
or
s
are
in
op
po
sit
e
directi
on.
Howe
ver, if
w
l
is set
to
ze
r
o,
t
he gear
r
at
io
ca
n be
wr
it
te
n
as
(5)
=
ℎ
=
ℎ
(5)
The
propose
d
CMG
a
pply
th
e
conditi
on
of
po
le
piece
to
be
r
otati
ng
w
hi
le
ou
te
r
yoke
su
r
face
P
M
conditi
on
is
sta
ti
on
ar
y.
In
t
his
conditi
on,
the
gear
rati
o
is
po
sit
ive
wh
ic
h
in
dicat
es
both
r
ot
at
ing
mem
bers
are
ro
ta
ti
ng
i
n
the
same
directi
on.
T
he
gea
r
rati
o
w
he
n
pole
pie
ce
is
in
r
otati
o
n
is
higher
when
oute
r
yoke
s
urface
PM
is
in
r
otati
on,
due
to
n
p
i
s
the
sum
of
p
l
an
d
p
h
,
n
p
>p
l
.
The
ob
je
ct
ive
of
reducin
g
th
e
retai
ni
ng
sle
eve
is
achieve
d
no
w
because
the
one
of
the
s
urf
ace
moun
t
P
M
no
w
has
be
came
sta
ti
on
ar
y.
T
he
ma
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
directi
on
in
th
e
po
le
piece
changes
acc
ordi
ng
t
o
the
harm
on
ic
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y.
The
ro
ta
ti
on
of
po
le
piece
du
e
t
o
this ef
fect can
al
so
be
see
n
in
flu
x
-
s
witc
hing
machine
[
34,
35]
.
3.
SIMULATI
O
N
O
F P
ROP
O
SED
CMG
3.1.
Geome
try a
nd
setti
ng
The
pro
pose
d
CMG
dimensi
on
a
nd
set
ti
ng
is
sho
wn
in
Ta
ble
1.
T
he
mat
erial
use
d
f
or
i
nn
e
r
yo
ke
,
sta
tor
yoke
a
nd
pole
piece
a
re
NS
S
M
C
35
H21
0
with
res
ist
ivit
y
of
5.9
×
10
-
7
Ω,
in
ne
r
P
M
an
d
out
er
P
M,
Hita
chi
NE
O
M
A
X
35A
H
at
1.2T
resid
ual,
wh
il
e
plasti
c
ar
e
placed
betwe
en
the
pole
pie
ce
to
hold
it
to
gethe
r.
Figure
3
s
hows
the
pro
po
se
d C
M
G
draw
n u
sing ge
om
et
r
y edit
or of J
MA
G Desig
ner ve
r
sion 1
6.
Table
1.
Simul
at
ion
dime
ns
io
n of p
rop
os
e
d C
M
G
Parts
Prop
o
sed
CMG
Ou
ter
roto
r
Po
le piece
Ou
ter
p
o
le pair
(p
l
)
14
Po
le piece (
n
p
)
20
Inn
er
p
o
le pair
(p
h
)
6
Gear
ratio
1
0
/3
Inn
er
roto
r
(w
h
)
1
0
0
0
r
p
m
Ou
ter
roto
r
(w
p
)
3
0
0
r
p
m
MG
radiu
s
90
Inn
er
p
o
le pair
radiu
s
6
8
.5mm
Sh
aft
3
4
m
m
Ax
ial leng
th
3
0
m
m
Inn
er
m
ag
n
et ar
c
30
o
Po
le piece a
rc
9
o
Ou
ter
m
ag
n
et ar
c
1
2
.85
7
o
Inn
er
m
ag
n
et width
5
m
m
Ou
ter
m
ag
n
et widt
h
5
m
m
Inn
er
air
gap
width
1
m
m
Ou
ter
ai
r
g
ap
widt
h
0
.5mm
Figure
3
.
Pro
pose
d
CM
G st
ruct
ur
e
3.2.
Simul
at
i
on
re
sult
The
to
r
qu
e
wa
veform
ob
ta
in
ed
w
he
n
in
ne
r
ro
t
or
a
nd
po
l
e
piece
r
otate
at
1000
r
pm
a
nd
300
r
pm
resp
ect
ivel
y
is
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
4.
Since
t
he
ge
om
et
r
y
is
sy
m
metri
cal
,
the
sim
ulati
on
per
i
od
is
set
¼
of
t
he
fu
ll
rotat
io
n.
T
able 2 s
um
ma
r
iz
ed
the
res
ult
ob
ta
ine
d fro
m
this simulat
io
n.
The
ne
gative
t
orq
ue
si
mu
la
te
d
at
the
i
nn
e
r
r
otor
i
nd
ic
at
es
that
a
n
in
pu
t
to
rque
is
force
d
on
t
he
s
ha
ft
of
the
i
nn
e
r
r
oto
r
.
Po
sit
ive
to
r
qu
e
is
pr
oduce
d
at
the
pole
piece
im
plies
tha
t
the
outp
ut
tor
qu
e
is
ge
ne
rated
a
n
d
trans
ferred
f
rom
the
act
i
on
by
the
in
ner
r
ot
or
ma
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
m
odulati
on
.
T
he
to
rque
ra
ti
o
can
be
cal
culat
ed
thr
ough (6
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
17
31
–
17
36
1734
=
= 3
.
324 ~
10
/
3 =
G
r
(6)
W
he
re
T
r
is
th
e
tor
que
rati
o,
T
p
is
the
to
r
que
at
the
po
le
pi
ece
an
d
T
i
is
th
e
tor
que
act
in
g
on
the
in
ner
ro
t
or
.
The
a
ve
rag
e
outp
ut
to
rque
at
the
pole
piece
is
18%
la
rg
e
r
tha
n
the
eq
uiv
al
e
nt
conven
ti
on
al
CMG
(simu
la
te
d
sep
aratel
y)
.
To
r
que
de
ns
it
y
of
the
pro
pose
d
CMG
is
e
qu
ivale
nt
to
the
conve
ntio
nal
CMG.
The
only
dr
a
w
back
obser
ve
d
wa
s
t
he
to
rqu
e
ri
pp
le
are
qu
it
e
la
rg
e,
over
30%
more
tha
n
t
he
ori
gi
nal
CMG.
Un
li
ke
the
c
on
ven
ti
onal
C
MG, pole
piece
a
nd
the p
la
sti
c
s
tructu
re
is
as
se
mb
le
al
te
r
natel
y.
Th
e
ma
gn
et
i
c
fiel
d
densi
ty
is
not
con
ti
nu
ou
sly
di
stribu
te
d
as
in
s
urface
mou
nt
P
M
;
t
hu
s
,
t
orqu
e
rip
ple
is
e
xp
ect
e
d
t
o
ap
pe
ar
i
n
the pr
opos
e
d
C
M
G
.
Figure
4
.
To
r
que
wav
e
f
or
of t
he pr
opos
e
d
C
M
G
in
¼
ro
ta
ti
o
Table
2.
Summ
ary o
f result
obta
ined fr
om
t
he
simulat
ion.
Para
m
eters
Prop
o
sed
CMG
Inn
er
roto
r
m
ax
im
u
m
torq
u
e (
N
.m)
(
-
)37
.34
4
Ou
ter
roto
r
m
ax
i
m
u
m
torq
u
e (
N
.m)
1
3
2
.190
Inn
er
to
rqu
e integ
r
al average
(N.
m
)
(
-
)33
.73
8
Ou
ter
to
rqu
e integ
r
al average
(N.
m
)
1
1
2
.245
Inn
er
to
rqu
e r
ip
p
le
(
%)
2
0
.51
8
Ou
ter
to
rqu
e r
ip
p
le
(
%)
3
4
.04
5
Torq
u
e den
sity
(
T/
k
N.m
/
m
3
)
1
5
8
.199
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
per,
ne
w
co
ndit
ion
of
coa
xial
mag
ne
ti
c
gear
is
pro
po
s
ed
t
hat
switc
h
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
the
C
M
G
from
oute
r
yo
ke
surface
m
ount
PM
to
the
pol
e
piece.
T
his
c
onditi
on
e
nab
l
es
the
CM
G
de
sign
e
r
t
o
rem
ove
t
he
retai
ning
sle
e
ve
off
the
s
urfa
ce
m
ount
PM
at
the
sta
ti
ona
ry
sta
tor
.
The
work
i
ng
pr
i
nciple
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
CMG
was
e
xpla
ined
a
nd
sim
ulate
d
with
fin
it
e
el
ement.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
C
M
G
ca
n
produ
ce
h
ig
he
r
gear
rati
o
com
par
es
to
t
he
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
CMG.
T
he
res
ult
show
s
that
the
integ
ral
av
erag
e
t
orq
ue
is
18%
higher
t
ha
n
it
s
equ
i
valent
c
onven
ti
onal
CM
G.
Nev
e
rthele
ss,
to
rque
ri
pple
is
qu
it
e
la
rge,
over
30%
t
han
t
he
c
onve
ntion
a
l
CMG.
This
li
mit
at
ion
ca
n
be
overc
om
e
thr
ough
t
he
i
nt
rodu
ct
io
n
of
aux
il
ia
r
y
fiel
d
coil
w
hich
will
be
introd
uced in l
at
er pu
blica
ti
on
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
th
ank
the
M
inist
ry
of
Ed
ucati
on
M
al
a
ys
ia
,
U
niv
e
rsiti
Tu
n
Hu
s
sei
n
O
nn
M
al
aysia
(UT
HM)
a
nd
U
nive
rsiti
Tekn
i
kal
M
al
aysia
M
el
a
ka
(
UTe
M)
f
or
the
te
ch
nical
and
fina
ncial
suppo
rt
of
this
re
searc
h.
T
his
w
ork
was
sup
ported
by
the
Re
sea
r
ch
M
a
na
geme
nt
Ce
ntre,
UT
HM.
[Resea
rc
h
Fun
d
E1
5501].
T
he
auth
or
s
al
so
e
xt
end
our
gr
at
it
ud
e
to
E.
I
M
ba
diwe,
S
.
M
.
N
.
S
.
Othm
a
n
an
d
L
.
I.
Juso
h
f
or
thei
r
con
t
rib
ution
s
t
o
the
pre
par
at
i
on of t
he
ma
nu
script a
nd r
ese
arch i
deas.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
J.
La
r
mi
ni
e and J
.
Low
ry,
Elec
tri
c
V
ehi
c
le Tec
hn
ology
Ex
pla
ine
d
:
Sec
ond
Ed
it
ion
,
WI
LE
Y,
2012.
[2]
D.
Fodorea
n
,
F.
Jurca
,
M.
Rub
a
,
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D.
C.
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“Motoriza
t
i
on
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for
Li
ght
E
le
c
tric
Vehic
l
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d
esign
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ma
gne
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c
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ch
a
nic
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th
erma
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ct
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”
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l
maMater
,
2013
.
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J.
De
San
ti
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o
e
t
al
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,
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ct
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c
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ew
,
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ai
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l
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pee
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tors,
”
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roce
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on
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ere
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Elec
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IC
EM
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In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
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Flux
mod
ula
te
d
r
ota
ti
ng
pole
p
ie
ce
mag
netic
g
e
ar
(
M
ohd Fi
rd
aus
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Ha
li
m
)
1735
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tt
o
,
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“E
l
ec
tr
ic
a
l
m
ac
hin
e
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for
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-
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d
app
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De
sign
conside
ra
tions
and
tr
ade
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”
I
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E
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,
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ti
,
B
.
B
oaz
zo
,
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.
G
ugli
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,
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c
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esign examp
le
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EE
Tr
ans.
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.
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da
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ct
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d
high
-
pow
er
-
densit
y
la
m
ina
t
e
d
-
rotor
indu
ct
ion
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,
”
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G
.
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“A
nov
el
ro
to
r
conf
igur
at
ion
and
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eri
m
ent
a
l
ver
if
icati
on
of
int
eri
o
r
pm
sync
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or
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or
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-
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d
a
ppli
c
at
ions,
”
in
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E
Tr
ansactions
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[11]
D.
P.
Marč
e
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ć
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ma
r
,
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A.
Gec
ić,
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Matić,
“D
iscre
t
e
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f
lu
x
and
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d
estimat
ors
for
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-
spee
d
shaft
-
s
ensorle
ss
im Drive
s,
”
IE
EE Tr
ans.
In
d.
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nce
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v
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e
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x
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l
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el
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gn
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i
c
g
ea
r
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flux
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itchi
ng
ma
gne
tic
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r
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spe
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g
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enc
y
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m
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n
t
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agne
t
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ar
by
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”
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mi
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on
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ce
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r
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esigni
n
g
a
ma
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g
e
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n
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“De
ve
lo
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nt
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ma
g
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la
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gea
rbox,
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f
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nsm
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e
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n
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-
phas
e
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6P
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S
M
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n
ta
l
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
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2088
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8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
17
31
–
17
36
1736
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mohd
Firdaus
Mohd
Ab
Halim
is
a
rese
arc
h
er
and
engi
n
ee
r
.
He
gr
aduate
d
from
Univer
si
ti
Te
nag
a
Nasiona
l
in
Ba
chelor
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Eng
i
nee
ring
.
He
f
inis
hed
Master
De
gre
e
of
EE
I
T
a
t
Univer
sity
o
f
Applie
d
Sc
ie
n
c
e
Rosenh
ei
m
,
Germ
any.
He
worked
in
var
i
ous
mul
t
ina
t
ion
al
com
pany
su
ch
a
s
Sony
Intel
and
Qimonda
as
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
T
est
Enginee
r.
Curr
ent
ly
he
is
a
ful
l
-
time
rese
arc
h
er
at
Un
ive
rsiti
T
ekni
ka
l
Mala
ysia
Mel
ak
a,
Faku
lt
i
Te
kno
logi
Kejur
u
te
r
aan.
His
rese
ac
h
ma
inl
y
foc
us
in
Ene
rgy
Eff
icie
ncy,
Rene
wab
le
Ene
rgy
and
E
lectr
i
ca
l
Vehi
cl
e
.
Curre
ntl
y
he
is
full
ti
m
e
studyi
ng
Doctor
Of
Philosophy
In
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
Engi
ne
e
ring
in
Univer
si
ti
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn (UTHM)
Erwa
n
bin
Sula
i
ma
n
re
ce
iv
ed
his
B.
E
and
M
.
E
de
gre
es
in
E
lectr
i
c
al
Eng
ine
er
ing
fr
om
Univer
sity
of
Mal
aya
in
20
01
and
Univer
si
ty
Tu
n
Hus
sein
Onn
Mala
ysi
a
(
UTHM
)
in
2004
.
He
h
as
be
en
with
UTHM
fr
om
De
cembe
r
2004
as
a
le
c
tu
rer
.
He
re
ceive
d
Doctor
Deg
re
e
in
Elec
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Nagoya
Inst
i
tut
e
of
Technol
ogy
(NIT),
Jap
an
in
2012
.
He
is
cur
r
ent
ly
As
socia
te
Prof
e
ss
or
at
Dep
art
m
ent
o
f
E
lectr
i
ca
l
Pow
er
Eng
inee
ring,
Univ
ersit
y
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn
Mala
ysia
.
His
rese
ar
ch
intere
sts
in
cl
ud
e
d
esign
opt
im
i
za
t
i
ons
of
HEFS
M,
WFFS
M,
in
par
ticula
r
,
for
H
EV
drive a
pp
li
c
a
ti
ons.
Raj
a
Nor Firda
u
s Kashfi
Raja
Ot
hma
n
r
ecei
ved
h
is B.
Eng in Elec
tri
c
al
& El
e
ct
ron
ic
s,
M.Sc
in
Elec
tri
c
al
Mac
h
ine
Desi
gn
&
Applie
d
Magne
tics
and
PhD
in
El
ectri
c
al
Mac
h
ine
and
Design
from
Univer
siti
Putra
M
al
aysi
a.
He
is
a
n
As
socia
te
Pro
fessor
of
Depa
rt
me
nt
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Drive
s,
Facu
lt
y
of
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
En
gine
er
ing
(FK
E).
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
the
m
ana
g
er
Cent
er
for
Rob
oti
c
and
Industr
ia
l
Auto
mation.
He
spec
ia
l
ized
in
El
e
ct
ri
c
Ma
chi
nes
Design
,
Magne
tic
Sensor
,
Pow
er El
e
ct
ron
ic
s &
Drive
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.