Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al
of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
121
~
129
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp
121
-
129
121
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
A
f
ast an
d robust
refe
renc
e cur
rent ge
nerat
ion alg
orithm fo
r
three
-
phase sh
unt active
power fil
ter
Zakari
a Che
d
ja
r
a
1
, Ah
med
Masso
um
2
, P
atri
ce Wir
a
3
, A
hmed S
afa
4
,
Abdel
ma
dj
id
G
ou
ic
hiche
5
1,2
La
bora
toi
re
IC
EPS
,
Univer
sit
é Djil
ali
Li
ab
es
Si
di
Be
l
Abbes
,
Al
gér
ie
3
La
bora
toi
re
IRI
MA
S Unive
rsité de
H
aut
e
a
lsac
e
,
4
rue
des
frè
r
es
lum
iè
r
e, Mulhou
se
ce
d
ex, Fra
nc
e
4,5
La
bora
toi
re
L
GEP
,
Univer
sit
é Ibn
khal
doun
,
Tiare
t
,
Alg
éri
e
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
hist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
J
u
n
0
1,
20
20
Re
vised
Jan
6
, 20
21
Accepte
d
3
Fe
b,
2021
The
id
entificat
io
n
of
the
ref
ere
n
ce
cur
ren
ts
consti
tutes
an
im
port
ant
p
art
o
f
the
cont
rol
of
the
ac
t
ive
power
fi
lt
e
r.
Thi
s
par
t
r
equi
r
es
a
n
accurate
esti
mation
of
th
e
fre
qu
enc
y,
pha
se,
and
prop
er
e
xtra
c
ti
on
of
the
l
oad
cur
r
ent
har
monics.
Thi
s
ma
k
es
th
e
mod
el
ing
more
diff
i
cul
t
and
req
uest
s
a
rigorous
sele
c
ti
on
of
tec
hnique
s
to
b
e
u
sed.
For
th
e
sa
ke
of
simp
licit
y
,
th
e
dir
ect
me
thod
is
mo
ti
v
at
ed
by
the
need
for
the
simpl
i
ci
ty
and
fle
x
ibi
l
it
y
tha
n
th
e
exi
sting
techniq
ues
such
as
th
e
insta
n
ta
n
eous
power
th
eor
y
a
nd
dipha
se
cur
ren
ts
me
thod
.
How
eve
r,
thi
s
me
thod
r
equi
r
es
a
robust
ph
ase
-
loc
ked
loop
to
ex
tract
the
uni
ty
vol
ta
ges
and
a
robust
cont
rol
ler
to
estimate
the
ma
gnit
ud
e
of
the
sourc
e
c
urre
nt.
To
th
is
end,
th
is
pape
r
proposes
the
hy
brid
phase
-
loc
ked
loop
(HP
LL
)
as
a
good
opti
on
m
ai
nly
bec
ause
1)
it
a
c
hie
ves
ze
ro
phase
err
or
und
e
r
fre
quenc
y
d
rifts
,
2)
Fast
dynamic
response,
3
)
t
ota
ll
y
b
loc
k
the
DC
o
ffset,
4)
From
th
e
cont
ro
l
poin
t
of
vie
w
,
i
t
is
a
type
1
control
sys
te
m
which
result
s
in
high
stabilit
y
margin.
To
t
he
best
of
aut
hors’
kno
wledge
,
the
HP
LL
has
n
ot
b
ee
n
used
in
acti
ve
power
fi
lt
e
r
yet
.
Further
more,
a
n
eur
a
l
PI
reg
ulator
is
used
to
estimate
th
e
ma
gnit
ud
e
of
th
e
source
cur
ren
t
.
Simul
ation
result
s
show
th
e
eff
i
cienc
y
of
t
he
proposed
tec
hnique
and
il
lus
tra
t
e
al
l
it
s
int
er
esti
ng
f
eatu
res.
For
the
sak
e
of
com
p
ari
so
n,
th
e
propos
ed
method
is
com
par
ed
to
oth
er
adv
anced tec
h
nique
s.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ar
ti
fici
al
ne
ur
a
l netw
ork
Shun
t
act
iv
e
powe
r fil
te
r
Synchr
on
iz
at
io
n
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Zakar
ia
C
he
djara
Lab
or
at
oi
re
ICEPS
Un
i
ver
sit
é
Djil
al
i Li
abes s
idi
Be
l
Abbes
,
A
l
gér
ie
Emai
l:
zakaria
.
ched
ja
ra
@
gm
a
il
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
incr
easi
ng
pe
netrati
on
of
distrib
uted
ge
ner
at
io
n
(
DG)
s
ources
int
o
the
po
wer
gri
d
a
nd
t
he
proliferati
on
of
dome
sti
c
no
n
-
li
nea
r
loa
ds
ha
ve
pose
d
serio
us
powe
r
qual
it
y
pro
bl
ems
an
d
mad
e
the
mit
igati
on
tas
k mo
re
dif
ficult
than be
fore
[1
]
-
[
8].
Shun
t
act
ive
powe
r
filt
ers
(
SA
P
F)
in
lo
w
-
volt
age
el
ect
r
ic
al
networks
remains
one
of
the
m
os
t
stud
ie
d
a
nd
de
velo
ped
c
omp
ensati
on
met
hods.
H
ow
e
ver,
the
s
hunt
act
i
ve
powe
r
filt
e
r
re
mains
a
c
omplex
strat
egy
t
hat
ne
eds
a
th
oro
ugh
an
d
care
f
ul
study
to
perfor
m
well
.
Eac
h
par
t
in
t
he
SAPF
co
ntr
ol
al
gorith
m
performs
a
very
pr
eci
se
ta
s
k
and
de
pe
nd
s
he
avily
on
the
performa
nce
of
the
oth
e
r
part
s.
This
de
penden
c
e
makes
t
he
m
odel
ing
m
or
e
di
ff
ic
ult
a
nd
re
quest
s
a
ri
gor
ous
sel
ect
io
n
of
t
echn
i
qu
es
to
be
us
ed
as
s
how
n
I
Fig
ure
1.
The
i
den
ti
ficat
ion
of
the
c
ur
ren
t
ref
e
ren
ce
s
co
ns
ti
tutes
an
imp
or
ta
nt
pa
r
t
of
t
he
c
on
t
rol
of
act
i
ve
powe
r
filt
er.
T
his
par
t
re
qu
i
r
es
an
acc
ur
at
e
est
imat
ion
of
t
he
fr
e
quenc
y,
ph
a
se,
an
d
pro
per
ext
racti
on
of
the
load
cu
r
re
nt
ha
rm
on
ic
s.
T
o
t
his
e
nd,
man
y
identific
at
ions
hav
e
been
r
e
porte
d
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
[9
]
-
[
22
];
the
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
121
–
129
122
can
ha
ve
cat
e
gorize
d
int
o
t
he
ti
me
domain
a
nd
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
domain
a
ppro
a
c
hes.
T
he
fr
e
quency
domain
s
uch
as
the
discrete
F
ourier
tra
nsfo
rm
(
DF
T
)
an
d
rec
ur
si
ve
DFT
[
20]
,
t
he
nonlin
e
ar
le
ast
squa
re
[21].
H
ow
e
ve
r,
these
te
chn
iq
ues
require
a
co
mput
at
ion
al
dema
ndin
g,
a
nd
it
s
est
imat
ion
acc
ur
ac
y
is
a
ff
ect
ed
by
the
c
hoic
e
of
samplin
g
fr
e
qu
ency
a
nd
wi
ndow
le
ngth,
the
ti
me
-
domain
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
s
uc
h
as
the
i
ns
ta
nta
neous
po
w
er
theo
r
y
(I
P
T) [
4]
,
the
di
ph
ase
curre
nt
method
(
DQ) a
nd the
direct
[
2
]
,
[
22
].
All
these
te
c
hniq
ues,
re
gardl
ess
of
thei
r
str
uctu
re
diff
e
rence
s,
ope
rate
sa
ti
sfactor
il
y
un
der
an
i
deal
conditi
on,
i
n
wh
ic
h
t
he
gr
i
d
volt
age
is
fr
e
e
of
a
ny
noise
.
Howe
ver
,
thi
s
sit
uatio
n
al
mo
st
ne
ver
oc
cur
s
in
pr
act
ic
e
due
to
mo
re
a
nd
m
ore
fr
e
qu
e
nt
po
w
er
qual
it
y
pro
bl
ems
(prese
nce
of
harmo
nics,
interha
rm
on
ic
s
,
DC
offset a
nd asymmet
rical
volt
age
dro
ps
).
The
most
wi
de
ly
us
ed
te
ch
nique
is
the
phase
-
loc
ked
lo
op
(
PLL)
,
the
c
onve
ntion
al
ty
pes
su
f
fer
f
r
om
three
c
riti
cal
li
mit
at
ion
s:
1)
only
an
ap
pro
xi
mati
on
but
no
t
a
tr
ue
a
mp
li
tu
de
a
nd
ph
a
se
a
ng
le
of
t
he
posit
ive
seq
uen
ce
c
ompone
nt
are
dete
ct
ed;
2)
the d
et
ect
ed
posit
ive
seq
uen
ce vo
lt
a
ges
are d
ist
or
te
d
an
d
un
balanc
ed;
3)
the dy
namic
re
sp
onse
of t
he
s
ys
te
m is
sig
nificantl
y
a
ff
ect
e
d [
23].
To
deal
with
t
his
prob
le
m,
s
om
e
ef
forts
f
or
desi
gn
i
ng
m
ore
eff
ic
ie
nt
PLL
s
meth
ods
ha
ve
bee
n
made
recently
.
A
re
view
of
recent
adv
a
nces
is
gi
ven
in
[23
].
These
e
ffor
ts
i
mpro
ve
the
filt
ering
ca
pa
bili
ty
an
d
d
ist
urba
nce
reject
ion
a
bili
ty
of
PLLs
by
in
cl
ud
in
g
dif
fer
e
nt
filt
ers,
the
movin
g
a
ver
a
ge
filt
er
(MAF)
,
the
Delaye
d
Si
gn
a
l
Ca
ncelat
ion
op
e
rato
r
(DSC),
Sec
ond
-
Ord
er
Ge
ne
rali
zed
In
te
gr
at
or
(
D
SOGI
)
a
nd
ot
her
s
.
These
te
ch
niques
suffe
r
f
rom
on
e
or
m
or
e
on
the
f
ol
lo
wing
shortc
omi
ng
s:
1)
slo
w
dynamic
re
spo
ns
e,
2)
ineff
ic
ie
ncy
unde
r
la
r
ge
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
dri
fts
and
highly
dis
torted
s
ource
vo
lt
age
,
3)
are
le
ss
at
tract
ive
to
deal
with the
DC
-
of
fset pr
ob
le
m
, 4
)
re
quire a
d
ee
p
sta
bili
ty an
al
ys
is.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
IP
T
an
d
D
Q
re
qu
i
re
a
lo
w
-
pass
or
high
-
pa
ss
filt
er
t
o
e
xt
ract
the
f
unda
mental
or
the
harmo
nic
co
m
pone
nts.
Howe
ver,
these
kind
s
of
filt
ers
m
ust
be
desi
gn
e
d
c
aref
ully
in
ord
er
to
a
vo
i
d
er
r
on
e
ous
com
pensat
ion
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
na
ls
duri
ng
the
SAPF
operati
on.
F
or
th
e
sa
ke
of
sim
plici
ty,
t
he
direct
method
requires
fe
we
r
cal
culat
ion
s
(
does
not
necessi
ta
te
pr
e
-
pr
oces
sing,
s
uc
h
as
hi
gh
-
pas
s
a
nd
l
ow
-
pa
ss
filt
ering,
i
n
order
t
o
se
par
a
te
the
fun
dame
ntal
an
d
the
ha
rm
on
ic
c
omponents
)
tha
n
I
P
T,
D
Q
a
nd
e
nsures
bette
r
acc
ur
ac
y
and r
obus
t
ness
.
To
a
ddress
t
he
se
issues,
t
his
pap
e
r
proposes
the
hy
br
id
synch
r
onous/
sta
ti
on
ar
y
filt
erin
g
te
ch
nique
(H
P
LL)
with
t
he
direct
meth
od
[
24]
as
good
op
ti
on
m
ai
nl
y
becau
se
,
1)
i
t
achieves
ze
r
o
ph
ase
er
ror
unde
r
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
dri
fts,
2)
Fast
dy
na
mic
res
ponse
,
3)
tot
al
ly
bl
oc
k
t
he
DC
offse
t,
4)
From
the
con
t
ro
l
point
of
view
,
it
is
a
typ
e
1
c
on
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
wh
ic
h
res
ults
in
hi
gh
sta
bili
ty
ma
rg
i
n.
T
o
the
be
st
of
a
ut
hors’
knowle
dge,
the
HP
LL
has
not
been
us
e
d
i
n
a
ct
ive
powe
r
fil
te
r
yet.
Be
si
de
s,
a
ne
ural
re
gula
tor
t
o
e
nh
a
nc
e
the
dy
namic
of
t
he
DC
bus
volt
ag
e.
Figure
1. S
hunt
acti
ve
pow
er
filt
er contr
ol
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A fast
and ro
bust ref
ere
nce c
ur
re
nt g
e
ner
ation al
gorit
hm for
t
hr
ee
-
phas
e
sh
unt
activ
e
…
(
Z
ak
ar
ia C
he
dj
ar
a
)
123
2.
REFERE
NCE
C
U
R
RENT
GENER
ATIO
N USI
NG
T
H
E DI
RECT
M
ET
HOD
In
this
w
ork,
th
e d
irect
meth
od h
as
bee
n
ad
opte
d
as s
how
n i
n
Fig
ur
e
2
[
2].
Th
ere a
re thre
e b
loc
ks
for
this
c
on
tr
ol
str
at
egy
.
T
he
fir
st
bl
ock
est
im
at
es
the
ma
ximu
m
c
urren
ts
of
the
s
ource
us
in
g
a
pro
por
ti
on
al
integrat
or
(
PI)
with
a
neural
ap
proac
h.
T
he
se
c
urren
ts
ta
ke
c
are
of
the
act
ive
power
r
equ
i
red
by
th
e
act
ive
filt
er
an
d
t
he
losses
ge
ner
at
ed
i
n
the
in
ve
rter.
I
ns
ta
nta
ne
ous
re
fe
ren
ce
source
c
urrent
s
are
e
valuat
ed
by
mu
lt
iplyi
ng
th
e
est
imat
ed
m
aximum
c
urre
nts
by
the
unit
volt
age
vecto
rs.
The
sec
ond
blo
c
k
deter
mi
nes
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
cu
rrents
of
t
he
filt
er
wh
ic
h
a
re
ob
ta
ine
d
by
s
ub
t
racti
ng
f
rom
the
re
fer
e
nc
e
source
c
urre
nts,
t
he
instanta
ne
ous
load
c
urren
ts
a
nd
c
ompare
d
to
t
he
c
urre
nts
of
the
filt
er.
T
he
t
hir
d
blo
c
k
giv
es
the
e
rrors
w
hic
h
are
us
ed
th
rou
gh a PW
M
(
pu
lse
w
idt
h
m
od
ulati
on
)
to
g
e
ne
rate co
ntr
ol si
gn
al
s
for t
he
ac
ti
ve
filt
er.
Figure
2. I
den
t
ific
at
ion
st
r
uct
ur
e
of
ref
e
ren
c
e cu
rr
e
nts
with
the
direct met
hod
2.1.
Pro
blem
formul
at
io
n
With
the
direct
meth
od,
the
i
de
ntific
at
ion
of
the
re
fer
e
nce
c
urren
ts
de
pend
s
on
the
phase
est
imat
ion
al
gorithm.
A
phase
-
l
ock
e
d
l
oop
is
t
he
m
os
t
widel
y
us
e
d
t
echn
i
qu
e
t
o
re
cov
e
r
a
balanc
ed
s
ys
te
m.
Fig
ur
e
2
il
lustrate
s
the
c
onve
ntion
al
S
RF
-
PLL
(the
s
yn
c
hro
nous
re
f
eren
ce
f
rame).
Since
c
onve
ntion
al
SRF
-
PLL
is
the
basic
str
uctu
re
for
im
pleme
nting
al
m
os
t
al
l
adv
a
nce
d
P
LL
s,
a
br
ie
f
desc
r
ipti
on
of
it
s
op
erati
ng
pri
ncip
le
and
pro
per
ti
es i
s
fir
st pr
e
sente
d
[
23]
.
Figure
3. SRF
-
PLL
with L
PF
In
c
onve
ntio
na
l
SRF
-
PLL
,
Cl
ark
e
a
nd
Pa
rk
's
t
ran
s
f
or
m
at
ion
s
ar
e
ap
pl
ie
d
to
volt
ag
e
sign
al
s
t
o
trans
fer
t
hem
t
o
the
s
yn
c
hro
nous
re
fer
e
nce
f
rame
(dq
).
T
he
res
ulti
ng
dq
axis
sig
nals
c
onta
in
the
phas
e
a
nd
amplit
ude
e
rro
r
in
f
or
mati
on.
The
sig
nal
co
nt
ai
nin
g
the
pha
se
er
ror,
he
re
Vq,
passes
th
r
ough
t
he
L
F,
wh
ic
h
is
an
inte
gr
al
pr
oport
ion
al
regulat
or
(PI).
Th
e
coope
rati
on
of
t
his
re
gu
la
t
or
a
nd
the
VC
O
gua
ran
te
es
a
zero
aver
a
ge ph
ase
trackin
g
er
r
or
at
n
om
i
nal
an
d non
-
nomi
nal freq
ue
ncies in s
te
ady
stat
e.
Note
that the u
nit
vecto
r
gen
e
rated
by
t
he
VCO
[i.e.,
sin
a
nd
c
os
]
is
us
e
d
by
the
P
D
(p
a
r
k
tra
nsf
ormat
ion)
t
o
ge
ner
at
e
the
ph
ase
an
d
amplit
ude
er
ror
inf
ormat
io
n.
Also
note
that
the
PI
c
ontr
oller
outp
ut
an
d
t
he
d
-
a
xis
sig
na
ls
are
est
imat
es
of
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
a
nd magnit
ud
e
o
f
t
he
gri
d
volt
age
, r
especti
vel
y. The
d
-
axis
sig
nal
is
tran
smit
te
d
t
o
a
lo
w
-
pas
s
filt
e
r
in
order
to
re
je
ct
/a
tt
enu
at
e
the
possible
di
sturbance
s
a
nd
acc
ur
at
el
y
e
sti
mate
the
m
agn
it
ude
of
t
he
gri
d
vo
lt
age
. Acco
r
ding to
the
re
f,
the tra
ns
fe
r fun
ct
ion
of SRF
-
P
LL w
it
h ad
diti
on
al
LPF
is
(
1)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
121
–
129
124
ˆ
()
c
V
k
V
s
j
k
+
=
−+
(1)
Figure
4
sho
ws
the
fr
e
quenc
y
respo
ns
e
of
(
5)
f
or
ω=
314
ra
d/
s
an
d
t
hr
ee
val
ues
of
k.
I
n
th
e
se
pl
ots,
it
can
be
no
te
d
that
the
ne
gativ
e
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
is
interp
reted
as
a
respo
ns
e
to
t
he
ne
gative
se
qu
e
nce
vecto
r
sign
al
.
The
fr
e
quenc
y
res
pons
e
is
as
ym
met
ric
ar
ou
nd
the
ze
r
o
a
nd
it
pr
ov
i
des
a
unit
gai
n
with
zer
o
-
ph
a
se
s
hi
fts
at
the
fun
dame
nt
al
fr
eq
ue
ncy
of
posit
ive
sequ
e
nce,
w
hile
offer
in
g
s
ome
le
vel
of
at
te
nu
at
io
n
to
t
he
same
neg
at
ive
se
qu
e
nce
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y.
The d
yn
a
mic r
esp
on
se
d
e
pe
nds
on the
p
a
ra
mete
r k.
Figure
4
.
Bo
de
d
ia
gram
of t
he
. S
RF
-
PLL
w
it
h
L
PF
As
m
entio
ne
d bef
or
e
this tec
hn
i
qu
e
s
uffer
s
from
t
he follo
wing
s
hortco
m
ing
s:
1)
On
l
y
a
n
a
ppr
oximat
ion o
f
t
he
d
et
ect
ed
am
plit
ud
e a
nd
ph
a
se
of the
posit
ive
seque
nce c
ompone
nts.
2)
Unde
r
great
ly
unbalance
d
a
nd
dist
or
te
d
co
ndit
ion
s:
T
he
de
te
ct
ed
fun
da
mental
co
mpo
nen
t
is
unbala
nced
and d
ist
or
te
d.
3)
T
he
dyna
mic
respo
ns
e
is
si
gn
i
fic
antly
re
duced
.
T
hese
s
hortco
min
gs
a
re
the
main
mo
ti
vatio
n
be
hind
dev
el
op
i
ng the
advance
d
te
c
hniq
ues.
2.2.
DC
b
us
volt
ag
e
PI
regulat
ors
ge
ner
al
ly
achie
ve
a
good
c
omp
romise
betwee
n
performa
nce
and
c
os
t,
th
at
is
w
hy
the
se
kinds
of
regula
tors
are
us
e
d
in
80%
of
i
ndus
t
rial
re
gu
la
ti
on
sy
ste
ms
[
25
]
-
[
30
].
Des
pite
th
is,
the
deter
mi
nation
of
th
e
pa
ramet
ers
(P,
I
)
is
not
obvi
ou
s
a
nd
f
unda
mental
ly
not
opti
mal.
To
deal
with
these
chall
en
ge
s,
we
pro
po
se
the
use
of
a
ne
ural
ne
twork
le
a
rn
i
ng
ca
pab
il
it
y
to
determi
ne
the
se
pa
rameters
.
F
ig
ur
e
5
s
ho
ws
the
pr
i
nciple
of
thi
s
te
chn
iq
ue
where
an
ADAL
I
NE
with
t
wo
weig
hts
is
us
e
d:
0
as
the
pro
portio
nal
pa
r
amet
er
and
1
as
a
n
integral
par
a
m
et
er.
T
hese
we
igh
ts
relat
e
th
e
errors
e(
k)
a
nd
e(
k
-
1)
at
ti
me
k
an
d
k
-
1
to
the
ou
t
pu
t
in
t
he
li
near
c
ombinati
on.
T
he
er
ror
is
def
i
ned
betw
een
the
ref
e
rence
sign
al
deliv
ered
t
o
the
re
gula
tor
and the
meas
ured
ou
t
pu
t
of th
e sy
ste
m
to be
con
t
ro
ll
ed
.
Figure
5
.
The
neural P
I reg
ul
at
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A fast
and ro
bust ref
ere
nce c
ur
re
nt g
e
ner
ation al
gorit
hm for
t
hr
ee
-
phas
e
sh
unt
activ
e
…
(
Z
ak
ar
ia C
he
dj
ar
a
)
125
3.
THE
H
-
PLL
TE
CHN
I
QUE
A
sc
hemati
c
di
agr
am
of
this
te
chn
iq
ue
is
s
how
n
in
Fi
g
ur
e
6.
F
r
om
the
con
t
ro
l
po
i
nt
of
vie
w,
this
te
chn
iq
ue
is
a
typ
e
1
sinc
e
it
char
act
e
rized
by
hav
i
ng
only
on
e
integ
rato
r
in
it
s
co
ntr
ol
loop
a
nd
this
al
lows
a
fast
-
dynamic
r
esp
on
se
an
d
hi
gh
sta
bili
ty
ma
rg
i
n.
T
he
ke
y
par
ts
of
this
str
uctu
re
a
re
th
e
M
A
F
i
n
dq
s
pa
ce
an
d
DS
C i
n
αβ
s
pa
ce an
d
this
is t
he reaso
n w
hy
it
r
efer
red to
th
e hybrid
PLL
.
Figure
6
.
The
H
-
P
LL st
ru
ct
ure
3.1.
M
AF
A
M
A
F
is
go
od
al
te
rn
at
iv
e
to
ma
ke
the
S
RF
immu
ne
t
o
the
un
balance
,
ha
rm
on
ic
,
an
d
DC
offset.
The M
AF
desc
ribe
d
as
(
2)
:
1
()
w
Ts
M
A
F
w
e
Gs
Ts
−
−
=
(2)
Wh
e
re
T
w
is
the
le
ngth
of
t
he
MAF
wind
ow,
t
he
MAF
pa
sses
the
DC
Com
pone
nt
an
d
c
omplet
el
y
blo
c
ks
the
f
re
qu
enc
y
c
ompon
ents
of
mu
lt
ipl
e
inte
ger
s
from
(
1
/
T
w)
in
her
t
z.
T
his
is
t
he
r
easo
n
w
hy
t
he
M
A
F
is
so
meti
mes
cal
le
d
(quasi
-
i
deal
LPF
).
T
his
sel
ect
ion
of
T
w
is
a
tr
adeoff
betwee
n
excell
ent
filt
ering
capab
il
it
y
a
nd
fast
dyna
mic
res
pons
e
.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
T
w=T
rem
oves
al
l
harmo
nic
s
an
d
DC
off
set
but
unf
or
tu
natel
y,
this
sel
ect
ion
r
esults
in
slo
w
dy
namic
res
ponse
.
Be
si
des,
to
achie
ve
fa
st
dyna
mic
res
pons
e
sel
ect
ing
T
w=
T/2. In
this cas
e, ho
wev
e
r, t
he
MAF
ca
nn
ot rej
ect
the
DC
of
fset [
24].
3.2.
DSC
To
s
olv
e
this
pro
blem,
we
use
the
op
e
rato
r
(DSC)
i
n
the
PLL
in
put
[
24].
DS
C
is
a
fi
nite
imp
ulse
respo
ns
e
filt
er
wh
ic
h
ca
n be
de
fine
d
in
the
L
aplace
do
main
as
2
1
()
2
T
js
nn
n
ee
D
S
C
s
−
+
=
(3)
Wh
e
re
n
is
th
e
delay
facto
r,
and
it
s
hould
be
dete
rmin
e
d
ba
sed
on
w
hich
c
ompo
ne
nts
are
to
be
rem
ov
e
d. Acc
ordi
ng to ref
, s
el
ect
ing
n=2 to
re
move the
DC
com
pone
nt.
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
The
pro
po
se
d
al
gorithm
is
si
mu
la
te
d
us
i
ng
M
at
la
b/Sim
ulink.
T
hr
ee
scen
arios
a
re
in
vest
igate
d:
idea
l
so
urce
co
ndit
ion
s
,
unbala
nc
ed
a
nd
disto
rted,
DC
of
f
set
in
ord
er
to
analyze
the
pe
rformance
a
nd
t
he
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
al
gorithm
.
Si
nce
th
e
M
CC
F
-
PL
L
is
mathemat
ic
al
ly
e
quivale
nt
an
d
pe
rform
simi
la
rly
unde
r
diff
e
ren
t
op
e
r
at
ing
co
ndit
ions
to
so
me
a
dva
nced
T
ype
2
P
LLs
su
c
h
as
de
coupled
doubl
e
SRF
(
D
DS
RF
),
(DS
OGI),
m
ulti
ple
ref
e
ren
ce
fr
a
me
PLL
(
M
RF
-
PL
L)
a
nd
th
e
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
a
dap
ti
ve
disc
rete
filt
er
(F
A
DF)
with t
wo stages
[3
0]
,
it
h
as
bee
n use
d
as
a r
e
fer
e
nc
e in e
valuati
ng
the pr
opos
e
d
te
chn
i
qu
e
.
4.1.
I
deal
sour
ce v
olt
ag
e
This
sce
nar
i
o
will
serv
e
a
s
a
ref
e
ren
ce
f
or
t
wo
ot
her
sce
na
rios
.
Fig
ur
e
7
shows
the
be
ha
vior
of
the
act
ive
power
filt
er
un
der
ide
al
s
ource
volt
age
c
onditi
on.
U
nder
this
c
onditi
on,
t
he
act
ive
powe
r
filt
er
l
owere
d
the
T
HD
from
28%
to
1.71%
with
t
he
pro
posed
sche
me
a
nd
1.8
9%
with
the
M
CC
F
-
PLL
.
Be
sides
,
it
ca
n
be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
121
–
129
126
seen
t
hat,
t
he
pro
po
se
d
sche
me
is
fast
c
ompa
red
wit
h
M
CC
F
-
PLL,
t
o
be
m
or
e
ex
act
the
H
-
PLL
ha
ve
a
set
tl
ing
ti
me
a
bout
1
cycle
w
hile,
the
M
CC
F
-
PL
L
ha
ve
2
cycles.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
the
ne
ura
l
re
gu
la
to
r
en
ha
nces
the
DC
bus
volt
age dy
namic.
Figure
7
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
unde
r hig
hly u
nbal
ance
d
s
ourc
e volt
age: (a
)
l
oad
cu
rr
e
nt a
nd it
s fre
qu
e
nc
y
sp
ect
r
um
,
(b) s
ource c
urre
nt a
nd it
s freq
ue
nc
y
s
pectr
um
with the
M
CC
F
-
P
LL,
(c)
source
current a
nd it
s
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
s
pec
trum wit
h t
he H
-
P
LL,
(d)
DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge wit
h
the
ne
ur
al
re
gu
la
to
r, (e
)
DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge wit
h
the cla
ssica
l PI
r
e
gu
la
tor
4.2.
DC
offset
cond
i
tion
In
t
his sce
nar
i
o, a
DC
co
mpo
ne
nt of
ph
a
se (
a
)
an
d p
hase
(c) +5
0v,
-
50v i
s
add
e
d
t
o
the
gr
id volt
ages
.
Figure
8
sho
w
s
the
be
ha
vio
r
of
the
act
ive
powe
r
filt
er
unde
r
DC
offset
c
onditi
on.
U
nd
e
r
this
co
ndit
ion
,
t
he
(
d
)
(a)
(
b
)
(
c
)
(e)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A fast
and ro
bust ref
ere
nce c
ur
re
nt g
e
ner
ation al
gorit
hm for
t
hr
ee
-
phas
e
sh
unt
activ
e
…
(
Z
ak
ar
ia C
he
dj
ar
a
)
127
act
ive
powe
r
f
i
lt
er
had
good
performa
nces
on
l
y
with
the
pro
po
se
d
sc
he
me
with
a
source
c
urre
nt
T
HD
of
1.89%.
It can
be n
oted
t
hat the
prop
os
ed
alg
ori
thm is la
rg
el
y bett
er t
han the
M
CC
F
-
PLL
.
Figure
8
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
unde
r
DC
offset
: (a) so
ur
ce
cur
ren
t a
nd it
s fre
qu
e
nc
y
s
pectr
um wit
h t
he MC
CF
-
PLL, (
b)
sourc
e cu
rr
e
nt and it
s f
r
eq
ue
ncy spe
ct
ru
m
w
it
h t
he
H
-
PLL
w
it
h
neural re
gula
to
r,
(c)
DC
bus
volt
age
with
M
CC
F
-
P
LL,
(d)
DC
bus volt
age
with
H
-
P
LL a
nd
ne
ur
al
regulat
or
4.3.
Dist
or
ted source
volt
ag
e
co
n
ditio
n
In
this
scena
ri
o,
the
sourc
e
volt
ages
are
un
ba
la
nced
an
d
di
storted
with
t
he
TH
D
of
10.
31%.
Fig
ure
9
sh
ows
the
be
hav
i
or
of
the
act
ive
po
wer
filt
er
un
der
unbalance
d
an
d
distor
te
d
c
onditi
ons.
U
nd
er
this
conditi
on, t
he
t
wo sche
mes c
onve
r
ge
to
simil
ar r
e
su
lt
s.
4.4.
Perf
orm
ance
com
p
ara
is
on
This
s
ubsect
io
n
pro
vid
es
a
c
omparati
ve
stu
dy
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
H
-
PLL
a
nd
the
neural
regulat
or
to
extract
the
ma
gn
it
ude
s
ource
of
the
c
urre
nt
with
the
M
CC
F
-
PL
L;
the
me
thods
a
re
co
m
par
e
d
acc
ordin
g
to
t
he
fo
ll
owin
g
sta
ndpoints:
Unbal
ance
r
obust
nes
s,
f
reque
ncy
a
dap
ta
bili
ty,
dis
tortio
ns
,
DC
offset,
t
he
dyna
mic
of
so
urce c
urre
nt
and
DC
bus
vo
lt
age.
Accor
ding
t
o
Table
1
a
nd
Table
2
,
t
he
pro
po
se
d
H
-
P
LL
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
with
a
ne
ur
al
re
gul
at
or
i
s
recomme
nd
e
d
as
a
good
al
te
r
native
mainly
because
it
ef
fe
ct
ively
reject
e
d
the
un
balanc
e,
DC
offset,
a
nd
the
harmo
nic
c
ompone
nt
an
d
offe
rs
a
sat
isfa
ct
ory
co
m
pro
mise
bet
ween
the
dynamic
res
pons
e,
fil
te
ring
capab
il
it
y.
Table
1
.
T
H
D unde
r
ci
rc
um
st
ance
s
Table
2
.
C
omp
ariso
n of t
ransi
ent r
es
ponse
s
THD%
H
-
PL
L
MCCF
-
P
LL
Ideal con
d
itio
n
1
.71
%
1
.89
%
Un
b
alan
ce a
n
d
dis
to
rted
3
.48
%
2
.88
%
DC
-
o
ff
set
1
.71
%
1
9
.41
%
Settlin
g
tim
e
H
-
PL
L
MCCF
-
P
LL
Frequ
en
cy
step
chan
g
e
<2
cycles [24
]
2
.5 cy
cles [28
]
So
u
rce
cu
rr
en
t
1
cycle
2
cycles
DC
b
u
s v
o
ltag
e
2
cycles
3
cycles
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
(
d
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
121
–
129
128
Figure
9
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
unde
r dist
ort
ed c
onditi
ons: (a
) source
volt
age
and it
s freq
ue
nc
y
s
pectr
um
,
(b)
so
urce c
urre
nt
and it
s freq
ue
nc
y
s
pectr
um
wi
th the H
-
PLL
, (c)
source
curr
ent and it
s
fr
e
quenc
y spectr
um
with
M
CC
F
-
P
LL
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
-
In
t
his
pa
per
the
H
-
PLL
s
ynch
r
on
iz
at
io
n
te
chn
iq
ue
t
o
e
nh
a
nce
the
pe
rformance
of
AP
F
unde
r
adv
e
rse
gr
i
d
c
onditi
ons
with
the
direct
met
hod
is
pr
es
ente
d.
The
main
a
dvanta
ge
of
the
pro
po
se
d
met
hod
is
the
fact
of
being
a
ble
t
o
w
ork
unde
r
ad
ve
rs
e
gri
d
c
onditi
ons
with
the
fas
t
-
dyna
mic
respon
s
e
a
nd
with
high
sta
bili
ty
mar
gi
n.
The
ne
ur
al
PI
regulat
or
is
us
e
d
t
o
e
nh
a
nc
e
the
dynami
c
of
the
DC
bus.
Sim
ulati
on
res
ults
hav
e
bee
n
obta
ined
a
nd
s
ho
w
t
hat
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
H
-
P
LL
with
a
ne
ur
al
r
egu
la
to
r
is
a
ve
ry
s
uitable
f
or
s
hun
t
act
ive pow
e
r fi
lt
er.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
B.
K.
Bose
,
“
Gl
obal
ene
rgy
sc
en
ari
o
and
i
mpa
c
t
of
po
wer
e
le
c
tro
nic
s
in
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ce
n
t
ury”
,
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EE
E
Tr
ans.
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El
e
ct
ron.
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A.
Safa
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E.
M.
Berkouk,
Y
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le
m,
and
A.
Gouichiche
,
“
An
im
prov
ed
slidi
ng
mod
e
cont
roller
for
a
mul
ti
fun
ct
ion
al
p
hotovol
taic
gri
d
-
ti
ed
inve
r
te
r
”
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Re
n
ew. Sustain.
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X.
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ang
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abjerg,
“
Har
moni
c
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il
i
ty
i
n
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e
le
c
tron
ic
base
d
power
s
ystem
s:
C
on
ce
p
t
,
mode
l
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d
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I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
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t
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d
,
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A.
Safa
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E.
M.
Berkouk,
Y.
Me
ss
le
m,
and
A.
G
ouic
hi
che
,
“
A
ro
bust
cont
rol
al
g
orit
hm
for
a
multifunc
t
ional
grid
-
ti
ed
inve
rt
er
to
enha
nc
e
th
e
po
wer
qual
i
ty
of
a
mi
cro
gr
id
unde
r
unbal
an
ce
d
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ndit
ions
”
,
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
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El
e
ct
rica
l
Pow
er
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as,
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ande
l
a,
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Burgos,
et
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“
Dec
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ed
do
uble
synchronou
s
ref
ere
n
ce
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me
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ow
er
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ert
ers
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ol”
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EE
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il,
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ta
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“
Low
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v
olt
ag
e
Rid
e
-
thro
ugh
Methods
for
Grid
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ed
Photovolt
aic
Sy
stem
s
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Micro
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A
R
evi
e
w
and
Futur
e
P
rospec
t
”
,
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Dr
ive
Sys
te
ms
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P
EDS)
,
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,
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.
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,
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.
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834
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,
2018
.
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
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In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A fast
and ro
bust ref
ere
nce c
ur
re
nt g
e
ner
ation al
gorit
hm for
t
hr
ee
-
phas
e
sh
unt
activ
e
…
(
Z
ak
ar
ia C
he
dj
ar
a
)
129
[7]
A.
Bouknad
el,
N.
Ikke
n,
A.
Ha
ddou,
N
.
-
E.
Ta
r
iba
,
H.
E
.
Omar
i,
and
H.
E
.
Omar
i
,
“
A
n
ew
S
OG
I
-
PLL
metho
d
base
d
on
fuz
zy
l
ogic
for
gr
id
con
nec
t
ed
PV
inve
rt
er
”
,
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Journal
of
Elec
tri
cal
&
Comput
er
Engi
ne
ering
(IJ
E
CE)
,
vo
l. 9
,
no.
4
,
pp
.
2088
-
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,
2019
.
[8]
H.
S.
Ka
mi
l
,
D
.
M.
Said
,
M.
W
.
Mus
ta
f
a,
M.
R
.
Miveh
,
and
N
.
Ahmad,
“
Low
-
volt
ag
e
rid
e
-
thro
ugh
for
a
thr
ee
-
phase
four
-
le
g
ph
otovol
taic
sys
te
m
using
SR
FP
I
cont
rol
str
at
egy
”
,
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
o
f
E
le
c
tric
a
l
an
d
Computer
Engi
n
ee
ring
(I
JE
C
E)
,
vol.
9
,
no
.
3
,
p.
1
524
-
1530
,
2019
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[9]
R.
Guzm
an,
L
.
G.
de
Vicuña,
J
.
Moral
es,
M.
Ca
stil
la,
et
J.
Mir
et,
“
Mode
l
-
Based
Control
for
a
Th
ree
-
P
hase
Shunt
Acti
ve
Pow
er
Fi
lt
er
”
,
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Ind. Elec
tron.
,
vol. 63, no
.
7,
p
p.
3998
-
4007
,
2
016.
[10]
Thi
rumoort
h
i,
P
&
T
D,
Rah
en
i
,
“
Adap
ti
ve
Me
thod
for
Pow
er
Quali
ty
I
mprovement
th
rough
Minim
izati
on
of
Harm
onic
s
Us
ing
Artif
ic
i
al
Int
el
l
ige
nc
e,”
In
te
rn
at
ional
Journal
of
Powe
r E
lectroni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
Sys
te
ms
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol.
8
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
470
-
482,
2017
,
8.
470
.
[11]
La
xmi
Devi
Sah
u,
Saty
a
Prak
ash
Dubey,
“
AN
N
base
d
Hybrid
A
c
ti
ve
Pow
er
Filt
er
for
Har
moni
cs
El
imination
wi
th
Distorte
d
Mains,
”
In
te
rnationa
l
J
ournal
o
f
Pow
er
E
le
c
tronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
m
(I
JP
EDS)
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o.
3
,
pp.
241
-
248
,
Sept
em
b
er 2012
,
ISS
N:
208
8
-
8694.
[12]
M.
Jauha
r
i,
D.
C.
Ri
awa
n,
M.
As
har
i,
“
Control
Design
for
Shu
nt
Act
ive
Pow
er
Filt
er
B
ase
d
On
P
-
Q
Th
eor
y
i
n
Photovolt
aic
Gri
d
-
Connec
t
ed
Sys
te
m,
”
Int
e
rnati
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
S
y
stem
(IJ
P
EDS)
,
vol.
9
,
no
.
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,
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Sep
.
2018.
[13]
M.
Qasim
,
P.
Kanji
y
a,
et
V.
Khadkika
r
,
“
Artific
ia
l
-
n
eur
al
-
n
et
wo
rk
-
base
d
ph
ase
-
l
ocki
ng
s
ch
eme
f
or
activ
e
power
fil
ters
”
,
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Ind. Elec
tron.
,
vol. 61, no
.
8,
pp.
3857
-
3866,
2014.
[14]
D.
O.
Abdesl
a
m,
P.
Wira,
J.
Merc
klé,
D.
Fli
el
l
er,
and
Y.
-
A.
Chapui
s,
“
A
u
nifi
ed
artificia
l
neur
al
net
work
arc
hi
te
c
ture for ac
t
ive
pow
er
fi
lters”
,
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Ind. Elec
tron.
,
vol. 54, no
.
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-
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Z.
Ched
ja
r
a,
A
.
Mass
oum,
S.
Mass
oum,
P.
W
ira
,
A.
Safa
,
an
d
A.
Gouichich
e,
“
A
novel
ro
b
ust
PLL
al
go
rithm
appl
i
ed
to
the
co
ntrol
of
a
shunt
ac
t
ive
power
filt
er
using
a
self
-
t
uning
filter
concept
,
”
in
2018
IE
EE
Int
ernati
ona
l
Confe
renc
e
on
I
ndustrial
Techno
logy
(
ICIT)
.
IE
E
E
,
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[16]
S.
Ahmed,
G.
Madji
d,
M.
Yo
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f,
T
.
Ham
za,
“
Re
al
-
T
im
e
Co
ntrol
of
an
Ac
tive
Pow
er
Fil
te
r
under
Distor
ted
Volta
ge
Condi
tion
”
,
Int
ernati
on
al
Journal
o
f
P
ower
Elec
tronics
and
Dr
ive
S
yste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol.
2
,
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,
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.
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S.
Biri
c
ik,
S.
R
edi
f,
Ö
.
C.
Öz
er
d
em
,
S.
K
.
Kha
dem
,
et
M.
B
asu,
“
Re
al
-
ti
m
e
co
ntrol
of
shunt
a
ct
iv
e
power
fi
lt
e
r
under
distorted
g
rid
voltage and
u
nbal
an
ce
d
loa
d
c
ond
it
ion
using s
el
f
-
tun
ing
filter
”
,
IET
Pow
er
Ele
ct
ron.
,
vol. 7,
no
7,
pp
.
1895
-
190
5,
2
014
.
[18]
M.
A.
Omra
n
,
I
.
I.
Ibr
ahi
m
,
A.
Z.
Ahm
ad,
M.
Salem,
M.
M.
Al
me
lian,
A.
Jus
oh,
e
t
al.
,
“
Comp
ari
sons
of
PI
an
d
AN
N
cont
roll
e
rs
for
shunt
HP
F
base
d
on
STF
-
PQ
Algorit
hm
un
der
distor
te
d
gri
d
voltage
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