Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ow
er El
ectron
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ys
te
m
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
1
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
219
~
229
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
10
.i
1
.
pp
219
-
229
219
Journ
al
h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
escore.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJPE
D
S
Manag
em
ent
an
d
archivi
ng
s
yste
m
for m
etal det
ection
ro
bot
usin
g w
i
re
l
ess
-
ba
sed tech
nology a
nd
online da
tab
ase regis
t
ry
Ha
kim
Adi
l K
ad
him
1
,
N
ab
e
el
Sa
li
h
Ali
2
, Dhe
yaa M.
Abdulsa
hib
3
1,3
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tron
ic a
nd
Com
m
unic
at
ions E
ngineeri
ng
,
U
nive
rsit
y
of
Kuf
a
,
I
raq
2
Inform
at
ion
T
e
chnol
og
y
R
ese
ar
ch
and
Deve
lop
m
ent
Cent
r
e, Unive
rsit
y
of
Kufa
,
Ira
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
9
,
201
8
Re
vised
Oct
4
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Nov
3
, 2
01
8
The
tr
emendous
recent
invo
lvem
ent
of
technol
og
y
in
our
l
ife
g
ene
ra
te
s
a
lo
t
of
adva
nt
age
s
a
nd
disadva
nt
ages
.
Neve
rthele
ss
,
and
to
profound
l
y
augment
it
s
positi
ve
infl
u
enc
e
,
at
the
exp
ense
of
the
nega
ti
v
es,
m
ost
te
chnol
og
y
b
e
depl
o
y
ed
to
serv
e
hum
ani
t
y
and
socie
t
y
.
Researc
her
s
at
tr
ac
t
ive
in
deve
lop
ing
robust
and
coop
era
t
ive
robo
ti
cs
t
hat
c
apa
b
le
of
solving
diff
ic
ul
t
t
a
sks
without
an
y
hum
an
cont
r
ol.
Me
ta
l
de
tecto
r
robot
is
one
of
the
robo
ti
cs
p
rin
ci
pl
es
due
to
it
s
ef
fecti
ven
ess
as
compar
e
d
with
m
anua
l
l
y
op
era
t
ed
and
ver
y
slow
tra
ditiona
l
m
et
h
ods.
In
thi
s
art
i
c
le
,
three
m
ai
n
p
oint
s
that
ar
e
co
nce
ntr
at
ed
1)
Design
a
robot
which
is
vehicl
e
-
m
ounte
d
sensors
tha
t
c
apa
b
le
of
ca
rri
es
th
e
sensors
of
the
m
et
al
and
obst
ac
l
e;
2)
Con
tro
l
and
m
ana
g
emen
t
s
y
s
te
m
wire
le
ss
l
y
b
y
a
computer
-
base
d
to
comm
and
the
robot
func
t
ions
b
y
sev
eral
sets
of
user’s
ru
le
s
and
m
ana
ge
the
robot
instr
uct
ions;
and
3)
Conduct
an
int
egr
at
ed
s
y
st
e
m
tha
t
ac
h
ie
vin
g
navi
g
at
ed
da
ta
via
m
et
a
l
det
e
c
tor
base
d
on
onli
ne
stru
ct
ure
d
quer
y
la
ngu
age
da
ta
b
ase
r
egi
str
y
.
Also
,
discussed
a
compari
son of
th
e
pre
v
ious d
etec
t
or
s
y
stems
and
h
ighl
ight
s on
seve
ral
m
erits
.
The
proposed
sy
stem
ca
pab
le
o
f
fully
cont
ro
l
t
he
robot
al
so
,
s
et
the
robo
t
oper
at
or
per
m
issions
and
rul
es,
s
tore
d
and
ar
chi
v
ed
the
n
av
iga
t
ed
result
s
and
print
ed
rep
orts
a
nd
stored in an i
ndepe
nden
t
d
at
a
base
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ach
ie
ving syst
e
m
Database
Inform
at
ion
m
anag
em
ent
syst
e
m
Me
ta
l detec
tor
Mult
i
-
sens
or
y
rob
ot syst
em
Robot
Sm
a
ll
-
reacti
on
m
anipu
la
to
r
Veh
ic
le
-
m
ounted
se
nsors
Copyright
©
201
9
Ins
t
it
ut
e
o
f
Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
e
er
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nab
eel
Sali
h A
li
,
Inform
at
ion
Te
chnolo
gy Rese
arch an
d De
velop
m
ent Centre
,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Kufa,
Kufa,
P.O.
B
ox (2
1), Najaf
Go
vernora
te
, I
ra
q
.
Em
a
il
:
Nab
eel
@uo
kufa.e
du.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Diff
e
re
nt
te
ch
no
l
og
ic
al
te
rm
s
su
c
h
as
Tel
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s,
In
te
rn
et
of
Things
(IoT
),
and
r
obotics
hav
e
bee
n
c
onside
red
a
vit
al
par
t
of
our
daily
act
ivit
i
es
[1
]
-
[
3].
Alt
hough
it
s
a
dv
ances
a
nd
lim
it
at
ion
s,
innov
at
ive
te
c
h
can
be
so
lve
d
f
undem
ental
issues
an
d
sa
ve
li
ves
f
or
m
any
people
f
or
po
li
ti
cal
or
finan
ci
a
l
pur
po
ses
[4
]
-
[
7].
In
t
he
el
ect
ronic
era,
s
pee
d,
fle
xib
il
it
y,
and
a
uto
m
at
ion
are
m
ajo
r
de
fiance
that
is
en
abling
researc
hers
to
m
eet
the
chall
e
ng
e
s
of
t
he
so
c
ie
ty
aga
inst
the
qu
ic
k
de
velo
pm
ent
of
the
te
chs
[
8
-
11]
.
Roboti
cs
hav
e
bee
n
bec
om
ing
dynam
i
cal
ly
sign
ific
a
nt
f
or
seve
ral
s
ta
nd
a
rd
ap
plica
ti
on
s
[12
]
-
[
14
]
.
Applic
at
ion
s
su
c
h
a
s
m
ilit
ary,
Salva
ge
a
nd
U
rb
a
n
Hunt.
D
ue
to
it
s
hu
m
an
re
du
ct
ion
act
ivit
ie
s
in
a
se
ve
re
e
nvir
o
nm
ent
[15
]
-
[
17
]
.
Eff
ect
ive
ness
m
et
al
and
la
ndm
ine
detect
ions
are
two
vital
researc
h
area
s
that
sti
ll
con
sidere
d
m
or
e
at
tract
ive
to
resea
rc
her
s
du
e
to
i
nv
e
sti
ng
te
ch
[
18
]
-
[
20]
.
Acc
ordin
g
t
o
La
ndm
ine
and
Cl
us
te
r
Mu
ni
ti
on
Mo
nitor
r
eport
in
2014,
m
or
e
than
11
0
m
i
llion
la
ndm
ines
in
the
gro
und
scat
te
red
in
68
countries
[
21]
.
So,
la
nd
m
ines
an
d
m
et
al
detect
or
rob
ots
are
the
adv
a
nces
in
no
vation
of
the
c
ru
ci
al
an
d
m
os
t
dan
ge
r
ou
s
pa
rt
of
the
hum
a
nitari
an
detect
ion
proc
ess
[
22
]
.
M
ulti
-
sens
or
rob
ot,
path
pla
nn
i
ng
al
gori
thm
,
and
ve
hicle
-
m
ounted
sens
or
s
are
diff
e
re
nt
strat
egies
that
us
e
d
to
searc
h
an
d
detect
m
ines
[23
]
-
[
25]
.
The
se
app
li
cat
io
ns
are
safe
r
an
d
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
du
e
to
they
pro
vid
e
a
safe
r
ou
te
for
the
s
ol
diers
t
hro
ugh
m
inefiel
ds
[
26]
.
Ro
boti
cs,
com
m
unic
at
ion
,
an
d
data
a
naly
sis
hav
e
bee
n
adv
a
nce
d
with
high
-
s
pee
d
ac
hieve
d
in
la
ndm
ine
detect
ion
do
m
ai
n
[1
]
.
Data
m
anag
em
ent,
analy
sis,
and
a
rch
i
ving
for
th
e
detect
ion
,
na
vig
at
in
g
an
d
m
app
in
g
area
will
op
en
t
he
door
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
219
–
229
220
m
or
e
dep
loye
d
po
ssi
bili
ti
es
fo
r
f
urt
her
m
or
e
m
app
ing
a
nd
detect
ion
area
s
.
Au
t
om
at
ion
m
echan
ism
pr
esents
easi
er
an
d
faster
sca
nn
i
ng
pr
ocess
due
to
it
pro
vid
es
t
he
guara
ntee
to
m
or
e
ra
pid
t
he
sc
ann
i
ng
proce
ss
ing
a
nd
inv
est
igati
on
a
uto
m
at
ic
ally.
As
well
,
it
fits
m
or
e
dep
l
oyed
ca
pab
il
it
ie
s
base
d
on
t
he
big
data
re
ce
ived
t
o
disclose a
nd
re
cognize m
et
al
s
and m
ines f
r
om
o
ther
ob
j
ect
s.
Seve
ral
at
tem
p
ts
by
authors
hav
e
been
m
a
de
for
resea
rc
h
an
d
de
velo
pm
ent
per
sp
ect
i
ves
co
ncern
assist
or
a
utom
at
e
hu
m
an
de
m
iners
in
the
hu
m
anita
rian
dem
ining
an
d
scan
ning
pr
oc
ess
to
re
du
ce
effor
ts
,
tim
e,
cost,
hum
an
risks
a
nd
dange
rous
iss
ue
s
by
pro
posin
g
di
ver
se
ef
fici
ent
an
d
su
it
a
bl
e
robo
ti
cs
la
ndm
ine
detect
ion
with
seve
ral
se
nso
rs
desig
n
[
27
]
-
[
28
]
.
Re
cent
rob
otics
resea
r
ch
i
nvolv
es
va
rio
us
tre
nds
s
uch
as
sens
or
te
c
hnol
og
y,
G
rou
nd
-
P
enet
rati
ng
Ra
da
r
(
GP
R)
,
Ele
c
trom
agn
et
ic
Indu
ct
io
n
(EMI
),
Nu
cl
ea
r
Q
ua
dru
pole
Re
so
na
nce
(NQR)
a
nd
so
on
to
perf
or
m
m
ul
ti
-
fu
ncti
ons
su
c
h
as
detect
ion
,
deacti
va
ti
ng
,
e
xtracti
ng,
a
nd
dem
ining
f
or
e
xp
l
os
ive
de
vices,
cl
us
te
r
m
unit
ion
s
,
la
ndm
i
nes
as
well
av
oid
in
g
obst
acl
es;
These
tre
nds
ca
n
dep
l
oy
in
di
ve
rse
so
il
kinds
su
c
h
as
f
oliag
e,
dry
an
d
des
ert
so
il
base
d
on
Aer
ia
l
a
nd
wh
eel
te
ch
ni
ques
f
or
la
nd
m
ine d
et
ect
ion
[
29
]
-
[
31]
.
P
rop
os
e
d
Ma
r
wa
w
hich
is a l
and
m
ine d
et
ect
ing
robot. Mar
wa
is supp
or
te
d
with
a
robo
ti
c
arm
whose
payl
oad
a
m
et
a
l
detecto
r
a
nd
prov
i
de
d
vis
ual
inf
orm
at
ion
to
be
a
visu
al
ser
voin
g
syst
e
m
to
ben
e
fit
research
e
rs
with
li
m
it
ed
reso
urce
s
to
wo
r
k
in
th
is
area
[3
2].
A
lso,
presente
d
a
m
et
a
l
m
ine
s
ign
al
s
for
detect
ion
pur
pose
to
est
im
at
e
the
de
pth
of
the
m
et
all
ic
ta
rg
et
s.
T
he
m
et
a
l
m
ine
detect
or
usi
ng
r
obotic
m
anipu
la
to
r
to take ad
va
nta
ge
o
f
hi
gh
pr
eci
si
on
sca
nnin
g
of the
m
inefiel
d;
the p
r
opos
e
d
de
te
ct
or
w
as f
as
t an
d
accurate
in
H
um
anita
rian
De
m
ining
;
As
we
ll
,
it
pr
e
-
bu
il
d
li
br
ary
c
on
ta
in
ing
data
of
m
a
ny
ta
rg
et
s
at
diff
e
rent
po
st
ur
e
s
an
d
de
pth
s
[33].
Wh
ereas
,
a
rem
ote
ro
bot
is
co
nducte
d
to
ide
nt
ify
per
s
onnel
la
nd
m
ines
in
di
ver
s
e
do
m
ai
ns
.
T
he
detect
or
wa
s
ob
ta
ine
d
(
87.5%)
acc
ur
acy
f
ro
m
a
set
of
8
diff
e
re
nt
m
a
te
rial
s
in
ide
nt
ify
in
g
m
ines. A
ls
o,
t
he
d
et
ect
ion sy
s
tem
can b
e im
ple
m
ented
in
dif
fer
e
nt terr
ai
ns
[34]. intr
oduc
e
d
th
ree
-
way to
aver
t
the
issues
of
usi
ng
on
e
te
ch
nolo
gy
by
us
in
g
data
fu
sio
n
of
m
ul
ti
-
sensor
s
yst
e
m
based
on
de
velo
ping
de
ci
sion
le
vel
fu
si
on
to
decr
ease
false
al
ar
m
s
[2
6].
Wh
il
e,
pr
ese
nt
ed
m
ulti
-
sen
sor
data
-
fu
si
on
appr
oach
by
a
high
-
accuracy
ge
o
-
r
efere
ncin
g
t
he
fiel
d
-
data
ac
quire
d
by
m
ultip
le
platfo
rm
s
to
local
iz
e
a
nd
detect
pu
rpo
ses
in
la
nd
m
ines
dom
ai
n
[2
4].
Lik
ewise,
intr
oduc
ed
a
novel
la
nd
m
ine
detect
ion
se
nsor
that
base
d
on
the
pri
nciple
of 2
-
D
OF
vi
brat
ion
a
bsor
ber
syst
e
m
.
The
pro
po
se
d
new
sen
sor
give
s
the
se
ns
it
ivit
y
of
1559
H
z/
(MN/m
)
and
li
near
it
y
bette
r
than
(95
%
)
[35]. Besi
des,
i
n
20
16, H
a
nk a
nd
Ha
dd
a
d pr
e
sented
a m
ob
il
e robo
t
for
aut
onom
ou
s
-
na
vig
at
ion
pro
blem
b
ase
d
on
a
hybri
d
ap
proac
h;
the
pro
du
ce
d
nav
i
gato
r
subje
ct
ed
to
perform
an
e
m
erg
e
ncy
ta
sk
w
it
h
sh
ort
er
e
xe
cutio
n
tim
es
[3
6].
As
al
ongs
ide
,
desi
gn
e
d
a
nd
fabri
cat
ed
a
n
ef
fici
ent
wi
reless
c
ontr
olled
r
ob
ot
to
detect
la
ndm
ine
in
def
e
nce
fiel
ds
as
well
avo
i
ding
the
obsta
cl
es
robu
stl
y;
H
-
B
rid
g
e
m
od
ule
use
d
to
co
ntr
ol
the
r
obot
w
heel
s
and
wireless
cam
era
ad
ded
to
cap
ture
a
nd
locat
e
d
off
t
he
r
obot
destinat
io
n
[
37]
.
Also
,
pr
opos
e
d
a
l
ow
-
al
ti
tude
auto
no
m
ou
s
fli
gh
t
t
o
detect
la
nd
m
ines;
the
s
yst
e
m
cal
le
d
Ba
ckstep
ping+
D
AF
w
hich
is
a
n
inte
gr
at
e
d
sy
ste
m
arch
it
ect
ure
ba
sed
on
li
ghtwe
igh
t
GP
R
[38].
As
well
,
a
hy
br
i
d
platfo
rm
i
ntr
oduce
d
by
Gh
a
ree
b
et
al
.
(20
17),
sp
ee
d
data
tra
ns
fe
rr
i
ng
an
d
transm
issi
on
qual
it
y
to
im
pr
ov
e
ce
ntral
unit
destinat
ion
t
hat
is
base
d
on
web
serv
e
r
an
d
a
da
ta
base
ser
ver
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
to
store
data
re
gardin
g
the
na
viga
ti
on
fiel
d
f
or
current
m
app
in
g
an
d
detect
ion o
r fu
t
ur
e
in
vestigat
ion p
urp
os
e
[
1].
In
t
his
resea
rc
h,
highli
gh
ts
on
m
et
al
detection
iss
ues.
Als
o,
the
ca
pa
bili
ty
to
detect
m
ines,
a
vo
i
d
ob
sta
cl
es.
The
pro
po
si
ng
syst
e
m
us
ing
t
he
c
on
ce
pt
of
m
et
a
l
detect
ion
se
nsor
a
nd
ultras
onic
sens
or,
wir
el
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
via
co
ntr
olled
r
obotics
ve
hicle
rem
otely
f
or
flat
surfa
ces
an
d
dr
y,
dese
r
t
so
il
s
to
desig
n
a
nd
fabrica
te
detec
t
m
et
al
s
without
hum
an
ha
rm
.
Als
o,
pr
opos
e
d
a
n
i
ntegrat
ed
m
anag
em
ent
a
nd
ac
hieving
s
yst
e
m
to
co
ntr
ol,
m
anag
e
an
d
sto
re
d
the
na
vig
at
io
n
resu
lt
s
wit
h
on
li
ne
structu
re
d
qu
e
ry
la
ngua
ge
database
d
re
gistry
on
a
se
r
ver
sid
e
to
giv
e
high
-
secur
it
y
syst
e
m
.
As
well
,
c
onduct
a
com
par
at
ive
a
naly
sis
of
the
pro
pose
d
rob
ot
detect
ion
syst
e
m
s
and
fo
c
us
on
their
m
ai
n
fin
dings
a
nd
syst
e
m
s
featur
es
li
ke
de
te
ct
ion
,
c
on
tr
ol
li
ng
,
m
anag
em
ent,
and
a
rc
hiv
in
g
in
form
ation
in
t
he
database
ser
ve
r
f
or
fu
t
ur
e
m
app
i
ng
a
nd
navi
gation.
The
re
st
of
the
arti
cl
e
is
struct
ur
e
d
as
fo
ll
ow
s:
In
Sect
io
n
2,
de
scr
i
bes
hard
war
e
a
nd
s
of
t
war
e
th
at
re
qu
i
red
t
o
pr
oduce
the
con
t
ro
ll
in
g,
m
anag
em
ent,
a
nd
a
rch
i
ving
sy
stem
that
include
s
th
ree
s
ubsect
io
ns
a
re
m
et
al
detect
or
r
obot
arch
it
ect
ure,
m
anag
em
ent
an
d
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
th
e
m
et
al
detect
or
r
obot,
a
nd
ar
chiving
databa
se
syst
e
m
.
Sect
ion
3
pr
ese
nts
al
l
ste
ps
a
nd
process
es
to
im
ple
m
e
nt
the
pro
pose
d
detect
ion
sys
tem
.
Be
sides,
r
esults
an
d
disc
us
sio
n
will
be
inclu
de
d
in
Sect
io
n
4.
W
he
reas,
Sec
ti
on
5
giv
es
a
com
par
ison
of
the
w
orks
tha
t
hav
e
been
do
ne
to
detect
lan
dm
in
e d
et
ect
io
n.
Fina
ll
y, Sect
io
n 6 c
on
ce
r
ns
with c
on
cl
us
io
ns
and f
uture
dire
ct
ion
s.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
OL
OGY(
MA
TE
RIA
L
S
AND ME
THO
DS)
In
this
sect
ion,
descr
ibes
the
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
use
d
in
this
rese
arch,
exp
la
i
ning
the
par
ti
cula
r
m
at
erial
s,
m
et
ho
ds,
an
d
te
chn
iq
ues
us
e
d
that
de
pe
nd
on
t
he
se
ns
or
-
base
d
te
ch
nolog
y.
T
he
r
es
earch
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
pr
ese
nts
the
de
sign
an
d
de
vel
op
m
ent
of
the
pro
po
se
d
syst
em
.
The
m
et
ho
do
l
og
y
w
hich
us
e
d
in
this
researc
h
com
pr
ise
s
of
t
hr
ee
phases:
m
et
al
detect
or
,
co
ntr
ol
an
d
m
anag
em
ent,
integ
rated
data
base
syst
em
ph
a
se,
as
sh
ow
n detai
ls i
n
Fi
gure
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ma
nage
men
t
and ac
hievi
ng s
yst
em
for
m
et
al
detect
ion ro
bot u
sin
g
wi
rel
ess
-
base
d
.
..
(
H
ak
im A
dil Kadhi
m
)
221
Figure
1
.
Me
ta
l
detect
or ro
bo
t
m
e
tho
dolo
gies
phases
2.1.
Metal de
tect
or
ro
b
ot
archit
ecture
The
detect
or
aim
s
to
disclos
e
an
underg
round
m
et
a
l
su
rfac
e
fo
r
a
pa
rtic
ular
na
vig
at
io
n
area.
T
his
sect
ion
desc
rib
es
m
a
te
rial
s
and
m
et
ho
ds
of
the
m
et
al
detecto
r
r
obot
arc
hitec
ture.
The
pro
po
s
ed
r
obot
de
te
ct
or
involves
ha
rdwar
e
a
nd
s
of
t
war
e
c
om
pone
nts
that
nee
de
d
to
im
ple
m
ent
the
r
obot
navi
gator.
T
hese
e
lem
ents
hav
e
bee
n
c
hosen
based
on
cost
-
e
ff
ect
ive
ne
ss,
usa
bi
li
ty
,
avail
abili
ty
in
the
fa
br
ic
at
ed
reg
i
on,
an
d
ea
se
of
pro
gr
am
m
ing
m
et
rics.
The
ha
rdwar
e
com
pone
nts
ha
ve
re
qu
i
red
f
or
im
p
lem
enting
a
nd
te
sti
ng
the
co
m
pu
te
r
app
li
cat
io
n
bas
ed
on
c
on
t
ro
ll
ing
t
he
detect
or.
Wh
il
e
Ard
uino
U
no
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
boar
ds
as
the
bra
in
of
the
syst
e
m
detect
i
on.
Diff
e
ren
t
s
ens
or
s
de
plo
ye
d
f
or
detect
in
g
m
ines
or
m
etals,
av
oid
i
ng
obsta
cl
es
in
real
-
tim
e
set
ti
ng
s
s
uch
as
m
e
ta
l
detect
ion
se
ns
or
a
nd
ultras
onic
se
ns
ors.
Fig
ur
e
2
s
hows
the
bl
ock
diag
ram
of
t
he
pro
po
si
ng m
etal d
et
ect
ion sy
stem
.
Figure
2
.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
th
e pro
posed
m
etal d
et
ect
ion, ar
chiving,
and m
anag
em
ent syst
e
m
A
m
ic
ro
con
tr
ol
le
r
Ardu
i
no
UNO
boa
rd
(
ATm
ega3
28P
)
us
ed
as
a
br
a
in
to
gi
ve
inst
ru
ct
io
ns
a
nd
analy
sis
the
resu
lt
s.
Ard
uino
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller
involves
physi
cal
pr
ogram
m
able
ci
rcu
it
bo
a
r
d
and
a
pi
ece
of
so
ft
war
e
that
it
r
un
s
on
com
pu
te
r
t
o
be
us
e
d
f
or
w
riti
ng
a
nd
up
l
oad
i
ng
c
om
pu
te
r
co
de
to
the
physi
cal
boar
d).
Uno
processe
s
the
recei
ved
da
ta
from
the
co
m
pu
te
r,
r
un
th
e
sens
ors,
receive
thei
r
res
ults
an
d
a
naly
sis
to
se
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
219
–
229
222
them
to
the
co
m
pu
te
r,
r
un
th
e
m
oto
rs
an
d
m
ov
e
the
r
obot
to
the
ta
rget
ed
place
a
nd
sto
p
the
r
obot
i
n
ca
se
of
a
m
et
al
or
obst
acl
es
disclose
d
a
nd
se
nd
a
n
al
ert
t
o
the
com
pu
te
r.
Be
sides,
t
he
m
i
dd
le
war
e
bet
w
een
th
e
com
pu
te
r
an
d
rob
otic
ci
rcu
it
is
a
Bl
uetoo
th
te
chnol
og
y
wh
ic
h
is
adapt
ed
to
be
the
transm
issi
on
channel
betwee
n
syst
em
per
iph
e
rals
wirelessl
y.
Bl
ueto
oth
is
a
sh
ort
-
range
wir
el
ess
connecti
on
betwee
n
co
m
pu
te
rs
and o
t
her de
vi
ces. Fi
gure
3 p
resen
ts
a f
l
ow
c
har
t t
hat cla
rifi
es sendin
g
a
nd
receivin
g
i
nform
at
ion
m
echan
is
m
.
On
the
oth
e
r
ha
nds,
the
r
obot
us
e
d
ultraso
ni
c
sens
or
(
HC
-
SR04)
wh
ic
h
r
adiat
ed
ultr
aso
und
t
o
detect
and
a
vo
i
d
obst
acl
es.
Figure
4
il
lustrate
s
the
rob
ot
scenari
os
of
m
et
a
ls
and
ob
sta
cl
es
re
vea
le
d.
The
ultras
on
ic
sens
or
(H
C
-
S
R04)
is
us
e
d
to
fin
d
ou
t
the
distance
betwe
en
the
r
obot
a
nd
obsta
cl
es
that
are
posit
io
ning
in
fron
t
of
it
s
route
tha
t
con
tr
ol
le
d
via
Ardu
i
no.
O
bs
ta
cl
es
distance
ha
ve
cal
culat
ed
bas
ed
on
the
dif
f
eren
ce
betwee
n
ti
m
e
sen
ding
a
nd
r
ecei
vin
g
the
r
adiat
ed
ultras
ound
by
t
he
ultraso
nic
se
nsor
s
w
he
n
a
par
t
ic
ular
ob
sta
cl
e
is
dis
cov
e
re
d.
T
he
m
echan
ism
of
disclosin
g
obsta
cl
es
are
us
ed
to
deci
de
the
be
st
route
wh
e
n
there
are m
any route
s in
t
he navi
gation
a
nd m
app
i
ng area
.
Figure
3
.
Flo
w
char
t
of se
nd
i
ng a
nd r
ecei
ving
inf
or
m
at
ion
m
echan
ism
Figure
4
.
Ge
ne
ral flowc
har
t
of the
m
et
a
ls an
d
ob
sta
cl
es
detec
tor rob
ot
2.2.
Manageme
nt
an
d
co
nt
r
olli
ng
th
e m
ulti
-
se
nso
r
robo
t
Com
pu
te
r
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
ba
sed
i
s
desi
gn
e
d
via
us
in
g
a
Vis
ua
l
C#
pro
gram
to
co
ntr
ol
the
rob
ot
an
d
m
ov
e
it
to
the
current
place
f
or
detect
ing
t
he
m
et
al
s
and
obsta
cl
es
co
ns
e
cutivel
y.
A
nd
arch
i
ve
al
l
the
resu
lt
s
in
a
database
a
s
re
ports
as
we
ll
up
loa
de
d
to
a
ser
ver
f
or
f
utu
re
na
vig
at
e
d
pur
po
ses
.
Whe
re
the
r
obot
re
cei
ved
and
tra
ns
m
i
tt
e
d
in
form
at
ion
via
the
c
om
pu
te
r
ap
plica
ti
on
by
Bl
ueto
oth
wireless
te
c
hnology.
T
his
m
e
chan
ism
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ma
nage
men
t
and ac
hievi
ng s
yst
em
for
m
et
al
detect
ion ro
bot u
sin
g
wi
rel
ess
-
base
d
.
..
(
H
ak
im A
dil Kadhi
m
)
223
is
achievi
ng
the
inte
rf
ace
be
tween
A
rduin
o
Uno
(ope
n
so
urce
c
om
pu
te
r
hardw
a
re),
C#
(m
ulti
-
par
a
dig
m
pro
gr
am
m
ing
l
angua
ge)
an
d
SQ
L
ser
ve
r
(St
ru
ct
ured
Qu
e
r
y
Lan
gu
a
ge
).
As
we
sho
wn
in
Figures
3
a
nd
4.
Hen
ce
,
detect
or
pr
ocesses
t
he
recei
ve
d
dat
a
from
the
co
m
pu
te
r,
r
un
th
e
sens
ors,
rece
ive
their
res
ults
an
d
analy
sis
to
sen
d
data
to
t
he
c
om
pu
te
r,
r
un
the
m
oto
rs
to
m
ov
e
the
robot
to
the
ta
rg
et
e
d
place
a
nd
st
op
t
he
rob
ot
in
the
ca
se
of
a
m
et
al
o
r
the
fact
of
ob
sta
cl
es
any
?
A
nd
se
nd
an
al
er
t
t
o
the
com
pu
te
r.
A
dm
in
and
us
er
s
can
be
acce
sse
d
a
nd
m
anag
ed
the
detect
ion
syst
e
m
via
log
i
n
form
with
di
ff
e
ren
t
pe
rm
iss
ion
.
T
he
per
m
i
ssio
n
of
a
dm
inist
rator
is
ha
ving
f
ull
acce
ssin
g
t
o
the
databa
se
,
ad
ding,
delet
ing
a
nd
editi
ng
the
us
e
r
(
w
orke
r)
or
even
the
re
por
ts,
w
hile
the
use
r
(worke
r)
c
an
on
ly
sta
rt
t
he
rob
ot
an
d
up
l
oad
re
ports
to
t
he
databa
se.
A
com
pu
te
rized
database
has
be
en
li
nk
e
d
to
a
n
el
ect
ronic
fili
ng
cabi
net
of
data
arr
a
nged
for
easy
acce
ss
or
a
sp
eci
fic
pur
po
s
e. Figu
re
5 pr
e
sents the
lo
gin
form
w
it
h
it
s infor
m
at
ion
r
e
quire
d.
Af
te
r
e
nteri
ng
to
the
r
obot
co
ntr
ol
pa
nel
via
the
log
i
n
f
or
m
that
app
ea
re
d
to
chec
k
the
de
ta
il
s
of
the
us
er
a
nd
the
use
r
will
enter
t
he
locat
ion
t
hat
is
searchi
ng
it
to
arc
hiv
e
the
m
to
the
datab
ase.
The
first
pa
rt
of
the
rob
ot
co
ntr
ol
pa
nel
is
the
connecti
on
pa
r
t
of
the
detect
or
by
w
riti
ng
th
e
COM
nu
m
ber
of
Bl
ueto
oth
.
If
th
e
rob
ot is s
witc
he
d off
or there
is any
prob
le
m
, an ale
rt
will
be
presente
d
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 6
.
Figure
5
.
Lo
gi
n form
o
f
the
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
syst
em
Figure
6
.
Flo
w
char
t
of the
co
nn
ect
io
n
m
ech
anism
The
sta
tus
func
ti
on
on
the
r
obot
will
sen
d
som
e
detai
ls
to
t
he
com
pu
te
r
,
a
ll
these
detai
ls
will
analy
se
by
the
syst
em
and
s
how
n
on
the
r
obot
co
nt
ro
l
pa
nel,
the
se
detai
ls
li
ke
batte
ry
le
vel
and
sta
t
us
scree
n
wil
l
disp
la
y
inf
orm
at
ion
if
the robot
detect
s
a
m
e
ta
l
or
detect
a
n
obsta
cl
e
and
ot
her
thi
ng
s
to be
easy
to
unde
r
sta
nd
the
sta
tus
of
th
e
r
obot
at
this
tim
e.
Ther
e
a
r
e
so
m
e
bu
tt
on
s
is
us
e
d
t
o
giv
e
a
n
order
to
the
r
obot
for
m
ov
in
g
per
s
pecti
ves
,
and
sea
rch
i
ng
on
the
m
et
a
l,
and
cha
ng
e
t
he
sp
eed o
f
the r
ob
ot.
If
the r
ob
ot
detect
s
ob
sta
cl
es,
the
te
sti
ng
way
f
unct
ion
is
us
e
d
t
o
see
the
best
way
if
t
her
e
is
m
or
e
than
one
way
to
sel
ect
.
Figure
7
prese
nts
the
connecti
on
pa
ne
l and thei
r
contr
olled
data a
nd butt
o
ns
.
Figure
7
.
Co
nnect
ion
a
nd c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
p
a
nel
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694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
219
–
229
224
Ther
e
is
a
no
t
he
r
c
on
tr
ol
pa
ne
l
that
just
the
a
dm
in
of
t
he
sy
stem
can
ente
r
it
,
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
8.
I
n
this
pa
nel
the
adm
in
can
ad
d
an
d
rem
ov
e
t
he
us
ers
,
ca
n
a
dd
an
d
rem
ov
e
the
locat
io
n
of
searc
hing
a
nd
ca
n
exp
la
in
al
l
the
repor
ts
a
nd
s
earch
for
the
deser
t
repor
t
t
hat
save
d
in
t
he
data
base
be
fore.
Hen
ce
,
t
he
use
r
cannot
wr
it
e a
ny searc
hing
re
gion
bu
t t
he
a
dm
in can
a
dd th
e
m
an
d
t
he use
r ju
st
sel
ect
ed.
(a)
(b)
Figure
8
.
A
dm
i
nistrato
r pr
ivil
eges a
nd fu
nctions
2.3.
Archivin
g
dat
abase s
ystem
of t
he
met
al d
etect
or
r
obot
The
syst
em
con
ta
ins
a
databa
se
schem
e
to
st
or
e
a
nd
arc
hive
the
detect
or
r
esults,
there
ar
e
two
ty
pe
s
of
us
e
rs
for
th
e
syst
e
m
,
m
anag
er
or
a
dm
in
and
r
obot
wor
ker
or
op
e
rato
r
,
the
m
anag
e
r
can
us
e
the
r
obot
a
nd
sh
ow t
he
res
ults that
sav
e
d
in
the d
at
a
base, b
ut robot w
orke
r
can
only
u
se t
he
r
obot a
nd
uploa
d
re
ports
file
s to
the
databa
se
se
rv
e
r.
An
i
ntegrat
ed
databa
se
s
yst
e
m
is
us
ed
to
set
of
pe
rm
is
sion
s
a
nd
r
ules
for
em
plo
ye
es
by
m
anag
ers
a
s
well
as
arch
i
vi
ng
the
re
ports
and
t
he
re
sul
ts
in
an
in
de
pende
nt
data
ba
se
reg
ist
ry.
F
igure
9
pr
ese
nts a
n
e
xa
m
ple o
f
the
pri
nted re
port as a
PDF f
il
e.
Figure
9
.
Pr
i
nting t
he na
vig
at
i
on r
es
ults re
po
rts
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In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
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ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
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88
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8
694
Ma
nage
men
t
and ac
hievi
ng s
yst
em
for
m
et
al
detect
ion ro
bot u
sin
g
wi
rel
ess
-
base
d
.
..
(
H
ak
im A
dil Kadhi
m
)
225
Af
te
r
the
r
obot
wor
ker
fi
ni
sh
es
his
w
ork,
then
be
able
to
e
xport
a
nd
s
aved
c
har
ts,
ta
bles
a
nd
al
l
resu
lt
s
as
P
DF
file
li
ke
a
repor
t.
And
up
l
oa
d
the
P
DF
repor
t
a
nd
resu
lt
s
to
the
data
bas
e
serv
e
r
to
st
ore,
the
us
er
ca
n
only
up
l
oad
the
data
to
the
serv
er
bu
t
the
adm
in
can
acce
ss
to
the
database
a
nd
disp
la
y
res
ults,
as
well
he
can
pe
rfor
m
to
add
a
nd
e
dit
us
er
s
and
a
par
ti
cula
r
locat
ion
.
If
th
e
adm
in
re
m
ov
es
al
l
us
ers,
th
ere
is
a
def
a
ult
us
e
r
th
e
adm
in
canno
t
rem
ov
e
him
t
o
sa
ve
the
syst
e
m
fr
om
fu
ll
dow
n.
Fig
ur
e
10
disp
la
ys
in
for
m
at
ion
reg
a
rd
i
ng
na
vi
gation
locat
io
n
an
d
thei
r
exis
ti
ng
repor
ts
ar
chive
d.
This
i
nfor
m
at
ion
ca
n
be
e
dited,
update
d,
delet
ed via t
he
adm
in o
f
t
he
s
yst
e
m
o
nly.
Figure
10
.
A
dm
in co
nt
ro
l
r
obot
pa
nel
3.
IMPLEME
N
TATION
O
F
THE
PR
OPOSE
D
C
ONTROL
LIN
G,
M
A
NAG
EMENT,
A
ND
ARCHI
VI
NG SY
STE
M
Desig
n
a
rob
ot
with
c
om
plete
co
ntro
ll
in
g,
m
anag
em
ent
an
d
arch
i
ving
syst
e
m
con
sist
s
of
the
adm
in
and
us
er
s.
The
y
can
us
e
the
rob
ot
for
dete
ct
ing
m
inerals
that
su
bsur
fa
ce.
Ther
e
f
or
e
,
the
inform
at
i
on
that
com
es
fr
om
t
he
r
obot
t
o
th
e
com
pu
te
r,
it
c
ollec
ts
data
from
the
repor
t,
a
nd
up
l
oa
d
to
t
he
datab
ase
to
determ
ine
the
best
repor
t
by
the
m
anag
er
in
char
ge
of
the
disclos
ur
e
.
Th
e
ro
bot
gets
som
e
or
der
s
fro
m
the
com
pu
te
r
that
connecte
d
with
it
wirelessl
y,
the
exc
ha
nge
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
be
tween
t
he
r
obot
an
d
the
c
ompu
te
r
is
done
via
Bl
ueto
oth
te
ch
nolog
y
by
a
n
al
gorithm
.
Figur
e
10
disp
la
ye
d
th
e
r
obot
co
ntr
ol
pa
nel
w
hen
a
par
ti
cula
r
adm
i
n
logge
d.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
syst
em
can
be
us
ed
in
the
detect
io
n
operati
ons
of
m
et
a
ls,
and
sa
ve
al
l
op
e
rati
ons
inf
orm
ation
carrie
d
out
by
the
robo
t
to
the
database
ser
ver
de
vice
that
giv
es
hig
h
sec
ur
it
y
for
th
e
syst
e
m
.
So
t
he
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
ad
van
ta
ges
of this
syst
em
are
sup
porting
the
pros
pect
or
s
to
locat
e
s
om
e
detai
ls
of
m
et
al
s,
desi
gn
a
n
integr
at
ed
syst
e
m
to
a
rch
i
ve
repo
rts
and
re
su
lt
s.
Fi
gure
11
sho
ws
the
m
et
a
l
det
ect
ion
resu
lt
s
for fi
ve way
s.
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IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
219
–
229
226
Figure
11
.
Me
t
al
d
et
ect
ion sy
stem
test
ing
r
e
su
lt
s
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
S
Thr
ee
m
ai
n
points
that
are
co
ncen
t
rated
are
,
1)
Desi
gn
a
r
obot
that
carri
es
the
sens
or
of
the
m
e
ta
ls
and
ob
sta
cl
es,
2)
C
onnect
t
he
rob
ot
wirelessl
y
with
t
he
com
pu
te
r
-
bas
ed
ap
plica
ti
on
fo
r
co
ntr
olli
ng
an
d
m
anag
em
ent
pur
poses
via
cre
at
ing
a
f
ull
syst
e
m
to
co
ntro
l
the
r
obot,
an
d
3)
Ma
na
ge
al
l
the
res
ults
in
r
eport
s
and
sa
ve
them
in
the
data
base
serv
e
r.
As
we
sh
o
w
in
Fig
ur
e
12
wh
ic
h
de
sc
ribes
a
n
over
vi
ew
of
the
propose
d
m
ul
ti
-
sensor ro
bo
t
syst
e
m
.
Figure
12
.
O
ve
rv
ie
w diagram
o
f
the
pro
pose
d detec
ti
on syst
e
m
Ba
sed
on
Fig
ure
11,
the
syst
e
m
analy
zed
the
re
su
lt
s
a
nd
disp
la
ye
d
in
m
ulti
-
char
t
.
Wh
e
reas,
c
ha
rt
1
lis
ts
ob
sta
cl
es
distances
at
t
he
le
ft
posit
ion
i
ng
of
the
f
ront
of
the
rob
ot
de
te
ct
or
path.
S
o,
t
her
e
is
an
obsta
cl
e
wh
ic
h
it
d
ist
a
nc
e (10
cm
)
f
rom
the r
ob
ot in t
he
way
N
o.
1 and t
he
re is a
n ob
sta
cl
e at a
d
i
sta
nce (1
00 cm
)
f
ro
m
the
r
obot
i
n
t
he
way
N
o.
2
a
nd
t
he
rest
obs
ta
cl
es
distance
s
in
rem
ind
er
f
ive
w
ay
s
as
f
ollow
s
res
pecti
ve
ly
(60
c
m
,
20
cm
,
300
cm
).
As
a
lo
ng
si
de,
c
har
t
2
prese
nts
the
distances
of
th
e
detect
ed
obst
acl
es
via
Ultra
so
nic
sens
or
i
n
the f
r
on
t of
t
he
detect
or
p
os
it
io
ning
m
app
in
g
are
a. W
her
ea
s,
th
e
char
t 2
c
on
ta
ins
obsta
cl
es
di
sta
nce
s
of
the
five
wa
ys
values
as
fol
lows
co
ns
ec
ut
ively
(300
cm
,
300
cm
,
50
c
m
,
20
c
m
,
and
300
cm
).
Lik
ewise,
char
t
3
vie
ws
the
distance
s
of
the
ob
sta
cl
es
at
the
rig
ht
of
the
f
ront
of
t
he
r
obot
nav
i
ga
tor.
T
he
five
ways
va
lues
w
e
re
(70,
100,
10, 20,
300) cm
.
Dep
e
nd
on
the
resu
lt
s
in
cha
r
t
2,
there
is
an
ob
sta
cl
e
on
distance
(30
0cm
)
from
the
ro
bot
in
the
wa
y
No.
1
a
nd
the
r
e
is
an
ob
sta
cl
e
at
a
distance
(30
0cm
)
from
the
r
obot
i
n
t
he
way
N
o.
2
a
nd
the
re
is
a
n
ob
sta
cl
e
at
a
dis
ta
nce
(
300cm
)
from
t
he
r
obot
in
t
he
way
N
o.
5.
Wh
il
st,
in
c
ha
r
t
1
only
way
No.
5
has
a
n
ob
sta
cl
e
distance is
(
300
cm
)
al
so
in
c
har
t
3, way
N
o. 5 ha
s a
n ob
sta
cl
e d
ist
ance
(
300 cm
).
The
e
xperim
e
nt
res
ults
of
the
pro
po
se
d
m
et
al
detect
or
r
obot
pr
ese
nt
the
dete
ct
or
i
s
capa
ble
of
detect
ing
m
or
e
than
one
m
e
tals
kin
ds
s
uch
a
s
iron,
sil
ver
,
a
nd
c
oppe
r
eff
ic
ie
ntly
in
the
nav
igati
on
area. Based
on
Fi
gure
11,
there
a
re
five
ways
disc
ov
e
r
ed
by
the
detect
or
in
the
m
app
i
ng
fiel
d.
T
he
resu
lt
s
f
ound
by
the
ultraso
nic
se
nsor
s
that
c
onne
ct
ed
with
dete
ct
or
rob
ot
to
di
scl
os
e
the
obs
ta
cl
es.
The
res
ults
that
are
obta
ine
d
from
sensing
pa
ths
a
re
s
how
n
in
c
ha
rts
to
pr
esent
the
distance
of
the
disc
ov
e
re
d
obsta
cl
es
that
posit
ioni
ng
at
the fro
nt
of the
robot a
nd to
m
ake a bet
te
r de
ci
sio
n for
w
hich route
is
bette
r
a
nd f
ast
t
o na
vig
at
e it
s
hortly
.
5.
COMP
AR
I
S
ON OF THE
PREVI
OUS
METAL
DET
ECTION
S
YST
EMS
AND T
HEIR
MER
ITS
Dive
rse
resear
cher
s
ha
ve
be
en
at
te
m
pted
on
pr
opos
in
g
and
de
vel
op
i
ng
detect
ion,
de
act
ivati
ng,
extracti
ng,
an
d
dem
ining
f
or
exp
losi
ve
pur
po
s
es.
The
se
effor
ts
pro
duc
ed
ne
w
and
novel
so
l
utions
in
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ma
nage
men
t
and ac
hievi
ng s
yst
em
for
m
et
al
detect
ion ro
bot u
sin
g
wi
rel
ess
-
base
d
.
..
(
H
ak
im A
dil Kadhi
m
)
227
hu
m
anita
rian
dem
ining
an
d
s
cann
i
ng
proces
s
to
reduce
effor
ts,
ti
m
e,
cost
,
hu
m
an
risks
and
dange
rous
issues
[2
9
]
,
[
31
]
.
O
ne
of
the
s
olu
ti
on
s
wa
s
by
proposi
ng
div
e
rs
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
a
nd
su
it
ab
le
rob
otics
la
nd
m
ine
de
te
ct
ion
with
se
ver
al
se
ns
ors
desig
n
[2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
GP
R
,
EMI,
NQ
R,
an
d
se
ns
or
te
ch
nolo
gy
are
t
he
c
omm
on
trends
in
the
rob
otics
resea
r
ch
rece
ntly
.
Ta
ble
1
prese
nts
a
com
par
iso
n
of
t
he
pr
e
vious
detect
ion
syst
e
m
s
in
la
nd
m
i
ne
a
nd
m
et
al
app
li
cat
i
on
s
.
It
c
on
sist
s
of
se
ve
ral
te
rm
ino
log
ie
s
s
uc
h
as
syst
em
featur
es
an
d
functi
on
al
it
ie
s
s
uch
a
s
detect
ion,
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
an
d
m
a
nag
em
ent
end
,
and
the
data
ba
se
storing
an
d
arc
hiv
in
g
as
well
as
hig
hlig
hts
on
their m
ai
n
fin
di
ng
s
.
Most
of
t
he
propose
d
detect
or
syst
em
s
have
co
ntr
olled
a
nd
m
anag
ed
their
detect
ion
rob
ot
exce
pt
[35],
on
the
ot
her
ha
nds,
th
ree
only
nam
e
s
[24],
[32],
a
nd
[1
]
ha
ve
c
onduct
ed
a
da
ta
base
en
d
to
store
inf
or
m
at
ion
of
the
na
viga
te
d
a
reas
for
fu
t
ur
e
m
app
in
g.
As
a
longside
,
tw
o
s
yst
e
m
s
on
ly
th
a
t
nam
el
y
[2
6],
an
d
[36]
are
us
e
d
path
pla
nn
i
ng
al
gorithm
s
and
op
ti
m
a
l
m
otio
n
plan
ning
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
in
their
detect
ors.
Wh
erea
s
,
m
os
t
of
the
propose
d
syst
em
s
are
base
d
on
ve
hicle
-
m
ou
nt
ed
se
nsors
(r
e
m
ote
sensing
)
excep
t
t
wo
only
that
are
[
35]
an
d
[
38
]
.
Fusi
on
m
et
hods
w
hich
i
nclu
de
m
ulti
-
l
evel
s
uch
as
de
ci
sion
le
vel,
f
eat
ur
e
le
vel,
a
nd
data
le
vel are use
d a fe
w
syst
em
d
et
ect
or
s li
ke
[2
4], [2
6], a
nd [3
6].
Table
1
. C
om
par
iso
n of t
he Pr
evio
us
Detect
ion Sy
ste
m
s
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
y
s
t
em
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
M
a
i
n
F
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
M
e
t
a
l
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
&
M
a
n
a
g
em
e
n
t
A
r
c
h
i
v
i
n
g
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
[
3
2
]
,
(
2
0
1
2
)
●
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
M
a
r
w
a
a
s
a
v
i
s
u
a
l
s
e
r
v
o
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
f
o
r
t
h
e
l
a
n
d
m
i
n
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
n
g
r
o
b
o
t
t
h
a
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
a
t
L
U
M
S
[
3
2
]
.
[
3
3
]
,
(
2
0
1
3
)
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
t
o
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
t
h
e
d
e
p
t
h
o
f
m
e
t
a
l
l
i
c
t
a
r
g
e
t
s
a
n
d
b
u
i
l
d
a
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
t
o
s
t
o
r
e
,
f
e
t
c
h
a
l
a
r
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
a
t
a
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
[
3
3
]
.
[
3
4
]
,
(
2
0
1
5
)
●
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
a
n
d
im
p
l
em
e
n
t
a
r
em
o
t
e
r
o
b
o
t
p
l
a
t
f
o
rm
f
o
r
i
d
e
n
t
i
fy
i
n
g
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
e
l
l
a
n
d
m
i
n
e
s
i
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
i
e
l
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
w
a
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
p
l
u
s
8
7
.
5
%
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
f
r
o
m
a
s
e
t
o
f
8
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
[
3
4
]
.
[
2
6
]
,
(
2
0
1
5
)
●
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
t
h
r
e
e
-
w
a
y
t
o
a
v
e
r
t
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
f
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
-
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
y
s
t
em
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
f
u
s
i
o
n
t
o
e
l
im
i
n
a
t
e
fa
l
s
e
a
l
a
rm
s
[
2
6
]
.
[
2
4
]
,
(
2
0
1
5
)
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
m
u
l
t
i
-
s
e
n
s
o
r
d
a
t
a
-
f
u
s
i
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
l
o
c
a
l
i
z
e
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
c
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
i
n
l
a
n
d
m
i
n
e
s
d
o
m
a
i
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
rm
s
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
2
4
]
.
[
3
5
]
,
(
2
0
1
6
)
●
●
P
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
a
n
e
w
l
a
n
d
m
i
n
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
e
n
s
o
r
t
h
a
t
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
o
f
2
-
D
O
F
v
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
b
s
o
r
b
e
r
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
s
e
n
s
o
r
g
i
v
e
s
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
1
5
5
9
H
z
/
(
M
N
/
m
)
a
n
d
l
i
n
e
a
r
i
t
y
b
e
t
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
(
9
5
%
)
[
3
5
]
.
[
3
6
]
,
(
2
0
1
6
)
●
P
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
a
m
o
b
i
l
e
r
o
b
o
t
f
o
r
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
-
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
em
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
o
r
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
em
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
t
a
s
k
w
i
t
h
s
h
o
r
t
e
r
e
x
e
c
u
t
i
o
n
t
im
e
s
[3
6
]
.
[
3
7
]
,
(
2
0
1
6
)
●
D
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
a
n
d
f
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
e
d
a
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
r
o
b
o
t
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
l
a
n
d
m
i
n
e
i
n
d
e
f
e
n
s
e
f
i
e
l
d
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
a
v
o
i
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
l
y
.
H
-
B
r
i
d
g
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
r
o
b
o
t
w
h
e
e
l
s
a
n
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
am
e
r
a
a
d
d
e
d
t
o
c
a
p
t
u
r
e
s
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
o
f
f
t
h
e
r
o
b
o
t
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
[
3
7
]
.
[
3
8
]
,
(
2
0
1
7
)
●
A
l
o
w
-
a
l
t
i
t
u
d
e
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
f
l
i
g
h
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
l
a
n
d
m
i
n
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
c
a
l
l
e
d
B
a
c
k
s
t
e
p
p
i
n
g
+
D
A
F
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
s
y
s
t
em
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
l
i
g
h
t
w
e
i
g
h
t
G
r
o
u
n
d
P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
R
a
d
a
r
(
G
P
R
)
[
3
8
]
.
[
1
]
,
(
2
0
1
7
)
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
l
a
t
f
o
rm
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
w
i
t
h
s
p
e
e
d
d
a
t
a
t
r
a
n
s
fe
r
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
sm
i
s
s
i
o
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
u
n
i
t
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
w
e
b
s
e
r
v
e
r
a
n
d
a
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
s
e
r
v
e
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
s
t
o
r
e
d
a
t
a
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
f
i
e
l
d
f
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
[
1
]
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
m
a
n
a
g
em
e
n
t
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
s
y
s
t
em
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
o
f
f
u
l
l
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
r
o
b
o
t
s
e
t
t
h
e
r
o
b
o
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
p
e
rm
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
r
u
l
e
s
,
s
t
o
r
e
d
a
n
d
a
r
c
h
i
v
e
d
t
h
e
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
e
d
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
a
n
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
r
e
g
i
s
t
r
y
.
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
S
A
ND FUT
UR
E
DI
REC
TIONS
The
m
ai
n
idea
is
to
desi
gn
and
im
ple
m
en
t
a
prot
otype
of
an
ef
fici
ent
low
-
c
os
t
a
utom
at
ed
m
ine
detect
or
t
hat
will
rep
la
ce
th
e
current
em
plo
ye
d
hu
m
an
de
te
ct
or
s
in
t
he
m
issi
on
of
de
te
ct
ing
an
d
e
xtracti
ng
m
ines
in
a
s
uspect
ed
area
of
la
nd.
As
well
,
c
omm
un
ic
at
i
o
n
a
nd
data
a
naly
sis
in
t
he
do
m
ai
n
of
la
ndm
in
e
detect
ion.
The
detect
or
wirele
ssly
com
m
un
icates
with
a
ser
ver
to
t
ran
sm
it
and
st
or
e
t
he
detect
ed
in
for
m
at
ion
su
c
h
as
the
lo
cat
ion
of
t
he
m
et
al
ob
j
ect
a
nd
capt
ur
e
d
i
m
ages
of
the
l
and
w
her
e
doe
s
it
exist.
Desi
gn
i
ng
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
219
–
229
228
integrate
d
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
c
on
sist
s
of
a
sim
ple
r
obot
pr
ovides
with
a
m
et
al
detect
or
a
nd
us
es
Bl
uetoo
t
h
te
chnolo
gy
to
com
m
un
ic
at
e
with
it
s
softwa
re
insi
de
the
c
om
pu
te
r.
T
he
s
yst
e
m
co
m
pr
ise
s
two
ty
pes
of
use
r
s
.
An
a
dm
in
can
con
t
ro
l
the
syst
e
m
,
and
a
us
e
r
can
only
con
t
r
ol
the
r
obot.
I
n
the
intel
li
gen
t
al
gorithm
,
the
rob
ot
can
disc
ov
e
r
th
e
ob
sta
cl
es
in
t
he
fro
nt
of
it
,
s
o
if
there
is
m
or
e
tha
n
one
w
ay
to
enter
the
searchi
ng
plac
e,
the
rob
ot
can
detect
the
best
way
that
has
the
l
owest
obsta
cl
es.
The
r
obot
wi
ll
sen
d
the
data
to
the
com
pu
te
r,
s
o
the
syst
em
disp
la
ye
d
the
rece
ived
data
from
the
rob
ot
an
d
analy
ze
them
.
All
res
ults
will
be
e
xport
ed
a
s
PDF
file
an
d
up
l
oa
d
to
an
onli
ne
databa
se
that
co
nn
ect
e
d
with
the
syst
em
t
o
a
rch
i
ve
the
resu
lt
s.
I
n
the
fu
t
ur
e
per
s
pecti
ves
, in
te
nd to
de
velop
the
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
to
per
form
d
iffer
ent
perdit
ion
obj
ec
ts i
n
the
m
app
ing
a
nd
nav
i
gated a
rea
s b
ase
d o
n
s
up
ported
d
at
a set
.
A
s
well
, test t
he
syst
em
w
it
h
r
obot m
ob
il
e
-
base
d.
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