In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
104~
1
1
6
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
1.pp
1
04-
11
6
104
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Differen
ces in
the impact of ha
rm
on
ic d
istortion
due to the
installation of electron
i
c load c
ontroller in self-excited indu
ction
gen
erator and syn
c
hronous gen
e
rator
R
e
fd
in
al
N
azi
r
1
, S
yafii
2
,
An
d
i
Pawawoi
3
, Fajril A
k
b
a
r
4
,
A
x
e
l
D
o
r
i
n
za
5
1,2
,
3,
5
Dep
a
rt
m
e
nt
o
f E
l
ectrical En
g
in
eering
,
A
nd
alas
U
ni
versit
y,
I
ndo
n
es
ia
4
Depart
m
e
nt
o
f
In
f
o
rm
ati
on
S
y
s
t
em
,
A
nd
alas
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
,
I
ndo
nesia
Ar
ticle
In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
t
i
cl
e hi
sto
r
y:
Re
cei
v
e
d
Au
g
2
0
, 2
018
Re
vise
d O
c
t 2
0
,
201
8
A
c
cepte
d
D
e
c
6,
201
8
In
g
eneral
,
th
e
app
licat
io
n
of
S
el
f
-
Ex
cited
Ind
u
cti
on
Generat
o
r
(
SEIG
)
or
S
y
nchro
n
o
u
s
Ge
n
e
rat
o
r
(S
G
)
on
the
S
t
and
-
Al
one
M
i
c
ro
H
yd
e
l
P
ow
er
P
l
a
n
t
(M
HP
P
)
i
s
eq
u
i
pp
ed
w
ith
E
l
ectro
nic
L
o
ad
C
on
troller
(ELC)
to
c
on
trol
g
e
nerato
r
o
u
t
put
d
uri
ng
vari
ati
o
n
s
i
n
cons
u
m
er
l
oad.
O
ne
t
y
p
e
o
f
EL
C
t
h
a
t
i
s
ch
eap
a
nd
r
i
g
i
d
d
ev
elo
p
ed
t
od
a
y
i
s
t
h
e
EL
C,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
con
s
t
r
ucte
d
by
t
he
u
n
co
ntro
ll
ed
b
rid
g
e
rect
ifier
wit
h
D
C
Cho
p
p
e
r.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
e
rati
onal
co
ncept
,
b
as
ically
t
his
t
ype
o
f
ELC
can
b
e
im
pl
e
m
ent
e
d
on
bo
th
S
E
IG
a
nd
S
G
,
b
u
t
both
of
t
h
e
se
g
enerato
r
s
will
h
a
v
e
a
di
ff
ere
n
t
h
a
rm
on
ic
d
i
s
t
o
rtion
e
f
f
ect
o
n
t
h
e
ou
tp
u
t
a
n
d
i
ts
l
o
a
d.
T
h
i
s
pap
e
r
ex
ami
n
es
t
he
d
iff
e
rences
i
n
t
he
e
f
f
ects
o
f
h
a
rm
oni
c
disto
r
tion
s
d
u
e
t
o
EL
C
in
stallatio
n
on
SEIG
a
nd
SG
.
Th
e
ini
t
i
a
l
st
age
of this study
was
to design
t
h
e
ELC d
e
vel
o
p
e
d. Then
,
t
he
h
arm
o
n
i
c
d
istor
t
ion
response
d
ue
t
o
the
i
n
sta
l
lation
o
f
E
L
C
on
S
E
IG
a
nd
S
G
is
t
este
d,
w
h
i
c
h
in
c
l
u
d
e
s
ha
r
m
on
ic
d
is
to
r
t
i
o
n
in
:
s
t
a
t
or
c
u
r
r
e
nt
,
P
C
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
c
ons
um
er
l
o
ad
c
urrent
.
THD
I
(
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
T
o
t
a
l
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
s
t
o
r
ti
on
)
stat
or
c
urren
t
a
t
S
E
IG
w
i
t
h
E
LC
h
as
s
how
n
an
a
verag
e
v
a
l
ue
s
m
a
ll
er
t
h
a
n
th
e
THD
st
a
t
or
c
urrent
i
n
SG
w
it
h
EL
C
.
L
ikewise,
t
he
T
HD
V
(
Vo
lta
ge
T
o
t
a
l
H
a
r
mo
nic
Dis
t
o
r
tion
)
v
a
lu
e
o
f
P
C
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
T
H
D
I
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
l
o
a
d
o
n
S
EI
G
equi
pped
with
E
L
C
h
as
b
een
s
h
o
wn
t
o
be
s
maller
t
han
the
THDV
va
lue
o
f
P
CC
vo
lt
age
and
THD
I
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
l
o
a
d
o
n
S
G
e
q
u
i
p
p
e
d
w
i
t
h
E
LC. The effect
s o
f
h
arm
o
n
i
c
d
i
stort
i
o
n
s
due
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
a
l
lati
on
o
f
EL
C
s
t
h
at
d
eveloped
i
n
this
s
t
u
dy
o
n
S
E
IG
i
s
s
till
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
per
m
i
t
ted l
i
mi
ts,
wh
ile
o
n
t
he
S
G,
t
he
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
dist
ortion
redu
cti
o
n
i
s
n
e
e
ded
at
t
h
e
g
en
era
t
or
o
u
t
pu
t.
Key
w
ords:
Elec
t
r
on
i
c
l
oa
d
contr
o
lle
r
Gen
e
rat
o
r
H
o
rm
onic
d
i
s
t
ort
i
on
S
e
lf-e
xci
t
e
d
i
n
duc
t
i
o
n
S
ynchr
on
o
u
s g
e
ne
rat
o
r
THD
Co
pyr
i
g
h
t
©
2019
Instit
u
t
e of Advan
ced E
n
g
i
neer
in
g a
nd Sci
e
nce.
All rights
reserv
e
d
.
C
o
rre
s
po
n
d
in
g Au
t
h
or:
Refdinal
N
azir,
D
e
partm
e
nt o
f
Elec
tric
a
l
Eng
i
n
eer
ing,
Anda
l
a
s University,
Jala
n
D
r
.
Moh
a
m
m
a
d
H
a
t
t
a
P
adang
2
5
1
6
3
,
Indo
ne
si
a
.
Em
ail
:
r
e
f
di
na
l
n
azir@e
n
g.un
a
nd.
ac.
id
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
I
n
a
num
ber
of
r
ura
l
a
r
eas
i
so
la
t
e
d
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
i
s
w
i
de
l
y
u
sed
M
ic
r
o
H
y
d
e
l
P
o
w
e
r
P
l
a
n
t
(
M
H
P
P
)
a
s
the m
a
i
n
s
u
p
p
l
i
er
o
f
its e
l
e
c
t
ri
ca
l
ener
g
y
, w
hic
h
ge
n
e
r
al
ly
h
a
v
e a c
a
p
a
ci
ty
bel
o
w
50
k
W
. Th
is po
w
er p
l
a
nt
c
an
u
s
e
sy
n
c
h
r
onou
s
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
(
S
G
)
o
r
S
e
l
f
-
Ex
ci
t
e
d
In
du
c
tio
n
G
e
n
e
r
ators
(S
EIG
)
.
M
H
PP
i
n
c
a
pac
i
t
y
b
el
ow
50
kW
i
s
usu
a
l
l
y
d
e
s
ig
ne
d
at
t
he
m
inim
um
f
lo
w
of
t
he
r
i
v
e
r
s
t
r
eam
.
T
his
all
o
w
s
t
he
p
ow
er
p
lan
t
t
o
alw
a
ys
g
et
a
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
i
n
p
u
t
f
l
o
w
r
a
t
e
e
q
u
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
f
l
o
w
,
s
o
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
no
n
e
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
t
ro
l
the
in
p
u
t
s
i
de
a
n
d
t
he
g
en
e
r
ator
ou
tpu
t
p
ow
er
k
ept
co
ns
tan
t
[
1
]
,
[2]
.
W
hi
l
e
t
h
i
s
pow
e
r
p
la
nt
i
s
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
to
t
he
c
onsum
er
l
oa
ds
w
hic
h
a
l
w
ays
fl
uc
tua
t
es.
To
k
ee
p
the
ou
t
p
u
t
v
a
r
ia
b
l
e
of
t
h
e
pow
e
r
p
la
n
t
c
on
s
ta
nt
a
t
t
h
e
perm
itted
val
u
e,
a
c
ontro
l
sys
t
em
i
s
nee
d
e
d
.
Thi
s
a
ppr
opria
te
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
sys
t
em
f
or
s
t
a
n
d
-alo
ne
M
H
P
P
i
s
dum
m
y
l
oad
s
c
on
tr
ol
i
ns
t
a
l
l
e
d
i
n
para
llel
w
ith
c
ons
ume
r
l
oa
d,
b
e
t
t
e
r
kn
ow
n
as
E
le
ctro
nic
Lo
ad
C
o
n
tr
ol
l
e
r
(ELC)
[1],
[
2].
ELC
uses
t
he
c
once
pt
o
f
active
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
iffe
re
nces in the
im
pac
t o
f
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
dis
t
or
ti
on due to the
in
sta
l
l
a
tio
n of
elec
tro
n
i
c …
(Re
f
di
n
a
l
N
a
zir
)
10
5
pow
er
b
a
l
ance
b
etw
e
e
n
g
e
n
e
r
ator
o
ut
p
u
t
po
w
e
r
w
ith
c
ons
um
er
l
oa
d
&
dum
m
y
l
oa
d.
B
ase
d
o
n
t
h
is
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
,
ELC ca
n
be
ap
pl
ie
d bo
t
h
t
o S
e
lf-
E
xci
t
e
d
I
n
d
uc
ti
on
G
e
ner
a
t
o
rs (S
EIG)
and
S
ync
hro
n
o
u
s
G
e
ne
rators
(
SG
).
A
c
cordi
n
g
to
t
he
l
i
t
era
t
ur
e
[1
]-[3]
t
her
e
a
re
a
numbe
r
of
t
ype
s
o
f
ELC
t
ec
h
nol
ogy
t
h
a
t
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
stud
ie
d
a
nd
implem
en
te
d
.
B
ased
on
the
d
u
mm
y
load
c
ontro
l
m
e
tho
d
,
E
L
C
c
a
n
be
g
roupe
d
int
o
4
t
ypes
:
b
ina
r
y-
w
e
ig
hte
d
s
w
i
tc
hin
g
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
on,
p
ha
se-a
ngl
e
r
e
gula
t
ion,
c
on
tro
l
l
e
d
b
ridg
e
rec
t
ifie
r,
a
nd
unc
on
tro
l
led
bri
dge
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r
w
ith
d
c
c
hop
p
e
r.
I
n
binar
y
-w
eig
h
te
d
sw
it
c
h
ing
re
g
u
l
a
t
io
n,
s
om
e
re
sis
tive
loa
d
o
r
ba
l
l
a
s
t
i
n
a
b
ina
r
y-
w
e
ig
hte
d
c
om
bi
na
tio
n
is
u
se
d
as
a
d
umm
y
l
oa
d.
T
he
dum
m
y
l
oa
d
co
n
t
rol
is
d
o
n
e
thr
o
ugh
t
h
e
se
l
e
c
t
i
on
of
a
com
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
of
r
esistive
or
b
a
l
l
a
st
t
ha
t
i
s
p
ar
a
l
l
e
l
t
o
t
he
c
on
s
u
me
r
l
o
ad
.
The
a
d
v
a
nt
ag
es
o
f
t
h
i
s
E
LC
t
ype
c
a
n
be min
imiz
e h
a
rm
oni
c
d
i
s
t
or
tio
n, bu
t
ar
e
l
e
s
s reliab
l
e d
u
e to n
on-ri
gi
d c
ons
truc
ti
on. In pha
se-a
n
g
l
e
re
g
ula
t
i
o
n
ELC,
d
u
mm
y
l
o
a
d
s
a
r
e
bui
lt
from
a
resist
i
v
e
loa
d
o
r
ba
llas
t
,
w
h
ich
is
e
qui
ppe
d
w
i
th
a
n
a
n
ti-
para
lle
l
t
h
y
r
i
s
t
o
r
or
t
riac
.
The
dumm
y
l
oad
i
s
c
on
tro
lle
d
t
h
ro
ug
h
t
h
e
p
h
a
se
-ang
le
se
t
t
i
ng
of
t
he
t
h
y
r
ist
o
r
or
t
r
i
a
c
.
The
d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
E
L
C
t
y
p
e
c
a
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
l
a
r
g
e
h
a
r
monic
curre
nts,
but
p
r
ovi
de
a
f
aster
respo
n
s
e
tha
n
t
he
p
re
v
i
o
u
s
ELC
t
y
p
e
agai
ns
t
c
h
a
nges
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
um
er
l
oa
d.
I
n
c
ont
r
o
lle
d
bri
d
ge
r
ec
t
i
f
i
e
r
ELC,
the
ou
t
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge
o
f
t
h
e
gene
ra
tor
i
s
r
ec
t
i
fie
d
u
sin
g
a
3
-pha
se
r
ect
ifier
b
rid
g
e,
w
hich
i
t
s
o
u
t
pu
t
i
s
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
t
o
a
r
e
sisti
v
e
loa
d
.
The
3
pha
se
b
rid
g
e
rec
tifie
r
i
s
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
t
h
y
r
i
stor,
so
t
hat
the
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
ro
lle
d
by t
h
e phase-
a
ng
le. S
im
il
a
r
t
o phase-
a
n
g
l
e regu
la
ti
on ELC, t
his
ELC type
gene
r
a
t
e
s
a l
a
r
ge
har
monic curr
ent
,
bu
t t
h
e c
o
n
s
t
r
uc
tio
n
i
s
m
or
e r
i
gi
d.
ELC
t
y
p
e
of
u
nco
n
t
ro
lle
d
bri
dge
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
w
it
h
D
C
C
h
opp
e
r
w
as
f
i
r
st
d
ev
el
op
ed
b
y
B
h
i
m
S
i
n
gh
,
et
.
all.
[
1],
[2]
t
o
c
on
tro
l
t
h
e
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd
freq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
the
in
d
u
c
tio
n
gener
a
tor.
T
h
i
s
t
y
pe
o
f
E
L
C
is
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
ed
b
y
unc
o
n
tr
ol
l
e
d
brid
ge
3
-
p
h
a
se
r
e
c
ti
fier,
dc
c
hop
per,
a
r
esistive
l
o
a
d
o
r
ba
lla
st
a
s
a
dum
my
l
o
a
d.
T
he
dumm
y
l
oa
d
con
t
ro
l
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
ou
t
by
se
t
t
i
n
g
dc
c
ho
p
p
e
r
u
sin
g
P
ulse
W
i
d
e
M
odu
la
ti
on
(P
WM
)
m
e
tho
d
.
The
a
dva
nta
g
e
s
of
t
h
i
s
EL
C
t
y
pe
can
m
i
n
im
i
ze
ha
rm
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
t
o
rtio
n
i
n
t
he
g
ener
a
tor
an
d
i
t
s
c
ons
truc
t
i
o
n
is
m
ore
r
i
gi
d
[3]
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
b
e
u
s
e
d
a
s
a
d
u
m
m
y
l
o
a
d
s
o
t
h
a
t
the
e
x
ces
s
pow
er
o
f
the
gen
e
rator
in
t
he
c
ond
i
t
i
o
n
of
a
l
ow
er
c
onsume
r
l
oad
is
n
o
t
d
i
s
car
de
d
bu
t
st
ored
i
n
a
batte
r
y
,
a
s
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
b
y
R
e
f
d
i
n
a
l
e
t
.
a
l
.
i
n
lite
rat
u
re
[
4],
[5].
Base
d
on
t
h
e
c
once
p
t
of
a
c
t
i
v
e
pow
e
r
b
alan
c
e
,
ba
si
c
a
l
l
y
E
L
C
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lie
d
t
o
b
o
t
h
S
E
IG
a
nd
S
G
.
But
bo
th
o
f t
h
e
s
e
gene
rat
o
rs w
i
l
l pro
v
i
d
e
d
i
ffer
en
t ha
rmon
ic
pe
r
f
orm
a
nce
re
sponse
s
to
t
h
e
insta
l
la
ti
o
n
o
f
E
L
C
on
bo
th
g
e
n
era
t
or
s.
P
r
e
vio
u
s
st
ud
ies
i
n
t
he
liter
a
ture
[
6]
h
ave
c
om
pare
d
t
h
e
harm
on
i
c
p
erform
ance
r
espo
ns
e
betw
ee
n
S
E
IG
a
nd
S
G
i
f
c
onnec
t
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
sam
e
non-l
i
nea
r
l
oa
d.
I
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
e
r
,
d
i
f
f
ere
n
ce
s
i
n
h
a
r
mo
n
i
c
perfoma
nce
re
sponse
s
b
e
t
w
e
en
S
EIG
a
nd
S
G
t
ha
t
i
n
sta
lle
d
w
i
t
h
E
L
C
ty
pe
unc
o
n
t
r
o
l
le
d
brid
ge
r
ec
tif
ie
rs
w
i
t
h
D
C
C
h
o
p
p
er
a
s
volta
ge
c
on
t
r
olle
rs
a
nd
ge
n
e
rator
fr
eque
n
c
ie
s
dur
in
g
loa
d
v
ar
iat
i
on
s
i
s
s
tudie
d
.
Thi
s
s
tud
y
inc
l
ude
d
:
ELC
d
es
ig
n,
t
esti
ng
ha
rmon
ic
r
espo
nse
to
ELC
i
n
s
t
a
lla
t
i
on
on
S
E
IG
a
nd
S
G
,
a
nd
c
o
mpa
r
is
on
a
n
aly
s
i
s
betw
ee
n
ha
rm
o
n
ic
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
on
S
E
IG
a
nd
S
G
.
The
ha
rmon
ic
p
er
form
a
n
ce
s
tud
i
ed
i
s
f
o
cu
sed
mo
re
o
n
t
h
e
harm
on
ic
d
is
tor
tion
di
ff
ere
n
c
e
from
th
e
stat
or
c
ur
rent,
volt
a
ge
a
t
the
po
in
t
of
c
omm
on
coup
l
i
n
g
(
P
CC),
and
t
h
e
curr
ent o
f
t
he c
ons
u
m
er
load.
2.
DESCRIPTIO
N
O
F
PROPO
S
E
D SYSTE
M
2.1.
ELC
a
s
active
power
balanc
e c
o
nt
roll
e
r
Bas
i
ca
ll
y,
ELC
a
cts
to
s
ta
bi
l
i
ze
the
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
of
t
he
g
e
n
e
r
at
or
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
y
b
a
lanc
i
ng
th
e
ac
t
i
ve
p
ower
b
e
t
ween
t
he
g
e
n
er
at
or
o
u
t
p
u
t
power
(
P
o
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
nsum
e
r
l
oad
(
P
L
)
.
If
there
is
a
d
e
c
r
e
ase
i
n
ac
t
i
ve
p
ow
er
on
t
h
e
con
s
ume
r
l
oad,
t
he
n
E
L
C
w
ill
se
t
t
h
e
ac
tive
c
om
p
e
sa
tio
n
p
o
w
e
r
(
P
C
)
so
t
ha
t
i
t
f
u
l
fi
lls
t
h
e
cond
i
tio
n:
P
o
=
P
L
+
P
C
(
1)
wh
i
l
e
,
P
C
=
P
d
+
P
Los
s
(
2)
wher
e,
P
d
i
s
p
o
w
e
r
t
h
at
d
is
si
pate
d
b
y
d
u
m
my
l
oad,
a
n
d
P
Loss
is
t
he
pow
er
l
osses
on
tra
n
sform
e
rs
a
nd
DC c
h
opp
er.
Th
is
a
ctive
po
w
e
r
bala
nce
proce
s
s
can
b
e
carr
i
e
d
out
b
y
ELC
b
ot
h
on
S
E
IG
a
nd
S
G
,
as
s
how
n
in
F
i
gure
1.
T
he
pow
er
s
ett
i
ng
s
diss
i
p
a
t
e
d
i
nto
the
d
u
mm
y
l
o
ad
(
P
d
)
a
r
e
e
x
ce
cu
te
d
b
y
ELC,
w
h
ich
i
s
d
one
b
y
con
t
ro
l
lin
g
the
c
ond
uc
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
(
T
on)
f
or
eac
h
peri
od
o
f
D
C
C
h
opp
e
r
s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
.
Th
e
me
t
h
od
u
se
d
in
t
hi
s
c
o
nt
rol
i
s
k
nown
a
s
t
h
e
pul
se
wi
d
th
mo
d
u
l
a
ti
on
me
t
hod
(P
W
M
)
.
In
th
i
s
me
th
o
d
,
the
s
i
g
n
a
l
f
r
o
m
the
co
ntr
o
l
l
er
is con
ve
rte
d
b
y
the P
W
M driv
er to
the P
W
M pulse
f
orm. M
O
S
F
ET dr
iver
w
or
ks am
p
lify
i
ng t
h
e
P
W
M si
gna
l
tha
t
i
s
i
n
p
u
t
t
e
d
t
o
the
MO
S
F
ET
gate.
In
a
ddit
i
o
n
,
the
M
O
S
F
ET
dr
iver
a
lso
fu
nct
i
o
n
s
a
s
a
groun
d
sepa
r
a
tor
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
10
4 –
11
6
10
6
betw
ee
n
t
h
e
c
o
nt
r
o
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
nd
the
p
o
w
e
r
circui
t.
T
he
M
O
S
F
ET
f
r
o
m
Cho
p
p
e
r
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
onduc
t
i
ve
a
ccor
d
in
g
to t
he
P
WM
s
i
gna
l
pa
tte
rn th
a
t
i
s
i
np
u
tte
d
to
i
t
s
ga
t
e.
M
G
C
o
ns
um
e
r
Loa
d
T
h
r
ee
P
ahas
e
R
e
c
t
i
fi
e
r
D
C
C
ho
ppe
r
Du
m
m
y
Load
P
m
P
o
P
L
P
C
~
PW
M
Dr
i
v
e
r
IG
B
T
Dr
i
v
e
r
Fr
o
m
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
le
r
EL
C
SE
I
G
V
d
I
ndu
c
t
i
o
n
Ma
c
h
i
n
e
C
pac
it
or
E
xct
.
I
d
a. SEI
G
with ELC
M
G
C
o
ns
um
er
Loa
d
T
h
r
ee
P
aha
s
e
R
e
c
ti
fi
e
r
D
C
C
ho
ppe
r
Du
m
m
y
L
oad
P
m
P
o
P
L
P
C
~
PW
M
Dr
i
v
e
r
IG
B
T
Dr
i
v
e
r
Fr
o
m
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
le
r
EL
C
SG
V
d
I
d
Q1
b.
S
EIG
w
i
th
E
L
F
i
gure
1.
The
d
i
ffe
re
nt o
f co
nfi
gura
t
i
on
sys
t
em
s for
S
E
IG
and S
G wi
t
h
ELC
The
a
v
era
g
e
dc
cur
rent va
l
ue
t
hat
fl
o
w
s
to t
h
e
dum
m
y
loa
d
I
d
is solve
d
by
the
fo
llow
i
n
g
(3):
I
T
T
I
on
d
(
3)
Whe
r
e,
d
d
R
V
I
= t
h
e
m
a
ximu
m
dc
current
t
h
a
t
fl
ow
s to t
he
dumm
y
loa
d
(
R
d
)
T
on
=
MO
S
F
ET c
onduc
tio
n
pe
rio
d
in o
n
e
per
i
od
T
= P
WM pu
l
s
e
p
erio
d or
MO
S
F
ET c
ond
uc
tio
n
peri
od
100
(%)
on
x
T
T
=
du
ty
c
ycle
The
am
ou
nt
o
f
pow
er
t
hat
E
L
C
d
i
ss
ipa
t
es
t
o
the
d
u
m
m
y
load
c
an
b
e
calc
u
l
a
t
e
d
fro
m
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
rela
tio
ns
hip
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
iffe
re
nces in the
im
pac
t o
f
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
dis
t
or
ti
on due to the
in
sta
l
l
a
tio
n of
elec
tro
n
i
c …
(Re
f
di
n
a
l
N
a
zir
)
10
7
d
d
d
d
δ
IV
V
I
P
(4
)
A
s
s
how
n
by
(4),
t
he
pow
er
d
iss
i
pa
te
d
int
o
t
he
d
um
my
l
oa
d
is
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
du
ty
c
yc
l
e
(
).
2.2.
ELC
a
s
har
m
onic
c
u
rre
nt
sour
ces
A
s
disc
usse
d
i
n
t
he
p
rev
i
ous
s
ect
io
n,
ELC
i
s
c
onstruc
t
e
d
from
non-l
i
ne
ar
c
ompo
nen
t
s
c
ons
is
tin
g
o
f
di
ode
s
a
n
d
MO
S
F
ET.
T
hese
n
o
n
-l
inear
c
o
m
pone
n
t
s
ca
u
s
e
harm
onic
c
urr
e
nts
to
b
e
ge
n
e
rate
d
b
y
t
he
ELC.
In
the
pow
e
r
p
la
nt,
ELC
i
s
a
har
m
on
ic
c
urre
nt
s
ource
,
w
h
i
l
e
ge
nera
tor
s
a
nd
c
o
nsum
er
l
oads
a
r
e
t
ar
get
s
o
f
harm
on
ic
c
urr
e
nt
p
r
opa
ga
ti
o
n
.
If
t
he
c
ons
ume
r
l
oa
d
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
a
n
on-l
i
n
ear
l
oad
the
n
t
he
c
onsum
er
l
oa
d
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
h
a
rm
oni
c
c
u
rrent
s
o
u
rc
e,
but
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
i
s
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
E
LC
an
al
y
s
i
s
a
s
a
h
a
rmo
n
i
c
cu
rren
t
s
ou
rc
e
wh
i
l
e
th
e
con
s
um
er
l
oa
d
is a
ssum
ed
t
o
b
e
a
pure
linear
loa
d.
H
a
rm
oni
c
curre
nts
w
i
l
l
f
l
o
w
fr
o
m
ELC
a
s
a
ha
rm
on
ic
c
urre
nt
s
our
ce
t
o
b
o
t
h
t
he
g
e
n
e
r
at
or
w
ind
i
ng
s
and
t
h
e
cons
u
m
e
r
l
oad,
a
s
show
n
in
F
ig
ure
2.
H
ow
e
v
er,
harm
onic
curr
ents
w
i
l
l
be
m
or
e
li
ke
l
y
t
o
fl
ow
t
o
t
h
e
source
b
ec
a
u
se
t
he
y
ha
ve
a
s
ma
l
l
e
r
i
m
p
eda
n
c
e
t
han
t
h
e
lo
ad
[
7].
T
he
d
i
f
fere
nce
betw
e
e
n
t
he
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
en
t
circ
u
i
t
betw
ee
n
S
E
IG
a
nd
S
G
i
s
show
n
in
F
igur
e
2
w
i
ll
gi
v
e
a
d
iffe
rent
resp
ons
e
to
g
e
n
era
tio
n
and
pro
p
a
g
a
t
ion
harm
on
ic
c
ur
rent.
S
G
w
ith
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
im
p
e
danc
e
Z
s
t
ha
t
is
c
o
nne
c
t
e
d
i
n
i
s
e
r
ies
w
ill
reduce
the
hig
h
-
o
r
d
er
harm
on
ic
c
urre
nt fl
o
w
i
ng t
o
t
he
s
t
a
t
o
r
w
i
n
d
i
ngs.
Co
n
s
u
m
e
r
Lo
a
d
I
gh
SE
I
G
I
Lh
I
EL
C
h
ELC
Z
im
~
V
PC
C
h
C
ex
c
.
I
sh
a.
ELC c
onnec
t
e
d
t
o S
E
IG
Co
n
s
u
m
e
r
Lo
ad
I
gh
SG
I
Lh
I
EL
C
h
EL
C
Z
s
~
V
P
CCh
b.
ELC c
on
nec
t
ed
t
o S
G
F
i
gure
2.
T
he
c
on
nec
t
i
o
n EL
C
as ha
r
monic
s
c
urr
e
nt so
u
rc
e to
S
EI
G
and
SG
Whe
r
ea
s
in
S
EIG,
t
he
e
xci
t
at
ion
ca
pac
i
t
o
r
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
all
e
l
c
an
b
l
o
c
k
t
he
h
i
gh
or
de
r
harm
onic
curr
ent
t
o
fl
ow
to
t
h
e
sta
t
or w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s.
T
he ha
r
m
oni
c
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
on P
CC (
V
PCC
h
) w
i
ll be
dete
r
mi
ne
d b
y
the
v
olta
g
e
dr
op
due
to t
he
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
c
u
rrent
i
n
the
stat
or
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
[8].
V
PCC
h
=
E
h
-
I
sh
Z
im
(
5)
E
h
i
s a
n
i
ndu
c
tio
n
volt
a
g
e
, wh
i
c
h
co
nt
ai
n
s
an i
n
nat
e
h
armoni
c
c
o
m
p
one
n
t
due
t
o impe
rfe
c
t c
o
nstr
uc
ti
on
of th
e
gene
ra
tor.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
10
4 –
11
6
10
8
3.
DESIGN AND
E
XPE
R
IM
E
N
TA
L SET UP
ELC
i
s
b
u
il
t
by
the
fol
l
ow
in
g
com
p
o
n
e
n
ts:
thre
e-pha
se
b
rid
g
e
un
co
n
t
rol
l
ed
r
e
c
ti
fier,
DC
f
i
l
t
e
r
,
D
C
Cho
p
p
e
r
MO
S
F
ET, a
nd dum
my l
oa
d. In a
ddit
i
o
n
, i
f the E
L
C sys
t
e
m
vo
lta
ge is grea
t
e
r tha
n
t
he vol
ta
ge
ra
t
ing
of
t
he
u
nco
n
t
ro
ll
e
d
r
ec
t
i
fie
r
a
nd
th
e
dc
c
h
o
ppe
r
,
t
hen
i
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
three
-
phase
s
te
p-dow
n
tran
sfo
r
me
rs
t
o
de
c
r
e
a
se
the
ge
ne
rat
o
r
te
rm
i
n
a
l
v
o
lta
ge
,
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
igure
3.
E
L
C
i
s
a
l
so
e
qu
ippe
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
A
r
duin
o
m
icroc
o
n
t
r
o
ller
as
a
PW
M
si
gn
al
g
e
n
e
r
at
o
r
, a
n
d
t
h
e mo
sf
et
d
ri
ver as
a
PWM
sig
n
a
l
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
er
t
ha
t
i
npu
t
t
ed
t
o
t
h
e
MO
S
F
ET gate.
I
n
t
his
st
u
dy,
t
hre
e
-pha
se
s
te
p-d
o
w
n
t
ra
nsf
o
rmers
1.
5
K
V
A
,
220V
/
1
1
0
V
,
Y
-
Y
c
onn
e
c
t
i
o
n
is
u
se
d,
s
o
tha
t
t
he
V
LN
p
e
r
-
phase
vol
t
a
g
e
i
n
p
ut
te
d
to
t
he
t
hre
e
-pha
se
unc
o
n
tr
olle
d
r
e
c
ti
fier
i
s
110
V
o
lts.
The
a
v
era
g
e
dc
vo
lta
ge ge
n
era
t
e
d
by
th
is re
c
ti
fier
i
s
[9]
:
LN
V
V
6
3
(dc)
mean
(6
)
Fo
r
V
LN
= 110
Volt,
then:
Volt
257.30
110
π
6
3
(dc)
mean
V
(7
)
Th
r
e
e
P
h
a
s
e
Re
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
S
t
ep
D
ow
n
T
h
r
e
e
P
h
as
e
Tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
MO
S
F
E
T
C
hopp
er
D
C
F
i
l
te
r
IG
B
T
D
r
i
v
e
r
D
u
mmy
Lo
ad
R
d
M
i
c
r
oc
on
t
r
ol
l
e
r
PW
M
Si
g
n
a
l
T
o
G
ener
at
o
r
Te
r
m
i
n
a
l
F
i
gure
3.
S
che
m
a
t
i
c
d
iagra
m
of
the
ELC d
e
vol
o
p
ed
The
pea
k
v
o
lta
ge
V
peak
can
b
e solve
d
from
t
h
e
fol
l
o
wi
ng
(
8):
Volt
364.01
lt
x257,430Vo
2
)
(
2
mean
peak
dc
V
V
(
8
)
In th
i
s de
sig
n
,
the m
a
xim
u
m pow
er
fl
o
w
e
d
t
o
ELC (dum
m
y
loa
d)
i
s
s
et t
o
720
Wa
t
t
s, so
t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m A
C
curr
ent f
l
ow
in
g on
the
r
ecti
f
i
e
r
input
s
i
d
e
is
:
Ampere
2.18
3x110
720
3
LV
ac
V
P
I
(9
)
The
ma
xi
m
u
m
Crest F
a
c
t
or
(CF)
for
the
i
n
p
u
t c
u
rre
nt
o
f t
h
re
e-ph
as
e u
n
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
ed
re
c
t
i
fie
r
wi
t
h
d
c f
ilt
er i
s 2
.
0
[9].
S
o that the
i
np
ut
p
eak
c
urr
e
nt c
an be
ca
l
c
ula
t
e
d
b
y
the
fo
llow
i
n
g
(10)
:
I
pea
k
= 2.
0
I
ac
=
4
.36
A
(
10)
The
ma
gn
itu
de
o
f
pe
a
k
c
urr
e
n
t
a
nd
pea
k
v
o
lta
ge
g
ive
n
b
y
(6
&
8
)
i
s
t
h
e
ba
si
c
r
e
fe
renc
e
for
the
c
a
p
ac
it
y
selec
t
i
o
n
of
r
e
c
ti
fier
a
nd
MO
S
F
ET
c
om
pon
ent
s
u
sed
for
testin
g.
In
t
his
st
ud
y,
P
ow
er
M
O
S
F
E
T
IRFP
460
is
app
l
ied
as
D
C
Cho
p
p
e
r
c
ompo
ne
nt.
To
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
t
he
v
al
ue
o
f
Rd,
it
must
b
e
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
i
n
ad
va
nc
e
the
ma
ximum
pow
er
t
hat
is
d
iss
i
pate
d
i
n
to
t
he
dum
my
l
oa
d.
I
n
thi
s
s
t
u
dy
t
he
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
owe
r
t
h
a
t
is
d
i
s
si
p
a
t
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
iffe
re
nces in the
im
pac
t o
f
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
dis
t
or
ti
on due to the
in
sta
l
l
a
tio
n of
elec
tro
n
i
c …
(Re
f
di
n
a
l
N
a
zir
)
10
9
in
to
t
he
P
d
du
m
m
y
l
o
a
d
i
s
7
20
Wat
t
s.
S
o
t
h
at
t
he
a
mo
un
t
of
d
um
m
y
l
o
ad
r
esi
s
t
a
n
c
e
can
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
t
hro
u
g
h
the f
o
l
l
ow
i
n
g (11
)
:
Ω
91.95
720
257.30
(mean)
2
d
2
dc
d
P
V
R
(
11)
3.1.
Exp
erime
n
t
al
s
e
t
up
F
i
gure 4
s
h
ow
s
the
e
xpe
rime
n
t
a
l
c
irc
u
i
t
s for S
E
IG
w
ith
E
L
C
a
n
d
S
G
w
ith
ELC.
The b
o
t
h
ge
ne
rat
o
rs
are
dr
i
v
e
n
by
D
C
m
otors
a
s
t
he
p
r
i
m
e
m
ove
r,
w
hich
i
ts
r
o
ta
tio
n
can
b
e
r
e
gu
la
ted
usi
ng
a
D
C
regula
t
or.
S
E
IG
use
d
i
n
t
h
is
t
e
s
t
a
r
e
squ
i
r
r
el
c
a
g
e
ind
u
c
t
io
n
m
achine
ty
p
e
,
3-p
ha
se,
1
kW,
38
0
V
o
l
t
,
50
H
z
,
4
pol
e
s
,
Y
c
o
nn
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
c
o
n
n
ect
ed
w
i
t
h
3x10
μ
F
ex
c
i
t
a
ti
o
n
c
a
p
aci
to
rs
i
n
de
lta
c
o
n
n
ec
t
i
on.
W
he
rea
s
t
he
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
i
s
a
s
a
l
i
e
n
t
p
o
l
e
t
y
p
e
,
3
-p
hase
,
1
kV
A
,
380
V
o
lt,
50
H
z
,
4
po
le
,
Y
con
n
ec
tio
n.
C
o
n
sume
r
loa
d
i
s
de
sig
n
e
d
u
si
n
g
a
c
om
bi
na
tio
n
of
s
e
ve
ral
inc
a
nde
sc
en
t
l
i
g
h
t
b
u
l
bs
a
s
pure
resisti
v
e
loa
d
s, w
ith t
he
c
apac
i
t
y o
f
th
e
l
oa
d varie
d
as fol
l
o
w
s
: 1
5
0
W
,
22
5 W,
3
0
0
W, 37
5
W
,
450
W,
525 W,
6
0
0
W
,
and
6
75
W.
T
he
c
ho
ice
o
f
r
esis
tive
loa
d
i
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
in
ten
d
e
d
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
he
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
curre
nt
d
i
s
t
o
rt
io
n
tha
t
occ
u
rs
a
t
the
c
u
rre
nt
l
oa
d
an
d
the
cur
r
en
t
st
a
t
or
w
i
n
d
i
ngs
i
s
p
ure
l
y
ca
use
d
by
E
L
C.
H
a
r
m
onic
me
asure
m
e
n
ts
are
pe
rform
e
d
on
E
L
C
i
n
p
u
t
c
urrent
I
ELCh
,
s
t
a
t
o
r
w
i
n
di
ng
s
cu
rren
t
I
sh
,
co
nsume
r
l
oa
d
c
u
r
r
ent
I
Lh
,
and
PCC
vo
lta
ge
V
PCC
h
usi
ng CA
8
22
0 P
o
w
e
r A
n
alyz
e
r
, as
show
n by the
circ
uit
in
F
igur
e
4.
G
e
ner
at
or
I
nd
uk
s
i
S
quir
r
e
l
C
a
g
e
I
ndu
c
t
ion
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
E
x
c
i
ta
ti
o
n
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
o
n
s
um
e
r
L
oa
d
T
h
r
e
e
P
ha
s
e
R
e
c
t
if
ie
r
S
t
e
p
Do
wn
T
h
r
e
e
P
h
as
e
T
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
r
~
SE
I
G
M
O
SFE
T
Ch
o
p
p
e
r
D
C
F
ilt
e
r
Mo
t
o
r
D
C
Ut
l
i
t
y
G
r
i
d
DC
R
egu
l
a
t
o
r
DC
Mo
t
o
r
_
IG
BT
D
r
i
v
e
r
D
u
mmy
Load
R
d
M
i
c
r
oc
on
t
r
ol
l
e
r
PW
M
Si
g
n
a
l
PCC
+
-
C.A
82
20
C.
A
82
20
C.A
82
20
C.A
82
20
I
sh
I
Lh
I
EL
C
h
V
P
CCh
a. SEI
G with ELC
G
e
n
e
r
a
to
r
In
d
u
k
s
i
~
SG
Mo
t
o
r
D
C
U
t
i
l
it
y
Gr
id
DC
R
egu
l
a
t
o
r
DC
M
o
t
o
r
_
T
h
r
e
e
P
ha
s
e
Re
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
St
e
p
D
o
w
n
Th
r
e
e
P
h
a
s
e
T
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
r
M
O
S
F
E
T
C
hopper
DC
F
il
t
e
r
IG
B
T
D
r
i
v
e
r
D
u
mmy
Lo
a
d
R
d
M
i
c
r
oc
on
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
PW
M
Si
g
n
a
l
C
ons
um
e
r
L
o
a
d
PC
C
+
-
C.
A
822
0
C.
A
822
0
C.
A
8220
C.
A
8220
I
sh
V
P
CCh
I
Lh
I
EL
C
h
b
.
S
G wi
t
h
ELC
F
i
gure
4.
E
xp
e
r
ime
n
t circ
u
it
for
SEIG
w
ith
ELC an
d
S
G
wit
h
E
L
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
10
4
–
116
11
0
SEI
G
testi
n
g
wit
h EL
C is car
ried o
u
t
usin
g
an e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
c
irc
ui
t in F
igu
r
e 4a. The first
step,
S
E
IG
in
c
o
n
d
it
io
ns
w
it
hou
t
ELC
i
s
l
o
a
d
e
d
w
it
h
7
20
Wa
t
t
s.
T
o
rea
c
h
l
i
ne
v
olta
ge
t
o
(
2
2
0
±2)
V
o
lt
a
nd
a
fr
equenc
y
o
f
(
5
0
±
0.
2)
H
z
,
a
s
tar
tin
g
dr
i
v
e
spe
e
d
o
f
15
42
r
p
m
is
n
e
e
de
d
a
nd
a
n
e
x
ci
ta
t
i
on
ca
pac
i
t
o
r
is
3x1
0
μF
i
n
the
delta
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
.
The
n
t
he
g
ene
r
at
o
r
l
oa
d
i
s
r
educe
d
t
o
67
5
Wat
t
s,
s
o
t
hat
the
vo
l
t
age
and
f
r
e
que
ncy
of
t
he
g
ene
r
ator
will rise. To
re
tu
r
n
t
h
e
g
en
era
t
o
r
to
th
e
ini
t
ial co
nd
itio
n
s
, S
EI
G
is
c
onne
c
t
ed
t
o
t
h
e
ELC
a
nd
t
h
e
dut
y-
c
y
cl
ic
i
s
a
d
jus
t
e
d
u
n
t
i
l
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
r
e
r
e
a
c
hed
a
t
t
he
o
r
i
gi
na
l
val
u
e
.
F
ur
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
the
sam
e
m
e
t
ho
d
is
do
ne
w
ith
t
he
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
e
p
t
o
c
h
a
nge
t
he
p
ow
er
f
r
o
m
600
W
at
ts
to
7
5
W
a
t
t
s
.
As
l
on
g
a
s
t
h
e
c
on
su
mer
l
o
a
d
c
h
an
ges,
the
a
m
oun
t
of
c
o
n
s
u
me
r
pow
er
a
nd
com
p
e
n
sa
t
i
on
pow
er
(
P
L
+
P
C
)
is ke
p
t
co
n
s
ta
nt,
s
o the
gener
a
t
o
r
ou
t
p
u
t
p
ow
e
r
w
il
l
a
l
so
b
e
c
o
nstan
t
.
F
o
r
ea
c
h
c
ha
n
g
e
in
l
o
a
d
pow
er,
ELC
i
npu
t
cu
rre
nt
I
ELCh
,
gene
r
a
t
o
r
stat
or
cu
rren
t
I
sh
,
l
o
a
d
cu
r
ren
t
I
Lh
,
a
nd
P
C
C
vo
lta
ge
V
PCCh
ar
e
reco
rd
ed
u
s
i
ng
the CA 8
2
2
0
P
o
wer
An
al
y
z
er.
S
G
testin
g w
i
t
h
ELC
i
s done
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
e
xper
i
m
e
nt
c
i
r
cui
t
i
n
F
i
gu
re 4b. In
the
in
itia
l st
a
g
e,
S
G
wa
s
in
S
G
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
E
L
C
,
a
n
d
w
a
s
l
o
a
d
ed
w
i
t
h
7
2
0
W
at
t
s
.
T
o
r
e
a
c
h
t
h
e
l
i
n
e
volt
a
g
e
t
o
(3
80
±2
)
Vo
lt
l
in
e
a
nd
(
5
0
±
0.
2)
H
z
f
r
eque
nc
y,
t
hen
the
in
i
t
ia
l
dr
i
v
i
ng
spee
d
of
1
5
00
r
pm
a
nd
fie
l
d
curr
en
t
is
n
eede
d
1
.
1
A
m
p
er
e.
A
t
th
is
s
tage
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
um
er
l
oa
d
w
a
s
var
i
e
d
t
he
s
am
e
as
t
he
S
EI
G
'
s
t
e
s
t
.
H
ow
ever
,
dur
ing
cha
n
ges
in
t
he
l
oa
d
o
n
the
S
G
,
t
he
i
n
i
t
i
al
d
r
i
v
i
ng
sp
e
e
d
i
s
ke
pt
c
o
n
s
t
an
t
a
t
1
50
0
r
p
m
.
4.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND DIS
C
U
S
S
I
ON
4.
1.
EL
C
ch
a
c
te
ristics on
di
f
f
er
en
t ge
ne
r
a
tor
s
I
n
sta
lla
t
i
on
o
f
ELC
on
S
E
I
G
a
nd
S
G
i
s
in
te
n
d
ed
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
the
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
o
f
t
h
e
g
ener
at
or
dur
in
g
t
h
e
var
i
a
t
i
o
n
of
c
ons
u
m
e
r
l
oa
d.
I
n
th
is
s
ystem
,
t
he
c
ont
r
o
l
o
f
t
h
e
g
en
e
r
a
t
o
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
i
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
b
y
E
L
C
thr
o
u
g
h
a
dj
us
tm
ent
of
t
he
c
om
pensa
t
i
o
n
po
w
e
r
(
P
C
)
fol
l
o
w
i
n
g
t
he
v
a
r
ia
t
i
o
n
o
f
the
c
o
n
s
um
er
l
oa
d,
a
c
c
or
d
i
n
g
to
(
1)
.
T
he
a
dj
us
tme
n
t
o
f
t
he
c
om
pen
s
a
t
i
on
pow
e
r
i
s
co
nd
u
c
ted
by
s
e
t
t
i
ng
t
h
e
pow
e
r
d
i
s
sipa
te
d
t
o
t
he
d
u
m
m
y
loa
d
,
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
ng
to
(
2)
.
P
o
w
e
r
c
ont
r
o
l
t
h
at
d
issi
pate
d
i
n
to
t
h
e
dumm
y
l
oad
ar
e
c
a
r
r
ied
out
by
set
tin
g
t
h
e
val
u
e
of
the
d
u
t
y cyc
l
e
(
)
of the D
C
Ch
op
pe
r
P
W
M b
y
t
he A
r
d
u
i
n
o
U
n
o
mic
r
o
con
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
The
re
s
u
l
ts
o
f
tes
t
i
ng th
e
va
r
i
a
tio
n be
tw
ee
n
d
u
t
y
c
ycle
a
nd
pow
er
ar
e
d
i
ssi
pa
ted
to t
he
d
u
m
m
y
l
oad
of the
E
L
C
de
s
ig
ne
d f
o
r
bo
t
h
t
y
p
es
of
g
e
n
e
r
at
or
s teste
d
s
how
n in F
igur
e
5a
.
P
o
w
e
r di
ss
ipa
s
ed
t
o
t
h
e d
u
mm
y
loa
d
ar
e
str
aig
h
t
-
line wi
th
v
a
r
ia
tio
ns
in
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
es
f
or
t
he
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s.
B
ut
f
or
t
he
s
a
me
d
u
t
y
c
y
le
v
a
l
ue,
the
p
o
w
e
r
d
iss
i
pa
te
d
to
t
he
dum
m
y
l
oa
d
o
n
S
EI
G
is
s
ligh
t
l
y
l
ar
ger
tha
n
S
G
,
espec
i
a
l
l
y
f
or
l
a
r
ge
d
uty
cyc
l
e
va
lue
s
.
F
i
gur
e
5b
sho
w
s
t
h
e
test
r
es
ul
t
s
o
f
the
d
u
t
y
cyc
le (
)
ne
eded
t
o
m
a
in
t
a
i
n
t
he
g
e
n
er
a
t
or
o
ut
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
(
38
0 ± 2)
V
olts
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s
a
t
(
50 ± 0.
2)
H
z dur
in
g
va
r
i
at
i
o
n
s
i
n
c
ons
um
er
loa
d pow
er
fr
o
m
150 Wa
t
t
s
to
6
75
Wa
tts.
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
test
,
t
h
e
am
oun
t
of
a
ctive
pow
e
r
l
oad
(
P
L
)
a
nd
th
e
c
o
mpe
n
sa
sio
n
pow
er
(
P
C
)
is
m
a
d
e
c
o
n
s
ta
nt.
F
o
r
t
h
e
sam
e
c
onsu
m
er
l
oad
pow
e
r
,
the
S
G
dut
y
cyc
l
e
(
)
i
s
s
maller
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
s
ettin
g
fo
r
S
E
IG
,
as
show
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
5b.
a.
P
C
ver
s
us
b
.
ver
s
us
P
L
F
i
gur
e
5.
ELC
C
har
a
cter
i
s
t
i
c
for
di
f
f
er
en
t
ge
ne
r
a
t
o
r
s
4.
2.
Cu
rrent harmonics gen
era
t
e
d by
E
L
C
o
n different
gen
erat
o
r
s
F
i
gur
e
6
sh
ow
s
the
r
e
sults
o
f
test
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
a
vef
o
r
m
a
nd
ha
r
m
onic
s
pe
c
t
r
u
m
of
t
h
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
g
e
n
er
ate
d
by
the
EL
C
on
t
he
S
EI
G
w
h
i
c
h
is
l
oa
de
d
w
ith
3
7
5
W
at
ts.
A
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
,
the
i
n
s
t
a
lla
tio
n
o
f
ELCs
o
n
S
E
IG
w
ill
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
c
onsi
d
e
r
able
h
ar
mon
i
c
cur
r
ent
gene
ra
ti
on,
e
spec
i
a
l
l
y
har
m
on
ics
for
or
de
r
s
5
,
7,
9
,
11
an
d
13,
w
it
h
T
o
tal
H
a
r
m
onic D
i
st
or
t
i
o
n
Cur
r
e
n
t
(
TH
D
I
)
r
e
a
c
hin
g
7
2.
6 %.
W
hi
l
e
the sa
m
e
EL
C ins
t
a
lla
t
i
on o
n
S
G
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
iffe
re
nces in the
im
pac
t o
f
h
a
rm
o
n
i
c
dis
t
or
ti
on due to the
in
sta
l
l
a
tio
n of
elec
tro
n
i
c …
(Re
f
di
n
a
l
N
a
zir
)
11
1
for t
h
e c
o
n
s
um
er
load o
f
375
Wa
tt w
ill g
e
ne
ra
t
e
ha
r
monic
cur
r
en
t w
ith a sm
a
ller TH
D
I
,
a
s
show
n in F
i
gure 7.
I
n
t
h
i
s
F
i
g
u
r
e
,
i
t
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
T
H
D
I
g
ene
r
ated
by
the
ELC
i
n
S
G
only
rea
c
hed
2
6
.
2
%,
w
i
t
h
th
e
large
s
t
IH
D
on
the 5t
h or
der.
F
i
gure
8
show
s
t
h
e
re
su
l
t
s
o
f
t
est
i
n
g
f
or
t
he
t
rend
o
f
c
ha
n
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
T
H
D
I
v
a
l
ue
o
f
t
h
e
curr
ent
har
m
on
i
c
gene
ra
ted
b
y
ELC
d
ur
i
n
g
the
va
ria
tio
n
of
c
o
n
sum
e
r
l
o
a
d
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
u
se
o
f
S
E
IG
a
nd
S
G
.
As
s
how
n
by
th
is
F
igure
,
THD
I
from
harm
onic
c
u
rren
t
s
gene
rate
d
b
y
ELC
o
n
S
E
IG
v
aries
from
52
.1%
a
t
t
he
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
load
o
f
1
50
Wa
tt
t
o
1
0
0
.
5
%
a
t
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
l
o
a
d
o
f
6
7
5
W
a
t
t
,
w
h
i
l
e
f
o
r
S
G
i
t
v
a
r
i
e
s
fro
m
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F
i
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T
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tin
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EL
C on
t
h
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S
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IG
a
t the c
ons
ume
r
load
of 37
5
w
att
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
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1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
10
4 –
11
6
11
2
a.
Wa
v
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m
b. H
a
r
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sp
ec
trum
F
i
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T
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t
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tin
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o
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the
w
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orm
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m
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pe
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G
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t the
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um
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3
7
5
w
att
F
i
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
P
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w
Elec
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r
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94
Di
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Harmon
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igur
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or
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0
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(%
)
P
L
(W
att
)
SE
IG
SG
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.