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201
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12
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s
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ie
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
li
g
h
t i
n
ten
s
it
y
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
g
e
n
e
r
ate
m
u
lti
lev
els
o
f
li
g
h
ti
n
g
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
o
f
m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
L
E
D
d
i
m
m
in
g
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
3
]
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
m
er
it
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
[
1
3
]
in
cl
u
d
e
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
A
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
[
1
4
]
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
DC
v
o
ltag
e
w
it
h
h
ig
h
er
le
v
el
f
o
r
L
E
D
li
g
h
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
[
1
5
]
,
a
th
r
ee
-
s
ta
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
an
d
L
E
D
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
s
y
s
te
m
r
ef
lec
ts
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
lev
el
o
f
9
3
%
f
o
r
a
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
o
f
1
6
0
W
.
A
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MP
PT
)
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
a
h
i
g
h
i
n
ten
s
it
y
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
s
tr
ee
t
l
ig
h
ti
n
g
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
in
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
[
1
7
]
-
[
1
9
]
,
a
Du
al
T
o
n
e
Mu
lti
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
(
DT
MF)
is
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
lo
ad
p
o
w
er
an
d
lig
h
t
in
te
n
s
it
y
co
n
tr
o
ls
.
A
l
m
o
s
t
a
ll
o
f
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
s
tu
d
ies
e
ith
er
u
s
e
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
o
r
w
ir
ele
s
s
l
y
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
ich
h
av
e
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
a
n
d
h
ig
h
co
s
t,
as
w
e
ll
as
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
s
p
ee
d
.
Un
li
k
e
t
h
e
t
wo
s
tep
s
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
[
2
0
]
,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
a
n
alo
g
d
i
m
m
in
g
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
s
y
s
te
m
h
av
i
n
g
a
n
u
n
li
m
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lig
h
t
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
lev
el
s
t
h
u
s
r
es
u
lt
in
g
i
n
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
i
ze
d
as
f
o
llo
w
s
;
s
ec
t
io
n
I
I
in
cl
u
d
es
o
u
r
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
ith
t
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
[
2
0
]
.
Sectio
n
I
I
I
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
u
s
in
g
L
E
D
li
g
h
t
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Sec
tio
n
I
V
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
an
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
.
S
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
V.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
Sy
s
t
em
M
o
del
Desig
n o
f
P
ro
po
s
ed
L
E
D
L
ig
ht
Di
mm
i
ng
Sy
s
t
e
m
Di
m
m
ab
le
L
E
D
la
m
p
i
s
s
elec
t
ed
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
s
tr
ee
ts
l
ig
h
tin
g
in
s
tead
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
w
er
lam
p
o
f
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
d
im
m
i
n
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
is
d
esig
n
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
,
in
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
ea
ch
la
m
p
lig
h
t
w
ill
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
d
r
iv
e
cir
cu
it
w
h
ich
i
s
f
i
x
ed
o
n
th
e
la
m
p
p
o
le
its
elf
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
u
s
es
an
R
F
m
o
tio
n
s
e
n
s
o
r
to
s
e
n
s
e
th
e
m
o
tio
n
o
f
v
e
h
icle
s
o
r
p
ed
estr
ian
s
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
s
.
T
h
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
w
ea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
lik
e
f
o
g
a
n
d
h
az
e,
etc.
,
as
f
o
r
PIR
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
o
h
av
e
f
lex
ib
le
d
esig
n
t
h
at
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
ea
li
n
g
w
i
th
R
F
s
en
s
o
r
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
an
g
es,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
is
d
o
n
e
g
e
n
e
r
all
y
f
o
r
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
es
t
h
at
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
b
etw
ee
n
V
a
(
V)
an
d
V
b
(
V)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
i
s
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
F
ig
u
r
e
1
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
m
ai
n
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es u
n
l
i
m
i
ted
lev
el
s
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t D
C
v
o
lta
g
e
to
th
e
d
i
m
m
ab
le
L
E
D
s
o
as
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
lig
h
t f
r
o
m
lo
w
l
ig
h
t
lev
el
to
f
u
ll li
g
h
t le
v
e
l.
T
o
d
o
th
e
li
g
h
t
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
all
y
f
o
r
ea
ch
la
m
p
,
t
h
er
e
is
an
R
F se
n
s
o
r
f
ix
ed
o
n
ea
ch
p
o
le
to
s
e
n
s
e
t
h
e
v
e
h
i
cle
m
o
tio
n
a
n
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
v
e
h
icle
an
d
th
e
li
g
h
t
p
o
le.
Fix
i
n
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
an
d
its
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
ac
tio
n
.
A
n
R
F
s
e
n
s
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
ce
r
tain
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
v
al
u
e
th
at
i
s
i
n
v
er
s
e
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
v
e
h
icle
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
p
o
le.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
o
s
iti
o
n
s
o
n
ea
c
h
p
o
le
a
n
d
co
v
er
ag
e
an
g
les
o
f
t
h
e
R
F
m
o
tio
n
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
(
X
,
Y
)
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
esire
d
d
is
tan
ce
(
R
)
s
elec
tio
n
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
a
tio
n
(
1
)
[
2
1
-
2
2
]
.
4
2
)
4
(
R
A
G
P
P
e
t
t
r
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
P
r
is
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
w
e
r
,
P
t
is
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
o
w
er
,
G
t
is
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
a
n
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n
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a
g
ain
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cr
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A
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R
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s
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b
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w
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s
o
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T
h
e
o
u
tp
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t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
R
F
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
w
il
l
r
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m
ain
at
l
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w
v
o
lta
g
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(
V
a
)
u
n
til
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
tar
ts
to
s
en
s
e
t
h
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v
eh
icle
o
n
t
h
e
s
tr
ee
t.
T
h
en
t
h
e
s
en
s
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r
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tp
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t
v
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w
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ll
s
tar
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to
in
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it
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to
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T
h
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m
a
x
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m
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v
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(
V
b
)
o
f
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it
w
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is
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d
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T
h
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o
r
o
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tp
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v
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w
i
ll r
etu
r
n
to
th
e
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
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v
alu
e
o
f
(
V
a
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w
h
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n
th
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v
eh
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tar
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to
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t
w
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ll
r
et
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r
n
to
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ts
lo
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v
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
12
38
–
12
47
1240
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
f
o
r
a
n
y
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
,
ad
ap
tatio
n
cir
cu
i
t
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
f
o
r
ad
ap
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y
.
2
.
1
.
3
.
P
uls
e
Wi
dth
M
o
du
la
t
io
n a
n
d DC
-
DC
Co
nv
er
t
er
P
W
M
p
u
ls
es
g
en
er
atio
n
w
ith
a
d
esire
d
w
id
t
h
o
r
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
is
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
lev
el
o
f
ad
ap
tatio
n
ci
r
cu
it
w
it
h
a
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
o
f
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
1
0
k
Hz.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ated
p
u
ls
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
g
ate
d
r
iv
e
p
u
ls
e
s
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
w
i
tch
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ic
h
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
to
o
th
er
d
esire
d
lev
el
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
B
o
o
s
t,
b
u
lk
,
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
-
b
u
l
k
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
ted
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
a
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
d
u
e
d
esig
n
s
i
m
p
licit
y
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es
,
n
a
m
el
y
;
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
C
o
n
d
u
c
tio
n
Mo
d
e
(
C
C
M)
,
an
d
Di
s
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
C
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
Mo
d
e
(
DC
M)
.
C
o
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
i
s
ea
s
ier
w
i
th
C
C
M
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
p
u
t D
C
v
o
l
tag
e
Vi
n
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t D
C
v
o
lta
g
e
Vo
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
E
q
.
(
7
)
;
in
C
on
v
o
C
on
v
V
D
V
.
.
1
1
(
7
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
o
o
s
t D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
h
er
e
D
is
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
P
W
M
tr
ig
g
er
p
u
ls
e
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
r
iv
i
n
g
t
h
e
I
GB
T
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
ter
DC
li
n
k
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
Conv.
in
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
s
u
p
p
l
y
w
h
ile
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
C
onv.
o
is
d
eliv
er
ed
to
L
E
D
la
m
p
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
ar
am
e
te
r
s
v
al
u
es a
r
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
b
elo
w
eq
.
s
(
8
)
,
an
d
(
9
)
[
2
3
-
2
6
]
;
2
)
1
(
2
D
D
f
R
L
L
c
(
8
)
f
V
R
V
V
C
pp
L
in
o
(
m
a
x
)
(
m
i
n
)
m
i
n
(
9
)
w
h
er
e
L
c
,
C
min
ar
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
li
m
it
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
R
L
r
ep
r
esen
ts
lo
ad
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
V
PP
i
s
a
d
esire
d
r
i
p
p
le
v
o
ltag
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
i
n
C
C
M
m
o
d
e,
an
d
f
i
s
t
h
e
P
W
M
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
d
esi
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ed
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it
h
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ax
i
m
u
m
lo
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o
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er
6
0
W
,
V
in
w
it
h
r
an
g
e
=
+1
1
V
to
+1
3
V,
lo
w
e
r
li
m
i
t o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
lo
ad
v
o
lta
g
e
V
omin
=
+1
5
V
at
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
w
i
d
th
o
f
d
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t
y
c
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cle
D
1
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r
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el
o
f
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i
m
m
i
n
g
L
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D
li
g
h
t,
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ig
h
er
li
m
it
o
f
o
u
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v
o
lta
g
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V
omax
=
+2
4
V
at
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
w
id
t
h
o
f
d
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l
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t,
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p
p
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2
%,
s
w
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h
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g
f
r
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en
c
y
f
=
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Hz,
an
d
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r
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to
r
R
L
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9
.
6
Ω
,
L
C
i
s
64
µH
,
and
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m
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D
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is
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8
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en
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Pro
te
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p
u
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tep
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f
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p
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p
o
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a
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f
th
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b
u
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b
s
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M
o
r
eo
v
er
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th
e
d
is
p
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s
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g
o
f
tr
a
d
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n
a
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lam
p
s
as
g
en
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w
a
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id
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a
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t
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r
m
f
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l e
f
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t [
2
7
-
2
8
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
as
p
e
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th
a
t
th
e
h
ea
t
em
is
s
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n
f
r
o
m
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b
u
lb
i
s
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ly
3
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tu
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h
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m
ak
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tten
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p
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r
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r
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d
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t
b
y
7
5
%
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m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
th
e
co
n
v
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ti
o
n
a
l
lam
p
.
N
ev
e
r
th
e
less
,
9
0
%
o
f
th
e
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p
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n
o
f
f
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s
s
il
f
u
el
in
t
o
e
lect
r
i
city
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
L
E
D
b
u
l
b
s
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
less
en
er
g
y
r
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u
ce
s
th
is
im
p
ac
t
b
y
g
en
er
at
in
g
alm
o
s
t
a
ten
th
o
f
t
h
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is
s
io
n
s
co
m
p
a
r
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d
t
o
th
e
c
o
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
[
2
8
-
2
9
]
.
Ma
n
y
cli
m
ate
s
cien
tis
ts
d
em
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
C
O2
lev
el
to
3
5
0
p
p
m
to
av
o
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d
th
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clim
ate
ch
an
g
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d
u
e
to
g
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en
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
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s
.
Glo
b
a
l
aw
ar
en
ess
o
f
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is
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im
p
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t
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g
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th
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tiv
it
ies
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esp
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,
w
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en
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e
k
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w
th
at
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
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d
b
e
m
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r
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1
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p
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th
is
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n
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ly
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l
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d
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l
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u
ch
as
k
i
d
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f
ailu
r
e
,
b
o
n
e
at
r
o
p
h
y
an
d
ev
en
lo
s
s
o
f
b
r
ain
f
u
n
cti
o
n
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
s
o
m
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
e
r
s
in
d
ic
ate
t
h
at
th
er
e
is
a
r
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lati
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
in
c
r
e
ase
o
f
am
b
ien
t CO
2
an
d
in
c
r
e
ase
in
c
an
ce
r
s
[
3
0
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
a
d
v
an
tag
e
is
th
a
t
L
E
Ds
h
ar
d
ly
e
m
it
in
f
r
ar
e
d
lig
h
t
co
m
p
a
r
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d
to
o
th
e
r
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
c
es
an
d
th
is
s
m
all
em
is
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n
is
n
o
t
h
ig
h
en
o
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g
h
to
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au
s
e
an
y
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ar
m
.
M
o
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o
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r
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L
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Ds
d
o
n
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t
em
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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IJ
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Vo
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8
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No
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3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
12
38
–
12
47
1246
[1
]
H.
A
.
A
tt
ia
a
n
d
B.
N.
Ge
tu
,
“
Au
th
o
rize
d
T
i
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e
r
f
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R
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d
u
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ti
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n
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
it
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Co
n
su
m
p
ti
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n
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
s
a
v
in
g
in
Clas
sro
o
m
s”
,
I
J
A
ER,
V
o
l.
1
1
,
No
.
1
5
,
(
2
0
1
6
),
p
p
8
4
3
6
-
8
4
4
1
.
[2
]
B
N Ge
tu
,
H
A
A
tt
ia,
“
El
e
c
tri
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it
y
A
u
d
it
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Re
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Co
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p
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:
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m
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s Ca
se
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tu
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y
”
,
IJ
AER,
Vo
l.
1
1
,
No
.
6
,
(
2
0
1
6
),
p
p
.
4
4
2
3
-
4
4
2
7
.
[3
]
M
.
S
h
a
h
id
e
h
p
o
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r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
tree
tl
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g
h
ts
A
re
G
e
tt
in
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m
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rter:
In
teg
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In
tell
ig
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Co
m
m
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ica
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Co
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S
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st
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Cu
rre
n
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I
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stru
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”
,
IEE
E
p
o
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&
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m
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in
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m
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/j
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2
0
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,
p
p
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6
7
-
8
0
.
[4
]
M
.
M
a
g
n
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
L
o
w
Co
st,
Hig
h
ly
S
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lab
le
W
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S
e
n
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r
Ne
tw
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S
o
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to
A
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m
a
rt
L
ED
L
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t
Co
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G
re
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Bu
il
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s”
,
IE
EE
S
e
n
so
rs J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
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l
.
1
5
,
no
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5
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
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2
9
6
3
-
2
9
7
3
.
[5
]
A
.
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ra
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t,
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t
a
l.
,
“
En
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ff
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ts”
,
IEE
E
Jo
u
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a
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o
f
E
m
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g
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S
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lec
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T
o
p
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in
P
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,
v
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l
.
3
,
no
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3
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2
0
1
5
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p
.
5
9
9
-
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0
8
.
[6
]
L
.
X
ian
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
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S
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p
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ra
te
Dim
m
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Co
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Da
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In
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V
isib
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Co
m
m
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Co
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De
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Ch
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rc
h
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
7
1
-
76.
[7
]
F
.
L
e
c
c
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se
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“
Re
m
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-
Co
n
tro
l
S
y
s
tem
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f
Hig
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n
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In
telli
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n
t
S
tree
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L
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g
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ti
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g
Us
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g
a
Zi
g
Be
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Ne
t
w
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De
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S
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n
so
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,
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EE
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T
ra
n
s.
o
n
P
o
w
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De
li
v
e
r
y
,
v
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l
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2
8
,
no
.
1
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
2
1
-
28.
[8
]
Hu
ss
a
in
A
.
A
tt
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e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
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f
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d
Ba
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V
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riab
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S
w
it
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F
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M
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u
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o
n
(C
B
-
V
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)
f
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S
in
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In
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w
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,
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T
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o
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P
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El
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c
tro
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De
c
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2
0
1
6
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I
S
S
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0
8
8
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9
9
3
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1
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1
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9
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.
2
0
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6
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6
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9
.
[9
]
Hu
ss
a
in
A
.
A
tt
ia,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
f
o
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p
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rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
ize
d
in
v
e
rter
w
i
th
P
W
M
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l” Cl
e
a
n
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(CE
A
T
),
2
0
1
3
I
EE
E
C
o
n
f
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re
n
c
e
.
[1
0
]
A
tt
iaH
u
ss
a
in
,
S
a
g
a
f
in
ia
A
li
,
“
No
v
e
l
Disc
re
te
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
Ba
se
d
S
p
e
e
d
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
In
d
u
c
ti
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n
M
o
t
o
r”
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
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l
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f
P
o
w
e
r
El
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c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
s (IJP
EDS
),
V
o
l
.
7
,
Iss
u
e
4
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
3
8
.
[1
1
]
W
.
T
.
S
u
n
g
a
n
d
J.
S
.
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in
,
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De
si
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h
ted
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3
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1
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
9
1
5
-
1
6
9
3
9
.
[1
2
]
G
.
V
.
Qu
e
sa
d
a
,
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t
a
l.
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“
Co
m
p
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riso
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f
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n
tral
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m
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se
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T
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o
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re
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o
n
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d
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strial
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,
v
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l
.
5
9
,
no
.
4
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
4
1
-
1
8
4
8
.
[1
3
]
D.
Ca
m
p
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n
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g
a
ra
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e
t
a
l.
,
“
O
ff
li
n
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L
ED
Driv
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r
f
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r
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tree
t
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n
g
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d
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sc
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stry
A
p
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ti
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l
.
4
9
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n
o
.
6
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2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
3
7
-
2
4
4
3
.
[1
4
]
H.
A
.
A
tt
ia,
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t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
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n
d
S
im
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latio
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tan
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S
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r
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s in
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2
0
1
4
,
p
p
6
8
3
-
6
9
7
.
[1
5
]
M
.
A
rias
,
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t
a
l.
,
“
Hig
h
-
Ef
f
icie
n
c
y
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ED
Driv
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r
w
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h
o
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t
E
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ly
ti
c
Ca
p
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i
to
r
f
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r
S
tree
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ti
n
g
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
o
n
In
d
u
stry
A
p
p
li
c
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ti
o
n
s,
vol
.
4
9
,
no
.
1
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
-
1
3
7
.
[1
6
]
H.
J.
Ch
i
u
,
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t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
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n
d
Im
p
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tatio
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a
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l
taic
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-
In
ten
sity
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rg
e
S
tree
t
L
ig
h
ti
n
g
S
y
ste
m
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
o
n
P
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ics
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l
.
2
6
,
no
.
1
2
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
3
4
6
4
-
3
4
7
1
.
[1
7
]
B.
N.
G
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tu
,
H.
A
.
A
tt
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“
Re
m
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t
e
Co
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f
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ig
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In
ten
sity
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sin
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v
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s.”
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c
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p
ted
(A
p
ril
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0
1
5
)
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li
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ET
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x
w
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ll
S
c
ien
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e
P
u
b
l
ica
ti
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n
.
[1
8
]
H.
A
.
A
tt
ia,
B.
N.
G
e
tu
,
“
De
sig
n
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n
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S
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(
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2
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(2
0
1
5
)
3
2
6
0
9
-
3
2
6
2
6
.
[1
9
]
H.
A
.
A
tt
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l.
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“
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tal
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Re
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5
,
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UA
E
[2
0
]
H.
A
.
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tt
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e
t
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l.
,
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si
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c
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tralize
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6
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c
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2
0
1
6
,
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s A
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A
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[2
1
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A
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Ba
lan
is,
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T
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sig
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y
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4
th
Ed
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n
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0
1
6
.
[2
2
]
M
.
S
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ik
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In
tro
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n
to
Ra
d
a
r
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3
rd
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d
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n
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2
0
0
2
.
[2
3
]
A
.
J.
F
o
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a
n
d
S
.
V
.
M
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v
,
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g
a
n
d
c
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f
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-
DC
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rters
”
,
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En
g
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g
Jo
u
rn
a
l
1
9
9
8
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
-
2
3
6
.
[2
4
]
S.
L
.
L
iu
,
J.
L
iu
,
“
A
n
im
p
ro
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d
b
o
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st
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se
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f
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it
s
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s
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n
”
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1
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4
4
-
0
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4
9
-
1
/0
6
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2
0
0
6
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EE
.
[2
5
]
S
o
u
m
y
a
Da
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
lar
P
h
o
t
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lt
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o
w
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re
d
S
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g
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a
t
Us
in
g
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c
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Co
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v
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,
In
ter
n
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t
io
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o
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n
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l
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o
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r
El
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c
tro
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ics
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n
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Driv
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m
(IJP
EDS
),
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l.
6
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No
.
1
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M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
~
1
3
6
.
[2
6
]
Je
e
v
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n
Na
ik
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Co
n
tr
o
l
f
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n
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m
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g
1
-
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l
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D
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d
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tern
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ti
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n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
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f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
(IJP
EDS
),
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
3
0
5
~
3
1
7
.
[2
7
]
Da
le
V
a
n
S
c
o
y
k
,
“
L
ED
L
ig
h
ti
n
g
:
Is
It
T
i
m
e
to
Ch
a
n
g
e
F
ro
m
F
lu
o
re
sc
e
n
t
a
n
d
In
c
a
n
d
e
sc
e
n
t
L
ig
h
ti
n
g
?
”
A
W
h
it
e
P
a
p
e
r
Re
p
o
rt
o
n
L
ED
L
ig
h
ti
n
g
,
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
Co
n
tr
o
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
INC,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
0
.
[2
8
]
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
Co
m
m
is
sio
n
,
G
re
e
n
P
u
b
li
c
P
ro
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m
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n
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-
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tree
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ig
h
ti
n
g
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n
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T
ra
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L
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g
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ts
-
T
e
c
h
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ica
l
Ba
c
k
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ro
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n
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o
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0
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1
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tp
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g
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tb
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[2
9
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G
ra
ff
Zi
v
in
,
J.
a
n
d
Ne
id
e
ll
,
M
.
,
“
T
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m
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m
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:
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p
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NBER
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0
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N.
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irt
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risk
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A
n
a
lo
g
&
Dig
it
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Circu
it
s
De
sig
n
,
P
W
M
I
n
v
e
rters
(sin
g
le p
h
a
se
&
th
re
e
p
h
a
se
s).
Am
j
a
d
Om
a
r
is
a
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
t
ro
n
ics
,
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
th
e
A
m
e
rica
n
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
o
f
R
a
s
A
l
Kh
a
i
m
a
h
(AU
R
A
K).
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
i
n
1
9
9
3
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
/
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
W
a
terlo
o
in
Ca
n
a
d
a
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
In
tere
st:
P
ri
n
ted
a
n
ten
n
a
s
a
n
a
ly
sis,
d
e
sig
n
,
a
n
d
t
e
stin
g
;
ND
T
f
o
r
Oil
&
G
a
s,
Co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s;
RF
,
M
IC
a
n
d
M
M
IC
c
ircu
it
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis,
Bio
lo
g
ica
l
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
EM
.
Dr.
M
a
e
n
T
a
k
ru
ri
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
D
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
r
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(UT
S
),
S
y
d
n
e
y
in
2
0
1
0
.
He
a
lso
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
BS
c
a
n
d
M
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
/Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
o
f
Jo
rd
a
n
.
In
2
0
0
9
,
h
e
u
n
d
e
rt
o
o
k
f
o
rm
a
l
r
e
se
a
rc
h
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ializa
ti
o
n
train
in
g
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
a
G
ra
d
u
a
te
Ce
rti
f
ic
a
te
in
Re
se
a
rc
h
Co
m
m
e
rc
ializa
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
S
y
d
n
e
y
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st:
W
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
S
ig
n
a
l
a
n
d
im
a
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
f
o
r
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
Da
ta
f
u
sio
n
,
l
o
c
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
,
targ
e
t
trac
k
in
g
a
n
d
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
,
M
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
p
a
tt
e
rn
re
c
o
g
n
it
io
n
,
Im
a
g
e
a
n
d
v
id
e
o
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
Ha
lah
Ya
se
e
n
h
a
d
B.
S
c
.
in
v
e
terin
a
r
y
m
e
d
icin
e
a
n
d
s
u
rg
e
r
y
f
ro
m
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
V
e
terin
a
ry
M
e
d
icin
e
–
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
/
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
3
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
t
o
th
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
f
i
e
ld
,
Ha
lah
w
o
rk
e
d
in
v
e
terin
a
r
y
c
li
n
ic
&
lab
o
ra
to
ry
f
i
e
ld
,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
d
iag
n
o
sis,
a
n
a
ly
sis,
a
n
d
trea
t
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
d
iffere
n
t
c
a
se
s
su
c
h
a
s
o
b
ste
tri
c
s,
p
o
u
lt
ry
d
ise
a
se
s.
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st:
G
e
n
e
ra
l
h
e
a
lt
h
,
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
,
I
n
f
e
c
ti
o
u
s
d
ise
a
se
s
a
n
d
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s,
Ha
rm
f
u
l
e
ff
e
c
ts
o
f
in
d
u
strial
f
o
o
d
.
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