In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
374~
3
8
1
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
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1
374
Jou
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l
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o
me
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ge
:
ht
tp:
//
i
j
ped
s
.
i
ae
sc
ore.
com
Independent high v
oltage
DC so
urce development for
renewable-grid integrati
o
n interface
Omar
A
bu Hass
an
1
, Shamsu
l
A
izam Zu
l
k
i
fli
2
,
Mohd
S
h
a
mi
an
Z
ain
a
l
3
,
A
h
m
a
d
A
l
a
b
qa
r
i
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a
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a
d
z
i
4
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Muha
mma
d
S
h
u
k
r
i Ah
ma
d
5
,
T
e
ngk
u
Nadzlin
T
engk
u
I
b
rah
i
m
6
1,
3
F
acu
lt
y o
f
Engin
eerin
g T
echn
o
lo
gy
, U
n
iv
ersiti Tu
n
H
ussei
n
O
n
n
M
alaysia, Hu
b
P
en
didik
a
n
T
i
ngg
i P
a
g
oh,
M
alay
sia
2
Fac
u
lt
y of E
l
ectri
cal
and Elect
r
o
ni
c Eng
i
neering,
Universiti
T
u
n
H
u
s
s
e
i
n
O
n
n
M
a
la
y
s
ia
,
M
a
la
y
s
ia
4
,
5,
6
Cent
re
f
or
D
ip
lo
m
a
S
t
udies
, U
niv
e
rsi
t
i
Tu
n
H
u
s
s
ein
O
n
n
M
a
lays
ia
,
Hub
Pend
idikan
T
in
gg
i
P
a
g
oh,
M
a
l
ay
sia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Au
g
2
7
,
2
019
Re
vise
d O
c
t
8,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
D
ec 7,
201
9
Recent
adv
a
n
c
e
m
ent
i
n
r
en
ewab
le-gri
d
in
t
e
grat
io
n
res
earch,
due
to
t
he
con
cern
on
t
he
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
nt
al
i
m
p
act,
l
eads
t
o
e
x
t
ens
i
v
e
s
tu
dy
i
n
i
s
olated
po
wer
c
o
nv
erter
as
t
hei
r
i
nterf
a
ce.
As
part
o
f
is
ol
ati
on
capab
i
lity
i
n
power
con
v
ert
e
r
i
n
terf
ace,
e
xt
ens
i
ve
s
tu
d
y
o
f
m
a
gn
eti
c
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
nt
h
as
been
carried
ou
t,
e
speci
all
y
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
si
gn
,
con
s
t
r
ucti
on
a
nd
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
to
achiev
e
op
tim
al
o
perat
i
o
n
.
One
of
t
he
m
ain
is
su
e
i
n
v
erif
ying
t
he
a
naly
ti
cal
pow
er
loss
m
o
de
l
is
t
o
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i
ndependent
HVDC
l
i
nk
power
s
o
ur
c
e
f
or
a
n
exp
e
rim
e
nt
al
v
ali
d
ati
o
n
wo
rk.
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
f
ocu
s
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th
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des
i
gn
a
n
d
con
s
t
r
ucti
on
of
D
C
lin
k
s
o
u
r
ce
,
to
b
e
us
e
in
t
he
e
x
p
erim
en
tal
r
ig
s
et
up.
S
e
veral
D
C
l
ink
s
o
u
r
ce
o
p
tio
n
h
a
s
been
e
v
a
lu
ate
d
,
an
d
TDK
-
lamb
d
a
PF
50
0-
360A
p
ower
s
upply
was
select
ed
d
ue
t
o
the
ava
i
labilit
y
and
exce
l
l
en
t
energy
ef
fici
ency
o
ff
ered,
at
b
ett
e
r
pri
ce.
E
xternal
circu
it
is
d
e
s
i
g
n
ed
a
nd
im
plem
en
t
e
d
to
ach
iev
e
d
esired
v
ol
tag
e
a
n
d
c
urr
e
nt
s
up
pl
y
chara
cteri
s
tic.
A
t
th
e
en
d,
t
he
v
o
l
tage
a
nd
c
u
rre
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
DC
l
i
nk
sup
p
ly
f
or
D
ual
H
-bri
dges
i
s
ob
tai
n
ed
a
n
d
s
ho
wn
p
rom
i
si
ng
res
u
l
t
f
o
r
e
x
p
eri
m
ental
rig
m
e
a
s
ur
em
en
t
and
dat
a
c
ol
lection
wo
rk.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
D
C
lin
k
source
s
Dual H
-bridges
HF
T
rans
form
er
Ma
gne
t
i
c
ma
t
e
rial l
osses
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Omar
A
b
u
Has
s
an
,
D
e
pa
rtem
ent o
f
E
lectr
i
c
a
l E
n
gi
nee
r
in
g
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Fa
culty
o
f
En
gine
er
i
ng Te
c
h
n
o
l
og
y
,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
ssei
n
O
nn
Ma
lays
ia,
H
a
b
P
e
nd
i
d
i
k
a
n
T
ing
g
i
P
ago
h
,
846
0
0
M
uar,
Johor,
Malay
s
ia
Em
ail:
oma
r
h@u
t
hm.
e
du.my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Re
ne
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
ergy
a
n
d
gr
id
i
nt
egr
a
t
i
on
r
equire
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
pow
er
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
,
w
ith
o
r
w
ith
o
u
t
bi
dire
ct
io
na
l
func
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y,
a
s
a
n
i
nter
fa
c
e
b
etw
e
en
r
ene
w
ab
le
ge
n
e
rati
on,
e
ne
rg
y
stor
age
a
nd
gr
id
syste
m
[
1-6].
O
n
e
of
t
he
m
ain
are
a
o
f
in
tere
st
i
n
rene
w
a
b
l
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gri
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in
t
e
gra
t
i
o
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c
o
n
s
t
ruc
t
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op
tim
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agne
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p
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t
for
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r
[7,
8]
w
h
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on
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r
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t
o
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iz
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d
e
f
fic
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enc
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i
ss
u
e
of
t
he
s
yste
m
[9-
1
3].
Eval
ua
t
i
on
a
n
d
a
na
l
y
t
i
cal
v
al
i
d
a
t
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o
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k
f
o
r
m
a
gne
t
i
c
c
o
m
pon
ent
[
1
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-
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]
stud
y
(h
i
g
h
fre
que
nc
y
tran
sform
e
r
)
r
equir
e
d
u
a
l
H-b
r
i
dge
DC/
DC c
on
vert
e
r
s
y
stem
[
21-25].
The
r
ef
ore,
t
he
d
eve
l
opm
en
t
o
f
i
n
d
e
p
en
de
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H
V
D
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as
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o
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hig
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t
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ge
d
i
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ect
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urr
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nt
(
D
C
)
t
o
t
he
D
C-
lin
k
side
o
f
the
d
u
a
l
H
-
bri
dge
D
C
/
D
C
con
v
er
t
e
r
sys
t
em
a
s
shown
in
F
igur
e
1.
S
e
v
era
l
c
h
o
i
ces
o
f
af
t
e
r
m
ark
e
t
D
C
s
our
ce
su
p
p
l
y
c
a
n
be
u
se
d,
rang
in
g
from
v
a
r
ia
ble
dc
o
u
t
p
u
t
pow
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
tha
t
i
s
re
ady
to
b
e
use,
t
o
a
fixe
d
dc
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
lta
ge
p
ow
e
r
su
pp
ly
w
h
i
ch
r
e
q
ui
re
c
on
st
ruct
ion
of
e
xt
e
r
nal
ci
rcu
i
t
i
n
o
rd
e
r
to
ope
rate
.
In
t
h
i
s
pa
per
,
pow
er
s
up
p
l
y
m
o
d
u
l
e
,
P
F
500A
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0
a
re
s
elec
t
e
d d
u
e
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o
t
he m
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u
l
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v
ai
la
b
ili
ty,
i
n
e
xpe
n
s
i
v
e
a
nd
w
i
t
h
in
d
es
ired
s
pe
c
i
fica
t
i
o
n
[26].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
In
d
e
p
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o
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e
D
C
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o
urce
d
e
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opmen
t
f
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n
ewa
bl
e
-
g
r
id
(Oma
r
Abu
Ha
ssan)
37
5
F
i
gur
e
.
1
.
Rene
w
able
s
yste
m-
gr
id
i
nt
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
in
ter
f
ace
u
s
i
ng
p
o
wer
con
v
e
rter
Th
is
p
ow
er
m
odu
le
o
ff
e
r
easy
solu
ti
o
n
t
o
co
nnec
t
t
o
the
H
-
br
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o
nv
e
r
te
r
sy
st
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m
t
h
a
t
h
a
s
360
Vd
c
i
npu
t
f
r
o
m
A
C
ma
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s
wi
th
w
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of
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c
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a
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h
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l
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np
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w
h
i
c
h
i
s
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p
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e
no
u
gh
t
o
s
u
p
p
l
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t
o
the
H
-
b
r
id
ge
c
o
n
v
er
ter
sys
t
e
m
a
s
on
F
igur
e
2.
F
i
gur
e.
2
.
I
nte
nde
d
ar
ea
of
D
C
sour
ce
sup
p
ly
t
ha
t
use
d
t
o
p
r
ov
i
de
p
ow
e
r
f
or
Dual H-
b
rid
g
e
s
powe
r
c
ircula
ti
o
n
O
t
her
fe
at
ur
es
o
f
th
is
p
ow
e
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s
up
p
l
y
m
o
du
le
i
s
t
h
e
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m
a
l
pr
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c
t
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n,
i
nr
us
h
lim
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t
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g
c
i
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c
ui
t,
ove
r
v
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p
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c
t
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n,
m
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f
94%
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nc
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u
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Vac
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ell
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c
omp
l
ie
d
w
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t
h
EN6
095
0
st
a
n
d
a
rd
[
27
].
T
hi
s
p
r
oj
e
c
t
f
o
cu
si
ng
o
n
th
e
co
nst
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
H
i
g
h
Vol
t
a
g
e
DC
-li
nk
po
we
r
so
u
r
c
e
b
a
s
e
d
on
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
mo
dul
e
,
t
o
f
a
c
ili
t
a
t
e
e
xpe
ri
me
n
t
al
s
et
up
m
ent
io
ne
d
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
2.
N
e
x
t
se
ct
ion
d
i
s
c
usse
d
m
o
re
detai
l on
the pa
ram
e
te
rs and
circ
uit f
o
r th
is wor
k.
2.
EX
TE
RNA
L
CIRCUIT
CO
NSTRUCTIO
N
F
o
r
the
p
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w
e
r
sup
p
l
y
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d
u
l
e
t
o
w
o
r
k
p
r
ope
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l
y
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d
sa
fe
l
y
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e
x
t
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r
n
al
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ircu
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a
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c
i
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t
LE
D
ind
i
c
a
t
o
r
ha
ve
t
o
be
b
u
i
l
d
.
2.
1.
E
x
t
e
r
n
al
c
ircu
it
p
arame
t
er
Th
is
s
ec
ti
on
is
t
he
d
escr
ipt
i
o
n
a
nd
t
h
e
ca
lcu
l
atio
n
o
f
e
a
c
h
e
x
t
er
na
l
par
t
s
o
f
t
he
p
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er
s
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ply
(
s
h
o
w
n
on
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
O
n
t
he
i
n
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
i
d
e,
t
hr
ee
e
x
ter
n
a
l
c
omp
one
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
a
d
ded,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
1
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A
fuse
(
F1)
,
no
ise
f
i
lt
e
r
,
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
i
np
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p
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(
C
1
)
w
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ecom
m
e
nd
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v
a
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o
f
1
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2
5
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a
c.
T
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f
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t
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n
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t
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C
1
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s
to
p
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o
vide
h
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gh
f
r
e
que
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no
ise
f
i
lte
r
a
nd
als
o
r
ed
uce
unw
a
n
t
e
d
o
s
c
il
la
t
i
on
b
y
p
lac
i
ng
i
t
c
l
o
s
e
ly
t
o
the
term
i
n
al.
Mea
n
w
h
ile,
on
t
he
o
ut
p
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
ca
pac
i
t
o
r
C
2
,
cap
a
cito
r
C
3
,
c
a
p
a
cit
o
r
C
4
a
nd
D
C
f
u
se
F
2
va
lue
is
sug
g
es
te
d
by
pow
er
m
o
d
u
l
e
m
a
nu
fa
ct
ur
er
a
nd
ob
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
ap
p
l
ic
a
t
i
o
n
no
tes
[
2
6]
.
The
f
unc
t
i
o
n
o
f
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
C
2
a
nd
C
3
i
s
use
d
t
o
s
n
ub
the
s
p
ike
n
o
i
s
e
f
r
o
m
bo
os
t
i
nver
t
e
r
a
nd
ca
paci
to
r
C
4
i
s
t
o
r
edu
c
e
t
h
e
c
o
mm
on
m
ode
c
ir
cula
t
i
n
g
c
ur
r
e
nt
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
374
–
38
1
37
6
Tab
l
e
1. Exte
r
nal c
i
rc
ui
t par
a
m
e
ter
Ext
e
rn
a
l
c
o
m
pon
ent
I
n
p
u
t
S
i
de
O
utput
S
i
d
e
Item
V
al
ue
I
tem
V
a
lue
Fuse
,
F
1
10A
F
use
,
F
2
3A
500
Vdc
C
1
1uF,
250V
C
2
0.
94u
F
63
0V
C
3
0
.
47u
F
63
0V
C
4
3300pF
400V
2.2.
In
r
u
sh
l
i
m
i
t
i
n
g c
u
rr
en
t an
d ou
tp
u
t
cap
acitor
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
he
D
C
so
urce
opera
ti
on
st
a
r
t-
up,
o
n
e
o
f
the
ma
in
i
ssue
d
f
a
c
e
d
i
s
hi
gh
s
u
rge
cur
r
e
nt,
bef
o
re
its
r
e
a
c
h
in
g
s
t
e
a
dy
s
ta
te.
The
in
sta
n
ta
ne
o
u
s
sur
g
e
c
u
rr
ent,
d
ra
w
n
by
p
o
w
e
r
su
pp
l
y
i
s
ca
l
l
e
d
i
nrus
h
c
u
r
r
ent
or
tur
n
-on
curre
n
t
[
2
8
-3
0]
.
This curr
e
nt
c
a
n
b
e
a
s
h
ig
h
a
s
2
0 t
i
m
e
s
ste
a
d
y
s
ta
t
e
c
ur
rent,
an
d ca
n
c
a
u
sed
da
ma
ged
to
pow
er
s
up
p
l
y
loa
d
.
T
h
er
efor
e,
i
nr
ush
l
i
m
itin
g
c
i
r
c
ui
t
is
r
e
q
ui
r
e
d,
w
hi
c
h
c
on
si
s
t
o
f
r
e
sistor
t
ha
t
ca
n
be
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
s (1)
√
Ω
(
1
)
Where
, Rinru
s
h
=
e
x
t
e
r
na
l resi
stor
val
ue
,
V
in
=A
C
R
MS
in
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge, and
Iinrus
h
=i
nrus
h c
u
rren
t
.
O
n
the ot
her
ha
n
d
,
ou
tp
u
t
c
apac
itor
C
o
c
alcu
la
te
d as bel
ow
(
2)
t
o ma
i
n
ta
in pe
a
k t
o
p
e
a
k
v
ol
t
a
ge of le
ss
than
1
5
V
pea
k
t
o
pea
k
.
Ex
ter
n
al
o
u
t
put
c
a
p
a
c
itor
,
C
o
,
a
r
e
requ
ired
t
o
e
n
s
u
re
D
C-l
i
nk
v
o
l
tage
i
s
c
ons
ta
n
t
f
or
l
i
n
e
a
nd
loa
d
c
ha
n
g
e
[2
6,
2
7,
3
1]
.
Ma
them
at
ica
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
t
o
de
ter
m
ine
t
h
e
c
a
p
ac
i
t
a
n
ce
n
e
e
d
e
d
f
or
m
i
n
i
m
um
p
eak
t
o
p
e
ak
rip
pl
e
ou
tp
ut
vo
l
t
a
g
e
i
s (2
)
(
2
)
Where,
Co
=O
ut
p
u
t
smoo
t
h
i
n
g
c
a
p
ac
i
t
or,
P
out
=
P
in
o
f
H
-
br
i
d
ge
i
nver
t
e
r
m
odu
le,
f
=
input
frequenc
y
,
V
p-p
=o
u
t
put
r
ip
ple
vo
l
t
age
,
V
o
=
ra
t
e
d
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
lta
ge
o
f
p
o
w
er
m
odule
,
a
nd
η
=e
ffic
i
enc
y
o
f
power
m
od
u
l
e
.
Sec
o
n
d
ly
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
ut
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
an
ce
m
u
s
t
a
l
so
b
e
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
ed
b
as
ed
on
t
he
r
eq
uire
d
h
o
l
du
p tim
e
of
A
C
/
D
C
po
w
er
sup
p
l
y
.
Formula
to dete
r
m
i
ne
the
capa
c
i
t
a
n
ce
v
alue
b
a
s
ed
o
n th
i
s hol
dup
t
ime
s
h
o
w
n
(3
).
(
3
)
Where,
C
o
=
O
ut
put
s
moo
t
hin
g
c
ap
a
c
i
t
o
r
,
P
o
=
P
in
o
f
H
-
brid
g
e
i
nve
rt
er,
η
=e
ff
i
c
ie
nc
y
of
t
h
e
H
-brid
g
e
in
verter
,
t
h
old
u
p
=
h
o
ld
up
t
ime
for
A
C
/D
C
p
o
w
e
r
su
pp
ly,
V
o
=
r
ate
d
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
l
t
age,
V
p-p
=
o
ut
put
r
i
p
p
l
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
and
V
mi
n
=
m
in
imum
inp
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
o
f the
H
-
br
idge
co
n
v
e
r
te
r.
F
i
gure
3
(a)
show
s
the
c
o
m
p
l
e
te
c
i
r
cu
it
d
i
a
g
r
am
w
ith
t
he
c
ompo
n
en
t
ca
l
c
u
l
at
ed
.
On
c
e
t
h
e
e
x
t
erna
l
circ
u
i
t
is
b
u
ild
a
n
d
c
on
ne
c
t
e
d
a
s
on
F
i
gur
e
3
(
b
),
t
he
t
e
s
tin
g
i
s
c
arri
ed
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
ppl
y
mo
du
l
e
t
o
ob
ta
in an
d
o
bse
r
ve
t
he a
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
t
he
p
ow
e
r
sup
p
l
y m
o
d
u
le
t
o op
erat
e
a
s
i
t
sh
ould
.
The
op
era
t
i
o
n
of
p
ow
e
r
m
od
u
l
e
have
s
e
v
era
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
eat
ure
an
d
re
qui
r
e
several
steps
bef
o
re
rea
c
hi
ng
st
e
a
d
y
s
t
a
t
e
an
d
fu
l
l
c
on
tro
l
l
e
d
m
ode.
O
n
e
o
f
t
he
f
e
a
t
ure
is
o
verv
ol
ta
ge
p
r
o
tec
t
ion
(O
V
P
)
m
ode
w
h
ic
h
de
te
c
t
i
nc
rea
s
e
i
n
v
olt
a
ge
o
ver
its
l
im
it
o
f
3
9
0
V
.
I
f
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
is
o
ver
3
90V
,
OV
P
w
ill
b
e
tri
gger
and
t
r
i
p
,
th
us,
reduc
e t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge
t
o √2
f
rom
A
C
R
M
S
i
np
u
t
v
olta
ge
a
n
d
o
u
t
pu
t
cur
r
e
n
t
t
o
ze
r
o.
(a)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Inde
pen
d
e
n
t h
i
gh v
o
lta
ge
D
C
sou
r
ce
deve
l
o
p
m
e
n
t f
o
r rene
w
a
b
l
e-gr
i
d
(O
mar Ab
u H
a
ssa
n
)
37
7
(b
)
F
i
gure
3.
(a
)
The
c
i
r
cu
it
c
o
n
s
t
ruct
io
n of
t
h
e
p
ow
e
r
supp
l
y
mod
u
l
e
,
PF
500
A
-
36
0,
(b)
P
r
ototy
p
e
m
o
d
e
l o
f
h
i
g
h
vo
ltage
D
C so
urc
e
s
up
pl
y
3.
TESTING EV
A
LUAT
ION A
N
D
RESU
L
T
The
c
o
ns
tructe
d
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
pp
l
y
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
t
h
en
a
pp
lie
d
to
t
he
A
C
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
a
u
t
o
trans
f
or
me
r
or
2
3
0
V
ac
soc
k
e
t
.
Initia
l
tes
t
i
n
g
start
w
i
t
h
l
e
s
s
t
ha
n
hal
f
l
oa
d
(365
Ω)
w
it
h
a
c
v
o
l
tage
i
s
su
pp
l
i
ed
from
a
uto tra
n
s
f
or
me
r a
nd the
i
n
p
u
t i
s
inc
rea
s
e
slow
l
y
t
o the
m
ax
i
m
u
m
.
3.1.
Hot star
t at
fu
l
l
l
oad
A
f
ter i
n
i
tia
l t
e
s
t
i
n
g
is s
ucc
e
ssful, the
a
mou
n
t of l
oa
d is the
n
incre
ase
d
to fu
ll loa
d
(1
70Ω) to pus
h t
h
e
D
C
-lin
k
so
ur
ce
draw
i
ng
ma
xim
u
m
current
on
the D
C
o
u
t
p
u
t
si
d
e.
I
n
F
igure
4,
t
h
e
r
ectifier
pow
er
s
upp
ly
a
ch
i
e
ved
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
he
o
pe
rat
i
o
n
w
i
th
t
he
m
axi
m
um
out
put
curr
ent
of
2
.1
A
(358V
/1
7
0
Ω
)
.
Ca
n
be
o
bse
r
ved
tha
t
t
hi
s
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
l
y
mod
u
l
e
ha
ve
a
n
um
ber
o
f
s
t
e
p
bef
o
re
its
e
n
t
er
ing
s
t
a
b
i
lit
y
a
nd
fu
ll
con
t
ro
l
l
ed
m
o
d
e
,
pow
er
m
odu
l
e
s
e
que
nce
c
h
art.
I
t
is
s
t
a
rt
w
it
h
t
h
e
ca
paci
t
o
r
cha
r
g
i
ng
mode
usi
ng 1
5
0
Ω
an
inrus
h r
e
sist
a
n
ce
w
h
ich dr
aw
i
ng a
b
o
ut
2
.3
7
A
c
urre
nt
.
Th
is
p
r
o
c
e
ss
t
a
ke
s
a
ppr
ox
im
atel
y
85m
s,
a
nd
o
n
c
e
c
apa
c
itor
is
c
h
a
r
ge
d
,
s
yst
e
m
g
o
es
i
n
t
o
d
i
ode
re
ct
i
f
i
e
r
mo
de
w
h
e
re
D
C
outp
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
eq
u
a
l
A
C
p
ea
k
i
nput
v
o
l
ta
ge.
T
h
e
n
,
th
is
p
o
w
er
s
upp
l
y
w
i
l
l
e
nt
e
r
fu
l
l
c
o
n
t
rol
l
e
d
m
od
e
s
y
st
e
m
a
t
alm
o
st
3
60V
v
o
l
tage
.
A
f
t
e
r
a
c
hie
ve
d
s
t
ea
d
y
s
t
a
te,
can
b
e
see
n
t
ha
t
t
h
e
i
npu
t
curr
ent
l
e
ve
led
at
4
.5A
pea
k
a
nd
a
s
r
es
i
s
t
i
v
e
l
oad
is
u
sed,
o
u
t
pu
t
c
u
rrent
w
ill
be
a
r
o
u
n
d
(35
8
V
/
17
1.7Ω
)
2.1A
w
h
ic
h is m
axi
m
um
c
urr
e
nt t
hat
the
sys
t
e
m
c
a
n
su
p
p
l
y.
F
i
gur
e 4.
Inpu
t
A
C
v
o
l
ta
ge
, in
p
u
t
c
urre
n
t
a
n
d
out
p
u
t v
o
lta
ge
du
ri
n
g
hot
st
a
rt
o
f po
we
r su
pp
l
y
wi
t
h
fu
l
l
loa
d
3.2.
Hot star
t wit
h
n
o load
Test
i
ng
wi
t
hout
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
(o
pen
c
i
rc
ui
t
at
t
h
e
o
utp
u
t
)
a
l
s
o
sho
w
s
the
sam
e
s
te
p
s
a
s
in
t
he ful
l
l
o
a
d
t
e
s
t
and
t
h
e
re
sul
t
s
ho
w
e
d
i
n
F
igur
e
5.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
is
n
o
c
u
rre
nt
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
from
t
he
s
ys
te
m
once
s
y
s
t
em
i
n
t
h
e
fu
l
l
c
o
n
tro
l
l
e
d
m
ode.
M
e
anw
h
i
l
e,
s
a
m
e
re
su
lt
a
ppear
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
c
a
pac
itor
char
ge
m
o
d
e
whe
r
e
the
s
y
stem
use
d
a
n
inr
u
sh
r
e
s
ista
nc
e
as
t
h
e
l
oad
a
n
d
dra
w
i
n
g
a
b
o
u
t
2
.3
5A
c
urr
e
n
t
.
Th
is
s
tep
i
s
r
e
qui
re
d
to
m
ake
s
u
re
t
he
safe
ty
o
f
t
h
e
capa
c
i
t
o
r
,
t
o
p
r
e
ve
nt
s
u
d
d
e
n
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
ncre
ased
i
n
t
he
c
a
p
aci
t
o
r
w
h
i
c
h
w
i
ll
cause
d
h
i
g
h
curr
ent sp
i
k
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
374
–
38
1
37
8
F
i
gure
5.
I
npu
t
A
C
vol
ta
ge,
in
pu
t cur
r
ent a
n
d
out
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
du
ri
ng h
o
t
star
t
w
it
h no l
o
a
d
p
rese
nt
3.3.
Opera
t
io
n
betw
een full loa
d
a
nd
n
o
lo
a
d
P
o
w
e
r supp
ly
i
s
also ru
n
a
t
fu
ll vo
l
t
a
g
e an
d te
stin
g
b
o
t
h fr
o
m
no l
o
a
d
to th
e fu
ll loa
d
an
d
fu
l
l
l
o
ad to
no
l
o
ad
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
esul
t
s
how
n
in
F
igur
e
6.
I
t
is
a
ppea
r
e
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
ppl
y
b
e
h
a
v
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
e
rl
y
alt
h
o
ugh
there
i
s
s
u
dde
n
loa
d
i
s
a
p
p
l
ie
d
t
o
t
he
s
ys
te
m.
D
uring
the
ope
ra
ti
o
n
f
rom
no
l
o
a
d
t
o
the
fu
ll
l
o
a
d
,
D
C
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
h
o
w
s
o
m
e
vol
t
a
g
e
d
ip
(
a
b
out
40V)
a
n
d
t
a
ki
ng
a
bou
t
0
.
4
sec
ond
t
o
r
e
a
c
h
t
he
s
tea
d
y
s
t
ate
a
g
a
i
n.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
w
he
n
rem
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
oad
w
h
i
l
e
pow
er
s
up
p
l
y
a
t
f
u
l
l
su
p
p
l
y
,
t
h
e
s
y
ste
m
t
ak
i
ng
a
l
o
nger
ti
me
t
o
st
a
b
il
ize
d
a
gai
n
(
0.
6
se
con
d
)
.
H
ow
eve
r
,
both
test
ing
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ab
il
ity
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
sup
p
l
y
t
o
han
d
le
t
he
sud
d
e
n
c
ha
nge
d
i
n
t
he
l
oa
d.
F
i
gur
e 6.
The
ou
t
put
v
olta
ge
,
i
n
p
u
t
vo
l
ta
ge
a
nd
in
pu
t c
u
rre
nt
d
uri
ng
sud
d
e
n loa
d
c
ha
ng
e
d
at
fu
l
l
c
on
tro
lle
d
m
ode
opera
tio
n.
3.4.
Final test
wi
t
h
ma
i
n
o
u
t
let
s
upply
F
i
nal
l
y,
s
ta
rt
u
p
t
est
usin
g
the
pow
er
s
oc
ke
t
o
u
t
l
e
t
a
t
bo
t
h
f
u
l
l
l
o
ad
opera
tio
n
an
d
al
so
f
u
l
l
loa
d
t
o
n
o
loa
d
opera
t
i
o
n
.
T
he
r
esult
s
how
s
in
F
i
g
ure
7
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
sam
e
4
s
te
p
s
a
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
before
it
en
ter
fu
l
l
con
t
ro
l
l
ed m
od
e
(steady
sta
t
e
m
ode).
F
i
gure
7. O
utp
u
t v
o
lta
ge
a
n
d
i
n
p
u
t c
u
rre
nt
o
f pow
e
r
sup
p
l
y
m
odu
l
e
using 230Vrm
s
socke
t
su
pp
ly; a
)
star
t
-
up
sy
s
t
em
unt
i
l
st
eady
s
t
a
t
e
is r
eac
hed,
b
)
sta
r
t-up sy
stem
the
n
i
m
m
e
d
iate
ly r
em
ov
e
the
loa
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Inde
pen
d
e
n
t h
i
gh v
o
lta
ge
D
C
sou
r
ce
deve
l
o
p
m
e
n
t f
o
r rene
w
a
b
l
e-gr
i
d
(O
mar Ab
u H
a
ssa
n
)
37
9
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
A
s
a
c
onc
l
u
si
o
n
,
th
i
s
pow
er
s
up
p
l
y
is
p
r
ope
rly
te
ste
d
a
n
d
a
ble
t
o
p
r
o
vid
e
h
i
g
h
v
o
lta
ge
s
up
p
l
y
t
h
e
H
-
Br
idge
s
ys
tem
.
H
ow
e
v
er,
t
h
e
r
e
is
one
lim
i
t
a
tio
n
t
h
a
t
n
e
e
ds
t
o
b
e
r
e
s
o
l
v
e
d
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
h
i
g
h
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
ca
paci
ta
nce
in the
D
C-l
i
nk w
h
en
t
hi
s p
o
w
e
r sup
p
l
y is c
o
n
n
ected
t
o
t
he H
-bri
dge s
y
s
tem
. Th
i
s pr
ob
lem
c
a
use
d
the
s
y
ste
m
t
o
draw
e
xce
s
s
i
ve
a
mou
n
t
o
f
c
urr
e
nt
a
n
d
m
igh
t
d
am
age
t
he
p
ow
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y.
O
ne
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
i
s
t
o
a
d
d
the
sm
al
l
va
lu
e
of
r
esis
ta
nce
d
u
rin
g
t
he
s
t
a
rtu
p
w
h
i
ch
i
s
para
l
le
l
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
D
C
fuse
o
n
the
ou
t
p
u
t
s
id
e
.
T
he
resista
n
ce
lim
it
t
h
e
i
n
rus
h
c
u
rre
nt
d
urin
g
th
e
st
a
r
t
up
a
nd
once
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
re
ac
h
stab
il
ity,
D
C
f
use
c
a
n
b
e
con
n
ec
ted
us
i
n
g
c
o
nt
a
c
t
or
o
r
som
e
k
i
n
d
of
s
w
i
t
c
h.
H
ow
e
v
er,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
n
eed
s
t
o
b
e
pr
ope
r
l
y
i
m
plem
ent
e
d
t
o
m
a
k
e
su
re
t
h
e
s
a
f
ety
of
t
he
h
igh
vo
lt
ag
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
up
ply
o
p
e
ra
t
i
on,
u
se
d
i
n
t
he
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
s
e
t
u
p
.
In
t
he
end,
a
d
d
iti
ona
l
va
li
dat
i
on
are
require
b
e
f
or
e
pow
e
r
s
u
ppl
y
c
a
n
be
f
ull
y
i
m
p
le
me
n
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
ex
per
i
m
e
nta
l
set
up for
H
F
tra
nsf
o
rme
r
e
valuat
i
on.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
Th
is
w
ork
w
a
s
done
i
n
co
ll
a
bora
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
P
ow
e
r
E
n
e
rgy
F
o
cus
G
r
o
up
of
F
a
c
u
lty
o
f
En
gi
neer
ing
Tec
h
nol
og
y,
A
dva
nc
e
Co
ntr
o
l
P
o
w
e
r
Con
v
e
rter
T
ea
m
of
F
ac
ul
t
y
o
f
El
ect
ri
c
a
l
an
d
El
e
c
t
r
on
i
c
E
n
g
in
eeri
n
g
,
and
Ce
ntre
f
or
D
iplom
a
S
tud
i
e
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
T
u
n
H
usse
in
O
nn
M
a
la
y
s
i
a
(
U
T
H
M
)
.
T
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
y
sup
por
t
e
d
by
Tie
r-1
g
ra
nt
U
85
4
U
T
H
M
a
n
d
t
he
a
u
t
h
o
r
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
ke
t
o
t
h
a
n
k
to
e
very
one
i
n
v
o
l
ve
d
fo
r
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
su
ppo
rt
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
H.
F
an
a
nd
H.
L
i
,
"
Hi
gh
f
req
u
ency
h
igh
eff
i
c
i
ency
b
id
irecti
o
n
a
l
D
C-DC
c
onv
erter
mo
du
le
d
esi
g
n
fo
r
10
k
VA
so
li
d
st
ate t
r
ansfo
r
m
e
r,"
Conf.
P
r
oc. -
I
E
E
E
App
l
.
Powe
r Elect
ron. Con
f
.
Expo. -
APEC
,
pp.
2
1
0
-2
15,
2010
.
[2]
S
.
M
em
b
e
r
an
d
Ế
De
T
echn
o
l
o
g
i
e,
"
A
n
al
ys
is,
d
e
si
gn
and
co
nt
rol
o
f
a
st
andal
o
n
e
h
yb
rid
r
e
new
a
ble
energ
y
con
v
ersi
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
"
pp
.
1-8
,
2
013.
[3]
M
.
B
eyk
v
erdi,
A.
J
ali
l
v
a
nd
,
and
M
.
E
h
s
an,
"Coo
perat
i
ve
e
n
e
rgy
m
an
agem
ent
o
f
h
y
b
ri
d
DC
r
enewabl
e
g
ri
d
u
s
ing
decen
trali
zed co
n
t
r
ol
s
t
r
a
t
egi
e
s
,
"
E
n
erg
i
es
,
2
016.
[4]
J.
M
.
Carras
co
et a
l
.
,
"
Power-el
ectronic
s
y
s
t
ems
for
th
e
gri
d
i
nte
g
rati
on
o
f
renew
a
bl
e
e
n
ergy
s
o
u
rces :
a
s
urv
e
y,
"
IEEE
Trans. Ind
.
El
e
c
t
r
on
.
,
vol.
53
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
2
-1
01
6,
2
00
6.
[5]
C
.
K
l
u
mp
ner
,
G
.
Ash
er
,
an
d G
.
Z
.
Chen
, "S
electi
n
g
th
e po
wer el
e
c
t
ron
i
c in
t
e
rf
ace for a su
per
cap
at
tery based
energ
y
st
orage
sy
s
t
em,
"
i
n
PowerTech,
2009 IEEE Buch
arest
,
pp
.
1-7
, 2
00
9.
[6]
Y.
S
h
i
,
R.
Li,
Y
.
X
u
e,
a
nd
H.
L
i,
"
Hig
h
-f
requ
en
cy
-li
nk-b
a
sed
gr
i
d
-tied
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
w
ith
s
mall
DC-li
nk
capacit
o
r
and
lo
w-f
r
equ
e
ncy
ri
pp
le-f
ree
m
a
xim
u
m
po
we
r
p
o
in
t
t
r
acki
ng,
"
IE
EE Tr
ans.
P
o
wer
Elect
ron
.
,
v
o
l
.
31
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
3
28-3
3
9
,
2
0
1
6.
[7]
A.
S
u
r
esh
K
u
m
a
r,
R
.
K.
P
o
ngian
n
a
n,
C
.
Bh
aratiraj
a,
A
.
Y
u
suff,
a
nd
N
.
Yad
a
iah
,
"
N
o
n
i
s
o
l
ated
c
ou
pled
c
on
verter
ti
ed v
oltag
e
so
u
rce i
nvert
er dri
ve,"
In
ter
nat
io
nal Jo
ur
nal
of P
o
wer El
ectro
n
i
cs a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
st
em
(
I
JP
EDS)
,
vo
l.
1
0,
no
.
2
,
20
19
.
[8]
S
a
run
S
o
m
a
n,
N
i
s
h
t
ha
S
h
e
ll
y
and
S
.
K
.
T
.
C
iji
P
e
a
r
l
Ku
rian
,
"DC
t
ran
s
f
o
rm
er
m
odelli
ng
a
nd
c
on
trol
o
f
DC-DC
bu
ck co
n
v
e
rter”,
In
ter
natio
na
l Jo
ur
na
l o
f
P
o
wer
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
em
(
I
JPEDS)
,
v
o
l
.
10,
n
o.
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9]
G.
A
.
O.A.
H
assan,
C
.
Klu
m
pn
er,
"Des
ign
co
ns
id
erat
io
n
fo
r
co
re
m
a
teri
al
s
elect
ion
an
d
op
erat
in
g
mo
des
f
o
r
a
h
i
g
h
f
r
equ
e
ncy
tran
sform
e
r
us
ed
i
n
an
i
s
o
lat
e
d
DC/DC
co
nv
erter,
"
i
n
Eur
o
p
e
an
Con
f
.
on
P
o
wer El
ectr
onics
an
d
Application
,
20
1
6
.
[10]
M
.
L
e
i
b
l
,
G
.
O
r
t
i
z
,
a
n
d
J
.
W
.
K
o
l
a
r
,
"
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
of
a
m
ed
ium
-
f
r
eq
uenc
y
t
r
an
sf
o
r
m
e
r
f
o
r
so
li
d-state transfor
m
e
r ap
pli
cati
o
n
s
,"
IEE
E
J
.
Emerg
.
Sel. T
o
p.
Po
wer
El
ectr
o
n
,
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,
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1
,
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p
.
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2
3
,
2
017
.
[11]
H.
I
m
a
n-Ei
n
i
,
S
.
F
arhan
g
i
,
J
.
L
.
S
ch
anen
,
an
d
M
.
K
h
a
kb
azan
-F
ar
d
,
"
A
m
od
ul
ar
power
e
lectro
ni
c
transf
o
r
m
e
r
bas
e
d
on
a cascad
ed H
-bri
dge
m
ult
i
l
e
v
e
l
con
v
erter,
"
El
ect
r. Power
Syst.
Res
.
,
vo
l
.
7
9
, no
. 12
, p
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2
5
-1
63
7, 2
00
9.
[12]
B.
R
ao
et al
.,
"
Red
u
ct
ion
of
l
eakage
in
du
ctance
a
nd
AC
r
es
istan
ce
o
f
p
l
a
nar
t
ransf
o
rm
ers
by
o
p
t
im
is
in
g
th
e
curren
t
di
st
ributi
o
n
,
"
IET
P
o
wer
El
e
c
troni
cs
,
In
s
t
i
t
u
t
ion
of En
gine
e
r
ing
a
n
d
Te
c
h
no
lo
gy
,
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o
l.
1
1,
n
o.
3,
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1
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06
,
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18
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A.
A
ta
ll
a
et al
.,
"
Adv
a
nc
em
ent
s
i
n
hi
gh
p
o
wer
h
i
gh
f
requen
c
y
tra
n
sf
orm
e
r
des
i
g
n
f
o
r
resonant
c
onverter
ci
rcuit
s
,"
ECCE 2016
-
IE
E
E
E
n
ergy Conv
ers
.
Cong
r
.
E
x
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o
.
Pr
oc
.,
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0
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[14]
H. J
. Ch
o
i
and
J.
H
.
Ju
n
g
,
"Pract
ical d
esi
gn o
f
d
ua
l
acti
v
e b
r
i
d
g
e co
nv
erter as
is
o
l
a
ted bi-direct
io
na
l po
wer
i
n
terf
ace
f
o
r
s
o
lid s
t
a
te
t
rans
fo
rm
er app
li
catio
n
s
,"
J. Elect
r.
E
n
g
.
T
echn
o
l
.,
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1
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o
.
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6
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[15]
M.
C
.
,
B
.
H.,
W.
C
.,
and
G.
S
,
"Operation
,
d
es
i
g
n
and
co
ntrol
o
f
d
u
al
H
-Bridg
e-bas
e
d
is
ol
a
tio
n
b
i
di
recti
o
n
a
l
DC-
DC c
on
ve
rte
r
,"
IET
,
vol.
1
,
p
p.
5
0
7
-51
7
,
20
08.
[16]
K.
G
eo
rge,
"
Soli
d-s
t
a
t
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
rs
f
o
r
i
nt
e
r
f
acing
s
o
l
ar
p
ane
l
s
t
o
th
e
pow
er
g
rid
:
an
o
ptim
u
m
d
esig
n
m
e
th
odolo
g
y
o
f
a
h
i
gh
f
r
e
q
uen
c
y
t
r
ansf
orm
e
r f
o
r
dc-dc
conv
erter
a
pp
l
i
cati
o
n
s
," vo
l
. 2
0,
20
1
6
.
[17]
P
.
S
.
Ku
m
a
r,
"
Desi
gn
o
f
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
uency
po
wer
t
r
ans
f
orm
e
r
f
o
r
sw
itch
e
d
m
o
de
pow
er
s
u
pplies
,
" vo
l.
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[18]
A.
J
.
Hanson,
J
.
A
.
B
elk,
S
.
Lim,
C
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R.
S
ullivan,
and
D.
J
.
Per
reaul
t
,
"
M
eas
urem
ent
s
a
n
d
p
erf
o
rm
ance
f
acto
r
c
om
pari
so
ns
o
f
m
a
g
n
etic
m
at
eri
a
ls
a
t
h
i
gh
f
r
equen
c
y,
"
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
s.
Po
w
e
r E
l
ect
ron
.,
v
o
l
.
31
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
pp
.
7
909
-79
2
4
, 2
016
.
[19]
R.
G
arci
a,
A
.
Es
cob
a
r-Mej
ía,
K
.
G
eorg
e
,
a
nd
J
.
C.
B
a
l
d
a
,
"Loss
com
p
ariso
n
o
f
sel
e
ct
ed
c
o
r
e
magn
etic
m
at
erials
op
eratin
g
at
m
e
d
i
u
m
and
hig
h
f
requ
e
n
cies
a
n
d
d
iff
e
rent
e
xci
t
at
i
on
v
o
l
ta
ge
s,
"
20
14
IE
EE
5
t
h In
t.
Sym
p
.
Po
wer
El
ectro
n
.
Dist
ri
b
.
G
e
ner
.
Sys
t
.
PE
DG
20
14
, 2
01
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
374
–
38
1
38
0
[20]
T.
V
.
Nguyen,
T
.
V.
V
o,
P
.
Pet
i
t
,
M
.
Aillerie,
a
nd
N
.
T
.
P
ha
m,
"
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
p
u
l
s
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
f
o
r
s
t
e
p
-
u
p
D
C
-
D
C
con
v
erter,
"
i
n
En
er
gy
P
r
o
cedia
,
vol
.
1
19,
p
p
.
9
30-9
3
7
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017
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Y.
X
ie,
J.
S
u
n
,
an
d
J
.
S
.
F
r
eu
denb
erg,
"
P
o
wer
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
ract
eriza
tio
n
o
f
a
bid
i
re
c
t
io
na
l
ga
lva
n
ic
a
l
l
y
i
so
la
te
d
high
-
po
wer
D
C
/DC
c
o
nv
erter
o
v
er
a
w
ide
operat
i
n
g
r
an
ge,
"
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
s
.
Po
w
e
r E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
.
,
vol.
25,
n
o
.
1
),
p
p
.
5
4-66
,
20
10
.
[22]
J.
Zh
a
ng
,
J.
L
i
u
,
J.
Yan
g,
N
.
Zhao
,
Y
.
W
an
g
,
a
nd
T
.
Q.
Z
h
e
ng
,
"
A
m
o
dified DC
p
o
w
e
r
elect
roni
c
t
r
ansf
o
r
m
e
r
bas
e
d
on
seri
e
s co
nn
ect
io
n
of
f
u
ll-b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
e
rters,"
IEEE Transact
i
o
ns
on
P
o
wer
El
ect
roni
cs
,
20
18.
[23]
B.
Z
hao
,
Q
.
S
ong,
W
.
Liu,
a
nd
Y
.
Zhao
,
"
T
ransien
t
D
C
bi
as
a
nd
c
u
rrent
i
mp
act
e
f
f
ects
of
h
ig
h-f
r
equ
e
ncy
-
iso
l
a
t
ed
bi
di
re
ctio
nal DC-D
C con
v
erter i
n
p
racti
ce,"
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
s
.
Po
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
31,
no
.
4
,
p
p
.
320
3-3
2
1
6
,
2
01
6.
[24]
A.
K
adavel
ug
u
et a
l
.
,
"Hi
g
h
-
f
r
e
quen
c
y
des
i
g
n
c
on
si
derati
ons
o
f
d
u
al
act
iv
e
b
r
idge
1
2
0
0
V
S
i
C
M
O
S
F
E
T
D
C
-
D
C
con
v
ert
e
r,
"
Co
nf
.
P
r
oc.
- IEEE
App
l
.
Power El
ectr
o
n
.
Conf.
Expo
. - APE
C
,
p
p
.
3
1
4
-
32
0,
2
01
1.
[25]
K.
D
.
H
o
an
g
and
J
.
W
ang,
"
D
e
si
gn
o
p
timizat
ion
of
h
i
gh
f
r
equ
e
ncy
t
rans
form
e
r
f
or
d
ual
active
bridge
D
C-DC
con
v
erter,
"
i
n
Elect
ri
cal M
a
c
hin
e
s (
I
CEM),
2
0
1
2
X
X
t
h
Inter
natio
n
a
l
Co
n
f
erence
,
p
p
.
2
311
-23
1
7
,
2012
.
[26]
T.
L
am
bd
a,
"
PF5
00
A-3
60
po
w
e
r
su
pp
ly
m
odu
le
s
peci
fication
,
"
20
12
.
[O
nline
]
.
Avai
l
a
ble:
h
t
t
ps:/
/
u
k.
tdk-
lambd
a
.com
/
.
[Accessed: Dec-2
0
1
8
].
[27]
TDK-
La
mbd
a
,
"
PF-A
se
rie
s
a
pp
lic
a
t
io
n
no
te
s,"
20
1
2
.
[On
l
ine
]
.
Av
ail
a
bl
e
:
ht
tps://p
r
od
uct
.
td
k.
co
m
/
i
n
f
o
/
e
n/
c
a
tal
og/
dat
a
sheets/
p
f
-a_e.
pdf.
[Acces
sed:
Jan
-20
19]
.
[28]
J.-K.
K
i
m
et a
l
.,
"
S
t
a
rt-up
i
n
ru
sh
c
urren
t
r
educt
i
on
tech
niq
u
e
o
f
a
symm
et
rical
h
alf-bridge
DC/DC
converter
f
o
r
PC
power s
u
pply,"
in
2
007
7th
In
terna
t
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
ence o
n
P
o
wer
Electr
oni
cs
,
pp
.
243-2
4
5
,
2
0
0
7
.
[29]
M
.
W
an
i
,
K
.
Ku
ru
nd
kar,
a
nd
M
.
P
.
B
h
a
wal
k
ar,
"
U
se
o
f
po
w
e
r
el
ect
ron
i
c
con
v
erters
t
o
su
pp
res
s
t
ran
s
f
o
rm
er
i
n
r
ush
current,"
in
2
0
1
2
IEEE Int
e
rnati
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
erence o
n
Po
wer El
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
Drives
and
Ener
gy Sy
s
t
em
s
(
P
EDES)
,
p
p
. 1-5
,
20
12
.
[30]
H
.
H
o
s
h
i
,
T
.
T
a
n
a
k
a
,
M
.
N
o
r
i
t
a
k
e
,
T
.
U
s
h
i
r
o
k
a
w
a
,
K
.
H
i
r
o
s
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
Mi
no
,
"
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
ratio
n
of
i
n
r
us
h
cu
rren
t
o
n
DC distri
b
u
tion syste
m
,"
i
n
Intelec 20
12
, p
p.
1-4
,
20
12
.
[31]
P
.
P
ras
a
d
an
d V. P
.
Dhote,
"
A
meth
od
f
or
r
educing
in
rus
h
cu
rren
t
and
tran
si
en
t
o
v
ervol
tag
e
in t
h
ree p
h
ase cap
acit
o
r
ban
k
,
"
in
20
16
IE
EE
1st In
t
e
rn
at
ion
a
l
Conferen
ce on
P
o
wer
Elect
ro
ni
cs,
Intellig
ent
Cont
rol a
n
d
E
n
er
gy Sys
t
em
s
(
I
CP
E
I
CE
S)
,
pp.
1
-6
,
2
016.
B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
O
m
ar
A
b
u
H
as
sani
s
a
l
ecturer
a
t
th
e
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
o
f
E
l
ectri
cal
E
n
gin
eerin
g,
a
nd
i
s
lectu
r
er
o
f
th
e
Facul
t
y
of
E
ng
i
n
eering
T
echnolo
gy,
Uni
v
ers
iti
Tun
Hussei
n
O
nn
M
alay
s
i
a
(UT
H
M
)
.
H
e
receiv
e
d
th
e
B.E
n
g
d
e
gre
e
i
n
El
ectri
cal
E
ngin
eerin
g
fro
m
U
n
i
v
er
si
ti
T
ekn
o
l
ogi
M
al
ays
i
a,
J
o
h
o
r
,
M
a
lay
s
i
a
i
n
20
0
5
,
Then,
h
e
r
ec
e
i
ved
his
M
a
st
er
d
eg
ree
in
R
en
e
w
a
bl
e
En
ergy
Sy
st
em
f
rom
the
Univers
i
ty
o
f
N
o
ttingham,
U
K
in
2
008.
H
e
has
been
w
orki
ng
t
owar
d
t
h
e
P
h
.D
d
eg
ree
on
t
he
co
nst
r
uct
i
o
n
a
nd
op
tim
i
zati
on
o
f
m
agnet
i
c
m
a
teri
al
f
or
p
ow
e
r
e
l
e
c
tron
ic
c
o
nvert
e
r
i
n
U
n
i
v
ersi
t
i
T
un
Hussei
n
O
nn
M
a
l
ays
i
a,
J
oh
or,
M
a
l
a
ysia.
H
i
s
research
i
nt
eres
t
a
r
e
i
n
D
C/D
C
power
co
nvert
er
f
or
r
en
ewabl
e
-gri
d
i
n
teg
r
ati
o
n
and
sm
artg
rid
and
IoT
im
pl
em
ent
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
s
m
a
r
t
housing
mon
itoring
s
ystem.
S
h
ams
u
l
A
i
zam
Z
ul
k
i
fli
is
a
n
A
s
s
o
ciat
e
P
r
ofes
sor
an
d
Head
o
f
De
part
m
e
nt
a
t
th
e
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
o
f
E
l
ectri
cal
P
o
w
er
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g,
F
acult
y
o
f
E
l
ectric
a
l
and
El
ectro
nic
En
gin
e
e
r
in
g
,
U
nive
rs
it
i
Tu
n
H
u
ss
ein
O
nn
M
a
lay
s
i
a
(
U
T
H
M
).
H
e
recei
ved
th
e
B.E
n
g
d
e
g
r
ee
i
n
E
l
ect
rical
&
E
lect
ro
ni
c
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g
from
U
nive
rs
it
i
P
u
tra
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UPM)
,
Se
la
ng
o
r
,
Ma
l
a
y
sia
in
2
00
3.
T
h
e
n
he
receiv
e
d
hi
s
M
a
st
er
d
egree
i
n
E
l
ectri
cal
P
ower
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
f
r
o
m
U
P
M
i
n
2
006.
I
n
20
12,
h
e
receiv
e
d
P
h
.
D
i
n
E
l
ectri
cal
E
ngi
neerin
g
f
r
o
m
L
o
u
g
hbo
rou
g
h
U
n
iv
e
rsi
t
y,
U
K
.
H
is
r
es
earch
i
n
t
e
res
t
a
re
i
n
P
o
w
e
r
co
nvert
er
c
on
tro
l
a
p
p
licat
ions,
sm
art
gri
d
po
wer
co
ntrol
and
adv
a
nc
e
co
ntro
l
in
p
o
w
er
c
on
vert
ers.
M
o
hd
S
h
amian
Zai
n
al
i
s
a
S
e
n
i
o
r
l
ect
urer
a
t
the
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
o
f
E
l
e
ct
rical
E
n
g
ineerin
g,
a
nd
i
s
l
ecturer
o
f
t
h
e
F
acult
y
of
E
ngineeri
n
g
T
echn
o
lo
gy
,
Univers
i
t
i
T
un
H
us
se
in
O
n
n
Ma
la
ys
ia
(U
TH
M
)
.
He
r
eceiv
e
d
th
e
B.
En
g
degree
in
Elect
rical
E
ngi
neering
f
r
om
U
niver
s
iti
T
e
knologi
M
a
lay
s
i
a
,
Jo
ho
r,
M
alays
i
a
i
n
2001
.
Th
en
h
e
receiv
e
d
h
i
s
M
S
c
deg
ree
in
E
lect
ric
a
l
E
ngin
eering
f
r
om
U
THM
in
2
0
0
3
.
I
n
2
0
1
0
,
he
r
eceiv
e
d
P
h
.D
i
n
Co
m
p
u
t
er
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
ing
fr
om
H
ok
ka
id
o
U
n
iv
ersi
ty
J
ap
an.
H
i
s
researc
h
i
n
t
erest
are
i
n
F
PGA
implem
en
tat
i
o
n
and
Op
timizat
ion
m
o
nit
o
ri
ng
s
yst
e
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Inde
pen
d
e
n
t h
i
gh v
o
lta
ge
D
C
sou
r
ce
deve
l
o
p
m
e
n
t f
o
r rene
w
a
b
l
e-gr
i
d
(O
mar Ab
u H
a
ssa
n
)
38
1
A
h
m
a
d
A
l
abq
a
ri
M
a’
R
adzi
w
as
b
orn
in
K
ual
a
L
um
p
u
r,
M
al
aysi
a
on
Aug
u
s
t
4
th
1
98
0.
H
e
receiv
e
d
th
e
B.Eng
d
e
gree
i
n
m
ic
ro
electro
ni
c
en
gin
eerin
g
fro
m
U
n
i
versiti
K
e
ban
g
saan
M
al
aysi
a
i
n
2
0
02.
T
hen
he
j
o
i
n
e
d
UTHM
a
n
d
f
u
r
th
er
h
is
M
S
c
d
egree
in
m
icr
o
an
d
nano
elect
roni
c
en
gin
eerin
g
f
r
o
m
U
niv
e
rsiti
K
e
ban
g
saan
M
alay
s
i
a
in
2
0
0
7
.
H
is
r
e
search
i
nteres
t
are
in
s
ens
o
rs
,
p
o
wer
electro
ni
c
s
a
n
d
I
oT i
m
p
l
e
men
t
atio
n f
o
r
sm
art
ho
u
s
i
ng m
o
n
i
to
r
i
n
g
s
ys
te
m
M
u
ham
m
a
d
S
hukri
Ah
m
a
d
is
a
S
eni
o
r
L
ecturer
i
n
Cen
t
re
f
or
D
ip
lo
m
a
S
t
u
d
ie
s,
U
nive
rs
it
i
Tu
n
H
u
ss
ein
On
n
M
a
lays
ia,
and als
o
t
he he
a
d of
t
he
D
evel
op
men
t
of
E
du
c
a
t
i
o
n
al
S
TEM
ki
t
(D
ES
K
)
.
P
r
evi
o
u
s
l
y
h
e
s
e
rv
ed
i
n
F
acult
y
o
f
E
lect
ri
cal
a
nd
E
l
e
c
t
ron
i
cs
E
ng
in
nerin
g
,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
ss
ein
Onn
Malaysi
a
.
His
rese
arch
i
nterest
is
c
urrent
ly
i
n
dev
elop
in
g
STE
M
m
odu
le
a
n
d
k
its
f
o
r sch
ool
s,
I
o
T
and
3
d
des
i
g
n
a
n
d
p
rinti
n
g
T
e
ngk
u
N
a
dzl
i
n
Teng
ku
I
brah
im
w
a
s
b
o
r
n
i
n
P
ah
ang
,
M
alay
si
a
on
O
ct
ober
1
5
t
h
1
98
0.
H
e
receiv
e
d
th
e
B.En
g
d
e
gree
in
e
l
ectri
cal,
electroni
c
and
i
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
f
r
o
m
N
agaok
a
U
n
iv
ersi
ty
o
f
Te
chn
o
l
o
g
y
,
Jap
a
n
in
200
4.
T
hen
h
e
j
oi
ned
U
T
HM
a
n
d
f
u
rt
her
his
M
.
En
g
d
e
gree
i
n
e
l
ectri
cal,
electro
ni
c
an
d
inf
o
rm
atio
n
engineeri
n
g
als
o
from
N
agao
ka
U
ni
versit
y
of
T
echno
lo
gy
,
Japan
(2
00
8)
w
h
e
re
h
e
w
o
rk
s
on
f
a
b
ricat
ion
o
f
o
rg
an
ic
t
hin
films
and
its
e
l
ectr
i
ca
l
an
d
o
p
t
i
cal
p
ro
perti
e
s.
H
i
s
r
es
earch
i
nt
eres
t
are
in
f
abri
catio
n
of
t
hi
n
f
i
lm
s
a
n
d
I
o
T
i
m
p
l
em
entat
i
on f
o
r
sm
art
hou
si
n
g
m
onit
o
rin
g
s
ystem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.