In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
3
5
5
~1
3
6
3
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1355-1363
1355
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
A comparative st
udy of cascade
h-bridge mu
ltilevel voltage
sou
rce in
verter a
n
d parallel indu
ctor
m
u
l
tilevel curren
t sou
rce
inv
erter
N
i
k
F
a
sd
i N
i
k
Ismai
l
,
N
or
az
lan
Hash
im,
D
a
l
i
n
a
J
oh
ari
Faculty of
E
l
ec
t
r
ical
E
ngi
n
eerin
g
,
U
niversiti of T
eknologi Mar
a
(
UiT
M
), Ma
l
aysia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
2
4
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Jan
1
9
, 2019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 9
, 2
0
19
Th
is
p
ap
er
p
res
e
nts
th
e
anal
ysis
s
t
u
d
y
b
etw
e
e
n
m
ulti
lev
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
ter
s
t
hat
ar
e
oft
e
n
cl
assified
i
n
t
o
m
u
l
t
ilevel
vo
lt
age
s
ource
an
d
m
u
lt
ilev
el
current
s
ource
in
vert
ers
.
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o
r
m
ultil
evel
volta
g
e
s
o
u
rce
i
n
v
e
rt
er
(
M
V
S
I),
t
he
s
pecif
i
c
to
po
lo
gy
st
ud
i
e
d
fo
r t
h
is
w
ork
is
th
e
Cascad
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d
H
-Bri
dg
e M
V
S
I
.
W
hereas
, th
e
m
u
lti
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urren
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s
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M
C
SI)
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s
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ased
o
n
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l
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d
In
du
c
t
or
Con
f
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C
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do
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m
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t
h
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a
n
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ag
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di
sad
v
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o
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t
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t
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uali
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otal
Harm
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i
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T
HD)
a
re
m
eas
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pared
for
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h
t
o
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A
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u
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k
softw
a
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h
as
b
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in
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te i
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o
stud
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t
he p
erformances of b
o
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r
s
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Mu
lt
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ve
l c
u
rre
nt
s
ource
in
verter
(MCSI)
Mu
lt
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ve
l vo
l
t
a
ge
s
o
u
rce
inverter
s
(MVSI)
S
i
nus
o
i
da
l p
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l
se
w
idt
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modu
la
ti
o
n
(SPWM)
To
tal h
o
rm
on
i
c
dis
torta
t
ion
(THD
)
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ni
k
F
a
sd
i
Nik
Ismai
l
,
D
e
pa
rtem
ent o
f
E
lectr
i
c
a
l E
n
gi
nee
r
in
g,
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
Tekn
o
lo
gi
M
a
r
a (U
i
T
M
)
,
Sha
h
Alam
,
S
el
a
n
g
o
r,
M
alays
i
a.
Em
ail:
nik
f
asd
i
@ya
h
oo.com
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
In
ve
rter
h
as
b
e
e
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
be
r
one
c
ho
i
c
e
to
b
e
use
d
i
n
the
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
for
m
a
ny
ye
ars
out
o
f
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l
l
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t
ro
n
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c
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vic
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s
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o
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t
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co
n
v
ert
dc
t
o
ac
pow
er
a
t
the
desire
d
freque
nc
y
an
d
ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
.
F
o
r
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns
t
h
a
t
uses
h
i
gh
vo
lta
ge
a
n
d
p
ow
er,
conve
n
t
io
na
l
inv
e
r
ter
has
c
o
m
m
only
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e
n
u
se
d.
I
t
ope
rates
at
hi
gh
ra
tin
g
c
o
n
s
t
r
ai
nt
s
w
i
th
h
i
gh
sw
i
t
ch
i
ng
fr
eque
nc
y
a
nd hi
gh
sw
i
t
ch
i
ng
l
o
sses
w
h
ic
h
m
a
kes it
p
op
u
l
a
r
t
o b
e
use
d
a
m
o
n
g
i
n
dus
tria
l
users.
B
es
ide
s
f
a
c
i
n
g
the
E
M
I
,
h
arm
onic
d
is
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
an
d
hi
gh
stre
ss,
t
h
e
mos
t
c
o
m
mon
p
r
ob
l
e
m
of
a
ny
i
nv
ert
e
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a
re
t
h
e
t
ot
al
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armo
n
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c
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r
t
i
o
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(THD
)
at
t
he
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u
t
put
v
ol
ta
ge
a
nd
c
urrent
[
1-3]
.
These pr
ob
lem
s
ca
u
sed di
ff
i
c
ul
ties for t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r e
l
e
c
tro
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dev
ice
s
t
o be
in
t
e
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fa
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ire
c
tl
y t
o
the
m
ed
ium or
h
i
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t
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g
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ri
d
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h
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re
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i
f
f
e
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ent
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s
o
f
th
e
mu
l
t
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l
e
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e
l
i
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s
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i
n
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ro
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ce
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verc
o
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e
t
h
ese
p
r
obl
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m
s.
B
y
e
m
pl
oyi
ng
t
h
e
M
u
lti
l
e
vel
i
n
v
e
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e
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s,
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A
C
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i
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orm
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v
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o
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D
l
e
vel
s
at
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
lta
ge a
n
d
cur
rent [
4-7].
Mu
l
t
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le
ve
l
in
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
have
b
e
e
n
w
i
d
e
l
y
use
d
i
n
i
n
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a
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ig
h
ra
n
g
es
o
f
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
pow
er
[
8-
11]
. S
o
m
e
of the
a
d
va
n
t
a
g
es of us
i
ng t
h
e mu
lt
ile
ve
l in
v
e
rt
ers
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h
e
in
c
r
e
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s
e
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olt
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g
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urre
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leve
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i
r
case
w
a
vefor
m
s,
t
he
r
educ
ti
on
s
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o
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al
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r
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y
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e
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s
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t
fun
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am
enta
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n
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gh
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h
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gh
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ity,
low
e
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sw
itc
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g
l
oss
e
s
a
nd
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t
c
[1
2-1
4
].
M
e
a
n
w
hi
le,
the
d
i
s
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dva
n
t
a
g
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w
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t
m
u
lt
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ve
l
i
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equire
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s
w
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T
h
u
s,
w
i
t
h
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g
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umbe
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ompo
ne
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it
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y
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t
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e,
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om
plex
a
n
d
s
o
m
etime
s
,
un
pra
c
tic
al
t
o
be
r
ealiz
e
d
[
1
5,
1
6
]
.
Mult
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ve
l
V
o
ltage
S
ourc
e
Inve
rter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
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,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
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, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
135
5
– 1
363
1
356
(MV
S
I)
and
Mu
l
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le
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ourc
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kn
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les
[1
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19].
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us,
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SI
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m
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e
l
cur
re
nt
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our
ce
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s
[2
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3
]
.
T
he
m
a
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lac
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st
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s
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a
s
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pe
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e
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om
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o
MV
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spec
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curr
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tio
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[1
2,
21]
.
F
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h
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s
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Co
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In
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or
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Inv
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o
re
t
he
p
erf
o
rma
n
ce
o
f
th
e
tw
o
m
u
lt
ile
v
e
l
to
p
o
lo
gie
s
.
M
A
TLA
B/Sim
u
l
i
n
k
softw
a
re
h
a
s
b
een
u
se
d
a
s
a
s
im
ula
t
ion
sof
t
w
a
re
t
o
a
n
a
l
yz
e
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
c
ompa
ri
son
be
tw
ee
n
t
h
e
tw
o
to
pol
o
g
ie
s na
me
ly
C
a
s
cade
d
H
-
B
rid
g
e
MV
S
I
and
P
a
rallel
e
d
Ind
u
ct
o
r Co
nfi
gura
t
i
on
M
C
S
I
.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
2.1.
C
a
scad
e
H-
B
r
id
ge M
ultileve
l
V
o
lta
g
e S
o
ur
ce
V
o
l
t
age
S
our
c
e
I
nverte
r
(
V
S
I)
i
s
o
ne
o
f
th
e
t
ype
s
of
D
C/
A
C
C
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
t
ha
t
is
c
om
mon
l
y
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
ndu
st
ri
al
a
p
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
a
s
b
een
s
tu
di
ed
e
xt
en
sive
l
y
.
T
h
i
s
parti
c
ular
c
o
nve
rte
r
i
s
di
v
i
de
d
in
to
t
hre
e
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
t
h
e
H
a
lf-Br
i
d
g
e,
F
ull
Br
id
ge
a
nd
M
u
lti
le
vel
Inverte
r
[
24]
.
There
ar
e
f
i
v
e
t
ypes
of
M
u
l
t
i
le
ve
l
Inver
t
e
r
(
MV
S
I
)
c
onsi
s
t
i
ng
o
f
t
h
e
N
e
utra
l-P
o
in
t
C
l
a
m
pe
d
Inve
rte
r,
F
l
y
in
g
C
a
p
acit
o
r
I
n
v
e
rt
e
r
,
C
a
scad
e
d
H
-
Br
idge
I
n
v
er
t
e
r,
a
nd
tw
o
o
t
h
e
r
inverte
r
s
t
h
a
t
h
a
v
e
no
t
bee
n
s
tu
d
i
e
d
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
ve
ly
l
i
k
e
t
h
e
ot
her
three
inve
r
t
ers
nam
e
ly
t
he
H
e
x
agra
m
Inve
r
t
er
a
n
d
H
y
b
ri
d
In
ver
t
e
r
.
F
o
r
t
h
is
r
ese
arc
h
,
t
h
e
sp
ecif
i
c
t
o
po
log
y
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
repr
esent
i
ng
t
h
e
Mu
lt
ile
ve
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
ourc
e
I
nve
r
t
er
(
MV
S
I)
is
t
he
C
a
s
cad
e
d
H
-Br
i
dge
I
n
v
erter
.
F
igure
1
a
n
d
Tab
l
e
1
s
h
ow
t
he
f
ive-le
v
e
l
Cas
c
a
d
e
d
H
-
B
ri
dge
t
op
ol
o
g
y
a
nd
sw
ic
h
i
ng
se
que
nc
es
r
e
s
pect
ive
l
y.
F
or
t
h
i
s
c
i
rcui
t
c
onf
igura
t
io
n
,
t
h
e
out
pu
t
vol
t
a
g
e
con
si
st
s o
f
fi
v
e
-
l
e
ve
l
ou
tpu
t
l
oa
d vo
l
t
a
g
e
w
a
ve
fo
rm.
1
D
C
V
11
S
12
S
f
C
Lo
a
d
13
S
14
S
2
D
C
V
21
S
22
S
23
S
24
S
Fi
g
u
r
e 1
.
Ca
s
ca
d
e
d
h
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
to
pol
ogy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A c
o
m
para
tive
st
u
d
y
o
f
c
a
sc
a
d
e
h-br
i
d
ge
m
u
lt
ilev
e
l
v
o
lt
age
sourc
e
inv
e
r
t
e
r
and
…
(Ni
k
F
a
sd
i N
i
k I
s
m
a
i
l
)
1
357
Tab
l
e
1.
S
wich
in
g sta
t
e
for
5-l
e
vel
casc
a
d
ed
h
-bri
dge
M
VS
I
O
u
tput
V
olta
g
e
,
V
o
S
w
itc
h
e
s
11
S
12
S
13
S
14
S
21
S
22
S
23
S
24
S
V
d
c
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
V
d
c
/
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
V
d
c
/
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
-
V
d
c
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
2.2.
Pa
ra
ll
el
i
nduc
to
r m
u
l
t
i
l
ev
el
c
ur
re
nt so
u
r
c
e i
n
v
e
r
t
er
F
o
r
the
CS
I
i
n
ve
rters,
i
t
ca
n
be
d
i
v
ide
d
i
n
t
o
thr
ee
ma
i
n
t
op
olo
gi
e
s
,
n
a
me
l
y
P
ul
s
e
widt
h
-
M
odu
l
a
ted
Inver
t
e
r
,
Loa
d
-C
omm
u
tate
d
I
nver
t
e
r
a
n
d
M
ult
ile
ve
l
In
ve
rte
r
.
The
r
e
a
r
e
t
h
r
e
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
M
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
C
S
I
a
nd
c
a
n
be
c
las
s
i
f
ie
d
i
n
t
o
E
m
b
e
dde
d
M
u
l
tile
vel
In
ve
rter,
Tw
o-S
t
age
Mu
lt
i
l
e
v
el
I
nve
rter
a
n
d
the
Pa
rallele
d
In
d
u
c
t
or
M
u
l
tile
v
e
l
I
nve
rter.
Th
ese
m
u
lt
ile
ve
l
in
ver
ter
a
r
e
c
o
mm
only
used
i
n
mo
tor
dri
v
e
s
a
n
d
rec
o
mm
ende
d
to
b
e
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
stem
t
ha
t
r
e
qu
ires
b
o
o
s
tin
g
ca
p
a
b
il
it
i
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
i
n
F
ue
l
Ce
l
l
p
ow
e
r
con
d
i
t
i
on
i
n
g
s
y
tem
a
n
d
grid
c
on
ne
c
t
ed
s
ys
t
e
m
.
F
or
t
his
w
o
rk,
th
e
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
t
o
pol
ogy
c
ho
sen
t
o
r
e
p
resen
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
M
u
l
til
ev
el
C
u
rren
t
S
ou
rc
e
I
nverter
(
MCSI)
i
s
t
he
P
aralleled
I
n
d
u
ct
or
C
on
fi
gur
at
ion
Inve
rter
[
7]
.
F
i
gure
2
show
s
t
h
e
f
i
v
e
-leve
l
P
ar
allel
Ind
u
c
t
or
M
CS
I
c
onfig
ura
t
i
o
n
t
o
p
o
l
ogy
.
Th
e
swi
t
c
h
ing
sequ
e
n
c
e
f
or
t
h
i
s
to
pol
o
gy i
s
gi
v
en
i
n Ta
ble
2.
1
L
3
S
1
S
5
S
4
S
2
S
6
S
2
L
f
C
Lo
a
d
DC
L
DC
V
Fi
g
u
r
e 2
.
Ca
s
ca
d
e
d
h
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
to
pol
ogy
Tab
l
e
2.
S
w
itc
hi
n
g
sta
te for five
-
le
ve
l
para
l
l
e
l
i
nd
uc
tor
M
C
S
I
o
I
(
1
2
345
6
SS
S
S
S
S
)
N
o
.
S
ta
te
s
D
C
I
(1
,0
,1
,0
,0
,1)
1
2
D
C
I
(1
,0
,0
,1
,0
,1),(0
,1
,1,0
,0
,1
)
2
0
(1
,0
,1
,0
,1
,0),(0
,1
,0,1
,0
,1
)
2
2
D
C
I
(0
,1
,1
,0
,1
,0
,1)(
1
,
0
,
0
,
1
,
1
,
0
)
2
D
C
I
(0
,1
,0
,1
,1
,0)
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
135
5
– 1
363
1
358
2.3.
SP
WM
for
mu
l
til
e
vel v
o
l
ta
ge
s
our
ce
and cu
rr
ent sou
r
c
e
inve
r
te
rs
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
c
o
n
t
ro
l
t
h
e
ga
t
e
s
i
gna
ls
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
sw
itc
he
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
M
V
SI
a
n
d
MCSI,
a
Ph
ase
Disp
osition
(P
D
)
S
P
W
M
m
e
tho
d
s
is
e
m
p
l
o
yed
in
t
he
g
e
n
era
tio
n
of
g
a
t
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
f
or
t
he
p
ow
e
r
s
w
i
tche
s
[2
5].
This
P
D
-
PWM
me
tho
d
s
is
a
ls
o
ab
le
t
o
reduce
th
e
To
tal
H
a
rm
oni
c
D
i
stor
tio
n
(TH
D
)
g
ene
r
ate
d
a
t
t
h
e
i
nver
t
er
o
ut
put
st
a
g
e
for
the
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
rre
nt
.
In
a
P
D
-
S
P
W
M
sc
he
me
,
4
tria
n
gu
lar
ca
rrier
s
i
gna
l
s
a
r
e
c
om
pare
d
w
ith
t
h
e
sing
le
s
i
n
e
w
a
ve
form
s
ig
nal
in
o
rde
r
t
o
ge
ne
rate
g
a
tin
g
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
f
or
e
a
c
h
p
o
w
e
r
sw
itc
hes
i
n
t
he
c
i
r
cui
t
s
as
show
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3.
T
he
P
D
-
SP
WM
i
s
w
i
del
y
u
se
d
in
M
V
S
I
a
n
d
MCS
I
because
it
p
rovides
low
THD
for
load
vo
lta
ge a
n
d
cu
r
rent.
F
i
gure
3.
P
hase
dis
posi
t
i
on
(P
D) S
P
W
M
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
3.1.
T
o
tal h
a
r
m
on
ic
d
istor
t
ion
an
alysis f
or M
V
S
I
an
d
MC
S
I
F
i
gures
4
a
nd
5
s
how
t
he
T
H
D
a
n
al
ysis
w
i
t
h
m
a
t
l
a
b
S
imu
l
i
n
k
r
e
su
lt
s
fo
r
t
h
e
fiv
e
-l
ev
el
C
a
s
cad
e
d
H
-
B
r
i
d
g
e
M
V
S
I
.
W
h
e
r
e
a
s
F
i
g
u
r
e
s
6
a
n
d
7
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
T
H
D
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
f
o
r
fiv
e
-l
ev
el
P
a
r
al
el
i
ndu
ct
o
r
M
C
S
I
to
pol
o
g
ie
s.
I
n
F
i
gur
e
8
to
9
a
nd
F
ig
ure
10
t
o
11
s
how
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
nd
c
urre
nt
w
a
v
efor
ms
f
or
C
a
s
c
a
d
e
H
-
Brid
ge
M
V
S
I
and
P
a
ra
l
l
e
l
I
nd
u
c
tor
M
C
S
I
r
e
s
pe
ct
ive
l
y.
T
a
b
le
3
l
i
sts
t
h
e
com
p
ari
s
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
THD
a
n
aly
s
is
for
bo
th
t
op
ol
o
g
ie
s for un
fil
t
e
r
a
nd filter
ou
t
p
u
t
v
olta
g
e
s a
n
d
c
urr
e
nts.
F
i
gur
e 4.
TH
D
out
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
for
5-leve
l
ca
s
cade
d
h-
b
rid
g
e
MV
S
I
(
Unfilter)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A c
o
m
para
tive
st
u
d
y
o
f
c
a
sc
a
d
e
h-br
i
d
ge
m
u
lt
ilev
e
l
v
o
lt
age
sourc
e
inv
e
r
t
e
r
and
…
(Ni
k
F
a
sd
i N
i
k I
s
m
a
i
l
)
1
359
F
i
gure
5.
TH
D
outp
u
t v
o
l
t
a
ge
f
or
5
-leve
l
casc
a
ded
h-
brid
ge
m
vsi
(
filter
)
F
i
gure
6.
T
H
D
out
p
u
t v
o
lta
ge
f
or 5-
l
e
v
e
l
pa
r
alle
l i
n
duc
t
o
r mc
si
(
unfil
ter)
F
i
gure
7.
T
H
D
out
p
u
t v
o
lta
ge
for
5
-l
ev
el
p
ara
l
l
e
l
ind
u
c
to
r mcs
i
(
f
i
lter)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
135
5
– 1
363
1
360
F
i
gur
e 8.
5-
level
o
u
tp
u
t
l
oad
volta
ge
fo
r
c
asca
d
e
h-
b
ridge
M
V
S
I
F
i
gure
9.
5
- le
vel o
u
t
p
u
t
l
oa
d
c
u
rrent
f
or
casc
a
de
h
-bri
dge
M
V
S
I
F
i
gure
1
0
.
5- l
e
v
el o
u
t
p
u
t
l
oa
d vo
l
t
age
for
para
l
l
e
l
i
nd
uc
tor
M
CS
I
F
i
gure
1
1
.
5-leve
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
l
oa
d
curr
ent for pa
ralle
l i
n
duc
or
M
CS
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A c
o
m
para
tive
st
u
d
y
o
f
c
a
sc
a
d
e
h-br
i
d
ge
m
u
lt
ilev
e
l
v
o
lt
age
sourc
e
inv
e
r
t
e
r
and
…
(Ni
k
F
a
sd
i N
i
k I
s
m
a
i
l
)
1
361
Ta
ble
3.
C
om
p
a
r
i
so
n
of TH
D
for
MV
S
I
and M
C
S
I
V
olta
g
e
C
urre
nt
W
ithout
F
i
l
t
e
r
With
F
ilt
e
r
W
ithout
F
ilt
e
r
W
it
h F
ilt
e
r
M
V
SI
27.
01%
2
.
35%
27.
01%
2
.
35%
M
C
SI
27.
06%
3
.
00%
27.
06%
3
.
00%
F
r
om
t
he
a
nal
y
s
i
s
i
n
T
ab
le
3
,
it
show
s
th
at
t
he
M
V
S
I
a
f
ter
fil
t
eri
n
g
g
i
ve
s
be
t
t
e
r
r
esul
ts
f
or
b
ot
h
ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
nd
c
ur
rent
w
h
i
ch
a
r
e
0
.65%
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
M
CS
I.
T
his
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
,
M
V
S
I
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
b
e
t
t
e
r
tha
n
M
C
S
I
in
t
er
m
of
T
H
D
w
h
ic
h
in
dica
te
s
t
h
at
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
w
a
vef
o
rms
f
o
r
vol
t
a
g
e
a
nd
c
u
r
re
nt
g
en
e
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
MV
S
I
a
re
m
o
r
e
sinu
so
i
d
al
c
ompa
re
t
o
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tage
a
n
d
c
urr
e
n
t
ge
ne
r
a
ted
i
n
M
CS
I.
T
he
e
ffec
t
o
f
t
his
resul
t
s
is
s
m
a
l
l
er
o
u
t
pu
t
fi
l
t
e
r
c
an
b
e
use
d
i
n
MV
S
I
c
ompare
t
o
M
CSI.
I
n
a
Casca
d
e
H-Bridge
M
V
S
I,
t
he
bala
nc
i
n
g
of
i
nte
r
me
d
i
ate
l
e
vel
i
s
n
ot
a
n
i
s
sue
s
f
or
t
h
i
s
t
o
p
o
l
og
y
bec
a
u
se
t
he
e
m
p
lo
y
m
ent
of
s
e
p
ara
t
e
D
C
source
s.
H
ow
e
v
er
i
n
P
a
r
a
lle
l
Ind
u
c
t
or
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
t
w
o
ide
n
ti
c
a
l
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
s
p
l
i
t
t
h
e
D
C
curr
ent
in
to
i
n
t
e
r
m
e
diate
le
ve
l
a
t
t
he
o
u
t
put
l
oa
d
c
u
rr
en
t.
A
s
a
re
su
lt,
t
he
i
m
b
alanc
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
te
rme
d
ia
te
l
eve
l
m
a
y
e
x
i
s
t
a
t
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
o
r
M
C
S
I
.
T
h
i
s
c
a
n
b
e
se
en
f
r
o
m
the
a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
l
i
s
te
d
in
Tab
l
e
3,
w
he
re
t
he
M
V
S
I
h
a
s
be
t
t
e
r
p
erf
o
rm
ance
c
ompa
re
t
o
M
C
S
I
.
N
e
v
ert
h
eles
s,
t
h
e
C
asca
de
H
-Bri
dge
M
V
S
I
e
m
p
l
o
y
s
t
w
o
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
D
C
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
t
he
c
omple
x
it
y
a
n
d
cos
t
p
o
i
nt
o
f
view
th
i
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
d
isa
dva
n
t
a
g
es
f
or
t
his
to
po
l
o
gy.
T
he
num
b
e
r
of
pow
e
r
swi
t
c
h
e
s
an
d
do
ubl
e
DC
s
ourc
e
f
o
r
MV
S
I
, a
dded a
d
d
iti
o
n
al c
ost
of t
he
i
nvert
er
.
3.2.
The
nu
mb
er
o
f c
i
rcu
it c
ompon
e
n
t
s
The
n
u
m
b
er
o
f c
o
mpone
nts
be
tw
een
t
he d
is
cusse
d
H
-
Brid
ge MV
S
I a
n
d P
a
ra
l
l
e
l
I
nd
uc
t
o
r
M
V
S
I
f
or
the 5-
l
e
ve
l a
r
e summ
ariz
ed in
T
a
ble 4.
Tab
l
e
4. Com
p
a
riso
n of
n
umb
e
r of com
pone
nt
s in MV
S
I a
nd M
C
S
I
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
T
opology
Ca
s
c
a
d
e
d
H
-
B
ridge
M
V
S
I
Pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
e
d
I
nduc
tor
C
onfigur
a
tion
M
C
S
I
D
C
V
olt
a
g
e
S
ou
rc
e
2
1
Sw
it
c
h
e
s
8
6
Re
si
stors
1
1
Ind
u
c
t
ors
0
2
D
i
ode
s
0
6
TOTA
L
1
1
1
6
F
r
o
m
T
a
b
l
e
4
,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
t
h
a
t
,
t
h
e
C
a
s
c
a
d
e
d
H
-
B
r
i
d
g
e
M
V
S
I
u
tili
zes
less
num
b
er
o
f
passive
a
nd
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
ponen
t
s
c
o
mp
a
r
e
to
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
e
d
Ind
u
c
to
r
M
C
SI.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
a
s
a
for
e
m
e
nt
i
o
ne
d,
t
he
s
epa
r
a
t
e
D
C
source
s
for
Ca
sca
d
e
H
-
B
r
id
g
e
M
VSI
can
l
i
m
i
t
t
he
a
dva
n
t
age
of
t
h
i
s
i
nv
er
t
e
r
c
o
mpa
r
e
to
M
CSI.
B
eca
use
of
em
plo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
u
l
tip
le
D
C
source
s,
t
h
i
s
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
c
a
n
b
e
unpr
act
i
c
a
l
t
o
b
e
r
e
a
li
ze
d
to
h
i
g
h
e
r
ou
tput
l
e
v
el
suc
h
a
s 7-leve
l
and
9 –le
v
e
l
out
p
u
t l
o
a
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
.
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Th
is
p
a
p
er pre
se
n
t
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
ati
v
e
an
d
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
s
t
u
dy
o
f
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd
c
u
rre
nt
m
ul
t
i
l
e
ve
l
i
nver
t
e
r
s
i
n
term
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t
T
H
D
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
o
m
pone
nts
em
plo
y
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
c
ircu
its.
F
r
om
t
he
a
nal
y
s
i
s,
T
o
t
a
l
H
a
r
m
onic
D
i
s
t
ort
i
o
n
(
TH
D
)
f
or
C
a
s
c
a
de
d
H
-
Brid
ge
M
V
S
I
is
b
et
ter
com
p
ared
t
o
th
e
Parallele
d
Inductor
MC
SI.
Th
e
n
u
mb
er
o
f
co
mpon
e
n
t
s
u
se
d
in
t
h
e
5
-l
ev
e
l
C
asc
a
d
e
H-B
r
i
d
ge
MV
S
I
a
r
e
also gi
v
es t
he
a
d
v
a
n
ta
ges
of
t
h
i
s
i
n
verte
r
o
ve
r
the
P
a
ralle
l
In
duc
t
o
r
M
C
S
I
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
t
he
l
i
mi
tat
i
on
f
o
r
this
t
o
p
o
l
o
gy
i
s
t
he
u
sed
o
f
mult
i
p
le
D
C
s
ourc
e
t
o
ge
ner
a
t
e
t
he
m
ul
t
i
p
l
e
of
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd
c
u
rren
t
.
Thi
s
can
m
ak
e
s
t
hi
s
t
opo
l
o
g
y
bec
o
me
s
u
npra
c
t
ic
a
l
t
o be
re
a
lize
at h
ig
her
out
p
u
t
l
e
ve
l.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
th
ors
appre
c
i
ate
fina
n
c
ial
sup
por
t
b
y
t
he
I
n
s
ti
tu
te
o
f
Re
se
arch
M
a
n
a
g
ement
and
In
no
v
a
ti
on
(IRMI),
U
iTM
S
h
ah
A
la
m,
S
e
l
an
g
o
r,
M
ala
y
s
i
a
u
n
d
e
r
L
E
S
TAR
I
R
esea
r
ch
G
ran
t
S
che
m
e
with
p
r
o
je
ct
c
od
e
60
0-R
M
I
/
D
A
N
A
/
5
/
3
/
LES
T
A
RI
(
0022
/
201
6)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
135
5
– 1
363
1
362
REFE
RENCES
[1]
R
A
n
j
a
l
i
K
r
i
s
h
n
a
a
n
d
L
P
a
d
m
a
K
r
i
s
h
n
a
.
“
B
r
i
e
f
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
M
u
l
t
i
L
e
v
e
l
Inv
e
rter
T
op
ol
ogies
”.
Interna
t
ion
a
l
Con
f
eren
ce on
Cir
c
uit, Power
and
Co
mp
u
t
ing T
e
chn
o
l
o
g
i
es.
IE
E
E.
M
a
r
, 2
01
6.
[2]
B.
Z
hiHo
ng
and
Z
.
Z
h
o
n
g
Cha
o
,
“
C
onf
orm
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
u
l
til
evel
C
urren
t
So
urce
Con
v
ert
e
r
T
o
p
o
logi
es
Usin
g
t
he
Duality Princ
i
p
le,”
Po
wer
Elect
ro
nics
, IEEE Trans
acti
ons o
n
,
v
o
l
. 23
, p
p.
22
6
0
-2
26
7, 2
00
8.
[3]
Balas
ubram
an
ian,
R
.,
P
.
K
athirv
e
l
u,
S
hash
wat
and
S
.
P
alan
i,
"
S
y
n
c
hro
nou
s
ro
tating
ref
e
rence
f
r
am
e
bas
e
d
con
t
ro
l
t
echn
i
que
f
o
r
t
h
r
ee-ph
a
s
e
h
y
b
r
id
acti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
i
lter:
A
s
im
u
l
i
n
k
ap
p
r
oach
,"
J.
App
l
ied Sci.
,
v
ol.
14,
pp
.
1
557
-15
6
3
, 2
014
.
[4]
A
r
th
is
h
r
i,
K
.
,
R
.
B
a
l
a
s
u
b
r
a
m
a
n
i
a
n
,
P
.
K
a
th
i
r
ve
l
u
,
S
.
P
.
S
imo
n
a
n
d
R.
A
mir
t
ha
ra
ja
n
,
"
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
po
we
r
p
o
int
track
ing
of
p
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
g
e
nerat
i
on
s
y
stem
u
sing
artificial
neu
ral
netw
ork
wi
th
i
m
p
rov
e
d
t
r
ackin
g
f
a
ct
or,
"
J
.
Ap
pl
ie
d
Sc
i
.
,
vo
l.
14,
p
p
.
1
858-18
64
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5]
Ram
eza
n
i
,
B.,
"S
peed
c
o
n
t
r
ol
s
im
ul
a
t
i
on
f
o
r
i
nducti
on
m
oto
r
b
y
mu
l
t
i
le
v
e
l
V
S
I
-
F
e
d
to
a
n
a
ly
se
c
ur
r
e
n
t
h
a
r
mon
i
c
s
and
sel
ectiv
e h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
s
elimi
n
ation
,
" J
. App
lied
S
c
i
.
,
v
ol
.
1
0
, pp
. 6
8
8
-6
93
, 20
1
0
.
[6]
M
.
R
.
Ban
a
ei
,
M
.
R
.
J
a
nnati
Os
ku
ee
an
d
H.
K
h
oun
jah
a
n,
“
Recon
f
ig
u
r
ati
on
of
s
e
m
i
-
cascad
e
d
m
u
ltil
e
vel
in
vert
er
t
o
im
p
r
ove system
s
perf
o
rman
ce pa
ram
e
t
e
rs
,”
IET
Po
wer
Electr
o
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
no
.
5
,
p
p.
110
6-1
1
1
2
,
2
014.
[7]
N.F.
N
ik
I
s
m
ail,
N
.A.Rahim
,
S
.
R
S
h
ei
kh
R
aih
a
n,
a
nd
Y
.
Al-T
u
r
k
i
,
”P
arall
e
l
Induct
o
r
M
u
ltil
e
v
el
C
urren
t
S
o
u
rce
Inv
e
rter
w
ith
E
nergy
Reco
ve
ry
S
ch
em
e
Fo
r
Induct
o
r
Curren
t
B
al
a
n
cin
g
,”
IE
T Po
we
r
El
ectr
on,
v
ol.
9,
n
o
.
1
1
,
pp
22
98
-304
,
S
ept,
201
6
[8]
M
.
R
.
Banaei,
M.
R
.
Jann
ati
O
s
k
u
ee
and
F
.
M
oh
a
j
el
K
a
zem
i,
“
S
e
ri
es
H
-br
i
dge
w
i
t
h
s
t
acked
m
ulti-cell
inverter
t
o
qu
adru
pli
cate v
o
l
t
ag
e
lev
e
ls,
”
IET
P
o
wer
El
e
c
tron.
,
vol.
6
,
no.
5
,
pp
.
8
78-8
8
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9]
M
.
R
.
Banaei
,
F
.
M
oh
ajel
K
aze
m
i
,
M
.
R
.
J
a
nn
ati
O
s
ku
ee,
“
N
e
w
m
i
x
t
u
re
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
t
acked
m
ul
ti
-cell
w
ith
h
al
f
cascad
e
d
co
nver
t
er to in
crease v
o
l
t
age level
,
”
I
E
T P
o
w
e
r Ele
c
t
ro
n.,
vo
l. 6
, n
o
. 7
,
pp
.
1
4
0
6
-
14
14
,
2
0
1
3
.
[10]
A.
A
j
a
mi,
M.
R
.
Jann
ati
Oskuee,
A
.
M
o
kh
b
e
rdo
r
an,
H.
S
hokri,
“
S
e
lect
ive
harmoni
c
e
l
i
mi
nation
method
f
or
wi
de
r
a
n
ge
o
f
m
odu
la
t
i
o
n
i
nd
exes
i
n
multil
e
vel
in
vert
ers
u
s
ing
ICA
,
”
J.
Cent
.
S
outh
Univ.
,
v
ol
.
2
1
,
no.
4
,
pp
.
1
329
-13
3
8
, 2
014
.
[11]
R
.
T
.
H
.
L
i
,
H
.
S
.
C
h
u
n
g
,
a
n
d
T
.
K
.
M
.
C
h
a
n
,
“
A
n
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
ion
tech
ni
que
f
or
s
ingle-p
h
as
e
gri
d
c
o
nnect
ed
CSI,”
I
E
EE Tra
n
s.
Power E
l
ectron.,
v
o
l
.
22,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p.
1
3
7
3
-
1
380,
2
0
07.
[12]
Rit
e
sh
d
as
u
,
S
arat
C
han
d
ra
swai
n
a
nd
S
anh
i
t
a
m
ish
r
a
,
"
Com
p
a
r
i
t
i
ve
a
nal
y
sis
o
f
l
i
n
ear
c
ont
rollers
u
s
ed
f
or
g
rid
con
n
ected
P
V
s
y
s
t
em,"
in
Internat
io
nal jo
ur
nal
of
el
ectri
cal a
n
d
co
mp
ut
er
engi
neer
in
g (
I
JECE)
,
v
ol.
8,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
5
1
3
-5
20
,
F
e
b
2
0
1
8
.
[13]
Su
ma
iya
ra
hma
n
a
nd
H
a
s
ima
abd
u
l
ra
hma
n
,"
U
se
o
f
ph
oto
v
o
l
ta
ic
s
i
n
m
icro
g
ri
d
as
e
n
e
rgy
so
urce
and
con
t
rol
m
e
th
od
u
s
i
n
g
MA
TL
AB/sim
uli
n
k,
"
i
n
Int
e
rn
ational
jo
u
r
nal
o
f
electr
i
ca
l an
d compu
t
er
engi
neerin
g
(
I
J
E
CE),
vol.
6,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
85
1-8
5
8
,
a
pr
201
6.
[14]
Li
p
i
ka
N
and
a
,
A
D
a
sg
upta,
U
.
K.
R
o
u
t,
"
A
c
o
m
p
arat
iv
e
A
n
a
l
ysi
s
o
f
S
y
mm
etri
cal
a
nd
Asy
m
m
et
rical
C
ascad
ed
Multilevel
Inver
t
er
H
aving
Reduced
N
umber
of
S
witches
and
DC
S
o
urc
e
s,"
In
tern
atio
nal J
o
ur
na
l o
f
Po
wer
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
em
(
I
JPEDS)
,
v
ol.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp
.
1
5
9
5
-1602
,
D
ec
20
17”
[15]
A.
N
ami,
L
.
J
i
aq
i
,
F
.
D
ijk
hu
izen,
and
G
.
D
.
Demet
r
iad
e
s,
“
M
o
du
l
ar
M
ultil
e
vel
Converters
f
or
HVDC
A
pplicat
ion
s
:
Revi
ew o
n co
nve
rt
er cell
s
an
d
funct
i
o
n
aliti
e
s
,
”
IEEE Trans
.
P
o
wer
Elect
ron
.
,
vol.
30
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
-3
6,
201
5.
[16]
A.
A
j
a
m
i
,
M
.
R
.
J
a
nn
ati
O
s
kuee,
M
.
T
.
K
h
o
sro
s
h
a
hi
a
nd
A
.
M
okh
be
rd
oran,
"Casc
a
d
e
m
ul
ti
-cell
m
u
lti
l
e
v
el
c
o
nv
e
r
te
r
with
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
n
umb
e
r of
switc
he
s
,
"
IET
Po
wer E
l
ectron.,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
55
2-55
8,
2014
.
[17]
S
u
r
o
s
o
,
A
b
d
u
l
la
h
Nu
r
Az
i
z
,
T
o
s
h
ih
ik
o
N
o
g
u
c
h
i
"
F
iv
e
-
le
v
e
l
P
W
M
I
n
v
e
rte
r
w
it
h
a
Sing
le
D
C
Powe
r
Sou
r
c
e
f
or
D
C-
AC
P
ower
C
onv
ersi
on
,
"
I
n
te
r
n
a
t
io
na
l J
o
ur
na
l of
Po
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
cs an
d Dri
ve
S
y
st
e
m
(
I
JP
EDS),
v
ol
.
8
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
1
2
3
0
-1
237
,
S
ep
2
0
17.
[18]
Th
iy
a
g
arajan
V
,
S
o
m
a
s
und
aram
P
"
A
New
S
e
ven
Level
S
y
m
m
et
rical
I
nv
erter
w
ith
R
ed
uced
S
wit
c
h
Coun
t,
"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve System (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
9
,
no.
2
,
p
p
.
9
2
1
-925,
J
u
n
2
01
8.
[19]
Ap
arna
P
ray
a
g
,
S
an
jay
Bodk
he
"
N
ovel
S
y
m
m
e
tric
a
n
d
A
sy
mmet
r
ic
M
u
lt
ilev
el
I
n
v
ert
e
r
To
po
log
y
f
o
r
P
erm
a
nen
t
M
a
gn
et
S
yn
chron
o
u
s
M
ot
or,
"
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Jou
r
na
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics a
n
d
Dri
ve Sys
t
em
(
I
JPEDS)
,
v
ol
.
8,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
1
0
0
2
-1
010
,
S
ep
2
0
17.
[20]
M
.
A
.
A
bdo
urrazi
q
an
d
M
.
M
aaroufi
,
"
Ex
perimental
v
erif
ication
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
M
P
P
T
tech
niq
u
es
f
or
p
h
o
to
voltaic
syst
e
m
,
"
Int
e
rn
a
t
ion
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l o
f
P
o
wer
El
ectr
o
n
i
cs an
d Drive Sys
t
ems
(
I
JP
EDS
)
,
vo
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1,
p
p.
3
8
4
-3
91
,
20
17
.
[21]
M
.
A
bd
ur
R
azza
k,
e
t
al.,
"
Design
of
a
G
rid
-
c
o
nn
ected
P
h
o
to
volt
a
ic
I
nvert
er
w
it
h
M
a
xim
u
m
P
o
we
r
P
o
i
n
t
Track
in
g
us
in
g
P
e
rt
urb
and
Obs
e
rve
T
ech
ni
qu
e,
"
Int
e
rna
t
ion
a
l
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
Electr
onics
an
d D
r
i
v
e
Syst
em (IJPED
S
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
no
. 4
,
p
p
.
1
21
2-1
2
2
0
, De
c
20
16
.
[22]
M
u
h
a
mm
ad
T
,
et
a
l
,
"
Cas
c
ad
ed
S
ymm
e
tri
c
M
u
l
tilev
e
l
Invert
er
w
it
h
R
e
d
uced
N
um
ber
of
C
ont
rol
l
ed
S
witch
e
s,
"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve System (
I
JPED
S
)
,
v
o
l
. 8
, n
o
.
2
,
pp
. 7
95
- 80
3, Jun
20
1
7
.
[23]
Ali
A.
A
bd
ulrazzaq
,
Ad
nan
H
.
A
li
,
"
E
ff
ic
i
e
ncy
P
e
rf
orm
a
n
ces
o
f
T
w
o
M
P
P
T
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
f
o
r
P
V
S
y
s
t
e
m
W
i
t
h
Diff
er
ent
So
l
a
r
Panel
s
Irradianc
e
s
,
"
In
tern
atio
n
a
l Jo
ur
nal of
Po
we
r
Electr
o
n
i
c
s
a
nd
D
r
ive S
y
st
em
(
I
JPEDS),
v
o
l.
9
,
no
. 4
,
p
p
.
1
75
5-1
7
6
4
, De
c
20
18
.
[24]
Zu
lk
e
f
l
e
A
,
et
a
l,
"
M
o
deling
an
d
S
i
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
o
f
N
i
n
e
-L
evel
C
as
ca
ded
H-Bridge
M
ultilevel
Invert
er,"
Indo
nes
i
a
n
Jou
r
n
a
l o
f
El
ectri
cal
En
g
i
neeri
n
g
an
d Co
mp
u
t
er
S
c
ien
c
e (
I
J
E
ECS)
,
vol.
1
1
,
n
o.
2
, p
p.
696
-
70
3
,
Aug
2
0
1
8
.
[25]
M
a
nj
u
aggarw
al,
M
a
dh
us
udan
s
i
n
g
h
an
d
S
.
K.
G
u
p
t
a,
"
F
a
u
l
t
ri
de
t
h
r
ou
gh
capab
il
ity
of
D
ST
ATCOM
f
o
r
d
i
st
rib
u
t
e
d
wi
nd
g
en
erat
io
n
s
y
s
t
em,"
i
n
In
tern
at
io
nal Jo
urn
a
l
of
Po
wer Elect
ron
i
cs
An
d Dri
ve Sys
t
ems
m
n
(
I
JPE
D
S
)
,
vol.
6,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
3
4
8
-
3
5
5,
j
un
2
0
15.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
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IS
S
N
:
2088-
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94
A c
o
m
para
tive
st
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d
y
o
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c
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h-br
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m
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e
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…
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k
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sd
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s
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)
1
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B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
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i
k
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Is
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a
il
w
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el
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M
ala
y
s
i
a,
i
n
1
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8
.
H
e
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B
.
S
c
.
(Hon
s
.
)
in
20
02
i
n
To
ky
oD
e
n
kiUn
ive
r
s
i
ty
,
Ja
pa
n
a
n
d
M.Sc
.
de
g
r
ee
s
fro
m
t
h
e
Universit
y
o
f
Malaya
(
UM),
M
a
lay
s
i
a
, i
n
2
008, res
pect
ive
l
y. He i
s
a
s
enior lectu
r
er with
t
he
U
nive
rsi
t
y
o
f
Te
k
n
o
log
i
Ma
r
a
(Ui
T
M),
Malay
s
ia. H
i
s
r
esearc
h
i
n
t
eres
t incl
ud
es
e
l
ectric energ
y
,
h
ig
h p
o
w
e
r dc/
d
c co
nv
ert
e
r and
f
u
el cel
l ap
plicati
o
n
.
D
.
J
o
h
ari
recei
v
e
d
her
P
h
.
D
deg
r
ee
in
L
ig
h
t
ni
n
g
P
hys
ics
f
r
o
m
U
pp
sa
la
U
n
i
ve
rs
ity
,
S
we
de
n
in
2
0
1
7
.
S
h
e
ob
tained
h
er
M
S
c
a
n
d
Bach
elor
d
egr
ees
i
n
Elect
rical
E
ngineeri
n
g
f
r
om
U
n
i
versit
i
T
echno
lo
gi
M
A
R
A
(UiTM),
M
alay
si
a
i
n
200
8
and
t
h
e
U
n
i
v
ers
ity
o
f
L
i
v
e
rpoo
l,
UK
i
n
1
9
99,
res
p
ecti
v
el
y.
S
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
l
y
w
o
r
ks
a
s
a
S
e
n
i
o
r
L
ectu
r
er
a
t
U
i
T
M
,
S
ha
h
Ala
m
,
Ma
l
a
ysia
.
Pr
io
r
to
co
nti
nuin
g
h
er
M
ast
e
r’s
d
e
g
r
ee,
s
he
w
orked
as
a
n
E
ngi
neer
i
n
th
e
teleco
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
in
dustry
f
o
r
ab
ou
t
6
years.
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