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ch
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ch
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,
m
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,
b
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,
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c
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[
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[
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a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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13
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20
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199
192
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icien
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2
.
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h
is
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e
ce
s
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itate
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ig
h
f
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e
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cy
cu
r
r
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n
t
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e
o
r
d
er
o
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o
f
k
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Fo
r
e
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tan
d
ar
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ir
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y
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tem
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o
p
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ate
at
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f
o
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o
m
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atter
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ch
ar
g
in
g
a
p
p
licatio
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s
.
I
n
th
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m
ain
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ly
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et
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AC
p
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ased
o
n
th
e
g
eo
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r
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h
ical
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.
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h
e
m
ain
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
th
u
s
co
n
v
er
ted
f
r
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m
AC
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an
d
th
e
n
ag
ai
n
f
r
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m
DC
to
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i
g
h
f
r
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ltag
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r
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er
to
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e
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er
ate
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
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en
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cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
u
p
lin
g
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ils
.
I
n
b
o
th
p
r
i
m
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e
th
er
e
is
a
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
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il
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elf
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in
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ctan
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d
to
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cr
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p
ab
ilit
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.
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h
e
h
ig
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r
eq
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e
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cy
AC
cu
r
r
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n
t
is
co
n
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itio
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e
d
in
s
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le
o
r
two
s
tag
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b
ased
o
n
th
e
l
o
ad
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
g
iv
es
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r
am
r
ep
r
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tatio
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in
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m
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to
th
e
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t
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t lo
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.
t
a
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k
F
r
o
n
t
E
n
d
AC
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DC
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.
t
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k
L
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I
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S
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C
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P
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k
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ve
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R
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a
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ve
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r
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R
e
ct
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f
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e
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DC
C
o
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ve
r
t
e
r
DC
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AC
AC
-
AC
C
o
n
ve
r
t
e
r
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
n
ve
r
t
e
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
I
P
T
s
y
s
tem
R
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
b
lo
ck
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t
r
es
ea
r
ch
ar
ea
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
As
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t
alter
n
ativ
e
to
AC
-
DC
-
AC
two
s
tag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ir
ec
t
AC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
with
o
u
t
a
DC
lin
k
[
1
3
]
−
[
1
9
]
.
Sev
e
r
al
s
in
g
le
an
d
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
m
atr
ix
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
e
r
atio
n
m
o
d
es
ar
e
q
u
an
tu
m
en
er
g
y
in
jectio
n
an
d
cir
cu
latin
g
f
r
ee
o
s
cillatio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
ea
lizatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
th
er
e
is
alwa
y
s
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lo
w
-
co
s
t
r
ea
lizatio
n
with
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
ea
tu
r
e
[
2
0
]
−
[
2
3
]
.
Fo
r
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
AC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
th
es
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t sag
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
in
p
u
t m
ain
s
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
wh
ich
is
well
d
o
cu
m
en
te
d
in
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
3
]
−
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ag
r
esu
lts
in
a
d
r
o
p
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
p
o
wer
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
lo
ad
is
p
r
esen
t.
T
h
is
is
a
m
ajo
r
tech
n
ical
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
,
lim
itin
g
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
m
atr
i
x
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
i
n
p
r
ac
tical
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
B
u
t
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
wir
eless
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ak
e
u
p
a
m
ajo
r
s
eg
m
en
t
o
f
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
to
lev
el
2
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
will
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
u
tili
ty
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
in
r
esid
e
n
tial
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
co
s
tly
as
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
as
well.
T
h
u
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
m
atr
ix
c
o
n
v
er
ter
wh
ic
h
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
c
o
n
v
er
t
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
m
ain
s
AC
to
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
AC
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ex
citin
g
a
wir
eless
in
d
u
ctiv
e
lin
k
with
o
u
t
an
y
p
o
wer
s
ag
.
A
n
atu
r
al
ex
ten
s
io
n
to
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
wir
eless
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
g
r
id
s
id
e
to
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
(
G2
V)
,
r
ec
en
t
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
h
a
v
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
v
eh
icle
to
g
r
id
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
(
V2
G)
as
well.
T
h
e
k
ey
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
en
ab
lin
g
V2
G
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
is
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
.
Sev
er
al
p
ap
er
s
in
liter
atu
r
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
n
o
v
el
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
[
2
4
]
−
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
co
m
p
a
ct
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
en
er
g
y
b
u
f
f
er
f
o
r
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
o
n
ly
two
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
s
witch
es.
E
ac
h
AC
s
witc
h
h
as
two
in
s
u
lated
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
)
/m
etal
o
x
id
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
f
ield
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
MO
SF
E
T
)
d
ev
ice
with
o
n
ly
o
n
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
ate
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
is
s
im
p
lifie
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th
e
co
n
v
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ter
co
n
s
tr
u
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n
a
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f
ican
tly
.
T
h
e
v
ar
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f
r
eq
u
en
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q
u
a
n
tu
m
e
n
er
g
y
in
jectio
n
an
d
cir
cu
latin
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f
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193
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r
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f
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th
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ated
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ep
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ted
c
u
r
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n
t
s
ag
p
r
o
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lem
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h
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n
o
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f
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e
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ts
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en
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g
y
p
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ls
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n
b
u
f
f
e
r
,
wh
ich
h
ar
v
ests
en
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u
r
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AC
v
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lin
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an
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v
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o
u
g
h
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im
u
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r
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T
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e
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est
o
f
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h
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en
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ar
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tio
n
2
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
n
ew
cir
c
u
it
an
d
its
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
in
cip
le.
Sectio
n
3
is
th
e
an
aly
tical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
d
u
r
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
p
er
io
d
s
,
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ag
d
u
r
in
g
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
an
d
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
izin
g
is
an
aly
ze
d
i
n
d
etail.
Sectio
n
4
is
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
wh
ich
v
er
if
ies th
e
an
aly
tic
al
an
aly
s
is
.
Sectio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
AC
-
AC
CO
NV
E
RT
E
R
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
t
h
as
two
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
Switch
es
an
d
t
wo
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als
in
th
e
m
ain
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
is
d
esig
n
ed
as
s
er
ies
tu
n
ed
.
Her
e,
L
is
th
e
c
o
il
s
elf
-
in
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
C
is
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
R
eq
is
th
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
r
esi
s
tiv
e
lo
ad
r
ef
lecte
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e.
SW
1
an
d
SW
2
ar
e
two
cir
cu
it.
I
G
B
T
/MOS
FET
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices
wh
ich
to
g
eth
er
f
o
r
m
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
s
witch
.
SW
1
an
d
SW
2
em
itter
ter
m
in
als
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
th
u
s
o
n
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
S
1
is
s
u
f
f
i
cien
t
to
d
r
iv
e
b
o
th
d
ev
ices.
Similar
ly
,
SW
3
an
d
SW
4
f
o
r
m
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
witch
wh
ile
S
2
is
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
o
f
th
is
s
witch
ass
em
b
ly
.
Du
r
in
g
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
in
,
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
cu
r
r
en
t
i
L
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
ag
d
u
e
to
lo
w
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
a
cito
r
C
buff
d
eliv
er
s
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
at
p
e
r
io
d
.
T
h
e
b
u
f
f
er
cir
c
u
it
h
as
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
its
s
witch
n
o
d
e
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
m
ain
cir
cu
it
s
witch
n
o
d
e.
Du
e
to
th
e
in
h
er
en
t
a
n
tip
ar
allel
b
o
d
y
d
io
d
e
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
cir
cu
it,
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
buff
g
ets
ch
ar
g
ed
d
u
r
in
g
S
1
o
n
p
er
io
d
.
C
buff
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
in
to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es
SB
1
,
SB
2
,
SB
3
an
d
SB
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
ir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
AC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
T
h
e
m
ain
cir
cu
it
o
p
e
r
atio
n
i
s
ex
p
lain
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
s
s
en
tially
th
er
e
ar
e
two
m
ai
n
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
:
q
u
an
tu
m
en
er
g
y
in
jectio
n
an
d
cir
c
u
latin
g
f
r
ee
o
s
cillatio
n
.
Du
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
in
je
ctio
n
tr
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
an
d
f
r
ee
o
s
cillatio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
tr
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
k
ee
p
a
r
eg
u
lated
co
n
s
tan
t
tr
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t
b
y
s
wi
tch
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
m
o
d
es.
T
h
is
o
p
er
atio
n
is
p
icto
r
ially
r
ep
r
es
en
ted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
E
n
er
g
y
in
jectio
n
m
ea
n
s
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
o
wer
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
.
T
h
u
s
,
d
u
r
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
alf
cy
cle
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t,
s
witch
S
1
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
P
o
s
itiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esu
lts
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
o
wer
.
Similar
en
er
g
y
in
ac
tio
n
b
y
s
witch
in
g
o
n
S
1
h
ap
p
en
s
d
u
r
in
g
n
eg
ativ
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
h
alf
cy
cle
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
v
o
ltag
e
h
alf
cy
cle.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
d
u
r
in
g
f
r
ee
o
s
cillatio
n
th
er
e
is
n
o
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
,
b
u
t
th
e
lo
ad
r
es
is
tan
ce
is
p
r
esen
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
lo
ad
ac
ts
as
a
d
am
p
in
g
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
SW
1
SW
2
SW
3
SW
4
S
1
S
2
R
eq
V
C
C
L
i
L
SB
1
SB
3
SB
4
SB
2
C
B
u
f
f
Sb
1
Sb
3
Sb
4
Sb
2
V
in
v
sw
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
191
-
199
194
tan
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
Fre
e
o
s
cillatio
n
m
o
d
es
ar
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
cir
cu
latin
g
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
tan
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
s
witch
S
2
.
T
h
is
cu
r
r
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
wo
r
k
s
well
f
o
r
s
u
f
f
icien
t
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
B
u
t,
wh
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
is
lo
w,
th
en
th
e
tr
ac
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
ails
to
r
eg
u
late.
E
v
en
with
en
er
g
y
in
j
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
tr
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t
f
alls
to
a
lo
w
v
alu
e
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
ca
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
a
b
u
f
f
er
cir
cu
it,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
an
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
is
an
illu
s
tr
a
tio
n
o
f
th
is
cir
cu
it.
I
GB
T
/MOS
FET
d
ev
ices
co
m
e
with
an
an
tip
a
r
allel
d
io
d
e.
T
h
at
f
o
r
m
s
a
d
io
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
an
d
ac
ts
as
a
r
ec
tifie
r
.
T
h
e
d
io
d
e
c
o
n
d
u
cts
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
S
1
tu
r
n
o
n
p
er
io
d
a
n
d
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
ch
ar
g
es
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
en
er
g
y
is
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
.
E
n
er
g
y
in
jectio
n
h
a
p
p
en
s
b
y
t
u
r
in
g
o
n
SB
1
,
SB
2
d
u
r
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
h
alf
cy
cle
o
r
SB
3
,
SB
4
d
u
r
i
n
g
n
e
g
ativ
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
h
alf
cy
cle.
Du
e
to
th
is
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
t
o
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
tan
k
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Deta
iled
d
escr
ip
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
k
ey
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
e
x
p
lain
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
a
ty
p
ical
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
wir
eles
s
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
s
y
s
tem
.
E
x
am
p
l
e
s
y
s
tem
is
E
v
atr
an
g
r
o
u
p
lev
el
2
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
er
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Op
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
cir
cu
it
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
n
tr
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t
:
(
a)
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
d
u
e
to
co
n
tr
o
l a
ctio
n
an
d
(
b
)
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
d
u
e
to
v
o
ltag
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
e
r
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Op
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
cir
cu
it
SW
2
R
eq
V
C
C
L
i
L
SW
1
V
in
V
in
SW
2
R
eq
V
C
C
L
i
L
SW
1
V
in
V
in
SW
2
R
eq
V
C
C
L
i
L
SW
1
V
in
V
in
SW
2
R
eq
V
C
C
L
i
L
SW
1
V
in
V
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
a
s
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l A
C
-
A
C
co
n
ve
r
ter w
ith
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
en
erg
y
b
u
ffer
fo
r
… (
N
a
z
mu
l H
a
s
a
n
)
195
T
ab
le
1
.
C
ir
cu
it
o
p
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
s
witch
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
tab
le
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
V
in
i
L
M
o
d
e
S1
S2
S
b
1
S
b
2
S
b
3
S
b
4
M
a
i
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
V
in
>
0
,
V
in
>
V
A
i
L
>
0
,
i
L
<i
r
e
f
En
e
r
g
y
I
n
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
ON
O
F
F
O
F
F
O
F
F
O
F
F
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F
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a
i
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
V
in
>
0
,
V
in
>
V
A
i
L
>
0
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i
L
>i
r
e
f
F
r
e
e
O
sc
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
O
F
F
ON
O
F
F
O
F
F
O
F
F
O
F
F
M
a
i
n
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Key
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85
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3.
ANALY
T
I
CAL S
T
UD
Y
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
an
aly
tic
al
f
o
r
m
u
latio
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o
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s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
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p
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s
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T
h
e
m
ain
cir
cu
it
is
a
s
er
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r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
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h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
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y
is
q
u
an
tu
m
en
e
r
g
y
i
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a
n
d
cir
cu
latin
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r
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an
t
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wh
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tr
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ed
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tr
ac
k
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n
t.
E
m
p
lo
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in
g
th
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two
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o
d
es,
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
is
r
e
g
u
lated
with
a
r
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p
le.
T
h
is
r
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p
le
is
an
aly
ze
d
in
th
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tio
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.
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h
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ld
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k
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th
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at
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s
witch
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o
n
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lled
th
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n
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n
aly
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f
o
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m
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f
o
r
V
A
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in
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s
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=
{
̂
s
in
0
(
1
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4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
191
-
199
196
Her
e,
̂
is
th
e
p
ea
k
ac
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
is
th
e
p
h
ase
an
g
le.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
co
n
s
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
wh
o
le
s
witch
in
g
p
e
r
io
d
.
C
ir
cu
it o
p
er
atio
n
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
=
−
−
(
2
)
=
(
3
)
Her
e,
an
d
ar
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
al
u
es.
Par
am
eter
s
an
d
ar
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t is
(
4
)
.
=
̂
s
i
n
+
(
0
)
−
s
in
(
4
)
Her
e,
(
0
)
is
th
e
in
itial
v
alu
e
o
f
c
ap
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
,
is
n
atu
r
al
r
e
s
o
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
=
2
⁄
i
s
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t,
0
=
1
√
⁄
is
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
=
√
0
2
−
2
,
=
2
⁄
.
As
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
in
ze
r
o
cu
r
r
en
t
s
witch
in
g
m
o
d
e,
th
e
i
n
itial
in
d
u
ct
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
s
co
n
s
id
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ed
to
b
e
ze
r
o
an
d
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
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alu
e
will b
e
m
ax
im
u
m
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
d
u
r
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
p
er
io
d
,
we
n
ee
d
to
e
q
u
ate
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
in
jecte
d
in
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
tan
k
.
W
e
ca
n
s
im
p
lify
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
to
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
cc
u
r
s
at
n
o
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
.
I
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
is
eq
u
al
o
r
ju
s
t
b
elo
w
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
al
u
e,
an
d
th
er
e
is
n
o
d
am
p
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lo
ad
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
will
in
cr
e
ase
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e.
O
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
is
o
b
tain
e
d
wh
en
th
er
e
is
m
ax
im
u
m
l
o
ad
p
r
esen
t,
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
ab
s
en
t
an
d
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
eq
u
at
io
n
s
b
elo
w
q
u
an
tify
th
ese
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
I
f
we
lo
o
k
cl
o
s
ely
to
t
h
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
we
s
ee
th
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
v
alu
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
h
ig
h
er
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
/
r
atio
,
wh
ich
is
tr
u
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
we
n
ee
d
to
lo
o
k
at
th
e
r
atio
o
f
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
to
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
alu
e
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t
is
also
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t.
1
2
̂
_
2
=
1
2
2
+
∫
(
)
(
)
0
(
5
)
_
=
√
2
+
̂
2
+
̂
2
(
6
)
_
=
−
(
7)
T
h
er
e
is
a
d
r
o
o
p
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
as
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
c
r
o
s
s
es
ze
r
o
v
alu
e.
W
e
ca
n
ter
m
it
as
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t
r
i
p
p
le.
T
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
ca
u
s
e
is
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
u
f
f
icien
t
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
s
u
s
tain
th
e
d
esire
d
o
s
cillatio
n
cu
r
r
en
t.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
q
u
an
tif
y
th
e
p
o
in
t
wh
e
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tar
ts
to
s
ag
d
u
e
to
lack
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
is
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
ter
m
e
d
as
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
v
o
ltag
e
V
A
.
V
A
is
th
e
p
o
in
t
wh
en
b
u
f
f
er
cir
cu
it
s
tar
ts
to
o
p
er
ate.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
V
A
is
(
4
)
.
=
4
(
8
)
T
h
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
io
d
wh
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
o
es
b
elo
w
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
v
o
ltag
e.
As
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
an
AC
q
u
a
n
tity
,
t
h
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ac
ts
as
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
u
n
til
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ag
ain
g
o
es
ab
o
v
e
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
v
o
ltag
e.
Du
r
in
g
th
i
s
p
er
io
d
,
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
r
ed
u
ce
s
as
it
s
o
u
r
ce
s
e
n
er
g
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
W
e
ca
n
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
alu
e
an
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
b
u
f
f
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
y
eq
u
atin
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
en
er
g
y
to
th
e
l
o
ad
en
e
r
g
y
.
T
h
e
to
tal
tim
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
q
u
an
tifie
d
as
:
∆
=
−
1
̂
−
−
1
−
̂
=
2
−
1
̂
(
9
)
T
h
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ch
a
r
g
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
i
o
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
to
m
ax
im
u
m
ac
v
o
ltag
e
̂
.
No
w,
th
e
lo
west
v
alu
e
o
f
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
V
buff_min
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
b
u
f
f
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
(
1
0
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
V
buff_min
an
d
C
buff
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
a
s
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l A
C
-
A
C
co
n
ve
r
ter w
ith
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
en
erg
y
b
u
ffer
fo
r
… (
N
a
z
mu
l H
a
s
a
n
)
197
(
1
2
2
)
(
2
−
1
̂
)
=
1
2
(
̂
2
−
,
2
)
(
1
0
)
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
A
ND
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
AC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
s
im
u
lated
in
p
o
we
r
s
im
s
o
f
twar
e
(
PS
I
M
)
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
et
ic
lin
k
is
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
a
c
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
.
An
8
0
0
W
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
2
2
0
V
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
(
R
MS
)
,
th
u
s
3
1
1
V
p
ea
k
.
Ou
tp
u
t
is
r
ated
as
4
0
0
V.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
ca
n
b
e
s
tatio
n
ar
y
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
r
i
n
m
o
tio
n
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
wh
e
r
e
th
e
v
eh
icle
is
m
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
is
tr
y
in
g
to
r
e
g
u
late
th
e
tr
ac
k
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
at
1
5
A
R
MS,
th
u
s
2
1
.
2
A
p
ea
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
er
e
is
a
r
ip
p
le
in
th
e
r
eg
u
lated
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
2
-
3
A
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
th
ese
1
-
2
A
o
f
R
MS
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
h
er
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
o
f
th
e
r
i
p
p
le
is
less
th
an
1
0
%
an
d
th
u
s
is
n
eg
lig
ib
le
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
cir
cu
it
o
p
er
atio
n
.
As
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
t
h
e
an
a
ly
tical
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
r
ip
p
le
in
cr
e
ases
with
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e,
th
u
s
is
h
ig
h
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
ig
h
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
b
u
f
f
er
cir
cu
it
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
7
an
d
8
s
h
o
ws
tr
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
th
e
en
er
g
y
b
u
f
f
er
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ag
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
i
n
g
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
a
v
er
y
well
-
r
eg
u
lated
tr
ac
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
wh
en
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
is
in
o
p
er
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
b
u
f
f
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
W
h
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
r
esid
u
al
v
o
lta
g
e
in
t
h
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
es.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
p
ea
k
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ich
eq
u
als
th
e
in
p
u
t
A
C
lin
e
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
k
e
p
t
c
o
n
s
tan
t
u
n
til
t
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
o
es b
elo
w
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
v
o
l
tag
e
|
V
A
|
.
Fro
m
th
at
p
o
in
t
to
th
e
p
o
in
t
wh
e
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
g
o
es
b
elo
w
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ac
ts
as
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ca
p
a
cito
r
v
o
ltag
e
r
ed
u
ce
s
to
its
m
in
im
u
m
r
esid
u
al
v
alu
e.
T
h
en
a
g
ain
wh
en
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
o
es a
b
o
v
e
t
h
is
r
esid
u
al
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
,
th
e
b
u
f
f
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
ec
h
a
r
g
es.
Pro
p
er
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
b
o
th
s
tatio
n
ar
y
an
d
in
-
m
o
tio
n
wir
eless
ch
a
r
g
in
g
.
Fo
r
s
tatio
n
ar
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
we
n
ee
d
a
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fo
r
in
-
m
o
tio
n
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
we
n
ee
d
to
k
ee
p
a
c
o
n
s
tan
t
f
lu
x
in
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
lin
k
e
v
en
wh
en
th
e
lo
ad
g
o
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ch
an
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
a
well
-
r
eg
u
lated
tr
ac
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
u
r
in
g
a
s
tep
ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
lo
a
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
r
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t
i
L
a
n
d
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
in
wh
e
n
th
er
e
is
n
o
b
u
f
f
er
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
r
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t
i
L
a
n
d
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
in
wh
e
n
b
u
f
f
er
is
p
r
esen
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
191
-
199
198
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
B
u
f
f
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
lt
ag
e
V
Buffer
d
u
r
in
g
cir
cu
it
o
p
er
a
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
r
ac
k
c
u
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
d
eliv
er
ed
p
o
we
r
at
a
s
tep
lo
ad
c
h
an
g
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
co
s
t
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
A
n
o
v
el
en
er
g
y
b
u
f
f
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
wh
ich
elim
in
ates
p
o
wer
s
ag
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ag
p
r
o
b
lem
d
u
r
in
g
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
is
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
AC
-
AC
m
atr
ix
co
n
v
er
ter
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
in
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
m
ain
tai
n
s
co
n
s
tan
t
f
lu
x
f
o
r
b
o
th
in
m
o
tio
n
an
d
s
tatic
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
m
a
k
e
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
a
s
u
itab
le
ca
n
d
id
ate
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
tat
ic
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
An
an
al
y
tical
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
is
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
an
e
x
am
p
le
d
esig
n
is
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t.
T
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
v
er
if
y
th
e
d
esig
n
e
d
cir
c
u
it o
p
er
atio
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Z.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
H
.
P
a
n
g
,
A
.
G
e
o
r
g
i
a
d
i
s
,
a
n
d
C
.
C
e
c
a
t
i
,
“
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
—
A
n
O
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
4
-
1
0
5
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
3
5
3
7
8
.
[2
]
M
.
Z
.
B
.
M
u
st
a
p
a
,
S
.
S
a
a
t
,
Y
.
Y
u
s
o
f
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
S
h
a
a
r
i
,
“
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
i
n
b
i
o
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
i
mp
l
a
n
t
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
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n
d
u
st
r
y
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
S
o
c
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t
y
A
n
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Me
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1
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A
S
.
2
0
1
7
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8
1
0
1
7
5
6
.
[1
7
]
M
.
M
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g
h
a
d
d
a
m
i
,
A
.
M
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a
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a
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se
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d
En
e
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t
y
G
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(
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.
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6
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7
4
1
7
3
4
.
[1
8
]
R
.
W
a
n
g
,
M
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
C
.
Lu
,
a
n
d
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.
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a
n
g
,
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c
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se
A
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t
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x
C
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n
v
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a
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d
W
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n
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st
e
m fo
r
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e
c
t
r
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c
V
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h
i
c
l
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s
,
”
Ap
p
l
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,
v
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3
3
9
0
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a
p
p
1
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0
7
2
2
1
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.
[1
9
]
N
.
X
u
a
n
B
a
c
,
D
.
M
.
V
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,
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n
sf
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m
,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
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o
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P
o
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9
/
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L.
2
0
1
3
.
2
2
9
1
4
3
4
.
[2
0
]
N
.
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a
san
,
M
.
R
.
T
.
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ss
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i
n
,
M
.
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.
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b
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r
,
M
.
A
.
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d
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y
,
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n
d
M
.
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.
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d
d
i
n
,
“
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C
s
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h
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se
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e
r
g
y
r
e
c
o
v
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r
y
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
,
”
I
EEE
I
n
d
u
st
r
y
A
p
p
l
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c
a
t
i
o
n
s
S
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A
S
.
2
0
1
2
.
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3
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4
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3
1
.
[2
1
]
N
.
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a
s
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n
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
C
h
o
u
d
h
u
r
y
,
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p
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t
sw
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t
c
h
e
d
si
n
g
l
e
p
h
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s
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o
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ma
n
c
e
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u
k
r
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c
t
i
f
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e
r
,
”
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E
EE
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n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
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f
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re
n
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l
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t
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c
s
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D
r
i
v
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s
a
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d
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n
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g
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s (PED
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)
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p
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2
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.
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2
]
M
.
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a
b
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r
,
N
.
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s
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n
,
A
.
H
.
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,
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.
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d
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.
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.
C
h
o
u
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h
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r
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,
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p
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c
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m
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A
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D
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n
d
h
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p
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f
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t
h
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n
t
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rn
a
t
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9
/
I
C
EC
E
.
2
0
1
2
.
6
4
7
1
5
1
6
.
[2
3
]
J.
W
.
K
o
l
a
r
,
F
.
S
c
h
a
f
m
e
i
s
t
e
r
,
S
.
D
.
R
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u
n
d
,
a
n
d
H
.
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t
l
,
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v
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l
T
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e
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P
h
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s
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A
C
–
A
C
S
p
a
r
se
M
a
t
r
i
x
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
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r E
l
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s
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v
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,
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o
.
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,
p
p
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6
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0
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1
1
0
9
/
TP
EL.
2
0
0
7
.
9
0
4
1
7
8
.
[2
4
]
M
.
M
o
g
h
a
d
d
a
m
i
a
n
d
A
.
I
.
S
a
r
w
a
t
,
“
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i
n
g
l
e
-
P
h
a
se
S
o
f
t
-
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
A
C
–
A
C
M
a
t
r
i
x
C
o
n
v
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r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
P
o
w
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r
C
o
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t
r
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l
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f
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d
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c
t
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d
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t
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v
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P
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Tr
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sf
e
r
S
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s
t
e
ms,
”
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EE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
I
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d
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s
t
ry
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p
p
l
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c
a
t
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o
n
s
.
,
v
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l
.
5
4
,
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o
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4
,
p
p
.
3
7
6
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-
3
7
7
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
5
]
J.
L
e
e
a
n
d
B
.
H
a
n
,
“
A
B
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
sf
e
r
EV
C
h
a
r
g
e
r
U
si
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
P
W
M
,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
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n
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c
s
,
v
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l
.
3
0
,
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
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7
8
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7
8
7
,
2
0
1
5
,
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o
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:
1
0
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1
1
0
9
/
TPEL
.
2
0
1
4
.
2
3
4
6
2
5
5
.
[2
6
]
Y
.
Ta
n
g
,
Y
.
C
h
e
n
,
U
.
K
.
M
a
d
a
w
a
l
a
,
D
.
J.
T
h
r
i
maw
i
t
h
a
n
a
,
a
n
d
H
.
M
a
,
“
A
N
e
w
C
o
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t
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o
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l
e
r
f
o
r
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d
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r
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t
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l
W
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r
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l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
sf
e
r
S
y
st
e
ms,
”
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
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r
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l
e
c
t
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n
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c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
9
0
7
6
-
9
0
8
7
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPE
L.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
8
5
3
6
5
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Na
z
m
u
l
H
a
sa
n
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
Le
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Ja
sh
o
re
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ja
sh
o
re
–
7
4
0
8
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
He
h
o
l
d
s
a
BS
c
.
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
Un
i
v
e
rs
it
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(BUE
T)
a
n
d
M
S
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Uta
h
S
tate
U
n
i
v
e
rsity
,
U
S
A.
He
wo
r
k
e
d
f
o
r
th
r
e
e
y
e
a
rs
in
i
n
d
u
stry
in
USA
a
s
a
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
m
o
t
o
r
d
riv
e
s
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
b
e
fo
re
m
o
v
i
n
g
to
a
c
a
d
e
m
ia
in
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
He
is
in
tere
st
e
d
in
t
h
e
a
re
a
o
f
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
.
He
h
a
s
in
tere
st
in
wire
les
s
p
o
we
r
tran
sfe
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
a
n
d
s
y
ste
m
s,
t
h
re
e
a
n
d
si
n
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
re
c
ti
fi
e
rs,
c
h
a
rg
e
rs,
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
in
v
e
rters
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
m
.
h
a
sa
n
@a
o
l.
c
o
m
.
Ta
r
a
k
S
a
h
a
is
with
G
e
n
e
ra
l
El
e
c
tri
c
,
USA,
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
Lea
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
r.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
fro
m
Uta
h
S
t
a
te
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
USA
i
n
2
0
2
0
.
P
ri
o
r
t
o
t
h
a
t
h
e
h
a
s
wo
r
k
e
d
a
t
Ho
n
e
y
we
ll
in
In
d
ia
a
n
d
h
e
ld
sh
o
rt
-
term
p
o
siti
o
n
s
a
t
Tex
a
s
In
st
ru
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
a
t
Oa
k
Ri
d
g
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Lab
o
ra
t
o
ry
i
n
th
e
US
A.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
li
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