In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
433~
4
4
1
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
4
33-
44
1
433
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
A
review of available hybrid
renewable energy systems in
Malaysia
Nur Hu
d
a
.
M
Bi
nti
Ta
mb
i
1
,
Had
i
N
ab
ip
ou
r
A
f
r
o
u
z
i
2
,
K
a
m
y
a
r
M
e
h
r
a
n
z
a
m
i
r
3
,
J
uba
er
A
hmed
4
1,
2
,
4
F
acult
y
of
Engi
neeri
ng,
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
ng
and
S
c
ien
ce,
S
winb
urn
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
Te
c
hn
olog
y
Sa
ra
wa
k
,
Ma
l
a
y
sia
3
Dep
artm
en
t
o
f
Elect
rical
and
El
ectron
i
c
Engin
eering
,
F
acu
lty
o
f
S
c
ience
and
Engin
eerin
g,
Unive
r
sit
y
of
Nottingham
M
alaysia, Ma
l
aysia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Ju
l
2
7,
201
9
Re
vise
d O
c
t
2
8
,
20
1
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
No
v
2
9
,
2
019
Th
e
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
tio
n
o
f
c
on
ven
t
io
nal
sou
r
ces
o
f
energy
r
el
eases
h
arm
f
u
l
poll
u
tant
s
to
t
h
e
e
nv
iron
m
e
nt
c
a
u
sin
g
g
lob
a
l
w
a
rming
and
aci
d
rain.
For
th
at
r
eason
,
it
beco
m
e
s
necess
a
ry
t
o
u
s
e
a
non
-depl
e
tab
l
e,
s
u
s
t
a
in
a
b
le
a
nd
eco
-
f
r
iendly
renew
a
ble
en
erg
y
a
s
a
m
ean
o
f
p
r
od
ucin
g
electricity
.
Mal
a
ysia
i
s
tropical
cou
n
t
r
y
rich
i
n
resou
r
ces
b
en
e
f
ici
a
l
in
e
lect
ricit
y
g
enerati
on
as
i
t
is
i
n
equ
a
to
rial
r
egi
o
n
th
eref
ore
it
has
an
a
b
und
ance
of
s
ol
ar
i
rradi
a
n
c
e
of
a
ve
r
a
ge
annual
ly.
In
a
ddition
,
M
al
aysia’
s
demand
i
n
electri
ci
t
y
i
s
i
n
cr
easi
n
g
to
12
4,6
7
7
GW
h
by
20
20
.
Theref
o
r
e,
t
he
e
lect
rici
ty
g
ener
ati
o
n
f
r
om
r
en
ewabl
e
so
urces
i
n
Malays
ia
i
s
an
tic
i
p
at
ed
t
o
g
r
ow
i
n
the
futu
re
a
lo
ng
s
ide
the
government
e
ndors
e
m
e
nt
d
ue
t
o
i
t
s
clean,
eco-friendl
y
and
f
r
ee
so
urc
e
of
energ
y
w
hi
ch
can
h
i
g
h
l
y
redu
c
e
t
he
d
epen
den
c
y
on
oil
and
g
a
s
th
at
e
m
i
ts
h
a
rmfu
l
p
o
l
l
u
t
a
n
ts
t
o
the
e
n
vir
o
nme
n
t.
T
h
i
s
p
a
pe
r
give
s
a
c
o
mpr
ehen
siv
e
revi
ew
on
th
e
re
n
e
wabl
e
p
r
oj
ects
and
res
e
arch
es
i
n
M
a
lay
s
i
a
,
ch
all
e
ng
es
t
hat
af
f
ect
p
o
pularity
of
r
enew
abl
e
e
nergy
in
M
a
l
ays
i
a
an
d
av
ai
lab
l
e
a
n
d
su
ccess
f
u
l
r
e
n
ewab
le en
e
rgy
sys
t
em
i
n
Ma
l
a
ys
ia.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Biom
ass
H
ybri
d
sys
tem
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
So
lar
en
erg
y
Wi
n
d
e
ner
g
y
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
H
a
di N
abi
p
our
A
frouzi,
F
a
cult
y
o
f
E
ngine
er
in
g,
C
om
pu
tin
g
an
d S
c
ienc
e,
S
w
inb
u
rne
U
n
i
v
ersi
ty o
f
Tec
h
nol
og
y S
a
ra
w
a
k,
93
3
50 K
u
c
h
i
n
g,
M
ala
y
sia
Em
ail:
H
A
f
rou
z
i
@
sw
in
b
u
rne
.
edu.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
r
a
pi
d
p
o
p
u
la
t
i
o
n
g
row
t
h
leads
t
o
t
he
h
uge
i
ncre
me
nt
i
n
w
o
r
l
d
e
n
ergy
c
on
su
mpti
on
,
wh
i
c
h
g
i
ves
rise
t
o
en
v
i
ro
nm
enta
l
i
s
sue
s
s
uc
h
a
s
p
o
l
l
u
ti
o
n
s,
g
ree
n
house
e
m
i
ss
i
o
ns,
a
nd
c
l
im
ate
c
h
a
nge
.
Thes
e
e
n
vi
ron
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
ob
l
e
ms
b
roug
ht
b
y
t
h
e
l
a
rge
e
n
ergy
c
on
sump
t
i
on
a
r
e
b
eco
mi
ng
mo
re
a
pp
a
r
ent
esp
eci
a
l
l
y
i
n
new
l
y
i
ndus
tri
a
lize
d
a
n
d
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
un
t
r
i
e
s
suc
h
a
s
Chi
n
a
a
n
d
M
al
ays
i
a
wh
e
r
e
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
usa
g
e
i
s
grow
i
n
g ra
pi
dl
y or use
d
less e
f
ficie
n
t
l
y, an
d
the e
n
v
ir
onm
e
n
ta
l
im
p
act ma
n
agem
en
t are
n
o
t fu
l
l
y i
n
cor
p
or
ate
d
in
to
t
he
c
ou
n
t
ry’s
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
a
c
tiv
it
ies.
T
he
s
ol
u
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
i
s
w
ill
be
t
he
i
m
p
lem
e
n
t
a
t
io
n
o
f
r
enew
a
b
le
e
n
e
rgy
source
s
t
h
a
t
c
oul
d
g
r
ea
tl
y br
ing
a po
si
t
i
ve
c
h
a
n
g
e
to
t
he
e
nvir
onm
en
t.
The
r
e
are
how
e
v
er,
w
o
r
r
ies
and
qu
est
i
on
o
n
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
y
w
ou
ld
a
f
f
ect
t
h
e
e
co
no
my
o
f
a
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
pos
it
ive
l
y
or
n
egat
i
v
e
l
y.
W
i
l
l
a
s
hi
ft
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
fos
s
il
fu
e
l
g
en
erat
e
d
p
o
w
er
t
o
th
e
R
e
n
e
wab
l
e
En
e
r
g
y
(
R
E
)
sect
or
c
ha
n
g
e
t
h
e
w
a
y
the
w
o
rl
d
is
g
oing
t
o
func
tio
n
ec
o
nom
ica
l
ly
?
T
h
i
s
i
s
bec
a
u
se
i
n
term
s
o
f
t
he
env
i
ro
nm
en
t,
i
t
w
o
ul
d
br
in
g
pos
i
tive
ou
tc
o
m
e
that
i
s
very
m
uch
nee
d
e
d
t
o
bri
ng
a
s
t
op
to
t
he
c
l
i
m
a
te
c
han
g
e
the
w
o
r
l
d
i
s
f
a
c
in
g
to
da
y.
I
t
w
o
u
l
d
be
i
m
p
o
s
si
ble
a
nd
ou
t
of
s
c
ope
t
o
c
o
ver
the
w
h
o
l
e
w
o
rld
due
t
o
t
i
m
e
a
nd
page
s
l
i
mi
tat
i
on.
I
nst
e
a
d
,
the
sco
p
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
i
nve
st
iga
t
i
on
w
ill
b
e
ba
sed
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
T
h
i
s
re
sear
ch
i
n
v
e
s
ti
ga
te
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
rev
i
ou
s
rese
a
r
c
h
,
av
ai
l
a
b
l
e
an
d
su
cc
es
sfu
l
r
en
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
yste
m
suc
h
a
s
so
lar
e
n
er
gy
,
w
i
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
433
–
44
1
43
4
ene
r
g
y
a
nd b
i
o
m
a
s
s in Mala
y
sia.
T
h
i
s
re
v
i
e
w
c
an hav
e a s
i
gn
i
f
ic
a
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n to the
f
utur
e de
ve
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
of
rene
w
a
ble
ene
r
gy sy
stem
in t
h
e
coun
try.
2.
RENE
WA
BLE ENER
G
Y
IN MAL
A
YSI
A
2.1.
S
olar
e
n
e
rgy
S
o
lar
e
n
er
gy
i
s
deri
ve
d
fr
om
t
he
c
o
nvers
io
n
of
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
on
i
n
to
e
l
e
ctr
i
c
a
l
e
nerg
y
w
i
t
h
t
he
u
se
o
f
ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
a
nel
s
.
S
a
m
p
aio
an
d
G
o
nz
a
l
e
z
ill
us
trate
d
t
he
e
sse
n
t
i
al
c
omp
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
ph
oto
vol
t
a
i
c
,
wh
i
c
h
are
t
h
e
se
mi
cond
u
c
t
o
rs
c
re
at
ed
fro
m
t
w
o
en
e
r
gy
b
and
s
[
1
]
.
So
l
a
r
en
e
rgy
p
l
a
y
s
the
ro
le
o
f
the
m
o
st
d
omin
a
n
t
rene
w
a
ble
e
n
e
r
gy
so
urc
e
,
as
t
he
a
m
oun
t
o
f
i
nc
ide
n
t
solar
radia
t
io
n
o
n
e
a
r
th
i
n
1
ho
ur
i
s
mor
e
t
han
t
h
e
t
o
tal
con
s
um
ed
e
ne
r
g
y
b
y
huma
n
s
f
o
r
the
e
n
t
i
r
e
y
ear
.
Tec
h
nol
o
g
ie
s
t
o
u
t
ilize
so
la
r
ener
gy
h
a
v
e
g
a
in
m
any
in
t
e
rest
s
i
n
r
ec
ent
yea
r
due
t
o
h
i
g
h
d
e
p
le
tio
n
ra
te
o
f
f
o
ssil
f
ue
l
a
n
d
i
n
cre
a
sed
po
p
u
la
t
i
o
n
a
ll
o
v
er
t
he
w
orld.
The
In
terna
t
i
o
nal
Energ
y
A
g
e
ncy
pred
ic
ts
t
ha
t
so
l
a
r
ener
g
y
s
yst
em
w
ill
b
e
co
me
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
mai
n
s
upp
li
e
r
s
of
h
o
u
se
ho
ld
e
lectr
i
c
i
t
y
,
contr
i
b
u
tin
g
t
o
a
t le
a
s
t
1
7
% of t
he g
l
o
bal
el
ec
t
r
i
c
ity
d
em
an
d b
y
t
he
yea
r 20
50.
M
o
st
p
hoto
vol
t
a
i
c
t
ech
nol
ogy
a
v
a
i
l
a
bl
e
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
r
k
e
t
u
s
e
s
s
i
l
i
c
on
c
e
l
l
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
be
i
n
t
h
e
form
o
f
monoc
r
y
sta
l
lin
e an
d
pol
yc
rys
t
a
l
l
i
ne.
A
n
o
t
her tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
the
pho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
man
u
f
a
c
t
u
ri
ng
i
ndu
st
ry
u
ses th
in
fi
lm
e
le
me
nt
s
com
p
rises
o
f
c
op
per
,
c
oppe
r
i
n
d
i
um
s
e
l
e
n
i
d
e
(
C
I
S
)
,
i
n
d
i
u
m
a
nd
g
a
l
lium
-
dise
len
i
de
(
CIG
S
)
,
am
orph
ous
s
il
ic
on
ce
lls
(
a-S
i
)
and
Cadm
iu
m
tellur
i
de
(
CdTe)
[1,
2
]
.
A
l
l
t
h
e
s
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
a
r
e
ava
ila
b
l
e
a
t
M
ala
y
s
i
a
m
a
rke
t
.
F
u
rt
her
m
ore
,
M
alay
sia
is
o
ne
o
f
t
he
l
arge
st
s
ola
r
p
ane
l
pro
duce
r
s i
n
th
e
w
orld [3].
S
o
lar
ene
r
g
y
a
s
a
s
ourc
e
o
f
e
l
ec
tr
ici
t
y
has
b
e
e
n
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nt
ed
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
.
So
l
a
r
el
ect
ri
city
h
as
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
4
.6
%
of
t
o
t
al
g
e
n
e
r
ati
o
n
i
n
G
e
r
ma
ny,
w
hic
h
e
qu
als
t
o
3
2,
00
0
M
W
c
a
p
aci
t
y
.
Mea
n
w
h
ile,
M
e
x
i
c
o
r
e
c
e
i
ve
d
0.
15%
o
f
i
t
s
t
o
tal
e
l
ec
tric
i
t
y
f
r
om
solar
re
sour
ce,
w
hi
c
h
p
r
o
v
i
des
52
M
W
o
f
t
h
e
syste
m
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
[4]
.
T
he
a
moun
t
of
s
o
l
ar
i
rra
di
a
tio
n
t
h
a
t
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
r
ece
ive
p
e
r
day
is
s
i
g
ni
fica
n
t
and
i
t
i
s
aro
u
nd
1
7
M
J
per
sq.
m
in
a
v
e
ra
ge
[
5,
6
].
H
ow
e
v
er,
In
M
al
a
y
si
a
,
phot
ovo
lt
ai
c
t
e
chn
o
l
o
gy
con
t
ri
b
u
tes
to
9
M
W of
e
lec
t
ric c
a
pac
ity
a
n
n
u
al
l
y
by 2
0
11
[7]
More
over,
n
um
e
r
ous
r
esea
rche
s
h
a
ve
b
e
e
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
m
a
ny
resea
r
che
r
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
o
n
p
hot
ovo
lt
ai
c
t
ech
nol
ogy
.
P
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
st
ud
y
on
t
he
e
f
fec
t
i
v
e
n
ess
of
a
porta
b
l
e
s
o
lar
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lta
ic
t
o
pro
v
i
d
e
e
l
ec
t
r
ic
i
t
y
for
a
ve
h
i
cle
c
a
b
i
n
u
s
i
n
g
wire
l
e
s
s
p
o
w
er
t
r
a
n
sfer
m
eth
o
d
[
8].
Khar
e
et
a
l.
a
na
l
y
sed
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
on
a
lit
y
of
s
ol
ar
r
en
ewab
l
e
i
n
Indi
a
[9].
B
a
k
hty
a
r
e
t
a
l
.
perfor
m
e
d
a
r
e
v
iew
on
t
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ia
n
p
o
l
i
c
y
o
f
f
e
e
d
-
i
n
t
a
r
i
f
f
f
o
r
s
o
l
a
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
m
a
r
k
e
t
[
7
]
.
W
o
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
e
x
a
m
i
n
ed
a
s
t
udy
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
-con
n
e
c
t
ed
ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
c
once
p
t
b
y
f
ocu
s
i
ng
on
vo
l
t
ag
e
issue
s
[
1
0
].
R
a
h
ma
n
e
t
al
.
e
v
alu
a
t
e
d
th
e
e
f
fe
ct
s
of
o
p
e
rat
i
on
al
con
d
i
t
i
on
s
li
ke
a
m
b
ien
t
t
e
m
p
e
rature
,
i
r
radia
t
i
o
n
i
n
ten
s
i
t
y,
h
um
i
d
i
t
y
a
nd
dust
on
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
gy
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cy
o
f
p
hot
ovo
lt
ai
c
t
e
c
h
nol
o
g
y
i
n
M
al
aysi
a
[1
1
,
12].
Pa
ri
d
a
e
t
al
.
con
du
ct
e
d
a
r
ev
i
e
w
on
p
hoto
vol
t
a
i
c
t
e
c
hno
log
y
,
its
c
a
p
ac
i
t
y
prod
uc
in
g
a
b
il
it
y,
t
he
v
ary
i
n
g
exis
tin
g
perfor
m
a
n
c
e
a
nd
r
e
lia
b
ili
t
y
a
ssess
me
nt
m
ode
ls,
si
z
i
ng
s
and
gri
d
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
io
n
a
n
d
c
o
nnec
tio
n
[12].
K
a
a
e
t
a
l.
u
se
d
cr
i
s
p
a
n
d
f
u
zzy
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
t
o
a
na
lyse
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
to
deter
m
i
n
e
the
most
d
om
in
a
n
t
des
i
g
n
o
f
fi
v
e
p
h
o
t
o
vo
l
t
a
i
c
tec
h
no
l
og
ies
tha
t
a
re
c
urre
n
tly
a
va
i
l
ab
le
i
n
t
h
e
ma
rket
[
1
3
].
B
ra
bec
disc
uss
e
d
t
h
e
tec
h
n
o
-ec
o
n
o
mica
l
a
n
aly
s
i
s
o
f
o
rga
n
ic
p
ho
t
o
v
o
l
ta
i
c
s
in
no
va
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
i
l
e
Gar
c
ia-V
alverde
et al. and Wende
r
e
t
al. per
form
ed t
he
life
cyc
le e
va
l
u
a
t
i
on of t
hi
s tec
h
no
l
o
g
y
[1
4
,
15
].
F
isa
c
et
a
l.
s
t
u
di
e
d
t
he
p
h
o
t
o
vo
l
t
a
i
c
deve
l
opm
en
t
m
odel
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
m
oe
l
e
c
tric
b
y
i
n
te
grat
i
ng
te
mper
ature
gr
ad
ien
t
t
o
i
t
s
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
[15].
S
a
mpa
i
o
e
t
a
l.
d
eterm
i
n
e
d
th
e
p
hot
ovo
lt
aic
c
e
ll
s
t
e
c
h
nol
ogi
c
a
l
deve
l
opm
en
t
by
a
na
lys
i
n
g
p
ate
n
ts
a
nd
o
b
t
a
ine
d
a
s
e
t
o
f
pa
te
nt
t
yp
es
w
h
i
ch
h
a
v
e
hi
gh
p
rec
e
d
e
n
c
e
in
tech
n
o
l
o
gy
[1
6,
17]
.
S
i
nke
e
xam
i
ne
d
t
h
e
impr
o
v
em
ent
of
p
h
o
to
vo
l
ta
i
c
a
dva
nce
m
e
n
ts
a
nd
t
he
i
r
i
m
p
ac
t
to
gl
oba
l
s
u
s
t
a
i
na
ble
e
n
er
g
y
s
yst
e
m
[1
7]
.
H
u
sai
n
e
t
a
l
.
r
e
view
e
d
t
ra
nspa
re
nt
s
ola
r
p
ane
l
s
te
chn
o
l
o
g
i
es
a
nd
M
it
z
i
e
t
a
l
.
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
t
ov
olt
a
i
c
t
e
c
h
nol
ogi
e
s
[
18
,
1
9
]
.
Sh
a
h
e
t
a
l
.,
Me
illa
ud
e
t
a
l.
a
nd
G
i
ral
do
e
t
a
l.
p
er
form
ed
a
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
,
o
p
e
rat
i
on
p
ri
nc
i
p
l
e
s
and
physi
c
al
perform
ance
c
ons
trai
n
t
f
or
t
h
e
c
ase
of
t
hi
n-film
p
h
o
t
o
vo
l
t
a
i
c
c
el
l
s
[
20
-22].
Je
o
n
e
t
.
a
l
.
pro
p
o
s
e
d
a
t
e
c
hn
iqu
e
to
e
s
tim
ate
o
p
t
i
mum
fina
n
c
ia
l
su
bs
i
d
y
a
nd
r
e
sea
r
ch
a
nd
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
inv
e
st
men
t
f
o
r
p
hot
ov
olt
a
i
c
adva
nc
em
en
ts
by
us
in
g
sy
ste
m
dyna
mics
[
2
2
].
Z
hou
a
nd
Car
b
a
j
al
es
-D
a
l
e
assesse
d
perf
orma
nce
and
e
n
erg
y
re
t
u
rn
o
n
in
v
e
st
me
nt
(
EROI)
fo
r
p
hot
ovo
lt
a
i
c
t
e
chno
l
ogy
l
a
n
d
s
c
a
pe
[
20]
.
Ma
kri
d
e
s
e
t
al.
c
ond
uc
t
e
d
a
re
sea
r
ch
o
n
t
h
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
t
e
mpera
t
u
r
e
o
n
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
p
h
o
to
vol
ta
i
c
m
od
el
s
[
21,
2
3
]
.
Do
mi
t
r
i
e
v
s
ka
e
t
a
l
.
a
n
aly
s
ed
t
h
e
Ra
ma
n
sc
a
t
t
e
rin
g
c
r
y
s
t
a
lli
n
e e
v
alu
a
ti
on
fo
r
t
hi
s t
e
chnol
o
g
y
[
24].
2.2.
Win
d
e
n
ergy
Win
d
e
ne
rg
y
i
s
t
he
k
i
n
e
tic
e
ner
g
y
fr
om
a
ir
m
ot
i
on
due
t
o
the
ir
regu
lar
hea
tin
g
b
y
t
h
e
S
un
to
t
he
environm
ent
[9].
E
lectricity
c
an
b
e
ge
n
e
rated
from
the
harnessi
ng
o
f
w
i
nd
e
n
e
rgy
by
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
tin
g
w
i
nd
tur
b
ine
s
t
ha
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ts
t
he
k
i
n
e
t
i
c
e
ne
rg
y
fr
o
m
t
he
w
i
nd
int
o
e
l
ec
tric
i
t
y
[1
3,
25].
The
a
v
era
g
e
win
d
s
p
e
e
d
a
t
Ma
lays
ia
i
s
a
r
ou
n
d
2
m
/
s
w
hic
h
n
ot
s
u
i
ta
ble
for
w
i
nd
t
urb
i
ne
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
elec
t
r
i
c
ity.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
s
til
l
s
o
m
e
regi
ons
o
f
Ma
la
ysia
a
t
ce
rtai
n
t
i
m
e
h
a
v
e
h
i
ghe
r
w
i
nd
s
p
e
e
d
ar
ou
nd
7
-
15
m
/
s.
F
urthe
r
mor
e
,
the
impor
ta
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A re
view o
f
av
ail
a
b
l
e
h
y
br
i
d
rene
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
sy
st
e
m
s i
n
Ma
lay
s
i
a
(
N
ur
H
uda.
M
Binti
T
a
m
b
i)
43
5
iss
u
e
o
f
w
in
d
ene
r
g
y
a
t
Ma
la
ys
i
a
n
is
t
he
n
on-
un
iform
ity
o
f
the
wi
n
d
b
l
o
w.
I
t
me
ans
that
w
i
n
d
spee
d
varies
dur
in
g
t
h
e
ye
ar
[
26
]
.
O
ver
t
h
e
year
s,
M
a
l
ay
sia
h
a
s
seen
t
he
d
ev
e
l
o
p
m
e
nt
i
n
w
i
n
d
t
urbi
ne
t
ec
h
n
o
l
og
y.
Ac
co
rd
ing
to
A
k
o
r
ed
e
et
a
l
.,
t
h
e
hi
gh
est
en
erg
y
out
p
u
t
by
wi
nd
e
n
erg
y
i
n
Pe
n
i
ns
ul
ar
M
a
l
ays
i
a
is
i
n
Mer
s
in
g
wh
i
c
h
co
nt
rib
u
t
e
d
t
o
37
8
M
W
h
of
cap
ac
i
t
y
e
v
e
r
y
y
e
a
r
[
27
].
T
hi
s
is
t
hen
fo
ll
ow
e
d
b
y
Chu
p
i
n
g,
w
hic
h
pro
duce
s
2
5
4
M
Wh
a
n
nua
l
l
y
.
M
ea
nw
h
ile,
w
i
n
d
e
l
e
ctr
i
ci
t
y
i
n
Me
la
k
a
is
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
e
d
t
o
29
M
W
h
pe
r
a
nnum
[2
7,
28].
Rese
arc
h
h
as
b
ee
n
do
ne
t
o
in
ves
tiga
t
e
te
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c,
d
evel
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
feas
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
w
in
d
tur
b
ine
tec
h
n
o
l
og
y in Mala
y
s
i
a [2
9]. A
n
ap
p
raisa
l
b
y
H
o
stu
die
d
on
th
e
t
r
en
d
of
w
ind
tech
nol
ogy
i
n
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
base
d on
p
a
s
t,
pre
sen
t
a
nd
fu
t
ure sce
n
a
r
io, G
o
h
e
t
a
l. per
form
e
d w
i
n
d
ene
r
g
y
e
v
a
l
ua
tio
n by
u
t
iliz
i
n
g
K
-
m
eans
c
l
ust
e
ring
a
nd
M
yci
e
l
s
k
i
a
l
g
ori
t
h
m
f
o
r
a
c
a
s
e
st
udy
i
n
Kuda
t
,
M
a
l
a
y
sia
[29,
3
0].
K
h
ali
d
e
t
a
l
.
a
n
al
ys
ed
t
h
e
ec
onom
ic
f
ea
s
i
bi
l
i
t
y
o
f
w
i
nd
r
e
sourc
e
i
n
Ma
l
a
y
s
i
a
w
it
h
n
u
m
e
rica
l
w
e
a
t
her
pred
ic
ti
o
n
(
N
W
P
)
m
etho
d
[
31]
.
A
l
ba
ni
e
t
a
l
.
con
d
u
cte
d
o
p
t
i
m
iz
at
i
o
n
of
w
in
d
e
n
er
gy
fee
d
-i
n
tar
if
f
(FiT)
rates
in
M
alaysia
by
cos
t
-
b
ased
appr
oa
ch
[
3
2
]
.
H
am
dan e
t
a
l.
eval
u
a
t
e
d
a r
e
v
ie
w
f
o
r
V
e
r
t
ic
a
l
A
x
is
Wi
n
d
T
u
rb
ine
(V
A
W
T)
s
ys
tem
i
n
th
e
f
iel
d
of
m
i
c
ro
e
nergy
h
a
rves
ter
i
n
S
tr
u
c
tural
Hea
lth
M
oni
toring
(
S
H
M
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
as
e
of
M
al
ay
si
a
[
3
3
]
.
Wo
ng
e
t
al
.
perform
ed
a
r
eview
o
n
V
A
W
T
efficie
n
c
y
a
dva
nc
em
en
ts
u
si
ng
fl
ow
a
u
g
m
e
nta
t
i
o
n
m
e
tho
d
[
34].
S
u
ff
er
e
t
al.
and
K
a
dhim
e
t
a
l.
m
ode
l
l
ed
a
n
d
p
e
rform
e
d
num
eric
a
l
s
i
m
ulat
ion
f
or
f
our
c
a
v
i
t
y
b
l
a
d
es
a
n
d
a
ero
d
ynam
i
c
VAW
T
re
sp
ect
i
v
e
l
y
[27
,
2
8
]
.
Loon
e
t
al
.
and
Aravi
n
d
e
t
a
l
.
c
ond
uc
te
d
a
n
al
ys
i
s
o
n
t
h
e
conce
p
t
of
m
agne
t
i
c
lev
i
t
a
tio
n
o
n
V
A
W
T
[3
5].
Wen
e
t
a
l.
i
nve
st
iga
t
e
d
p
er
form
anc
e
o
p
tim
i
z
a
t
io
n
for
sma
l
l
H
o
rizo
n
t
al
A
x
i
s
W
i
n
d
Turb
ine
(
C
S
-
SH
A
W
T)
[
17,
29].
Wan
g
e
t
al.
stu
d
i
ed
t
he
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
f
i
rr
egu
l
ar
w
in
d
o
n
a
n
ewl
y
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
cross-a
x
is
w
in
d
t
u
rbi
n
e
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
[36
]
.
Hussa
in
e
t
al.
,
R
a
z
li
a
n
a
et
a
l.
a
nd
D
a
u
t
e
t
a
l
.
pr
opose
d
w
i
n
d
pow
er
as
a
n
al
terna
t
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
so
urc
e
i
n
P
e
rli
s
[
3
0
,
37].
A
l
-
A
qel
e
t
a
l
.
e
xam
i
n
e
d
t
h
e
po
te
n
tia
l
o
f
s
m
a
ll
w
in
d
t
u
rbi
n
e
s
for h
i
ghw
a
y
s i
n
Mala
y
sia [3
2
]
.
K
h
a
l
id a
n
d
N
or
Musa
pro
p
o
se
d a
n
ew
ly conce
p
t
of
VAW
T f
a
r
m
s
in a m
ission
t
o
h
arv
e
st
a
e
r
od
yn
ami
c
e
n
e
rgy
l
o
sse
s
on
h
ig
h
w
ay
s
in
M
al
ays
i
a
[3
2]
.
Zahar
i
m
et
a
l.
a
ssessed
the
eff
ect
o
f
w
i
n
d
t
e
c
h
no
l
o
gy
for
rur
a
l
ar
ea
dw
e
l
l
e
rs
i
n
M
e
rsi
ng
[3
3].
M
a
sse
r
an
e
t
al.
e
v
al
ua
ted
win
d
p
ower
r
eg
i
o
na
l
assessm
ent
bas
e
d
o
n
s
e
v
e
r
al
w
in
d
spee
d
de
ns
it
i
e
s
[3
3].
Islam
e
t
a
l.
a
na
l
y
se
d
t
h
e
w
i
nd
ene
r
g
y
p
oss
i
b
i
lit
y
i
n
K
uda
t
a
n
d
La
bua
n
us
i
n
g
We
ib
ul
l
d
i
str
i
bu
t
i
o
n
f
unc
t
i
o
n
[
2
9
,
3
1
].
B
h
a
y
o
e
t
a
l
.
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
con
v
er
sio
n
s
yste
m
o
n
s
ta
t
i
c
and dyna
mic
fe
ature
s
u
s
i
ng
w
i
nd
tur
b
i
ne
s
imula
t
or
[
3
6
].
R
osmin
et
a
l.
c
o
n
duc
t
e
d
efficie
n
c
y
c
om
par
i
s
o
n
be
tw
ee
n
thre
e
micr
o-s
i
zed
b
la
de
r
o
t
o
r
m
od
e
l
s
base
d
o
n
M
ala
y
s
i
a
n
w
i
n
d
s
p
ee
d
c
onte
x
t
[3
2,
34].
C
h
o
ng
e
t
a
l.
a
ssessed
t
h
e
de
sig
n
of
a
n
e
n
erg
y
rec
over
y
s
y
ste
m
f
or
w
ind
t
u
rb
ine
gener
a
t
o
r
t
o
con
s
er
ve
e
ner
gy
i
n
c
om
me
rcial
b
u
il
di
n
g
s
[34]
.
Y
a
p
et
a
l.
d
e
s
ig
n
e
d
t
he
o
p
tim
izat
i
o
n
of
e
xh
aus
t
a
ir
e
nerg
y
rec
overy
f
or
w
ind
t
u
rbi
n
e
ge
nera
tor
o
n
s
hro
ud-a
ugme
n
t
e
d
dua
l-ro
t
o
r
ca
se
u
si
n
g
h
y
b
ri
d
n
on-
de
struc
t
i
v
e
assessm
ent tec
h
nique [33-35]
.
2.3.
Biom
ass
B
i
oma
s
s
a
r
e
th
e
orga
nic
w
a
ste
s
o
f
p
l
a
n
t
s
a
n
d
a
nim
a
ls,
w
h
i
c
h
is
a
t
y
pe
o
f
rene
w
a
ble
e
n
e
r
gy
tha
t
c
an
gene
ra
te
e
le
c
t
rici
ty
t
hro
u
g
h
b
i
o
fue
l
s
[3
6]
.
Bi
ofue
l
s
a
r
e
t
he
t
y
pe
o
f
b
i
oma
ss
in
t
he
f
orm
of
g
a
s
a
nd
l
iq
uid
,
t
hat
ca
n
be
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
by
a
pp
ly
i
n
g
differ
e
n
t
sor
t
s
of
t
ec
h
n
o
l
og
y
[3
6,
37
].
M
al
a
y
si
a
ha
s
h
i
gh
c
a
p
abi
l
ity
o
f
bio
m
as
s
re
so
u
r
c
e
s
.
Th
e
i
m
po
rt
an
t
exi
s
t
re
so
u
r
c
e
s
at
M
al
a
y
s
i
a
a
r
e
ag
ri
cu
lt
u
r
e
wast
e
su
ch
a
s
ri
ce
hu
sk
a
n
d
s
u
g
a
rc
an
e
baga
sse
,
fore
st
r
e
s
i
due
a
nd
w
o
o
d
w
a
s
t
e
,
a
n
i
m
al
m
a
nure,
m
un
ic
ipa
l
so
li
d
was
t
e,
d
e
d
i
c
at
ed
b
i
o
ma
ss
c
r
op
s
a
nd
palm
o
il
b
i
om
a
s
s.
M
ala
y
si
a
i
s
one
o
f
the
la
r
g
est
pa
lm
o
il
exp
o
r
ter
s
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d.
T
here
fore
,
hu
ge
a
mo
un
t
o
f
the
p
a
lm
o
il
w
aste
i
s
a
v
ai
l
a
ble
a
t
M
ala
y
s
i
a.
A
s
an
e
xa
mpl
e
,
aro
un
d
80
m
i
ll
i
on
to
ns
o
f
pam
oi
l
w
a
st
e
w
a
s
pro
duce
d
i
n
20
11.
T
he
t
w
o
o
f
m
a
in
s
o
u
rce
s
o
f
b
i
om
ass
i
n
M
a
l
ay
si
a
a
r
e
pal
m
o
il
w
a
ste
and su
ga
r c
a
ne
w
aste
[
38].
S
e
ve
ral
re
se
archer
s
e
m
pha
s
i
se
d
tha
t
b
iom
a
ss
ene
r
g
y
i
s
pr
efe
rre
d
a
s
the
solution
for
an
e
co-f
riendly
resour
ce
o
f
e
le
c
t
ric
ity
g
e
n
era
tio
n
due
t
o
its
a
bi
l
ity
t
o
a
b
s
o
r
b
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
c
a
r
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
i
t
r
e
l
e
a
s
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
ich
is
s
u
s
t
a
ina
b
le
[
3
6
-3
9]
.
In
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n,
b
i
o
ma
ss
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
f
or
its
a
b
unda
ncy,
l
oc
a
l
a
va
i
l
ab
i
lit
y
and
capa
b
ili
ty
t
o ge
ne
rate
l
o
w
-cost e
l
e
c
tr
ici
t
y w
i
th e
l
e
va
te
d
p
erfor
m
a
n
ce.
A
c
c
ord
i
n
g
t
o
Ja
yak
u
m
a
r
et
a
l.
,
bioma
s
s
a
ccou
n
t
ed
f
or
a
p
erc
e
nt
a
g
e
o
f
4
%
o
f
M
alay
sia
n
t
o
t
a
l
e
nerg
y
con
s
um
pt
io
n
a
l
on
gs
ide
w
ith
c
oa
l
,
n
a
t
ura
l
g
as,
hy
droe
l
e
ctr
i
ci
t
y
a
n
d
pe
trole
u
m
b
y
2
01
2
[
4
0
]
.
S
e
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
descr
i
be
d
the
pe
rce
n
ta
ge
o
f
biom
ass
w
a
ste
s
u
ti
lize
d
f
or
e
l
e
ctr
i
ci
t
y
i
n
M
a
lay
s
ia
i
s
o
n
l
y
5
%
.
S
a
b
ah
u
til
ize
d
bi
oma
s
s
from
palm
o
il
w
a
s
t
e
t
o
gen
e
r
a
te
e
le
ctric
i
t
y
w
ith
a
nn
ua
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
of
3
,3
00
G
Wh
[
4
1
]
.
Ho
weve
r,
t
h
e
rem
a
ini
ng
9
5
%
o
f
t
o
ta
l
b
i
om
ass
w
a
ste
i
n
t
he
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
r
em
ained
as
w
a
s
te
s
a
nd
n
o
t
u
t
ilize
d
d
ue
t
o
t
h
e
di
ffic
ul
t
i
e
s
i
n t
r
a
n
sp
orta
t
i
o
n
c
os
t
to
t
ran
s
fe
r t
h
e
w
a
stes
f
rom
plan
t
a
t
io
n t
o
p
ow
e
r
stati
o
n
s.
Rese
arc
h
h
as
b
e
e
n
do
ne
t
o
anal
yse
t
h
e
b
i
o
m
ass
e
l
e
c
tric
it
y
an
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
ogy
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
E
va
lua
t
io
n
on
t
h
e
trans
por
ta
ti
on
d
e
c
i
s
i
on
t
o
o
l
r
e
g
ard
i
ng
b
i
o
m
a
ss
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ain
i
s
c
o
ndu
c
t
ed
i
n
vol
ving
b
io
ma
ss
al
loc
a
t
i
o
n
pla
n
ni
ng,
p
roc
e
s
si
ng
s
tat
i
on
se
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
veh
i
c
l
e
c
a
p
a
c
ity
c
on
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
.
T
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
h
e
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
a
n
d
ec
onom
ic
a
spe
c
t
f
or
o
il
pa
lm
b
iom
a
ss
a
s
e
nerg
y
prod
uc
ti
on
i
n
t
h
e
ob
j
e
cti
v
e
to
m
i
n
im
ize
iss
u
e
s
r
ega
r
d
i
n
g
trans
b
o
u
ndar
y
h
aze
[
42,
43]
. Mo
h
d
S
ha
ha
ri
n et a
l. sug
ge
s
t
e
d
o
n
w
a
y
s
t
o stre
ngt
he
n pa
l
m
oil b
i
oma
s
s
ind
u
s
t
ry
f
o
r
th
e
c
a
s
e
of
M
al
ay
si
a
[4
3
,
4
4
]
.
No
r
Ai
sh
ah
a
n
d
Ami
n
u
se
s
INC
A
M
m
ode
l
to
p
e
r
for
m
a
sse
s
sm
ent
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
433
–
44
1
43
6
ca
rbo
n
d
i
o
x
i
de
e
m
i
ss
io
n
re
du
ctio
n
i
n
t
he
c
o
n
te
x
t
o
f
bi
om
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p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
nt
s
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
o
f
20
16
[4
0].
N
g
e
t
a
l
.,
M
ohd
S
hahar
i
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
A
b
n
i
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a
e
t
a
l
.
a
n
d
O
o
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t
a
l.
s
t
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t
he
p
ote
n
tia
li
t
y
o
f
palm
b
i
o
m
a
ss
in
Ma
lays
ia
[
43-
45].
M
o
hd
S
hahar
i
n
e
t
a
l.
a
nd
D
ar
sh
i
n
i
e
t
a
l.
c
on
d
uc
t
e
d
an
i
nd
us
t
r
y
s
u
rve
y
o
n
sus
t
a
i
na
b
l
e
elec
tr
ici
t
y
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
f
rom
o
il
pa
lm
b
iof
u
el
a
nd
b
iom
a
ss
[
4
6-
48
].
M
e
k
hilef
et
a
l.
a
nd
S
hafie
e
t
a
l.
a
ssessed
the current
p
rospects o
f b
i
oma
s
s
ene
r
gy [49]
.
3.
SI
Z
I
NG
AND
O
PTIMIZ
I
N
G
O
F
R
E
N
EWABLE ENERG
Y
I
N
MA
L
A
YSIA
Ma
la
ysia
i
s
a
t
r
op
ica
l
c
oun
try
ric
h
i
n
re
so
ur
ces
b
e
n
e
f
ic
ial
i
n
e
l
ectr
i
ci
t
y
g
e
n
er
at
ion
a
s
i
t
is
l
oca
t
e
d
i
n
equa
t
o
ria
l
r
egi
on,
s
i
t
ua
t
e
d
in
t
he
r
a
nge
o
f
1°
a
nd
7°
N
o
r
t
h
a
n
d
1
0
0
°
a
nd
1
2
0
°
E
as
t,
t
her
e
fore
h
a
v
i
ng
a
n
a
b
und
a
n
ce
o
f
sol
a
r
i
rra
d
i
an
ce
o
f
a
v
era
g
e
1
7
0
0
W/
m
2
a
nn
ual
l
y
[
3,
32,
33].
M
e
anw
h
ile
,
its
a
nn
ua
l
av
er
age
w
i
n
d
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
of
a
ro
u
nd
1.2
to
4
.
1
m
/
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
the
hi
g
h
est
w
i
n
d
ve
l
o
c
i
t
y
i
s
r
ecor
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
e
a
s
t
o
f
P
e
ni
nsu
l
a
r
Ma
lays
ia
[
1
8
].
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
g
o
v
ernm
en
t
ha
s
t
a
ken
ma
ny
i
n
i
t
i
at
ive
s
t
o
e
xp
lo
it
t
h
e
s
ub
st
ant
i
al
a
v
a
i
l
a
bl
e
e
n
e
r
gy
source
s
i
n
cl
u
d
ing
a
n
no
u
n
ci
n
g
t
o
i
ncl
u
de
r
en
e
w
able
e
ne
rg
y
a
s
a
f
u
e
l
fo
r
ele
c
t
ri
ci
ty
g
en
e
r
at
i
o
n
c
o
mpl
e
men
t
i
n
g
gas,
o
i
l
,
coa
l
a
nd
h
y
d
ro
i
n
it
s
e
i
gh
th
M
al
ays
i
a
P
l
a
n
[
3]
.
A
c
c
o
r
di
n
g
t
o
‘Worl
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
i
nd
i
c
a
t
or
s:
Elec
tric
it
y
pr
oduc
tio
n,
s
o
u
rce
s
a
nd
acc
ess
’
(
2017),
t
h
e
sta
tist
i
c
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
f
ro
m
re
n
e
wab
l
e
res
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
c
c
ounte
d
t
o
0
.
6
p
e
rc
en
t
o
f
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
g
ener
a
tio
n
b
y
2
0
1
5
.
There
f
or
e
,
t
he
elec
tr
ici
t
y
g
e
n
e
ra
t
i
on
fr
om
r
ene
w
ab
le
s
o
u
rc
es
i
n
Mala
ys
i
a
i
s
a
n
tic
ip
a
t
e
d
t
o
grow
i
n
t
h
e
fu
tur
e
a
lo
n
g
s
i
de
t
he
governm
e
nt
e
ndorsem
e
nt
due
t
o
its
c
lean,
eco-friendly
and
f
r
ee
sou
r
c
e
o
f
e
n
ergy
w
hi
ch
c
a
n
h
igh
l
y
re
duc
e
th
e
depe
n
d
e
n
c
y
o
n
oi
l
an
d ga
s t
h
a
t
e
mits har
mful
poll
u
ta
n
t
s t
o
t
he
env
i
ro
nme
n
t.
H
e
nce
f
orth,
t
h
e
optim
i
z
in
g
and
s
i
z
i
n
g
o
f
hy
bri
d
r
ene
w
able
e
ne
rg
y
b
y
the
rese
arc
h
e
r
s
becom
e
s
essen
tia
l
t
o
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
t
h
e
in
ter
m
it
te
nt
n
a
t
ure
of
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
e
ne
r
g
y
.
M
a
ny
r
e
s
ear
cher
s
ha
v
e
t
a
k
en
t
he
ir
p
art
i
n
do
ing
the
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
the
op
t
i
m
i
za
ti
on
for
h
y
b
r
id
r
enew
a
b
l
e
e
nerg
y
s
ys
t
e
m
in
M
a
l
a
y
sia
.
H
alab
i
an
d
Me
k
h
ile
f
in
the
i
r
st
u
dy
o
p
tim
i
z
ed
t
he
h
y
b
r
i
d
c
on
fi
g
u
rat
i
ons
f
or
a
v
illa
ge
i
n
S
a
ba
h,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
in
vo
l
v
i
n
g
d
i
ese
l
g
e
n
e
r
at
ors
and
P
V
a
rra
y
fo
r
bo
t
h
on-gr
id
a
n
d
o
ff-gri
d
m
o
des
o
f
o
per
a
t
i
on
a
nd
o
b
t
ain
e
d
th
e
m
o
st
opt
i
m
a
l
s
ol
uti
on
con
s
is
tin
g
o
f
P
V
arrays
o
f
3
0
0
k
Wp,
tw
o
di
esel
g
e
n
e
r
at
ors
of
5
0
k
W
an
d
10
0
k
W
,
a
15
0
k
W
c
o
nver
t
e
r
a
nd
33
0
k
W
h
ba
t
t
e
r
y
ba
n
k
s
[3
4
,
35].
Iza
dyar
et
a
l
.
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
H
om
er
t
o
fin
d
t
he
p
o
t
e
n
tia
l
reg
i
ons
f
or
t
he
implem
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
y
b
rid
re
new
a
ble
ene
r
g
y
s
ys
tem
i
n
M
alay
sia
[3
6
]
.
Th
e
res
u
l
t
s
c
on
c
l
ud
e
d
L
a
ngk
a
w
i
a
n
d
T
i
o
m
a
n
i
s
l
a
n
d
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
s
o
l
a
r
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
h
y
b
r
i
d,
w
hil
e
T
e
l
uk
B
u
ra
u
a
n
d
D
u
ria
n
w
hic
h
loca
te
d
i
n
L
an
gkaw
i
h
as
a
n
a
ttrac
t
i
ve
o
p
por
tu
n
i
t
y
f
or
s
o
l
ar/w
i
n
d
/
m
i
cr
o
h
ydr
op
ow
e
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
.
I
n
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
,
s
ol
a
r
and
m
i
cro
hyd
r
opow
er
c
ombina
t
i
o
n
i
s
the
m
o
st
o
p
tima
l
t
o
be
i
mpl
e
m
e
n
te
d
in
L
aw
a
s
a
nd
Ra
nau,
l
oca
t
ed
i
n
S
a
raw
a
k
and
S
a
b
a
h
resp
ec
t
i
ve
ly.
N
g
a
n
a
n
d
T
a
n
s
imu
l
a
t
ed
h
y
b
ri
d
o
pti
m
i
z
at
io
n
i
n
H
om
er
f
or
J
o
h
o
r
B
ahr
u
w
ith
t
he
opt
i
m
a
l
c
o
n
fi
gura
t
io
n
c
o
ns
isti
n
g
P
V
,
w
i
nd,
d
i
e
se
l
a
n
d
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
s
a
n
a
lter
n
at
ive
from
the
exi
s
ti
ng
sta
nd-
alo
n
e
die
s
e
l
sy
s
t
e
m
[37].
I
s
m
a
il
et
a
l
.
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
ted
t
h
e
tec
h
n
o
-ec
o
nom
ic
f
ea
sibi
l
i
t
y
e
va
l
ua
ti
on
on
h
y
b
rid
s
y
s
t
em
i
n
a
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
vi
llage
i
n
Ma
l
a
ys
ia.
The
r
e
sults
i
nd
ica
t
e
d
t
he
m
os
t
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
c
on
fi
gur
at
ion
for
the
loc
a
t
i
o
n
com
p
risi
ng
of
a
syste
m
h
av
i
ng
P
V
m
odu
les,
a
d
ie
sel
ge
ne
rator
a
nd
a
ba
tte
r
y
b
a
n
k
[
38
].
L
a
u
e
t
a
l
.
p
e
rfo
r
me
d
th
e
f
e
asi
b
ili
ty
stud
y
o
n
s
ta
n
d
-a
lone
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
i
c
/d
iese
l
gene
ra
tor
h
ybr
id
s
ys
t
e
m
by
va
ry
in
g
t
h
e
lo
a
d
s
ize
s
,
an
nu
al
r
eal
i
n
t
e
re
st
r
at
e
an
d
d
i
e
s
el
p
ri
ce
f
o
r
M
a
l
ay
si
an
i
sl
and
s
[
39
].
D
u
e
t
o
t
he
c
om
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
i
n
f
uel
trans
porta
t
i
o
n
for
i
s
o
l
at
e
d
i
sl
an
ds
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
t
h
e
di
e
s
el
p
ri
c
e
c
a
n
f
lu
ct
u
a
t
e
a
n
d henc
e
,
b
eca
me
a
c
oncer
n
for
the pra
c
t
i
c
a
l
ity o
f
exi
s
ti
ng
s
t
a
n
da
lo
ne
d
i
e
se
l
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
sys
t
em
t
ha
t
is
c
urre
n
t
l
y
u
til
ize
d
a
s
t
h
e
ma
in
s
ourc
e
o
f
elec
t
r
i
c
ity
i
n
th
os
e
isla
nds.
The
st
ud
y
in
dica
t
e
d
tha
t
t
he
u
se
o
f
ph
o
t
o
vol
ta
ic
/d
i
e
se
l
ge
ne
rat
o
r/
bat
t
er
y
hybr
id
s
ys
tem
is
f
eas
i
b
le
a
t
hi
gh
die
s
e
l
p
r
i
c
e
s.
F
or
t
he
c
ase
o
f
P
em
angg
i
l
I
sla
n
d,
M
alay
sia,
A
n
w
ari
et
a
l
.
a
s
s
es
sed
t
h
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
cal
i
t
y
of
hy
bri
d
w
i
n
d a
n
d diese
l
e
nerg
y
w
ith
b
a
tter
y
sys
tem
s
pr
o
s
p
e
c
tive
a
n
d
a
c
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
is
hybri
d
s
cen
a
r
i
o
i
s
mo
re
fe
asib
le
a
nd
e
c
onom
ica
lly
w
ise
tha
n
t
he
e
xi
st
ing
sta
n
da
lone
d
ie
s
e
l
g
e
ne
rat
o
r
sy
st
em
[
40
].
T
h
e
s
t
udy
w
a
s
part
icu
l
ar
ly ba
s
ed o
n t
h
e vari
ati
o
n o
f
d
iese
l cos
t
s an
d wi
n
d
ir
ra
d
i
an
c
e
s. A
sh
ou
ri
an
e
t
a
l
.
ap
p
r
ai
se
d
t
h
e op
ti
mal
gree
n
te
ch
n
o
lo
gy
h
ybri
d
s
ys
t
e
m
in
J
uara
v
i
l
l
a
ge,
si
tua
t
ed
i
n
Ti
oma
n
I
sla
n
d,
M
a
l
a
y
sia
by
c
ons
i
d
eri
ng
t
h
e
loa
d
profi
l
e
a
n
d
it
s
ge
o
g
rap
h
i
ca
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
i
n
dica
te
d
th
e
m
o
st
f
eas
i
b
le
h
y
b
ri
d
c
o
n
f
ig
ur
atio
n
w
h
e
n
t
he
cos
t
o
f
diese
l
r
eac
hes
t
o
$
2.1
0
/
L
c
on
sists
of
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lta
i
c
p
ane
l
s
a
n
d
w
in
d
turb
in
es
h
a
v
i
n
g
ca
pac
i
t
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f
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0
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a
nd
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es
p
ecti
v
ely
c
o
mb
in
ed
w
ith
a
b
att
e
ry
s
torag
e
[
41
].
A
no
t
h
e
r
s
tu
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
sy
st
e
m
f
or
Tio
m
an
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sl
a
n
d
con
d
u
c
t
e
d
by
B
a
si
r
Kh
a
n
e
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al
.
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lti
ng
i
n
th
e
m
ost
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p
t
i
m
al
s
yst
e
m
i
n
v
o
l
vi
ng
P
V
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hydr
o-
die
s
el
c
o
n
fi
gur
a
t
i
o
n
in
s
ta
n
d
a
l
o
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e
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ode
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ha
t
w
a
s
si
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u
la
ted
i
n
H
om
er
s
o
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t
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ar
e.
T
hi
s
c
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ig
ur
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gi
ve
s
t
h
e
l
o
we
st
N
PC
o
f
$
31
,
901
,
944
[
42
].
H
o
et
a
l
.
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v
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lu
at
ed
t
he
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
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or
a
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,
Iskan
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ar
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ala
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an
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ose
d
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ha
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t
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e
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opt
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c
onfig
ur
at
i
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to
m
ee
t
the
l
o
ad
dem
a
nd
c
om
pr
ises
o
f
4
1
2
k
W
b
i
o
gas
th
e
r
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
stat
io
n,
a
d
ire
ct-fir
e
d
biom
ass
o
f
c
apac
it
y
41
7
k
W
,
1
3
6
kW
p
h
o
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c
m
odu
les a
n
d
304
6 k
W
h
s
o
d
i
um
su
l
fur
bat
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r
y [43]
.
H
o
ssai
n
e
t
a
l
.
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te
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the
op
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of
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h
[
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F
a
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t
a
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a
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a
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u
gg
este
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-effec
tive
con
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ig
ura
tio
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vo
l
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aic
/
w
i
n
d
/ba
t
te
r
y
h
ybr
i
d
s
y
st
e
m
[
45,
4
6]
.
S
h
eza
n
e
t
a
l
.
a
ppr
a
i
s
e
d
t
h
e
tech
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no
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i
c
ana
l
ysi
s
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f
hy
br
id
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once
p
t
t
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ow
e
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w
o
r
eside
n
tia
l
hote
l
s
i
n
C
a
m
eron
H
i
gh
la
nds.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
a
h
y
b
r
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s
y
s
t
e
m
i
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v
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a
4
k
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i
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g
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e
r
a
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o
r,
15
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n
i
t
s
o
f
1
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k
W
w
in
d
t
u
rbi
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es
a
nd
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un
its of ba
t
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er
y
bac
k
u
p
as
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h
e
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e
c
onom
ic
all
y
a
n
d
tec
hni
c
a
ll
y
fea
s
ible
t
o sup
p
l
y
the de
ma
nd [4
7,
48].
4.
REVIE
W
OF
SOME SUCC
ESSFU
L
H
Y
B
RID
RE
NEWABLE ENERGY SY
S
T
E
MS
IN MAL
AYS
I
A
A
l
t
h
o
u
gh
the
hy
bri
d
r
ene
w
a
b
le
e
nerg
y
sy
stem
i
s
n
o
t
c
ons
i
d
er
ed
n
ew
i
n
the
r
e
sea
r
ch
f
i
e
ld
i
n
Ma
lays
ia,
the
r
e
i
s
o
nl
y
q
u
i
te
a
numbe
r
t
h
at
i
s
imp
l
em
en
te
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
co
u
n
t
r
y
as
t
he
r
ene
w
able
s
ystem
app
l
ied
curr
ent
l
y
a
r
e
m
o
st
ly
c
ompr
ise
s
o
f
s
t
a
n
dal
o
ne
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
t
ili
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g
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n
l
y
a
si
n
g
l
e
s
o
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rc
e
of
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e
n
e
w
ab
le
e
ne
r
gy,
s
uc
h
a
s
s
t
a
n
d
a
lo
ne
p
hot
ovo
lt
ai
c
sy
st
e
m
,
wh
i
c
h
is
q
u
i
t
e
p
opu
l
a
r
i
n
t
h
e
rur
a
l
pa
rts
o
f
t
he
c
ou
n
t
ry
[
5
0
-
52]
.
A
fe
w
of
the a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
ion
of Hybr
id
R
e
n
ewable
Ener
g
y
System
(
HR
ES
)
i
n
M
al
a
y
s
i
a is r
eviewe
d be
l
o
w.
4.1.
Hyb
r
id
p
h
o
tovo
lta
i
c
/
d
i
esel
s
t
a
n
d
a
l
on
e syste
m
The
hy
br
i
d
s
ys
t
e
m
is
i
n
P
u
l
a
u
Ba
ng
g
i
a
nd
Ta
nj
u
n
g
La
bia
n
,
S
a
bah.
F
or
P
ula
u
B
an
g
g
i,
t
he
ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
prov
i
d
e
69.2
1
%
of
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
e
le
ctric
i
t
y
g
e
n
er
at
i
o
n
,
l
a
r
g
e
ge
ne
rators
o
f
ca
pac
i
t
y
4
00
k
W
pr
od
u
c
e
37
%
an
d
sma
l
l
gene
rat
o
rs
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
ed
t
o
a
pr
o
port
i
on
of
3
.54%
.
Th
e
rene
wa
b
l
e
fra
c
t
ion
of
t
h
e
w
hol
e
sy
st
e
m
is 5
0.4%,
w
i
t
h
e
xce
s
s ener
g
y
at 9.3%.
O
t
her
tha
n
tha
t
,
the h
ybr
id s
ystem
i
n
Ta
n
j
u
n
g
Lab
ian
has 8
6
.
90%
of i
t
s
t
o
t
a
l
en
e
r
gy
p
ro
du
ct
ion
f
r
o
m
p
hot
ovo
l
t
a
i
c
,
wh
il
e
l
a
rg
e
g
e
n
e
rato
rs
o
f
c
a
p
ac
ity
500
k
W
pro
duc
e
d
9
.
4
2
%
a
n
d
s
m
a
l
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
3
.
6
8
%
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
fra
c
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
in
dica
t
e
d
b
y
80.
7%
,
wh
il
e
t
h
e
ex
cess
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
a
t
1
7
.
4%
[
50
,
51
].
I
n
ad
di
ti
on
,
so
l
a
r
h
ybri
d
p
o
w
er
s
ystem
w
h
ic
h
i
n
c
o
rp
or
ate
d
bot
h
so
l
a
r
pho
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
a
nd
d
i
ese
l
gene
r
a
t
ors
as
t
he
s
ource
b
a
c
k
up
has l
i
gh
t
u
p
h
ome
s
i
n Ba
r
i
o
H
i
g
h
l
a
nds, Rum
a
h
D
a
u
and
L
o
ng
U
r
un
i
n
S
ar
awa
k
.
The
h
ybr
id
s
ystem
i
n
B
a
r
i
o
H
ig
h
l
a
n
d
s
pr
ovi
de
s
8
8
7
k
W
c
a
pac
i
ty
o
f
e
n
e
r
gy,
pow
er
in
g
u
p
2
3
3
h
o
u
se
h
o
l
d
s,
s
ho
ps
a
n
d
o
ffice
s
[
52-
54
].
B
esides,
R
u
m
a
h
D
a
u
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
elec
tr
ici
t
y
f
o
r
26
h
ouse
h
o
l
ds
a
nd
a
sch
o
o
l
w
i
t
h
t
he
e
nerg
y
ca
pa
c
ity
o
f
1
2
9
.
6
kW
[
55
-
57
].
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
mo
re
,
689
kW
s
o
l
ar
/die
se
l
ge
ne
rat
o
r
hybr
id
s
yste
m
in
L
on
g
U
r
un
h
a
s
li
g
h
t
up
245
h
o
u
se
hol
ds
i
n
12
v
il
l
a
g
e
s,
n
a
m
e
l
y
Lo
ng
D
a
ta
S
e
n
ge
la
ng,
L
on
g
K
e
tue
t
,
Lo
ng
Ba
lau,
L
o
n
g
S
i
v
a
u
,
Lo
n
g
A
p
ok,
L
o
n
g
L
it
e
n
,
Um
a
P
a
w
a
,
Rum
a
h
Pe
ra
,
Long
Tenga
h
1, L
o
n
g
Ten
g
ah
2
,
U
m
a
Bade
ng an
d
Lo
ng
D
u
lit
[
58].
4.2.
Hyb
r
id
p
h
o
tovo
lta
i
c
/
w
i
n
d
/d
i
e
sel standalone
system
The
h
y
b
ri
d
p
h
o
to
vo
l
t
ai
c/w
i
n
d
/d
iese
l
sta
n
da
l
o
ne
s
ys
tem
is
a
pp
l
i
e
d
t
o
a
f
i
s
he
rme
n
v
illa
ge
,
loca
te
d
a
t
P
e
rhent
i
an Isl
a
nd, M
a
l
a
y
si
a
.
T
he pur
p
o
se
o
f the hy
br
id syste
m i
s to
p
rovid
e
a
c
on
t
i
n
uous
s
u
ppl
y
o
f
el
ect
ri
c
i
ty
and
re
d
u
ce
the
de
pen
d
e
n
cy
o
n
die
s
el
g
e
n
e
r
ators
t
h
at
w
as
p
re
v
i
ou
sly
t
h
e
mai
n
s
ou
rce
of
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
i
ty
i
n
th
e
vi
llage
.
T
h
e
c
o
mpo
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
hy
bri
d
s
ys
tem
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
1
0
0
kW
P
V
mo
dul
e,
2
uni
ts
o
f
wind
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
at
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
1
0
0
k
W
,
1
u
n
i
t
o
f
1
0
0
k
W
d
i
e
s
e
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
e
t
,
2
4
0
V
o
l
t
D
C
4
80
k
W
h
ba
tte
ry
s
torag
e
,
set
c
ontro
l
syste
m
f
or
m
u
lti
ple
ge
nera
to
r
and
h
ybr
id
c
ontr
o
l
s
y
s
t
em
.
I
t
i
s
n
o
ta
ble
t
h
a
t
t
he
t
o
t
al
e
ne
rgy
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
fr
o
m
rene
w
a
ble
so
ur
ce
s
re
corde
d
t
o
be
7
5
k
W
a
s
p
h
o
t
ov
o
lta
ic
p
ro
vi
des
39
kW
o
f
el
ec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
an
d
bo
th
w
i
n
d
t
u
rbi
n
e
pro
duce
s
1
8 k
W
in
d
i
v
i
du
al
l
y
[56]
.
4.3.
Hyb
r
id
p
h
o
tovo
lta
i
c
/
w
i
n
d
s
tand
alon
e
syst
em
The
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
i
c/w
i
nd
H
R
ES
i
s
imple
m
e
n
t
e
d
at
S
am
u
n
san
F
o
r
e
st
a
n
d
Wi
ld
life
S
a
nc
t
u
ary,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
60
km
nort
h
o
f
K
u
c
h
i
n
g
,
S
ara
w
ak.
The
pur
p
o
se
o
f
t
h
e
hy
bri
d
s
ys
t
em
i
s
to
p
r
o
vide
a
n
eco-friendly
and
relia
ble
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
it
y
for
the
c
o
m
m
unit
y
liv
i
ng
in
t
he
a
re
a,
s
cie
n
t
is
ts
a
n
d
t
ouri
s
ts.
Th
e
system
c
ompo
ne
n
t
inc
o
rp
ora
t
e
d
9
00
W
P
V
m
od
ule,
2
.
5
k
W
w
i
nd
t
u
rb
ine
s
l
a
unc
he
d
o
n
a
26
m
t
ow
e
r
,
30
k
W
d
iese
l
ge
ner
a
tor,
2
un
its
o
f
2
kW
h
le
a
d
aci
d
ba
tte
ries,
5
k
W
i
n
v
e
rte
r
a
nd
rem
o
te
m
o
ni
t
o
rin
g
s
e
t
.
The
ge
ner
a
t
i
on
of
e
le
c
t
ric
i
ty
b
y
wi
nd
t
u
r
bi
n
e
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
mo
st
t
hro
u
g
hou
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
P
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Elec
& Dr
i
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y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
433
–
44
1
43
8
Ta
ble
1.
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
nerg
y g
e
nera
tio
n
t
a
rge
t
in
M
a
la
ys
i
a
2
01
5-2
0
50 (
M
W) [53]
Y
ear
Bi
o
m
as
s
B
i
o
g
a
s
Min
i
-
H
yd
r
o
S
o
l
ar
P
V
S
o
l
i
d
Was
t
e
T
o
t
al
201
5
330
100
290
65
200
985
202
0
800
240
490
190
360
2
,
080
202
5
1
,
190
350
490
455
380
2
,
865
203
0
1
,
340
410
490
1
,
370
390
4
,
000
205
0
1
,
340
410
490
18,
700
430
21,
37
0
Tab
l
e
2. Cha
lle
nge
s
tha
t
affec
t
pop
u
l
a
r
i
t
y o
f
r
ene
w
ab
le
e
ner
gy
in
M
al
ay
si
a
Ty
p
e
o
f
e
n
e
r
gy
C
h
a
l
l
e
ng
e
s
t
h
a
t a
f
fec
t
popula
r
ity
o
f
r
e
ne
wa
ble e
n
e
r
gy
i
n
Ma
l
a
y
s
ia
Sola
r
en
er
g
y
Co
s
t
Ave
r
a
g
e
of
2
m
onths
c
l
oudy
o
r ra
ining
day
p
e
r
y
ear
H
i
gh
a
m
bi
e
n
t
t
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
i
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
of
s
ola
r
p
a
n
e
l
s)
la
nd
r
e
quir
e
d
f
o
r
ha
rve
s
ting
sola
r
e
n
e
r
gy
B
a
tte
ry shor
t l
i
f
e
spa
n
due
t
o
ove
rus
e
d
w
i
thout
r
ech
ar
g
i
n
g
Wind
en
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g
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Lo
w
a
v
er
ag
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w
i
nd
spee
d
Noise
pollution
D
i
st
ur
ba
nce
a
nd
d
e
s
t
r
u
ct
io
n
o
f
eco
s
y
s
t
em
s
Af
f
e
ct
f
au
n
a
,
e
s
p
eci
a
l
l
y
birds
Wa
ste
of
s
p
a
c
e
(l
and)
f
or
tu
r
b
in
e
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
ti
o
n
Bi
o
m
ass
Diff
ic
ult to
tra
n
sport
C
o
m
p
le
x
i
ty
i
n
h
a
rve
s
ting,
c
oll
e
c
tin
g
a
nd
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
Lo
w
ef
f
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ci
en
c
y
o
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quip
m
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nc
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t
e
c
h
nol
ogica
l
supp
or
t
Hy
brid
Co
s
t
C
o
m
p
l
e
xi
t
y
i
n
f
i
nding
the
b
e
st c
o
m
bi
n
a
t
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on
of
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y
brid sy
s
te
m
H
i
ghly
d
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t on
m
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t
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o
g
i
c
a
l
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on
H
i
ghly
d
e
pe
nd
e
n
t on
a
v
a
i
l
a
bility
of e
n
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gy
sourc
e
s
L
ack
o
f
t
r
ai
n
e
d
pe
r
s
on
ne
l
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Th
is
p
a
p
er
c
on
duc
te
d
a
re
vi
e
w
on
the
a
v
a
i
la
bl
e
renew
a
ble
ener
gy
s
yst
e
m
i
n
M
al
ay
si
a
.
B
as
e
d
o
n
th
e
revie
w
v
ari
ous
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
has
bee
n
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
ed
by
r
e
sea
r
che
r
s
to
a
n
al
yse
t
h
e
pe
rfor
ma
nce
o
f
r
ene
w
able
e
n
e
rgy
syste
m
s
uch
a
s
s
ol
a
r
,
w
i
n
d
,
bi
oma
s
s
a
nd
h
ybr
id
r
ene
w
a
b
le
e
ne
rg
y
i
n
Ma
lays
ia.
Ma
l
a
ys
ia
g
over
n
m
e
nt
h
a
d
aim
e
d
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
5.5%
o
f
t
o
ta
l
elec
t
r
ic
i
t
y
fr
om
r
enewa
b
l
e
e
ner
g
y
by
2
0
1
5
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
t
he
n
ew
t
ar
ge
t
fo
r
Ma
lays
ia
i
s
2
0
%
by
2
0
3
0
.
Ba
sed
o
n
t
he
r
e
v
i
e
w
som
e
o
f
th
e
rene
w
a
ble
e
n
e
r
gy
s
u
ch
a
s
w
i
n
d
e
nerg
y
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
n
o
t
f
e
a
s
i
b
l
e
f
or
M
al
ay
si
a.
B
ut
,
st
il
l
it
c
an
b
e
th
e
sui
t
abl
e
a
l
ter
n
a
t
i
v
e
for
cer
t
a
i
n
r
eg
i
o
n
whe
r
e
we
h
a
v
e
hig
h
w
i
n
d
spee
d
a
t som
e
per
iod
t
i
m
e
of t
h
e yea
r
suc
h as P
e
r
hen
tia
n I
sl
a
n
d. A
c
c
or
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g
to
the r
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view
,
jus
t
5
% o
f
t
h
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bi
oma
s
s
w
a
ste
s
u
t
i
l
i
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f
or
e
le
ctr
i
ci
t
y
i
n
Ma
la
ysia
.
It
m
ea
ns
t
h
a
t
the
h
u
g
e
a
mount
o
f
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
it
y
of
bi
oma
s
s
e
n
erg
y
i
s
w
a
st
i
n
g
a
nd
Ma
lays
ia
c
a
n
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
a
te
t
o
ge
ner
ate
e
l
e
c
tric
it
y
from
e
xi
st
ing
bi
oma
ss.
B
aes
on
t
he
r
eview
,
H
ybr
i
d
r
e
n
ew
able
e
nergy
s
y
ste
m
i
s
no
t
ye
t
pop
ul
a
r
in
M
al
a
y
si
a
du
e
t
o
c
os
t
a
nd
low
w
i
nd
spee
d.
T
her
e
fo
r
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
o
n
l
y
qu
i
t
e
a
n
u
m
b
er
t
ha
t
i
s
i
m
p
lem
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
o
un
try
as
t
he
r
e
n
ew
a
b
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s
y
s
tem
app
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ied
c
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rre
ntly
a
re
m
ostl
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com
p
rise
s
of
s
tan
d
a
l
o
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e
s
y
st
em
u
t
i
l
i
zi
n
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a
s
i
ngle
so
urc
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o
f
r
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new
a
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erg
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s stan
dal
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em
, whi
ch is q
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o
p
u
la
r
i
n
the
r
ura
l
par
t
s
of
t
h
e
co
unt
ry
.
REFE
RENCES
[1
]
P
G
V
.
S
am
p
a
io,
M
O
A
.
G
on
zalez,
"
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
tai
c
s
o
l
ar
e
nerg
y:
C
oncep
tual
f
ram
e
w
o
r
k
,"
Renewa
bl
e and
Su
st
ain
able
Ener
gy R
eviews
Elsevier
,
v
o
l
.
74,
p
p.
5
9
0
-60
1
,
2017.
[2
]
H.
N
.
Af
r
o
u
z
i
,
S
.
V.
M
ash
a
k
,
Z
.
Ab
du
l
-
Ma
l
e
k
,
K
.
Mehran
zamir,
B
.
S
ali
m
i.,
"
S
o
l
ar
a
rray
and
batt
ery
sizi
ng
f
o
r
a
pho
to
vo
lt
aic
b
u
ildi
ng
in
M
a
lay
s
i
a
,
"
Jur
nal
T
ekno
l
o
g
i
,
vo
l.
64,
N
o. 4
,
2
01
4.
[3
]
M.
A
l
m
akt
a
r,
H
.
Ab
du
l
Rahm
an,
M.
Y
usri
H
as
san
,
W
.Z.
Om
ar.,
"
P
h
o
to
vo
lt
a
i
c
t
echn
o
lo
gy
i
n
M
a
l
a
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:
past
,
presen
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a
nd
f
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t
u
re
p
lan,
"
Inte
rn
a
tion
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
Su
staina
b
l
e
Ene
r
gy
, vo
l
. 3
4,
no
.
2
, pp
. 1
28
-1
40
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
]
M.
H
ernand
ez,
J
.
Al
onso,
J
.
Hernan
de
z-Al
vare
z.
,
"An
ov
ervi
e
w
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
ov
ol
ta
ic
e
ne
rg
y
in
M
e
x
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o
a
n
d
Germ
any,"
Renewa
bl
e an
d S
u
s
t
aina
bl
e
En
erg
y
Revi
ews Elsevi
er
,
v
o
l.
31
, p
p.
6
39
-
6
4
9
, 2
01
4.
[5
]
S
.
M
ekh
i
l
e
f
a
,
A
.
S
af
ari
,
W
.
E.
M
u
s
t
a
ff
aa,
R
.
S
a
idurb,
R
.
Om
ara,
M
.
A.
Y
ounis.
,
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S
o
l
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i
n
M
al
ays
i
a:
C
urre
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stat
e and
prosp
ects
,
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Renewa
bl
e an
d
S
u
sta
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na
b
l
e En
erg
y
Revi
ews
,
vo
l. 16
, pp
.
3
86
-3
96
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
H.
N
.
A
f
rou
z
i,
S
.
H
.
W
.
Yii,
J
.
Ah
med
,
M
.
Tab
a
ssum.,
"Co
m
preh
en
sive
R
eview
o
n
Ap
pro
p
r
i
ate Sizin
g
a
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d
Optimiza
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chnique of
Hyb
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,
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IEEE PES
A
s
i
a
-Pa
c
ific P
o
wer
an
d
E
n
er
gy E
n
g
i
neer
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Conf
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ce (
A
PPEE
C)
,
vol.
4
7
, p
p.
3
64
-36
9
,
20
1
8
.
[7
]
B.
B
ak
hty
a
r,
O
.
S
a
a
d
ati
a
n,
M
A.
A
l
g
h
oul,
Y.
I
brah
im,
K.
S
opian,
"S
ol
ar
e
lect
ricity
m
arket
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a:
A
r
evi
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w
o
f
feed-in
tariff
pol
i
c
y,"
Wi
le
y
On
li
ne
Lib
r
ary
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
no.
2
,
p
p
.
600-6
0
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
H
.
P
a
n
,
L
.
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i
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a
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a
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Elsevi
er
,
v
ol.
1
95
,
p
p
.
3
34-3
4
3
,
2
017.
[9
]
V.
K
hare,
S
.
N
ema,
P
.
Ba
red
a
r.,
"S
ol
ar-win
d
h
ybri
d
r
en
ewabl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
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m
:
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e
v
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,
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s
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a
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na
bl
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Reviews
,
Elsevi
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,
vo
l.
5
8
,
pp.
23-33
,
2
016
.
[1
0]
J.
W
on
g,
Y
S.
Lim,
JH.
T
an
g,
E
.
M
o
rris.
,
"Gri
d-con
n
ect
ed
p
ho
tov
o
l
t
a
i
c
sy
s
t
em
i
n
M
a
lays
ia
:
A
rev
i
ew
o
n
vo
lt
age
issues,"
Ren
e
wabl
e an
d S
u
s
t
ain
a
b
l
e
E
n
erg
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Reviews,
Els
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9
,
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p.
5
35
-545,
2
01
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
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2088-
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94
A re
view o
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ail
a
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e
e
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e
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gy
sy
st
e
m
s i
n
Ma
lay
s
i
a
(
N
ur
H
uda.
M
Binti
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a
m
b
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f
f
e
ct
s
o
f
o
p
e
rati
on
al
c
o
n
d
i
tion
s
on
th
e
ener
gy
e
ff
ic
i
e
ncy
of
pho
to
vo
lt
aic m
odul
es
o
peratin
g in
M
al
aysi
a,
"
Su
st
ai
nable
Ener
gy R
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El
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n
t
e
r,
"
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hot
ov
ol
taic
t
echn
o
l
og
y
s
e
lec
t
i
on:
A
f
uzzy
M
CD
M
app
r
oac
h
,
"
Renewa
bl
e an
d
S
u
s
t
aina
bl
e
En
e
r
g
y
Reviews
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M.
S
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Ism
a
i
l
,
M.
M
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ayy
e
m
i
,
T
M
I.
M
ahlia,
"Tech
no
-eco
no
m
i
c
anal
ys
is
o
f
an
opt
imi
zed
p
hot
ov
ol
ta
i
c
a
nd
d
i
es
el
generat
o
r
hy
bri
d
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
rem
o
te
h
o
u
ses
in
a
t
ropical
c
li
ma
t
e
,"
Su
st
a
i
na
ble E
n
erg
y
Reviews
,
El
sevier
,
vol
.
6
9
,
pp
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16
3-1
7
3
,
2
0
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K
Y
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L
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P
h
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t
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v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
f
o
r
M
a
l
a
y
s
ia
n
is
la
n
d
s
:
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
,
d
ie
s
e
l
p
r
ic
e
s
and
load
sizes,
"
S
u
s
t
ain
abl
e
En
e
r
g
y
Revi
ews, Elsevier
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ol
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8
3
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p
. 20
4
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16
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H
.
N
.
A
f
r
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u
z
i
,
S
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V
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M
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K
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Mehra
n
zamir
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B.
S
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,
"
S
izin
g
of
r
equ
i
red
pho
to
volt
a
i
c
a
rray
f
or
a
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
i
n
M
a
l
a
ysia
w
ith
m
at
l
a
b,"
IEEE
Third I
n
ternat
ional Co
n
f
er
ence
o
n
Com
p
u
t
atio
na
l In
tel
l
i
g
ence,
M
o
d
e
lli
n
g
&
Simu
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a
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MATD.
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JC
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e
reira,
"
P
h
ot
ovo
lt
aic
techn
o
l
o
g
i
es
:
M
a
pp
in
g
f
r
om
p
aten
t
an
aly
s
is,"
Ren
e
wabl
e an
d S
u
s
t
ai
nabl
e En
ergy Reviews
,
Elsevi
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vol
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3
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2
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0
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BA.
W
e
nd
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R
W
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V
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Pr
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L
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D
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R
a
v
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k
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m
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DA.
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T
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s
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l
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ME
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I
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Li
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T
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Seag
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M
P
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Fr
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ser,
D
H.
G
ust
on,
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Ill
u
strati
ng
an
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o
ry
l
if
e
cy
cle
a
sse
ssme
n
t
f
or e
me
rg
ing
ph
o
t
ov
olta
ic
te
c
hn
olog
ie
s,"
Pu
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8
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31
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E
.
S
a
u
cedo
.,
"
P
ro
gress
and
p
e
rspect
iv
es
o
f
thi
n
f
ilm Kest
erit
e phot
ovolt
a
ic
technol
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A
critical revi
e
w,
"
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M
e
d, El
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01
9.
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Zho
u
,
Z,
M
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Ca
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"As
s
es
s
i
n
g
t
he
p
ho
to
voltai
c
t
ech
n
o
l
og
u
l
a
nd
scape:
E
ff
i
c
iency
and
energ
y
r
etu
r
n
o
n
investment (ER
OI),
"
E
n
er
gy &
E
n
vi
ronmen
ta
l
Scien
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
11
, no
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
0
3
-
6
0
8,
2
01
8.
[2
0]
G.
M
a
k
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B
.
Z
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e
r,
A
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Phin
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d
es
,
M.
S
chu
b
ert,
G
E.
G
eor
g
h
i
o
u
,
"
Tem
p
erature
and
th
erm
a
l
anneal
in
g
eff
ects
on
differen
t
p
hoto
v
o
lta
i
c
t
ech
no
lo
gies
,
"
Ren
e
wable En
erg
y
,
E
l
s
e
vi
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vol.
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3
,
p
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H.N.
A
f
r
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S.
V.
M
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A
.M
D
as
tg
he
ib
,
J.
T
aval
aei.,
"Eco
no
m
ic
S
izi
ng
o
f
S
ol
ar
A
rray
f
o
r
a
P
h
ot
ovolt
a
ic
Buil
d
i
ng
i
n
M
a
lay
s
i
a
w
it
h
M
a
tl
ab,
"
IEEE
Fi
rst In
t
e
rn
ation
a
l
Conf
eren
ce
o
n
Inf
o
r
m
ati
c
s an
d
Com
p
u
t
a
tio
na
l
Intelli
gence
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5
,
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70-1
7
5
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A.
A
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F
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H
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s
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W
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Z
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W
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Hasan
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S
h
afie,
M
.
N
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H
a
mi
don,
S
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S
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P
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nd
ey.
,
"
A
r
eview
of
t
rans
parent
s
o
l
ar
pho
to
vo
lt
aic t
echno
lo
gi
es,
"
Ren
e
wab
l
e a
n
d
Sust
a
in
ab
le
E
n
er
gy
Reviews,
El
sevie
r, v
ol
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,
p
p
. 77
9
-79
1
, 20
1
8
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3]
H.N.
A
f
r
ouzi.,
"
Si
zi
ng a
nd econ
o
m
i
c eval
u
a
t
i
o
n
of
bu
ild
in
g
i
n
t
e
gra
t
ed
ph
o
t
ovol
taic
i
n
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
,
"
M
.S
.
the
s
i
s
,
Uni
v
ersiti
T
e
kno
l
ogi Malays
i
a
,
2
0
10.
[2
4]
P
.
O
o
s
h
a
ks
a
r
aei
,
B. Ali, S.
M
a
t,
M
.
Y
a
hya,
K. Ib
r
ah
im
,
A.
Z
ahar
im,
K
.
S
op
ian.,
"Larg
e
s
cal
e
so
lar
h
o
t
wat
e
r
h
e
at
in
g
sys
t
e
m
s f
o
r
green hos
p
i
tal,"
Lates
t
T
r
end
s
i
n
R
e
newa
ble
Ener
gy and
En
vir
o
n
m
ental
In
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o
r
m
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5
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2019.
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M.
R
ahm
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Z
C.
O
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WT.
Chong
,
S
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J
u
l
ai,
SY
.
Kh
oo
,
"
P
erf
o
rm
a
n
ce
e
nh
ance
m
e
nt
o
f
win
d
t
urbi
ne
s
ys
te
m
s
w
it
h
v
i
bra
t
io
n c
o
ntro
l
:
A
re
v
ie
w
,
"
Sus
ta
in
abl
e E
n
erg
y
Revi
ews, Els
evier
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51,
pp.
4
3
-
5
4
,
2
01
5.
[2
6]
C.
T.
S
un
g.,
"P
os
si
b
ilit
y
o
f
elect
ricit
y
f
ro
m
wi
nd
e
n
e
rg
y
in
M
al
aysi
a:
S
o
m
e
rou
gh
calcu
lat
i
on
s,
"
Get
t
in
g win
d
of
t
h
e
situa
t
i
on, G
r
een T
ech
no
log
y
s
e
ct
io
n
,
p
p
. 7
, 2
01
3.
[2
7]
M
.
F
.
Ako
r
ede,
I
.
Mu
hd
,
H
.
M
o
h
d
,
S
.
No
ra
i
n
on
.
,
"
App
r
aising
t
h
e
v
i
abi
l
i
t
y
of
w
in
d
e
n
ergy
c
o
nve
rs
io
n
system
i
n
the
P
e
n
i
n
s
ular M
alaysi
a,"
Su
st
a
i
nab
le Ener
gy
R
eviews,
El
sevi
e
r
,
vo
l.
7
6
, pp
. 8
01
-8
10
, 2
01
3
.
[2
8]
H.
S
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Kad
h
i
m
,
G.
A
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Qu
adir
,
A.
K
.
F
a
rhan
,
U.
R
y
s
p
e
k,
K
.
A.
I
sma
il.,
"
N
um
erical
s
i
m
ulatio
n
fo
r
the
a
e
ro
dy
na
m
i
c
verti
cal
a
xi
s
win
d
t
u
r
bi
ne
w
i
t
h
two
diff
erent
ro
to
rs
h
av
in
g
mov
abl
e
v
anes
,"
A
p
p
l
i
e
d M
ech
ani
cs a
nd M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s,
ProQue
s
t
Ce
n
t
r
a
l
,
v
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l.
7
86
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2
05
-2
09
,
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015
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[2
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H.
H
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Go
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K
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C
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G
o
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S
.
W
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L
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Q
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S
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C
hu
a, K
.
T
e
o
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,
"
W
ind
ene
rg
y
a
s
se
ssm
e
nt c
o
n
s
ide
r
ing
wind
s
p
e
e
d
c
o
rre
la
tion
in M
alays
i
a,"
S
u
s
t
aina
bl
e En
erg
y
Revi
ews
,
E
l
s
evier
,
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00
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016
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[3
0]
L.
H
o.,
"
W
ind
energ
y
i
n
Malay
s
i
a
:
P
a
st
,
pres
ent
and
f
u
tu
re,
"
Sustaina
b
le
Energy Reviews, Elsevi
e
r
,
vol
.
5
3
,
pp
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27
9-2
9
5
,
2
0
1
6
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[3
1]
M.
K
hali
d,
H
.
S
h
aaban.
,
"
F
easi
b
i
l
ity
a
ss
essm
ent
of
w
i
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
reso
urces
i
n
M
a
lay
s
i
a
b
ased
o
n
N
W
P
mo
dels,"
Sus
tain
ab
le E
n
e
r
g
y
Revi
ews,
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A.
A
l
b
an
i,
Z
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M
o
hd
,
I.
C
h
e
M
o
h
d
.,
"
T
he
o
p
tim
a
l
g
enerat
io
n
cos
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
tariff
r
at
es
f
or
o
n
s
hore
wi
nd
e
n
e
rg
y
i
n
Mal
a
ys
i
a
,
"
EB
S
C
Oh
os
t
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10
(8),
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1
14-1
126,
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3]
W.
C
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W
a
n
g
,
J.
J
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W
a
ng,
W
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T.
C
hon
g.
,
"T
he
e
ff
ects
of
u
n
s
tead
y
win
d
o
n
th
e
p
e
rforma
nc
e
s
o
f
a
ne
wly
d
e
ve
lo
pe
d
cross
-
axi
s
w
in
d
turb
ine:
A
w
i
n
d
tu
nnel
st
ud
y,
"
R
e
newab
l
e E
n
er
gy,
Els
evier
,
vol.
131,
pp.
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4
4
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59,
20
1
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[3
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K.
H
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W
o
n
g
,
W
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C
h
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n
g
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S
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N
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u
l
L
i
a
n
a
,
S
.
C.
P
o
h
,
Y.
S
h
i
a
h,
C
.
W
a
ng
., "
Performance en
han
c
emen
t
s
o
n
v
e
rti
cal
axis
w
i
n
d
turbines
u
si
ng
f
low
au
gm
ent
a
ti
on
s
ystems
:
A
revi
e
w
,
"
Ren
e
wab
l
e a
nd Sus
ta
in
able
E
n
erg
y
Revi
ews
,
Els
evier
,
vol.
73,
p
p.
9
04
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1
,
2
0
1
7.
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5]
K.
H
.
Suff
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R
.
U
subam
a
tov
,
G
.
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K
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A.
I
sm
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.
,
"Mode
l
i
ng
a
nd
n
u
m
e
rical
s
im
ulat
ion
f
o
r
th
e
n
e
wl
y
d
e
sig
n
e
d
f
ou
r
c
a
vity
b
la
de
s
ve
rtic
a
l
a
xis
w
i
n
d
t
urb
i
n
e
,"
Ap
pl
ie
d M
e
c
h
a
n
ic
s a
n
d
Ma
te
r
i
a
l
s,
P
r
oQue
st Ce
n
t
ra
l
,
vol
.
5
5
4
,
p
p.
5
36-54
0,
2
01
4.
[3
6]
H
.
L
o
n
g
,
X
.
L
i
,
H
.
W
a
n
g
,
J
.
J
i
a
.
,
"
B
i
o
m
a
s
s
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
b
io
energ
y
p
o
t
en
ti
al
e
s
t
im
a
t
io
n
:
A
r
evi
e
w,"
Sus
tain
ab
le E
n
e
r
g
y
Revi
ews ,
Elsevi
e
r
, vo
l
.
26
,
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3
44
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7]
V.
K
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Sh
arm
a
,
K.
U
llah
,
S
.
Dhin
gra,
G
.
Braccio,
M
.
Ahm
a
d,
S
.
S
o
fia.,
"Asses
s
ing
t
h
e
li
gnocel
lu
l
o
sic
bi
om
ass
resou
r
ces
p
ot
enti
a
l
i
n
devel
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
unt
ries
:
A
critical
r
evi
e
w,
"
Su
s
t
ai
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
er
gy R
eviews,
El
sevier
,
vol
.
5
1
,
pp
.
68
2-6
9
8
,
2
0
1
5
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[3
8]
P
.
K
.
H
a
l
d
e
r
,
N
.
P
a
u
l
,
M
R
A
.
B
e
g
,
"
A
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
i
o
m
a
s
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
reso
urces
a
n
d
r
e
l
ated
t
ech
no
log
i
es
p
ract
ice
in
Ba
ngl
a
des
h
,"
S
u
st
a
i
na
ble Ener
gy
Reviews
,
Elsevi
er
,
v
o
l
.
39
,
p
p.
4
44
-46
0
, 2
01
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
433
–
44
1
44
0
[3
9]
GM
J.
H
erbert,
A
U
.
Kri
s
h
n
an,
"Qu
a
nt
if
ying
e
nvi
ron
m
ental
p
e
rf
orm
a
nce
of
b
i
o
m
a
s
s
e
nerg
y,
"
S
u
s
t
ain
abl
e Ener
gy
Reviews
,
Elsevi
er
,
vo
l.
5
9
,
pp.
292-3
0
8
,
2
0
1
6
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[4
0]
S
.
J
ay
aku
m
ar,
M
.
H
as
b
i
,
GP
.
M
a
ni
am
,
N.
G
ovi
nd
a
n
.,
"T
he
p
rosp
ect
o
f
micro
a
lg
al
b
iodies
el
u
si
ng
a
gro
-
ind
u
s
t
ri
a
l
and
ind
u
stri
a
l
wast
e
s i
n
M
al
aysia,"
Su
st
a
i
nab
le Ener
gy R
eviews, El
sevi
er
,
vo
l
.
72
,
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. 3
3-4
7
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0
1
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[4
1]
L.
Y
.
Sen
g
,
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S
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L
ee,
S
.
Mor
r
is.,
"Metho
do
log
y
f
o
r
op
timizi
n
g
geographi
cal
d
i
s
t
r
ibut
i
o
n
and
c
a
pacities
of
b
iomass
pow
er pl
a
nts i
n
Sab
ah,
East
M
alay
si
a,"
Emer
a
l
d R
e
so
ur
ces
,
v
o
l
.
8
(
1),
p
p.
1
0
0
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[4
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S
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T
.
Tan,
A
.
Hasl
enda,
J
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S
.
Lim
,
A
.
Bakar.,
"Econ
o
mi
c
an
d
spa
tia
l
p
la
nn
ing
fo
r
su
s
t
a
i
na
ble
o
i
l
p
a
lm
b
io
ma
ss
resou
r
ces t
o m
i
tigat
e
tran
s
bo
un
dary
haze i
s
s
u
e,"
S
u
st
a
i
na
ble Energy
Reviews
,
El
se
vi
er
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
6
,
pp.
1
69
-178
,
2
018.
[4
3]
U.
M
oh
d
S
h
ahari
n
,
P.
J
en
ni
ngs,
T.
U
rmee.
,
"Gen
erati
ng
renew
a
bl
e
e
nergy
f
r
om
o
il
pal
m
b
io
m
a
ss
in
M
alays
i
a:
T
he
Fe
ed-in Tar
i
ff p
o
li
cy
f
ra
m
e
work,"
Biomass
and Bi
oenergy, El
sevi
er
,
vo
l. 62
,
p
p
.
3
7-4
6
, 2
01
4.
[4
4]
M
.
S
ha
h
a
rin
,
P
.
Je
nn
in
gs,
T
.
U
r
m
e
e
,
"
Stre
n
g
t
h
e
ning
t
he
p
a
l
m
o
i
l
b
io
m
a
s
s
r
enew
abl
e
e
n
e
rgy
i
n
d
u
st
ry
i
n
M
a
laysia,
"
Sus
tain
ab
le E
n
e
r
g
y
Revi
ews,
Elsevier
,
v
ol.
60,
p
p
.
1
07
-11
5
,
201
3.
[4
5]
J.
B
en-Iw
o,
V
.
M
a
no
vi
c,
P
.
L
o
n
ghu
rst
.
,
"
B
iom
a
s
s
r
esou
rces
a
nd
b
iofuel
s
pot
e
ntial
f
o
r
t
h
e
product
i
on
o
f
transportation
f
u
e
l
s in Ni
g
eria
,
"
S
u
s
t
aina
bl
e
En
er
g
y
Revi
ews
,
Els
e
vier
,
vol.
63
,
pp
.
1
7
2
-
192
,
2
01
6
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[4
6]
P
.
T
h
o
m
a
s
,
N
.
S
o
r
e
n
,
N
P
.
R
u
m
j
i
t
,
J
G
.
J
a
m
e
s
,
M
P
.
S
a
r
a
v
a
n
a
k
u
m
a
r
,
"
Biom
as
s
reso
urces
a
n
d
p
o
t
ent
i
a
l
o
f
anaerob
ic
digestion
i
n
Indian scenario,"
Su
st
ai
nable
Ener
gy R
eviews,
El
sevi
er
,
v
o
l
.
7
7
,
p
p
.
718-7
30,
2
0
1
7
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[4
7]
Y.
L
i
,
L
.
W.
Z
ho
u,
R
.
Z.
W
a
n
g,
"
Urban
b
i
omas
s
and
m
e
thod
s
o
f
e
s
tim
ating
m
unici
pal
b
i
om
as
s
resou
r
ces,"
Sus
tain
ab
le E
n
e
r
g
y
Revi
ews,
Elsevier
, vo
l
.
8
0
, pp
. 10
1
7
-
10
30
,
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17
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[4
8]
Z.
X
.
Ooi,
Y
.
P.
T
eoh,
B
.
Kunasu
ndari,
S
.
H.
S
h
u
it
.
,
"
Oil
palm
f
r
on
d
a
s
a
s
ust
a
in
ab
le
a
nd
p
ro
misin
g
b
iom
a
ss
so
urce
in
M
alaysia:
A
r
evi
e
w,"
E
n
vir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
P
r
og
ress
&
Su
st
a
i
nab
le Ener
gy,
W
iley
O
n
l
i
ne Lib
r
ar
y
,
vol
.
3
6
,
no
.
6,
pp.
1
864
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7
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
9]
L.
M
.
Halabi,
L.
M
,
S
.
M
ekhile
f
.,
"F
lexibl
e
h
ybrid
r
enew
able
e
n
erg
y
s
ys
tem
desi
gn
f
or
a
t
yp
ic
al
r
em
ot
e
v
i
ll
ag
e
locat
ed i
n
tropic
a
l
cli
m
a
t
e,"
S
u
stai
na
ble En
e
r
gy Reviews
,
El
sevi
er
, vo
l
. 17
7
, p
p
. 9
0
8
-9
24
, 20
1
8
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[5
0]
L.
M
.
H
a
l
a
bi
,
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,
S
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M
ek
h
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f
,
L
.
O
l
atomiwa,
J
.
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ton
.
,
"
P
erf
o
rm
a
n
ce
an
alys
is
o
f
hy
bri
d
P
V
/
dies
el/b
att
e
ry
sys
t
e
m
usi
ng H
O
M
E
R:
A
cas
e s
t
ud
y S
a
bah
, M
alaysi
a,"
El
sevi
er
, v
ol
.
1
4
4
,
p
p
.
3
22-339
,
2
01
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[5
1]
N
.
I
z
a
d
y
a
r
,
H
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C
.
O
n
g
,
W
.
T
.
C
h
o
n
g
,
J
.
C
.
M
o
j
u
m
d
e
r
,
K
.
Y
.
L
e
o
n
g
,
"
I
n
v
es
tigati
o
n
of
p
o
t
enti
al
h
yb
rid
renewa
b
l
e
energy
at
vario
u
s
rural areas i
n M
a
l
a
ys
ia,"
Su
s
t
a
i
na
ble En
e
r
gy Reviews
,
El
sevi
er
,
v
o
l
. 13
9
, pp
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-
73
,
2
0
1
6
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[5
2]
M.
S
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Ngan,
C
.
W
.
T
a
n.,
"Assessm
ent
o
f
econom
ic
v
i
a
bility
f
or
P
V/wi
nd
/
d
i
e
sel
hy
brid
e
nerg
y
s
y
st
em
i
n
south
e
rn
peni
ns
ul
ar M
alays
i
a",
S
u
staina
ble En
erg
y
Revi
ew
s
,
Els
evier
,
vol.
16
,
n
o.
1
,
p
p
.
634-64
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[5
3]
M.
H
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As
ho
uri
a
n,
S
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C
herati
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A
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A
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hd
Zi
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.
A
n
w
a
ri.
,
"
O
p
t
im
al
g
reen
e
ner
g
y
m
a
n
a
gem
e
nt
f
o
r
i
slan
d
res
o
rts
in M
alays
i
a,"
S
u
s
t
aina
bl
e En
erg
y
Revi
ews
,
E
l
s
evier
,
vol.
51,
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p
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36-4
5
,
2
01
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4]
M.
R
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Basir
Khan,
R.
J
id
i
n
,
J
.
P
asu
p
u
l
eti,
S
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A.
S
haay
a.,
"
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
co
m
b
i
n
ation
o
f
s
o
l
ar,
wind,
m
i
c
ro-h
ydro
a
n
d
dies
el
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ased
o
n
actu
a
l
se
aso
n
al
l
o
a
d
profiles
f
o
r
a
r
es
ort
islan
d
i
n
th
e
S
o
u
t
h
Chi
n
a
S
ea,"
Sust
a
in
ab
le Ener
gy
Reviews
,
E
l
s
evier
,
vol.
82,
p
p
.
80-9
7
,
2
01
5.
[5
5]
W
.
S
.
H
o
,
H
.
H
a
s
h
i
m
,
J
.
S
.
L
i
m
.
,
"
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
b
i
o
m
a
s
s
a
n
d
s
o
l
a
r
t
o
wn
c
oncept
f
o
r
a
smar
t
eco-v
illage
i
n
Iskandar
Mal
a
ys
i
a
(
IM
),
"
S
u
s
t
a
i
na
bl
e
En
e
r
g
y
Reviews
,
Elsevier
,
vo
l.
6
9
,
pp.
1
90-2
0
1
,
2
014
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[5
6]
M.
H
o
s
s
a
in
,
S. Mek
hi
le
f
,
O
.
L
a
nre.,
"Perf
o
rm
a
n
ce ev
a
l
uat
i
o
n
o
f
a
s
t
an
d-alo
n
e PV
-wi
nd-dies
el-ba
t
tery
h
y
b
ri
d
s
y
stem
feas
ible
f
or
a
l
arg
e
r
eso
r
t
cent
e
r
i
n
S
ou
th
C
hi
na
S
ea,
M
a
l
ays
i
a
,"
Su
st
a
i
n
a
ble E
n
er
gy Revi
ews
,
El
sevi
e
r
,
vol
.
2
8
,
pp
.
35
8-3
6
6
,
2
0
1
7
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[5
7]
M.
F
adaeenej
ad,
M
.
A
.
Rad
z
i
,
M
.
Z.
K
ad
ir,
H
.
H
izam
.,
"As
s
essm
en
t
o
f
h
y
b
rid
re
ne
wa
ble
po
we
r
so
urc
e
s
f
o
r
r
ura
l
electrif
i
cation
i
n
M
alay
s
i
a,"
Su
s
t
ain
a
b
l
e E
n
er
gy R
eviews
,
vol.
30,
p
p
.
2
99-3
05,
2
0
1
4.
[5
8]
S
.
K
.
A
.
S
h
ezan,
R.
S
ai
du
r,
K
.
R.
U
llah
,
A
.
H
o
s
s
a
i
n,
W
.
T.
C
ho
n
g,
S
.
Julai,
S
.
,
"
Feasi
b
il
it
y
anal
ysis
o
f
a
hybri
d
o
f
f
-
grid
w
in
d-DG
-bat
tery
e
nergy
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
eco-t
ou
ris
m
r
em
ote
a
reas,"
S
u
s
t
ai
na
b
l
e En
erg
y
Revi
ews
,
vol
.
1
7
,
no
.
8,
pp.
2
417
-24
3
0
,
2
0
1
5
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[5
9]
Z.
D
aru
s
,
N.
A
.
Hash
i
m
,
S
.
N
.
Ab
du
l
Ma
n
a
n,
M
.
A.
A
b
d
u
l
R
ah
man
,
K.
N
.
Abd
u
l
Maul
ud
,
O.
K
ar
i
m
.,
"
T
he
d
e
v
elo
p
ment
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
i
nt
egrat
e
d
renew
a
bl
e
e
n
ergy
s
y
s
tem
(
wind
a
nd
s
olar)
f
o
r
sustai
nable
li
v
i
ng
a
t
P
e
rh
ent
i
an
Is
l
and,
M
a
l
ay
sia,
"
E
u
r
o
p
e
an Jou
r
na
l
of Soci
a
l
Sci
e
nces
,
vol.
9
(4
),
pp.
5
57
-56
3
,
2
00
9.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A revie
w
o
f
av
ai
l
able
hy
br
id rene
w
a
b
l
e ene
r
gy
system
s i
n
Ma
lays
i
a
(
N
ur H
u
d
a
.
M Binti
T
a
m
b
i)
44
1
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Nu
r
Hu
da
M
unirah
bi
nti
T
a
m
b
i
is
c
u
rrent
ly
doin
g
h
er
F
i
n
al
Y
ear
in
B
achel
or
o
f
E
ngineeri
ng
(Elect
rical
a
nd
E
l
ectro
n
i
c)
(
H
ono
urs)
a
t
S
w
inburn
e
U
n
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
T
echn
o
l
ogy
S
arawak
.
S
h
e
is
alw
a
y
s
c
u
r
io
us
a
nd
i
n
t
erest
e
d
in
e
l
ectrical
e
ng
in
eeri
n
g
f
i
el
d
e
special
ly
i
n
renewab
l
e
en
ergy
.
Being
a
S
a
rawak
i
an
,
s
h
e
un
ders
tand
s
th
e
im
portan
ce
an
d
need
s
fo
r
rural
e
l
ect
ri
ficat
ion
in
S
a
rawak
and
interest
ed t
o p
u
rs
ue h
er career in
this
f
ie
l
d
.
Had
i
N
abi
p
o
u
r-A
fro
uzi
recei
ved
h
i
s
d
o
cto
r
ate
in
E
lect
rical
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g
in
2
01
5
from
Un
ive
r
s
iti
Tek
nol
ogi
M
al
a
y
s
i
a
(U
TM
).
C
urrent
ly
h
e
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
a
s
a
l
ectu
r
er
i
n
S
w
in
b
u
r
n
e
U
n
iv
e
r
si
ty
o
f
Techn
o
l
o
g
y
S
araw
ak,
M
a
lay
s
ia.
H
i
s
research
i
nteres
ts
a
re
h
ig
h
v
olta
ge
e
ng
in
e
e
r
ing
,
p
a
r
tia
l
di
scharg
e
ph
eno
m
enon
,
f
a
u
l
t
in hi
g
h
volt
a
ge
i
nsul
ators,
r
en
ewab
l
e
e
nerg
y.
Kam
y
ar
M
eh
ran
zam
ir
r
eceiv
e
d
h
i
s
d
o
ct
orat
e
i
n
E
lect
rical
E
ngin
e
e
ri
ng
i
n
201
5
an
d
h
e
i
s
an
ass
i
st
ant
p
r
of
essor
i
n
t
h
e
d
ep
artm
ent
of
E
l
ectric
a
l
an
d
E
l
ect
ro
nic
E
ngi
neeri
n
g
at
U
ni
vers
it
y
of
No
tti
n
g
h
a
m
M
alay
si
a.
H
i
s
r
es
earch
i
n
t
eres
ts
i
n
c
lud
e
h
i
g
h
vo
ltag
e
and
hi
gh
c
urrent
e
ng
ineeri
ng
and
renew
a
b
l
e
en
ergy
in
d
u
s
t
r
y.
Ju
baer
A
h
m
ed
(
M
’
2
0
1
6
)
receiv
e
d
th
e
B.S
c
.
d
e
gree
in
E
lect
rical
a
nd
E
lect
ronics
E
ng
ineeri
ng
f
r
o
m
B
angl
adesh
Un
iv
ersit
y
o
f
E
ngi
neeri
ng
an
d
Tech
nol
og
y
(BUET)
(
201
2)
a
nd
P
h
.
D.
f
rom
Universiti
Tekn
ologi
Malays
ia
(
UT
M)
(
2016).
C
urrent
ly
h
e
i
s
w
or
k
i
n
g
a
s
a
l
e
cturer
i
n
S
w
in
bu
rne
U
n
iversi
ty
o
f
T
echn
o
lo
gy
S
arawak
,
M
a
lay
s
ia.
Hi
s
resea
rch
interest
s
i
n
cl
ude
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
ic
m
od
eli
n
g
a
n
d
co
nt
rol,
e
nergy
con
v
ersi
on
f
rom
renew
able
s
ou
rce
s
a
nd
pow
er
electro
ni
cs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.