Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 67
7
~
68
4
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
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.
p
p67
7-6
84
6
77
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Life-cycle assessment of resi
dential-scale g
r
id-conn
e
cted
photovoltaic system in M
a
lays
ia
b
a
se
d on
m
o
nocrystalli
ne
silicon m
o
dules
At
iq
ah H
a
mi
z
a
h
M
o
hd
N
o
r
d
i
n
1
, Sha
hril Irwa
n S
u
la
iman
2
,
Su
l
a
iman
S
h
aa
r
i
3
, R
i
ja
lu
l Fa
hmi
Mu
st
a
p
a
4
1,
2,
4
F
acul
t
y
of
E
l
ect
r
i
ca
l
Eng
i
n
e
er
in
g, U
n
i
v
er
s
iti
T
e
kno
lo
gi
M
A
R
A
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
ia
3
F
acu
lt
y
o
f
Ap
p
l
ied
S
c
ien
ces
,
U
n
iv
er
si
ti
T
e
k
nol
og
i
MA
R
A
,
Mal
a
ys
ia
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
O
c
t
1
7
,
2
019
Rev
i
sed
D
e
c
12
, 20
19
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
Jan
25
, 20
20
Ev
en
th
oug
h
PV
s
y
s
t
ems h
a
v
e
be
en
p
r
o
m
oted
as
a
gr
een
form
o
f
ele
c
trif
icatio
n
,
s
u
ch
s
y
s
t
ems
are
still
con
t
rib
u
t
i
n
g
to
environ
m
en
tal
imp
acts
a
f
t
e
r c
o
nsid
eri
ng l
i
fe-c
y
c
le
im
pac
t
d
u
ri
n
g
ma
t
e
ria
l
e
x
tr
ac
ti
on,
m
a
n
u
fa
c
t
urin
g
pro
cess
e
s
o
f
i
t
s
co
mpon
en
ts, in
s
t
allatio
n
,
op
er
ati
on, an
d
maint
e
n
a
nce
.
This
pap
e
r pr
esen
ts
a
life
-cyc
le
as
ses
s
ment to
qu
ant
i
f
y
the
en
viron
m
e
n
tal
imp
act
of residen
t
ia
l-scal
e
grid-
c
o
n
n
ect
ed P
V
sys
t
ems
in
Mala
ys
ia us
ing
m
o
no
c
r
yst
a
ll
ine si
lic
on
PV m
odu
le
. LCA h
a
d
b
e
e
n
ca
rrie
d
out
by
u
s
i
n
g
Ope
n
LC
A 1.
8
sof
t
wa
re
, Ec
o
i
nv
e
n
t 3.
5 d
a
ta
base
, a
n
d im
p
a
ct a
s
se
ssm
e
n
t
meth
od
of IM
P
A
CT20
02
+ and
CED
.
The
inf
l
u
e
nc
e o
f
vary
in
g s
y
stem
capa
c
ity
from
3
to
12
k
W
p
,
s
y
s
t
e
m
lif
e
time
of
2
1
,
25
an
d
30
y
ears
,
an
d
so
lar
irrad
i
atio
n
o
f
15
60.
8, 16
51
.
8
, &
193
5.
5
k
W
h
/
m
2
/y
r, w
e
re
in
v
e
stig
ated
. Th
e
re
sul
t
s re
ve
al
e
d
th
a
t
th
e g
r
ee
n
house
g
a
s
e
m
i
s
sion
s r
a
te,
c
u
m
u
la
tiv
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
a
nd, a
nd e
n
e
r
g
y
pa
yb
ac
k
t
i
m
e
o
f
re
si
d
e
n
t
ia
l
-
sc
a
l
e gri
d
-c
o
n
ne
c
t
e
d
P
V
syste
m
s i
n
Ma
lay
s
i
a
ra
n
g
e
d
from
37.
97
t
o
6
7
.
26 g CO
2
-e
q
/
k
W
h
,
43
87.
10 t
o
46
99
.99
M
J
/m
2
, a
n
d 6.3
7
to 7.
90
ye
a
r
s,
re
spe
c
tiv
e
l
y
.
T
h
is stu
dy a
l
so
evalu
a
ted
ind
i
c
a
t
ors of
energy
return
on
inv
e
stmen
t
.
Th
e
o
v
er
all
find
ing
imp
l
i
e
s th
at
the
i
n
s
t
alla
tion
o
f
r
e
siden
t
i
a
l-sc
ale
g
r
id-co
n
n
ected
P
V
s
y
s
t
ems
in
M
a
lay
s
ia off
e
rs
signific
a
n
t
p
o
t
e
ntial for G
H
G
emis
sions
redu
ction
in
the
cou
n
try.
Ke
yw
ords:
Mo
noc
ryst
al
li
n
e
si
li
con
modul
es
Gri
d
-c
onne
ct
e
d
ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
po
we
r gene
rat
i
o
n
Lif
e
cycle
assessment
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
At
iqa
h
Ha
mi
za
h Mo
h
d
No
r
d
in,
Fa
cul
t
y
o
f
Ele
c
t
ri
ca
l En
gine
eri
ng,
Uni
v
ersi
t
i
Te
k
nol
ogi M
A
RA
Ca
wan
g
a
n
J
o
h
o
r
Ka
mp
us Pa
si
r
G
u
dan
g
,
Ja
la
n
Pu
rn
am
a
,
Ban
d
a
r
S
e
ri
Ala
m
,
817
50
, Ma
sai
,
Joho
r, M
a
la
y
s
ia
.
Emai
l:
at
iqa
h
2
6
@
u
it
m.e
du.m
y
, at
iqa
h
.ha
m
i
zah@
g
ma
il
.c
om
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
Gri
d
-C
on
nect
e
d
P
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
(GC
P
V
)
syst
em i
s
o
n
e
of t
h
e
p
o
pul
ar
m
ode
s o
f
re
ne
w
a
bl
e-
based
el
ec
tric
i
t
y gen
e
rat
i
o
n
w
o
rl
d
w
i
d
e
due
t
o
i
n
ex
ha
u
s
t
i
bl
e sunl
i
ght,
e
a
se
o
f
i
n
st
al
la
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
has st
ro
ng
g
o
v
e
r
n
me
n
t
inc
e
n
tiv
e
s
a
nd po
li
cy
. In
M
a
la
y
s
ia
, F
eed
-
i
n
-
Ta
rif
f
(
F
iT) i
s
imp
l
em
e
n
t
e
d t
o
e
n
co
ur
ag
e the p
u
b
lic
t
o
i
n
sta
l
l re
ne
wabl
e
e
n
erg
y
(R
E) te
ch
nol
ogy i
n
or
de
r t
o
i
m
pro
v
e the
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
mi
x.
T
h
e g
e
ne
rat
e
d el
ec
tric
i
t
y
from RE
res
o
urce
is
del
i
v
e
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e nat
i
o
n
al
g
r
id
wi
t
h
in t
h
e c
ont
ra
ct
te
nu
re k
n
o
w
n
as re
ne
wa
bl
e
e
n
erg
y
po
we
r
pu
rc
ha
se
ag
reeme
n
t
(
R
EP
PA
). P
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
(P
V
)
t
e
chn
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
one
of
the
co
m
m
o
n
RE
t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
gi
es
im
p
l
e
m
en
te
d un
d
e
r su
ch sch
e
me
w
ith
t
o
t
a
l
i
n
sta
l
l
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
ty
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
r
e
ach
ing
52
3.10 M
W
in
20
17
, thro
ugh
t
h
e
Fi
T p
r
o
g
r
a
m
al
o
n
e [
1
]. PV syst
em
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
t
h
e c
o
nve
rs
i
o
n
o
f
s
o
la
r
e
n
erg
y
from
s
unl
i
ght
i
n
t
o
el
ec
tric
i
t
y
a
l
mo
s
t
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
po
ll
u
tion
du
r
i
n
g
i
t
s op
era
t
io
n
a
l ph
as
e. Th
e
r
ef
or
e, PV
sy
st
e
m
h
a
s be
en
id
e
n
ti
fi
ed
as an
env
i
ro
nme
n
t
a
lly
su
sta
i
n
a
b
l
e
op
t
i
on
of
elec
tr
ic
ity
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
wh
e
n
comp
ar
ed
to fo
ssil
fu
e
l
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
7
7
–
684
67
8
base
d po
w
e
r g
e
nera
ti
o
n
s
y
st
e
m
s [2-4]. Ho
w
e
ve
r,
w
h
e
n
t
a
k
i
ng
i
n
t
o
acc
ou
nt it
s
cradl
e
-t
o
-
g
r
ave
p
h
a
s
es
, some
amo
unt
of
p
o
ll
ut
ion
i
s
e
x
pe
ct
ed
d
u
ri
n
g
t
h
e
ra
w
ma
t
e
ri
al
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
on, ma
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
ri
ng
proce
sse
s, t
r
ans
p
ort
a
t
i
on,
syste
m
i
n
sta
l
l
a
t
i
on, o
p
e
r
at
io
n,
ma
int
e
na
n
c
e, a
n
d
e
n
d
-
of-
l
i
f
e
ma
na
ge
m
e
nt
[5
,
6]. A
s
a
res
u
lt
,
Li
fe
-C
ycl
e
A
sse
ssm
e
n
t
(LCA)
h
a
s b
een in
t
r
od
u
c
ed
to as
ses
s
th
e e
n
v
i
ro
nm
en
ta
l im
p
a
c
t
of
P
V
sy
st
em
thr
ough
ou
t it
s
l
i
fet
i
me [7
-1
2].
LC
A i
s
a
me
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
gy
t
o
qu
ant
i
fy t
h
e
e
nvi
ro
nme
n
ta
l i
m
p
act
of a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
, se
rvi
ce,
or s
y
st
e
m
from a c
r
adl
e
-to-
g
r
ave
a
p
proac
h
, whi
c
h
enc
o
mpa
s
si
n
g
fro
m
t
h
e raw ma
te
ri
al
ext
r
ac
t
i
o
n
t
o
wast
e
mana
ge
me
nt, e
.
g., la
n
d
fi
ll
, in
c
i
ne
rat
i
o
n o
r
re
cycl
i
ng
[13
]
.
LCA
ap
proac
h
al
so has
bee
n
impl
eme
n
t
e
d
wi
del
y
to
a
sse
ss
t
h
e env
i
ro
nme
n
ta
l
i
m
p
a
ct
of
o
t
h
e
r elec
tr
ic
ity
g
e
n
e
ra
tio
n
te
c
h
no
l
o
g
i
e
s
t
h
r
oug
hout its li
fe
tim
e [
1
4
]
.
Se
ve
ra
l
LCA s
t
udi
es
based
on
mon
o
c
r
yst
a
ll
i
n
e si
l
i
c
on P
V
mo
dul
e
have
s
h
o
w
n a va
ri
at
ion
i
n
t
e
rms
o
f
th
e co
mm
on
ly
repo
r
t
ed
i
n
d
i
ca
to
r
s
:
g
r
eenh
o
u
s
e
g
a
se
s (G
HG) emi
ssion
s r
a
t
e
, cu
mu
la
ti
v
e
en
e
r
g
y
de
ma
nd
(
C
ED)
,
an
d
the
en
ergy
p
a
yback
t
i
me (
E
P
B
T)
.
Ea
r
l
i
e
r
s
t
ud
y
i
n
1998
by
K
a
to
et
al. [
1
5
]
h
a
d
r
e
po
r
t
ed
GHG
emi
s
si
on
s rat
e
, CED a
nd
E
B
PT
of 8
3
g
CO
2
-e
q/
k
W
h
,
155
24 MJ/
m
2
a
nd 1
1
.
8
ye
a
r
s base
d on
roo
f
to
p
i
n
st
al
l
a
t
i
on i
n
Japa
n u
n
d
e
r
s
o
la
r i
r
ra
di
at
i
on,
per
f
o
r
ma
nc
e
ra
ti
o (PR
)
,
syst
em l
i
f
et
i
m
e
,
a
nd
mo
dul
e
effic
i
e
n
cy
of 1
4
2
7
kWh/
m
2
/
y
r,
0
.
8
1
, 20
ye
ars
an
d 12
.
2
%, re
s
p
ect
i
v
e
l
y.
T
h
e
st
u
d
y
was base
d
o
n
P
V
mo
dul
e pr
oduc
t
i
o
n
scena
r
i
o
i
n
Ja
pan
.
In t
h
e
sa
me
yea
r
,
Al
se
ma et
a
l
. [1
6] fo
und t
h
at
gro
u
n
d
-
m
o
u
n
t
e
d
P
V
syst
em
ins
t
al
l
e
d
i
n
It
al
y
wit
h
sol
a
r
i
r
ra
di
at
ion of 1
700 kWh/
m
2
/
y
r,
0.8
2
P
R
, 1
2
.7% mo
dul
e e
f
fi
ci
enc
y
, 25
yea
r
s o
f
syst
e
m
l
i
fet
i
me,
ha
d t
h
e
G
H
G
emi
s
si
ons
rat
e
, C
E
D
and
EP
B
T
of
2
0
0
g
CO
2
-
e
q
/
kW
h,
60
00
t
o
13
9
0
0
M
J
/
m
2
, a
n
d
4
t
o
8
ye
ars
,
re
spe
c
t
i
v
el
y.
T
h
is
ran
g
e
wa
s
ca
use
d
b
y
dif
f
e
r
e
n
t
si
li
co
n
p
u
ri
fi
cat
i
o
n a
n
d cr
yst
a
ll
i
zat
i
o
n
st
ep
c
o
nsid
e
r
e
d
in
th
e
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy.
Sil
i
c
o
n
fe
ed
sto
c
k
p
r
ep
ar
ati
o
n
fr
om
s
e
m
i
co
ndu
ct
or
s
c
r
a
p
w
a
s h
i
gh
l
i
gh
te
d
a
s
th
e
ma
in
u
n
certai
n
ty
at
th
a
t
ti
m
e
.
I
n
20
05
,
Al
sema e
t
a
l
.
co
ll
ec
te
d
a l
i
f
e
c
y
cle i
n
v
e
n
t
ory
(
L
C
I
)
d
a
ta
o
n
t
h
e c
r
y
s
ta
lli
n
e silic
o
n
mo
du
l
e
,
wi
th a
c
o
ll
abo
r
at
ion
o
f
el
e
v
e
n
PV co
mpa
n
i
e
s fro
m
E
u
ro
p
e
an
d t
h
e
Uni
t
e
d
St
at
es, t
o
represe
n
t
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
st
atu
s
of c
r
ysta
ll
in
e
silic
o
n
mo
du
le
te
c
h
no
l
ogy
at
th
a
t
ti
me.
The
re
se
ar
ch
was
con
d
u
c
te
d w
ith
in
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
wo
rk
o
f
th
e
C
r
y
s
tal
C
le
ar
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
[1
7]
. La
te
r in 20
06
,
b
a
se
d
on
th
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
te
d
d
a
ta
,
A
l
sema
e
t
al.
[18
]
f
oun
d th
e
G
H
G
e
m
ission
s ra
te
, CED
a
n
d
EP
BT
o
f
45
g CO
2
-e
q/
kWh,
5
2
0
0
MJ/
m
2
and
2.
7 yea
r
s,
w
h
e
n
c
o
nsid
e
r
i
n
g Europ
e
so
lar i
r
r
a
d
i
at
io
n
,
modu
l
e
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
PR an
d
syst
em
li
fe
ti
me
of
170
0
k
W
h
/
m
2
/y
r, 14
%,
0.75
,
a
n
d 3
0
ye
ars, re
s
p
ect
i
v
el
y. In
20
0
8
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e u
p
d
a
t
e
d
Ec
oi
n
v
e
n
t
dat
a
base
b
a
sed
o
n
da
ta
from
th
e
C
r
ys
ta
lC
lea
r
proj
e
c
t
,
J
u
ng
blut
h et
al
. [1
9] co
n
d
u
c
t
e
d a
n
LC
A for a
3k
Wp
ro
of-t
o
p
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
i
n
Sw
it
ze
rl
an
d wi
t
h
sol
a
r
i
rra
di
a
t
i
on of 11
1
7
k
W
h/
m
2
/
y
r, usi
n
g
mo
noc
ry
sta
l
l
i
ne
si
l
i
c
on mod
u
l
e
wi
t
h
e
f
fi
c
i
ency
of
14
%
.
Wi
th
PR
of
0.75
a
n
d
syst
em
li
fe
ti
me o
f
3
0
years
,
GH
G
e
m
issi
o
n
s ra
te
fo
un
d
to
be
73
g
C
O
2
-eq/kW
h
,
and
EPB
T
ra
n
g
ed
f
r
o
m
3.2 t
o
3.5
years
.
A
p
art
f
r
o
m
t
h
a
t
, i
n
201
0, L. Lu
et al
.
[2
0
]
in
t
h
ei
r
st
u
dy
repo
r
t
ed
r
e
su
lts o
f
671
g CO
2
-
e
q
/
k
W
h
,
2
397
MJ/m
2
and
7
.
3 y
ear
s
fo
r PV sy
s
t
em
i
n
st
al
led
in
Ho
ng Ko
ng
wi
th 160
0 k
W
h
/
m
2
/
y
r
of sol
a
r i
rradi
at
io
n,
1
3
.
3%
modul
e e
ffi
ci
e
n
c
y
a
n
d syst
e
m
li
fe
ti
me fro
m 2
0
t
o
3
0
yea
r
s.
A
mo
re
rec
e
nt
st
u
d
y
in
C
h
i
n
a
usi
n
g
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
dat
a
of C
h
i
n
ese
P
V
t
e
chn
o
lo
gy
was con
d
u
ct
e
d
b
y
Ho
u
e
t
al
.
[2
1]. Wi
t
h
m
o
no
cryst
a
l
l
i
n
e si
l
i
con mo
d
u
l
e
effi
c
i
ency
of 1
7
%,
i
n
st
a
l
l
e
d i
n
C
h
i
n
a
wi
th i
r
r
a
di
at
i
o
n
of
16
0
0
kWh/
m
2
/
y
r, P
R
of 0.7
5
a
n
d
s
y
st
em
l
i
f
et
ime of 25
y
e
a
r
s,
t
h
e GH
G
emi
ssi
ons
,
C
E
D
a
n
d
EPB
T
we
re fo
u
nd to
be
65
.2
g CO
2
-
e
q
/
kW
h, 11
86
.47
M
J
/
m
2
, an
d 1.7
y
e
a
r
s,
re
spe
c
t
i
v
el
y. T
h
e
res
u
l
t
vari
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
dic
a
t
e
s t
h
at
LC
A
de
pe
nds
o
n
se
ve
ral
fa
ct
ors
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
ng
t
h
e
ge
ogra
phi
cal
lo
c
a
tio
n of
th
e PV
sy
ste
m
in
sta
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
an
d LC
I
.
A
s
t
u
dy to
e
s
ti
mate
th
e
e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
en
t
a
l
imp
a
c
t
of
a
monoc
rysta
l
li
ne sil
i
c
on
-ba
s
e
d
P
V
syste
m
i
n
Mal
a
ysi
a
wa
s
co
n
d
u
c
t
e
d b
y
Se
n
g
et
al
.
[
2
2], w
h
ic
h
re
su
l
t
ed i
n
EPB
T
ra
n
g
i
n
g from
3.2 t
o
4.
3 yea
r
s.
H
o
we
v
e
r,
i
t
wa
s base
d on
ol
de
r
da
t
a
from
t
h
e l
i
t
e
ra
t
u
re
[1
6
]
, w
h
ic
h
ma
y
not
be
rep
r
e
s
e
n
ta
t
i
ve
of
c
u
rre
nt te
ch
n
o
l
o
gy
.
T
h
ere
f
ore, in
thi
s
st
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
en
vi
ro
nme
n
ta
l
i
m
pa
ct
s
a
n
d
e
n
erg
y
c
o
nsump
t
ion
i
n
d
i
ca
tor
s
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
fo
r mono
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
in
e
silic
o
n
-b
a
s
ed r
e
sid
e
n
t
ial
-
s
c
a
l
e
GCP
V
sy
ste
m
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e Mal
a
ysi
a
n
cl
ima
t
e
were
inve
st
i
g
at
e
d
u
s
ing t
h
e LC
A a
p
p
r
oa
ch
, ba
se
d
on
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
l
y
ava
i
la
ble
LCI
da
ta
.
The
res
u
l
t
i
ng
LCA i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs
a
r
e e
x
pec
t
e
d
t
o
p
r
ovi
de
base
l
i
ne val
u
es
f
o
r t
h
e P
V
i
n
dust
r
y in
Mal
a
ysi
a
.
2.
R
E
S
E
ARC
H M
ETH
OD
The GHG e
m
i
ssions
r
a
te and CED
of t
h
e
P
V
sy
st
e
m
s
w
e
re ev
a
l
u
a
ted b
a
s
e
d on
th
e LC
A
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
e
s
ta
b
lis
h
e
d i
n
ISO 140
40
and IS
O
1
404
4 st
a
n
d
a
rd
s. Th
e fra
me
w
o
rk c
o
mp
ris
e
s
fou
r
m
a
in
ph
as
es;
i
)
g
o
a
l
a
n
d
sc
op
e
d
e
f
i
n
iti
on
, ii)
l
i
f
e
cyc
l
e
i
n
v
e
n
t
or
y
(
L
CI)
,
iii)
lif
e c
y
cle imp
a
ct
a
sse
ssme
n
t
(LCI
A),
a
n
d
iv
) i
n
t
e
r
p
ret
a
ti
o
n
[2
3, 2
4
].
T
h
e
LC
A s
o
ft
ware
O
p
e
n
LC
A
1.
8
wa
s
ut
i
l
i
z
e
d
fo
r syst
em
mode
li
n
g
, w
h
i
l
e
the
Ec
oin
v
e
n
t
3.5
dat
a
ba
se
wa
s
u
s
ed
fo
r t
h
e
bac
k
g
r
ou
n
d
dat
a
.
2.1. Goal
an
d
scop
e
of
th
e
s
t
ud
y
Th
e
go
al
o
f
th
i
s
st
u
d
y
w
a
s to
e
s
timate th
e
GHG emiss
i
o
n
s
an
d
p
r
imar
y
en
ergy
co
n
s
ump
t
ion
of
re
si
de
nt
i
a
l
-
sca
l
e GCP
V
s
y
st
e
m
s i
n
Mal
a
ysi
a
wi
t
h
mo
n
o
cr
yst
a
l
l
i
n
e sil
i
co
n PV
mo
d
u
le
s. EPB
T
an
d E
n
erg
y
Re
t
u
rn
of
In
ve
st
ment
(ER
O
I) we
re
i
n
vest
i
g
at
ed
base
d
o
n
t
h
e
e
xpect
e
d
syst
em
li
fe
ti
m
e
o
f
2
1
,
2
5
, a
n
d
30
yea
r
s
.
Be
si
de
s,
the
i
m
pact
of di
ffe
r
e
n
t i
n
sta
l
l
e
d l
o
ca
ti
on
on
t
h
ese
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs wa
s
a
l
so
asse
ssed.
T
h
e
f
unc
t
i
ona
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
L
i
f
e
-cy
c
l
e
asse
ssme
nt of
resi
d
e
nt
i
a
l
-
sc
ale
gri
d
-c
o
nne
ct
e
d
ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
ic
… (
A
ti
qa
h H
a
m
i
za
h M
o
hd N
o
r
d
i
n
)
6
79
uni
t u
s
e
d
i
n
thi
s
st
u
d
y
was
1 k
W
h
of e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
gene
r
a
t
e
d fro
m
P
V
syst
em.
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
y
st
em c
a
p
ac
it
i
e
s
r
a
n
g
i
ng
f
r
o
m
3 to
12
k
W
p w
e
re
ad
op
te
d to
m
i
mic
th
e typ
i
ca
l r
a
ng
e
of
sys
t
em
ca
p
aci
tie
s u
s
ed in
r
e
sid
e
n
tia
l-
scal
e
GC
PV
s
y
st
ems i
n
M
a
l
a
ysia
.
T
h
e
s
y
ste
m
b
o
u
n
d
arie
s
c
ove
re
d
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
a
nd
bal
a
nce
o
f
s
y
st
em
(BOS
)
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
’
pro
duct
i
o
n
,
s
y
st
e
m
i
n
sta
l
la
ti
on at
si
te
, and
mai
n
t
e
na
nc
e d
u
ri
n
g
the
o
p
era
t
i
ona
l
st
ag
e
enc
o
mpa
ssi
n
g
the
cra
d
le
-t
o
-
g
a
t
e
st
age. T
h
e
end
-
of-l
ife st
a
g
e
of t
h
e P
V
s
y
st
em,
h
o
we
ve
r,
was
n
o
t
c
o
ns
ide
r
e
d
as pa
rt
o
f
t
h
e L
C
A in
t
h
is st
ud
y due
t
o
p
o
o
r
d
a
t
a
avai
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y
.
2.2. In
ven
t
or
y
data
LC
I
d
a
ta
w
e
r
e
ob
ta
in
ed
from
secon
d
a
r
y
so
ur
ce
s th
a
t
ar
e
a
v
a
ila
b
l
e in th
e
lit
e
r
a
tur
e
an
d
d
a
ta
b
a
s
e
.
The
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
on
of
mo
n
o
c
r
ysta
ll
i
n
e sil
i
c
on
mo
dul
e
i
nvol
ves
seve
ral
mai
n
pr
oces
ses;
p
u
r
ific
at
i
on
of
met
a
l
l
urgic
a
l
s
i
li
con
an
d s
o
l
a
r-
gra
d
e
sil
i
co
n,
Cz
och
r
a
l
ski
c
r
ysta
ll
i
z
a
t
i
on,
wafe
r sa
win
g
,
ce
l
l
pro
d
u
ct
io
n
,
an
d
modul
e
asse
m
b
l
y
.
Al
tho
u
g
h
LC
I fo
r
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
was
per
f
ormed
usi
n
g
E
c
oi
nve
nt
3.
5 d
a
t
a
ba
se
,
i
n
t
h
is
st
u
d
y
,
t
h
e d
a
t
a
on t
h
e
ener
g
y
c
ons
u
m
pti
o
n,
mat
e
ria
l
re
q
u
ireme
n
t
s
, an
d
di
re
ct
e
m
issi
on
s for
e
a
c
h ma
i
n
proc
es
s
i
n
PV
module production ha
d bee
n
m
o
dified
with the lates
t
infor
m
ation fr
om
I
E
A PVPS
technical report
[
25].
Met
a
l
l
u
rgic
al
si
li
c
on p
u
ri
fi
cat
i
on t
o
fo
rm
sol
a
r-
g
r
ade
s
i
l
i
c
on i
s
dee
m
e
d
t
o
be
ba
se
d o
n
t
h
e
‘
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
S
i
e
m
en
s’
me
tho
d
.
In
add
i
tio
n,
t
h
e
th
ic
kn
ess o
f
th
e w
a
f
e
r
is s
e
t
to b
e
18
0
µm w
h
e
r
ea
s
th
e m
o
d
u
l
e
co
nv
ersi
on
effi
ci
enc
y
is 1
4
%
.
As
the
P
V
mo
dul
e
is
a
ssu
me
d t
o
be made
i
n
Ger
m
a
n
y
,
t
h
e
prod
u
c
t
i
on s
uppl
y
c
h
ai
n
a
n
d
el
ec
tric
i
t
y mi
x
had
be
e
n
mo
de
l
e
d ac
co
rdi
n
gly.
In
verte
r
dat
a
was
o
b
t
a
i
n
ed
fr
o
m
a
n
up
da
t
e
d LC
I
of l
o
w
p
o
w
er
sol
a
r i
nve
rt
er i
n
[26
]
w
h
ic
h
wa
s
i
n
te
nde
d t
o
re
pla
ce
the
c
u
rrent
Ec
oi
n
v
ent
da
ta
set
for
sol
a
r i
n
vert
e
r
s.
Mo
re
ove
r, t
h
e
mass
of
in
ve
rt
er
p
e
r
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
pu
t
w
a
s a
s
s
u
me
d
to
d
e
c
r
ea
se
with
th
e in
cr
ease
of i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
's no
min
a
l
po
we
r in a
no
n-l
i
n
e
ar
re
la
ti
ons
hip
.
A
s
t
h
is st
ud
y
foc
u
se
d
on
resi
de
nt
ia
l-scal
e GC
PV
syste
m
s,
t
h
re
e di
ffe
r
e
n
t av
a
i
l
a
ble
da
ta
se
t
s
we
re
gene
rat
e
d
fo
r i
nve
rt
ers wi
t
h
a
rat
e
d
pow
e
r
of 2
.
5
k
W
,
5
kW
, a
n
d
10
k
W
,
respec
ti
ve
ly
. At
thi
s
st
a
g
e, mat
e
ri
al
s
f
o
r
casing
,
c
a
b
l
e,
p
l
u
g
,
in
duct
o
rs
, in
teg
r
a
t
ed
cir
c
u
i
t
,
a
s
we
ll a
s
co
mp
o
n
en
t
s
on
t
h
e i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
ed
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
e
r
e
a
c
c
o
un
te
d in the
in
v
e
n
t
ory
.
The c
o
mm
on
t
y
p
e
of ar
ray
m
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
st
ruct
u
r
e
use
d
i
n
resi
dent
i
a
l
-
sca
l
e
G
C
P
V
s
y
ste
m
s i
n
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
is
a
re
tr
o
f
itte
d
st
ru
c
t
ur
e
fo
r a
sl
o
p
e
d
roo
f
.
Th
is
moun
ti
n
g
str
u
c
t
ur
e i
s
ma
in
l
y
mad
e
of
al
u
m
in
i
u
m
an
d
ste
e
l
a
s
t
h
e ma
i
n
mat
e
ri
al
s. The i
n
v
e
nt
ory al
so i
n
cl
ude
d t
h
e pac
k
agi
n
g,
whi
c
h c
o
m
p
ri
ses
of c
o
rru
g
a
t
e
d
b
o
a
r
d an
d
pol
yst
y
re
ne
ma
t
e
ri
al
s. Apa
r
t
from tha
t
, t
h
e
bal
a
nc
e
of s
y
st
e
m
c
o
mp
one
nt
s othe
r t
h
a
n
in
ve
rt
ers a
nd m
o
unt
in
g
struct
u
r
es a
r
e mo
de
le
d
a
s
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
n
sta
l
l
a
ti
on u
n
it
proce
s
s, w
h
ic
h
c
o
mprise
s t
h
e ca
bli
ng
from P
V
mod
u
l
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
in
ve
rt
e
r
,
c
a
b
l
i
ng
from
the
i
n
v
e
rt
er
t
o
t
h
e
gri
d
, fu
se b
o
x
es, an
d
li
ght
nin
g
prot
ect
i
on de
v
i
c
e
s
.
T
h
e
mount
i
n
g
str
u
ct
ures
a
n
d el
e
c
t
r
ic
inst
al
l
a
t
i
on
we
re
m
o
d
e
l
e
d
base
d
on
ext
r
a
p
ol
at
i
o
n
fro
m
t
h
e
Ec
oin
v
e
n
t
dat
a
ba
se
.
The
P
V
a
r
ra
y
was i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
l
y
mo
de
le
d
ba
sed
o
n
rat
e
d
p
o
we
r c
a
p
aci
t
i
e
s ra
n
g
i
n
g
from
3
to
12
kW
p
to
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t t
h
e t
y
p
i
ca
l
r
e
side
n
tia
l-
sc
al
e c
a
p
a
c
i
ti
es i
n
M
a
la
y
s
ia
.
O
v
er th
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
me
, i
t
w
a
s
e
x
p
e
ct
ed
th
at so
me
p
a
rt
s
of
th
e syst
em
w
ill
r
e
q
u
ir
e
mai
n
ten
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
l
so
r
e
pl
ac
em
en
t
.
Thus,
th
e r
e
p
l
ac
eme
n
t
o
f
d
a
m
a
g
e
d PV
modul
es
d
u
r
in
g s
y
st
em
l
i
fet
i
me
, a
s
wel
l
as
ha
n
d
l
i
ng
l
o
ss
e
s
d
u
r
in
g t
r
a
n
s
porta
t
i
o
n
a
n
d in
st
al
l
a
t
i
on, a
c
c
o
unt
e
d
fo
r
3%
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
nt
ory.
As
for i
n
verte
r
,
one
-t
i
m
e
repl
a
c
e
ment
t
h
rou
g
h
o
u
t
syst
em
l
i
fet
i
m
e
wa
s e
xpe
ct
e
d
con
s
i
d
eri
n
g
i
t
s
t
ypi
cal
li
fe
s
p
a
n
of ap
pr
oxi
ma
t
e
l
y
1
5
yea
r
s
.
Du
ri
n
g
t
h
e s
y
st
em o
p
e
r
a
t
i
onal
,
i
t
was
ass
u
me
d
t
h
at
th
e
PV mod
u
l
es su
rf
ac
e is
c
l
e
a
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
w
a
t
e
r
on
ce
a
y
e
ar
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce d
i
r
t
an
d
d
u
s
t a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
ed
on t
h
e
su
rfa
c
e
.
An
e
s
ti
mat
i
on
of 2
0
l
i
t
e
rs of
wat
e
r per
m
2
P
V
mo
dul
e a
r
e
a
was
a
ssum
e
d
in t
h
e
i
n
vent
ory
[25
]
.
2.3. C
a
se stu
d
y
Th
is
stu
dy
assesse
d
th
e
LC
A of
re
si
d
e
n
t
ial
-
s
c
a
l
e
G
C
PV
sy
ste
m
w
ith
r
a
ted
po
w
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
ity
r
a
ng
i
n
g
from
3 t
o
12
k
W
p.
Mon
o
-
S
i
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
s wi
t
h
t
h
e
roo
f
t
o
p
-
ba
se
d
i
n
sta
l
la
ti
on
were
c
onsi
d
e
r
ed
.
Th
re
e
c
a
ses
w
e
re mod
e
l
e
d t
o
e
v
alu
a
te
th
e ef
fe
c
t
o
f
va
r
y
i
n
g
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
a
cco
rd
ing t
o
i) sys
t
em
c
a
p
a
ci
ty
, ii)
sy
s
t
e
m
l
i
fet
i
me, an
d
ii
i
)
sol
a
r
irra
di
at
i
on. T
h
e
s
e
c
a
s
e
s
are
mo
de
l
e
d base
d
o
n
the
s
y
st
e
m
de
sc
ri
pt
io
n t
a
b
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
Ta
b
l
e
1
.
I
n
a
ll
c
a
se
s, P
R
of
0.7
5
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
s
su
med
fo
r roofto
p in
st
al
la
tio
n
as
r
eco
mm
ende
d b
y
th
e IEA
P
V
P
S
gui
de
l
i
ne
[2
7]. C
a
se 1 wa
s i
n
t
e
nde
d t
o
a
n
a
l
yz
e t
h
e e
f
fec
t
of i
n
creasi
ng s
y
st
em ca
paci
t
y
to t
h
e e
n
viro
n
m
ent
a
l
i
m
pa
ct
a
n
d
pri
m
a
r
y
e
n
ergy
con
s
u
m
pt
i
o
n.
The
i
n
sta
l
la
ti
on si
t
e
w
a
s
i
n
Kua
l
a
Lu
m
p
u
r
,
Mal
a
ysi
a
,
wi
th
a
n
e
s
tim
at
ed
an
nua
l so
lar irr
a
d
i
a
t
io
n
of
15
60
.8
k
W
h
/
m
2
/y
r
[28
]
.
In a
d
dit
i
o
n
,
a
s
y
ste
m
li
fe
ti
me of
21
yea
r
s
wa
s
c
o
nsid
e
r
e
d
t
o
ref
l
e
c
t
on
th
e a
c
tu
a
l
F
i
T
c
o
n
t
rac
t
u
a
l p
e
r
i
od
imp
l
em
en
t
e
d
i
n
M
a
lay
s
ia.
Neve
rt
hel
e
ss
, PV
s
y
ste
m
s ca
n
us
ual
l
y
l
a
st
mo
re tha
n
t
h
e
Fi
T peri
od de
p
e
ndi
ng o
n
the
i
r
c
o
mpo
n
e
n
t
s
’
l
i
fet
i
me ex
pe
ct
anc
y
. F
o
r i
n
st
anc
e
,
t
h
e t
y
pi
c
a
l
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
out
put
p
o
w
e
r
warrant
y
i
s
2
5
yea
r
s. O
n
t
h
e
ot
h
e
r
han
d
, t
h
e li
fe
e
xpe
ct
a
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
unti
n
g
st
ruc
t
ure
a
n
d
c
a
b
l
i
ng
is ap
p
r
o
x
i
ma
t
e
l
y
3
0
ye
a
r
s. As
fo
r t
h
e
i
nve
rt
er,
i
t
w
a
s ex
pe
ct
e
d
t
h
at
a
n
i
nve
r
t
e
r
c
oul
d
l
a
st
u
p
t
o
1
5
year
s [27
]
.
H
o
we
ve
r,
si
nce
t
h
e
i
n
vert
er LCI
ha
d a
l
r
eady
in
c
l
u
d
e
d
a
one
-
tim
e r
e
p
l
ac
eme
n
t thro
ugh
ou
t th
e
sy
ste
m
li
fe
ti
me
, th
e
pro
s
p
e
c
t
iv
e
t
o
tal li
fe
exp
e
c
t
a
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e i
n
v
e
rt
er
i
s
ext
e
n
d
e
d
t
o
3
0
years. He
nc
e, i
n
C
a
se 2,
t
h
e
PV s
y
st
e
m
wa
s mo
del
e
d t
o
inve
sti
g
at
e t
h
e
i
m
pact
of s
y
st
em li
fe
t
i
me of
21
, 2
5
, and
30
yea
r
s on t
h
e en
vi
ron
m
e
n
ta
l
i
m
pact
and prima
r
y
e
n
erg
y
co
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
7
7
–
684
68
0
In ca
se
3
,
the
e
ffe
ct
of va
ryi
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
i
rradi
at
ion
o
n
the
e
n
viro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l an
d
ene
r
g
y
in
di
ca
tors
wa
s i
n
vest
iga
t
e
d
.
Thre
e
di
ffe
r
en
t
ci
ti
e
s
, i.e.,
Kua
l
a
L
u
mp
ur, K
o
t
a
Bha
r
u, a
n
d
J
o
h
o
r B
h
aru
ha
vi
ng
d
i
ffe
re
nt
a
n
n
u
al
sola
r
i
rra
dia
t
i
o
n p
r
ofi
l
e
s, we
re
se
le
ct
ed fo
r
e
v
al
ua
t
i
on.
Kot
a
B
h
a
r
u i
s
a ci
t
y
l
o
c
a
t
ed o
n
the
eas
t
coast
of
peni
nsul
a
r
wi
th l
a
t
i
t
ude
a
n
d
l
ongi
t
u
de
o
f
5
.
28
°N a
n
d 10
0.
3°
E,
ha
vi
n
g
a
n
n
u
al
s
o
la
r i
rra
dia
t
i
on
o
f
1
9
3
5
.5
k
W
h/
m
2
/yr.
An
ot
he
r ci
ty
se
le
ct
ed in t
h
i
s
ca
se
st
u
d
y
w
a
s
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
hru,
whic
h re
p
r
ese
n
t
s
t
h
e
so
ut
her
n
re
gi
on
.
T
h
e c
i
ty is
lo
c
a
t
e
d
a
t
1.46
°N
a
n
d
1
0
3
.
8
°
E,
w
i
t
h
annu
a
l
s
o
la
r
ir
radi
ati
o
n
of
165
1.8
k
W
h
/
m
2
/yr. All
s
o
lar irr
a
diation
val
u
es a
r
e
set
for t
o
S
o
ut
h-fac
i
ng P
V
a
r
ra
y w
i
t
h
a
t
i
lt
angl
e
of 1
0
°
[2
8
]
.
T
h
e effec
t
of va
ry
i
ng
s
o
l
a
r
i
rra
di
a
t
i
on
al
on
g wi
t
h
di
ffe
r
e
n
t s
y
st
em
li
fe
ti
me was
st
u
d
i
e
d
i
n
thi
s
c
a
s
e
.
Ta
ble
1.
P
V
sy
ste
m
desc
ri
pti
o
n i
n
t
h
e
ca
se st
ud
y
D
e
sc
ri
ption
Ca
se 1
Cas
e
2
Case
3
PV
m
odule
tec
hnolo
gy
M
ono-S
i
M
ono-
Si
M
ono-
Si
PV
m
odule
ef
fic
i
enc
y
14%
14%
14%
M
ounting str
u
c
t
ure
Re
trof
itt
ed-
r
oof
top
R
e
tr
ofi
tte
d
-
r
ooftop
R
e
tr
ofi
tted-
r
ooftop
Pe
r
f
orm
a
nc
e r
a
t
i
o
0.
75
0.
75
0.
75
S
y
s
t
em c
a
p
a
ci
t
y
3 to 12 kWp
3 to 12 kWp
3 to 12 kWp
Syste
m
lifeti
m
e
21
y
r
21,
25 & 30 yr
21,
25 & 30 yr
I
n
stal
lati
on l
o
ca
tion
Kua
l
a
L
u
mpu
r
K
u
al
a L
u
m
pur
K
u
a
l
a L
u
m
pur,
Johor Ba
hru,
& K
o
ta Bhar
u
Sola
r irr
a
dia
tion
(P
V
m
odule f
a
c
i
ng
south
wi
th 10° tilt a
n
g
le
)
1560.
8 kWh/m
2
/yr
1560.
8 k
W
h/
m
2
/yr
1
560.
8,
16
51.
8,
& 1935.
5 k
W
h/m
2
/yr
2
.
4
.
L
i
f
e
cy
cle
im
pa
ct
a
s
s
e
ssme
n
t
The
e
n
vir
onm
ent
a
l i
m
pact
s
we
re
c
a
l
c
ul
at
e
d
usi
n
g
IM
P
A
CT2
0
02+
L
C
IA
me
t
h
o
d
t
h
at
pro
v
i
d
es
fi
ft
ee
n mi
d-p
o
int
impac
t
ca
t
e
go
ri
es inc
l
udi
n
g
a
q
uat
i
c
a
c
i
d
i
f
ic
at
i
on, a
q
uat
i
c ecot
o
xi
ci
ty, c
a
rc
i
noge
ns, gl
obal
war
m
i
n
g, i
o
ni
zi
ng radi
at
i
o
n, l
a
nd
occ
u
pat
i
on
, mi
ne
ral
ex
t
r
a
c
t
i
on,
n
o
n
-
c
a
r
ci
n
oge
ns,
n
o
n
-rene
wa
ble
ene
r
g
y
,
ozo
n
e
l
a
yer
de
ple
t
i
on,
re
spi
r
a
t
ory i
n
o
r
ga
ni
c
s
, res
p
i
r
at
ory
o
r
gani
cs
, t
e
r
r
est
r
i
a
l
a
c
i
d
i
f
i
cat
i
on
&
nut
ri
fic
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
t
e
rrest
r
i
a
l
ec
ot
oxi
ci
ty.
H
o
we
ve
r, t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
o
n
l
y
foc
u
se
d o
n
t
h
e
gl
obal
w
a
rmi
n
g im
pac
t
,
w
h
i
c
h i
s
c
o
n
t
ri
but
ed
by
t
h
e emissi
o
n
o
f
gree
n
h
o
u
s
e
gases (G
H
G
).
The
am
ou
nt
of G
HG
e
m
i
s
s
i
ons w
a
s pre
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
‘
g
C
O
2
-eq
’
.
There
f
ore
,
ot
h
e
r G
H
G
co
mp
osit
i
ons
suc
h
a
s
C
H
4
, N
2
O
,
a
nd C
F
C
s
w
e
re
con
v
e
r
t
e
d i
n
t
o
t
h
ei
r e
qui
val
e
n
t
C
O
2
i
m
pa
ct
base
d
on
t
h
e
c
h
arac
t
e
ri
zat
i
o
n
fac
t
o
r
from
Int
e
rg
o
v
er
nme
n
ta
l P
a
ne
l
on
C
l
i
m
at
e C
h
a
n
ge
(IP
C
C
) for
10
0
-
yea
r
ti
me
horiz
on
[2
9]
. O
n
t
h
e
othe
r
ha
n
d
, t
h
e
C
E
D me
th
od
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
y
pri
m
a
r
y
e
n
erg
y
con
s
u
m
pti
o
n.
B
o
th
IMP
A
CT2
0
0
2
+
a
n
d
CED m
e
t
h
ods
c
o
vere
d
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
si
fic
a
t
i
on
a
nd c
h
ara
c
t
e
ri
za
t
i
o
n
el
ement
s
, w
h
i
c
h a
r
e
ma
de
man
d
at
o
r
y
by
t
h
e
IS
O
st
an
da
rds.
Ho
we
v
e
r, t
h
e
nor
ma
li
z
a
t
i
on a
n
d
w
e
i
ght
in
g
el
ement
s
w
e
re
not
t
a
ken
i
n
t
o
acc
ou
nt i
n
t
h
is
st
ud
y.
3.
R
E
S
U
LTS
AND D
I
SCU
S
S
I
O
N
Th
e
en
v
i
ron
m
en
t
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
a
n
d
en
er
gy
i
n
dic
a
t
o
rs
for
all
t
h
e
thr
e
e
c
a
se
s d
e
scr
i
b
e
d
ar
e
p
r
e
s
en
te
d in
th
i
s
s
e
c
tio
n.
3.1. Case 1
:
e
f
fec
t
of differ
e
n
t
P
V
sy
s
t
em
cap
a
ci
ti
es
Whe
n
a
n
al
yz
i
n
g t
h
e
emi
s
si
on
base
d o
n
t
h
e
fu
nct
i
o
n
a
l
u
n
it
of
kWh
,
t
h
e a
m
o
unt
of
GH
G e
m
i
ssi
ons
sl
ig
h
tly
d
ecr
ease
d
w
i
th
th
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e o
f
PV
sy
st
em
cap
a
c
it
y. In
th
is c
a
s
e
,
i
n
st
al
lat
i
o
n
in
K
u
al
a
Lum
pur w
i
th a
sy
st
em li
fe
ti
me
of 21
y
e
a
r
s
was
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
ed
.
I
t
wa
s est
i
ma
te
d
th
at
t
h
e
G
H
G
e
m
issi
on
s r
a
te
s w
e
re
70
.04
,
67
.06,
and 6
4
.69 g
C
O
2
-e
q/
k
W
h
for PV s
y
ste
m
c
a
p
ac
it
y ra
n
g
e
o
f
3 t
o
5
k
W
p
,
5 t
o
10
k
W
p
,
a
nd 1
0
t
o
12
kWp
re
spe
c
t
i
v
el
y.
G
H
G
emissi
on
s
ra
te
brea
k
d
o
w
n i
n
F
i
g
u
re
1 s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
P
V
mod
u
l
e
ha
d c
o
nt
ri
b
u
te
d
t
h
e
mo
st
wi
th m
o
re
tha
n
hal
f
of t
o
t
a
l
GH
G e
m
i
ssi
on w
h
il
e P
V
s
y
ste
m
i
n
st
al
la
t
i
on
, as we
ll
as
mai
n
t
e
na
nc
e,
h
a
d a
re
la
ti
vel
y
smal
l
e
r c
o
ntrib
u
t
i
o
n c
o
m
p
are
d
to
PV
mo
d
u
le
a
nd
ot
her B
O
S
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
. T
h
e
la
rger
sha
r
e
of t
h
e
P
V
modu
l
e
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
i
bu
ti
ng
t
o
th
e em
issi
on is
pri
m
a
r
i
l
y du
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
ele
c
t
r
i
c
ity
c
o
n
s
ump
t
io
n
du
ri
n
g
its
ene
r
g
y
-i
nte
n
si
ve
ma
n
u
fac
t
ur
ing
p
r
oce
sses suc
h
as
si
li
co
n pu
rific
a
t
i
o
n and
C
z
oc
h
r
al
sk
i
c
r
yst
a
l
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
re
qui
re
hi
g
h
w
o
r
k
in
g te
mpe
r
a
t
ure
[3
0
]
.
The
GH
G emi
s
si
ons rat
e
b
r
e
a
kdo
w
n
a
l
s
o
i
ndi
ca
te
d
t
h
at
the
c
o
ntri
but
i
o
n
o
f
al
l
u
n
i
t
p
r
oces
ses was
simi
l
a
r f
o
r
al
l
syst
em
ca
paci
t
y
e
x
ce
pt f
o
r i
n
vert
er
in
whi
c
h i
t
dec
r
ea
se
d
wi
th
hi
g
h
er s
y
st
em ca
pa
ci
t
y
.
Thi
s
is
due
to
t
h
e
no
n-
li
nea
r
rel
a
t
i
ons
hip
o
f
t
h
e
i
nve
rte
r
ma
ss
t
o
i
t
s ra
te
d po
we
r,
whi
c
h ca
uses
d
i
ffere
n
t
i
nve
rte
r
LC
Is
bei
n
g
use
d
t
o
mo
del
diffe
r
e
n
t
c
a
pa
ci
ty
o
f
P
V
syst
ems. T
hus
, a
lo
we
r
GH
G
e
m
i
ssio
n
s
ra
te
was
fo
u
n
d
fo
r
t
h
e PV syst
e
m
wi
th l
a
r
g
er
sy
ste
m
capa
c
i
t
y
.
The s
h
are
o
f
GHG e
m
i
ssi
ons
ra
t
e
for t
h
e
i
n
v
e
rte
r
was,
ho
wever
,
l
a
rge
r
w
h
en c
o
mpa
r
ed t
o
ma
n
y
previ
o
u
s
st
u
d
i
e
s. A
mo
re
u
p
da
t
e
d ve
rsi
o
n
of i
n
vert
e
r
LC
I a
d
opte
d
fro
m
[2
6]
had
be
e
n
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
st
u
dy t
o
re
pre
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
in
ve
rt
er
te
ch
nol
og
y. Eve
n
t
h
oug
h
the
rece
nt
in
ve
rt
er
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
L
i
f
e
-cy
c
l
e
asse
ssme
nt of
resi
d
e
nt
i
a
l
-
sc
ale
gri
d
-c
o
nne
ct
e
d
ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
ic
… (
A
ti
qa
h H
a
m
i
za
h M
o
hd N
o
r
d
i
n
)
6
81
l
i
ght
er i
n
we
i
ght
com
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
olde
r i
n
v
e
rte
r
fro
m
Ec
o
i
nve
nt
, t
h
e
e
n
v
i
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
i
m
pact
i
n
most
i
m
pact
ca
te
go
ri
es, i
n
cl
udi
ng c
l
imat
e
c
h
an
ge
(G
H
G
emi
s
si
on
s), w
a
s some
ho
w
hi
g
h
er
due
t
o
t
h
e
i
m
pact
fro
m
pri
n
t
e
d
b
o
a
rd
a
ssemb
ly
.
N
e
w
e
r
inv
e
rt
er
ca
rr
ied
59%
of
t
h
e
to
ta
l imp
a
c
t
, wh
i
l
e
t
h
e o
l
d
i
n
v
e
r
t
er c
a
r
r
i
e
d
on
ly
16
% of
th
e
to
ta
l imp
a
ct
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
i
n
te
d
bo
ard
assem
b
ly [26
]
.
F
i
gu
re
1.
B
r
ea
kd
o
w
n
o
f
GH
G
emissi
on
s
ra
te
of
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
i
n
sta
l
l
e
d
i
n
K
u
al
a
L
u
m
p
u
r
w
i
t
h
l
i
fet
i
m
e o
f
21
yea
r
s
C
E
D i
s
an
i
n
d
i
ca
to
r
to
asse
ss th
e
emb
o
d
i
e
d
en
e
r
gy
of t
h
e sy
s
t
em
. To
ta
l C
E
D co
mp
r
i
s
e
s
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
and
no
n-re
ne
w
a
bl
e
pri
m
a
r
y
e
n
er
g
y
har
v
est
e
d from
nat
u
re
.
Tabl
e
2 p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e CE
D
o
n
the
ba
si
s of
pe
r
m
2
of
th
e
mo
du
le
area
.
Wh
e
n
co
nsid
e
r
i
n
g
th
e pe
r
m
2
mo
d
u
l
e
area,
t
h
e re
sul
t
s
i
n
di
cat
ed t
h
at
C
E
D
ma
rgina
l
ly
re
duc
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
la
rge
r
s
y
ste
m
capa
c
i
t
y ra
n
g
e
.
The
C
E
Ds
fo
un
d t
o
be
46
6
9
.
9
9
,
4
5
1
2
.
46,
and
438
7.
10
MJ/m
2
fo
r syst
em
c
a
p
ac
it
y
ra
n
g
e
o
f
3
t
o
5
k
W
p
,
5 to 10
k
W
p, a
n
d
10 to
1
2
k
W
p res
p
e
c
t
i
ve
ly.
T
h
e cau
se
of
t
h
e
re
duc
t
i
o
n
i
s
du
e
to
t
h
e
usa
g
e
of di
ffe
r
ent
L
C
I
f
o
r
di
ff
ere
n
t
inve
rt
er rat
e
d
p
o
w
er.
Hi
g
h
er i
n
verte
r
ra
te
d po
w
e
r
con
s
u
m
es a
l
o
wer
am
ou
nt
of
pri
m
a
r
y
e
n
e
r
gy
.
Apa
r
t
from C
E
D, EP
B
T
i
s
al
s
o
a
n
i
m
po
rt
a
n
t
i
n
di
cat
or
of
h
o
w
fa
st t
h
e e
n
erg
y
co
ns
ume
d
t
h
ro
u
g
h
out
t
h
e p
r
oj
ect
l
i
fe
t
i
me c
a
n
be re
c
ove
re
d usi
n
g
the
sol
a
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y g
e
ne
ra
t
i
o
n
. Wit
h
a
n
est
i
ma
te
d a
n
n
u
al
spe
c
i
f
i
c
yi
el
d
of
1
1
7
0
.6
k
W
h/
kWp
pe
r
yea
r
f
o
r i
n
st
al
la
t
i
on
in
K
u
al
a
Lump
ur, t
h
e
e
s
t
i
ma
te
d EP
BT
ran
g
e
d
fr
om
7.66
t
o
8.15
yea
r
s.
Th
e
r
ef
ore
,
t
h
e
fea
s
ibi
l
it
y of
t
h
e s
y
st
e
m
fo
r el
ec
t
r
ific
at
ion i
s
ac
cept
a
bl
e si
nc
e
the
F
i
T
du
rat
i
o
n
i
s
21
yea
r
s
,
i
.
e
., hi
g
h
er t
h
a
n
the
es
t
i
mat
e
d EP
BT.
In
ad
di
t
i
on
, E
n
erg
y
R
e
t
u
rn
o
n
In
vest
me
nt
(ERO
I) i
s
the
a
m
o
unt
of e
n
e
r
gy
t
h
at
ha
s t
o
be
e
x
p
e
nde
d
i
n
orde
r t
o
p
r
od
uc
e
a
ce
rt
ai
n
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
ene
r
gy
. E
R
OI
val
u
e
has
to
b
e
hi
ghe
r tha
n
1
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
o
be
ret
u
rne
d
t
o
s
o
ci
et
y. In t
h
i
s
st
ud
y, ERO
I
wa
s fou
n
d
t
o
be
fr
om
2.5
8
to
2
.
7
4
.
3.2. Case 2:
eff
e
c
t
of PV system lif
e
t
i
me
Th
is
se
cti
o
n
p
r
es
en
t
s
t
h
e r
e
sults
for e
x
ten
d
i
ng
t
h
e sy
stem
li
f
e
t
i
me
f
r
o
m
21 y
ear
s to
2
5
a
n
d
30
y
e
a
r
s.
G
H
G
emiss
i
ons
ra
te
r
e
du
ced
c
o
nsi
d
er
ab
ly
wi
th
th
e
ex
te
n
s
io
n of
sy
s
t
em li
fe
ti
me,
a
s
show
n in
Fi
gu
re 2
.
Wh
en
com
p
are
d
t
o
2
1
yea
r
syst
e
m
l
i
fet
i
m
e
,
a re
duct
i
o
n
of G
H
G
emi
s
si
on
o
f
ap
proxi
mat
e
l
y
16%
an
d
3
0
%
was
fo
u
nd
w
h
en
t
h
e l
i
fet
i
m
e
e
x
t
e
nde
d t
o
25 a
n
d 3
0
yea
r
s, res
p
ect
i
v
el
y. B
e
si
d
e
s t
h
at
, t
h
e
G
H
G
e
m
i
ssi
ons
ra
te
fo
r
in
s
t
a
lla
tio
n
i
n
K
u
al
a
Lu
mp
ur w
a
s
al
so foun
d
to b
e
in
the
r
a
ng
e fr
om
4
5
.28
to 7
0
.04
g
CO
2
-eq/
kWh
i
f
mini
mu
m an
d
maxi
m
u
m s
y
st
e
m
l
i
fet
i
me
we
re c
o
nside
r
ed
t
o
be
2
1
yea
r
s
a
n
d
30
year
s
re
spe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
A
s
t
h
e
PV
syste
m
ca
n l
a
st l
onge
r,
m
o
re el
ec
tric
it
y can be
ge
nera
te
d
t
h
ro
u
g
h
o
u
t i
t
s li
fe
ti
me,
c
onse
q
ue
nt
ly re
duc
i
n
g
th
e GHG emissio
n
s
p
e
r
kW
h of th
e el
ectr
icity
g
e
n
e
r
a
ted
.
EPBT
fou
n
d
t
o
b
e
u
n
a
f
f
e
cted
b
y
sy
stem li
f
e
tim
e
,
whi
l
e
ER
OI s
h
o
w
e
d
im
pro
v
e
me
nt
wi
th t
h
e ext
e
ndi
n
g
s
y
st
e
m
l
i
fet
i
m
e
,
whic
h
ran
g
e
d
from
2.5
8
t
o
3.9
2
, as
sho
w
n i
n
Ta
ble
2.
Tabl
e
2. E
n
e
r
g
y
in
di
ca
to
rs fo
r i
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
on
i
n
Kua
l
a Lu
mp
ur
Syste
m
ca
pac
ity
CE
D (MJ/
m
2
) E
P
B
T
(
y
e
a
r)
E
R
O
I
21
yr
25
y
r
30
y
r
3 to <5 kWp
466
9.
9
9
8.
15
2
.
58
3.
07
3.
68
5 to <10 kWp
451
2.
4
6
7.
88
2
.
67
3.
17
3.
81
10 to <12 kWp
438
7.
1
0
7.
66
2
.
74
3.
26
3.
92
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
3
to
<
5k
W
p
5
to
<
10
kW
p
1
0
to
<
12
kWp
g
CO
2
‐
eq/
k
W
h
Ma
i
n
t
e
na
nc
e
PV
sy
s
t
e
m
in
s
t
a
l
l
a
tio
n
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
in
s
t
a
l
l
a
tio
n
Mo
unt
i
ng
st
r
u
c
t
ur
e
In
v
e
r
t
e
r
PV
mo
d
u
l
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
7
7
–
684
68
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
GH
G e
m
is
sion
s ra
te
fo
r
PV s
y
ste
m
in
sta
l
l
a
ti
o
n
i
n
K
u
a
l
a
Lum
p
u
r
w
ith
v
a
ry
ing
sy
ste
m
lif
et
ime
3.3. C
a
se 3
:
i
n
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
va
r
y
in
g
s
o
l
a
r ir
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
Re
sult
s prese
n
t
e
d in
pre
v
i
o
u
s
se
ct
io
ns
are
spec
ific
al
l
y
for
i
n
sta
l
la
ti
on
i
n
K
u
al
a
Lu
mp
u
r
wi
t
h
sol
a
r
ir
r
a
d
i
at
ion
of 1
560
.8
kWh
/
m
2
p
e
r ye
ar
.
How
e
v
e
r
,
th
is
se
ctio
n
pre
s
en
ts th
e
GHG
e
m
i
s
sio
n
r
a
te,
EP
B
T
,
a
n
d
EROI at
diffe
r
ent
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s wi
th di
ff
ere
n
t
an
nua
l s
o
l
a
r i
rra
d
i
a
t
ion. Ta
bl
e 3
sum
m
ari
s
es t
h
e ave
r
a
g
e
resul
t
s of
3 t
o
12
k
W
p
P
V
syst
em i
n
st
a
l
le
d i
n
t
h
ree
di
ffe
rent
l
o
ca
ti
o
n
s i
n
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
dist
i
n
guis
h
e
d
by
di
ffe
r
ent
sola
r
i
rra
dia
t
i
o
n l
e
ve
l
s
, w
i
t
h
a
s
y
st
e
m
l
i
f
et
i
m
e
of
2
1
,
25
,
an
d
2
0
y
ears.
G
H
G
e
m
i
ssion
rat
e
an
d
EPB
T
w
e
re
fo
un
d
to
d
e
cr
e
a
s
e
gra
dua
lly
w
ith
th
e
i
n
c
r
ea
se
of
so
l
a
r
irr
a
d
i
a
t
ion
.
I
n
co
n
t
ra
st,
ER
OI
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
w
h
e
n
so
la
r
ir
rad
i
at
io
n
i
s
hi
ghe
r
d
u
e t
o
i
n
creasi
ng
sola
r el
ec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y ge
n
e
ra
te
d,
whi
c
h
h
e
l
p
s t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e t
h
e ER
OI.
The a
n
a
l
ysi
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
at
G
HG
e
m
i
s
si
ons
rat
e
a
n
d
EP
BT
obta
i
ne
d we
re
l
o
we
st
in
K
o
t
a
B
h
a
r
u
at
37.9
7
g
C
O
2
-eq
/
kW
h and
6.3
7
yea
r
s
,
respec
t
i
v
e
l
y,
w
h
e
n
30
ye
ars
of s
y
st
e
m
l
i
fet
i
me
be
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
ide
r
e
d
.
Tabl
e
3:
Co
mp
ariso
n
of va
ryi
n
g
sola
r
ir
radi
a
t
i
on
wi
t
h
di
ffe
r
ent
s
y
st
em l
i
fet
i
me f
o
r t
h
e
a
v
e
r
age
o
f
3 t
o
1
2
kW
p syste
m
ca
paci
t
y
I
ndica
tor
Unit
K
u
al
a lum
pur
(
1560.
8 kWh/m
2
/y
r)
Johor
Bahr
u
(
1651.
8
kWh/m
2
/y
r)
Ko
ta
Bh
a
r
u
(
1935.
5
kWh/m
2
/y
r)
21 yr
25 yr
30 yr
21 yr
25 yr
30 yr
21 yr
25 yr
30 yr
GH
G e
m
is
s
i
o
n
s
ra
t
e
g
CO
2
-e
q/kWh
67.
26
56.
50
47.
08
63.
56
53.
39
44.
49
54.
24
45.
56
37.
97
EP
BT
y
e
a
r
7.
90
7.
90
7.
90
7.
46
7.
46
7.
46
6.
37
6.
37
6.
37
E
R
O
I
d
i
m
e
nsionl
ess
2.
66
3.
17
3.
80
2.
82
3.
35
4.
02
3.
30
3.
93
4.
71
4.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
A l
i
fe-c
ycl
e
a
s
sessme
n
t
o
f
t
h
e re
si
d
e
nt
i
a
l
-
s
c
a
l
e GC
P
V
s
y
ste
m
s i
n
Mal
a
ysi
a
wa
s c
o
nduc
t
e
d
usi
n
g
monoc
rysta
l
li
ne si
l
i
c
on
mod
u
l
e t
e
chn
o
lo
gy
.
The
GH
G
e
m
i
ssi
ons
rat
e
,
EP
B
T
, a
n
d
ERO
I
wer
e
d
e
t
e
rmi
n
ed t
o
qua
nt
i
f
y
t
h
e e
nvi
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
impac
t
o
f
t
h
e s
y
st
e
m
.
T
h
e
re
s
u
l
t
s sh
owe
d
th
a
t
t
h
e PV m
o
d
u
le
ha
d
c
o
n
t
ri
but
e
d
th
e
mo
st
to
the
ov
er
all
GHG
emi
ssion
s
an
d C
E
D, m
a
in
ly
do
mi
n
a
te
d b
y
th
e u
p
s
t
r
e
a
m p
r
o
c
e
sse
s d
u
ri
ng
man
u
fac
t
u
r
i
n
g
.
Als
o
,
usi
n
g
t
h
e
u
pda
te
d
i
n
verte
r
LC
I
t
o
re
prese
n
t
t
h
e
l
a
te
st i
nve
rt
e
r
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
it
was
fo
u
nd t
h
a
t
i
n
vert
er ha
d
a
l
s
o
b
r
ou
g
h
t a
si
gnific
a
n
t
im
pac
t
o
n
the
GH
G
e
m
i
ssi
on.
Neve
rthe
le
s
s
, wit
h
th
e im
pro
v
e
men
t
o
f
i
n
v
e
r
t
er tech
no
lo
g
y
, fu
r
t
h
e
r redu
ct
ion
of
en
erg
y
co
n
s
ump
t
ion
and
GHG emi
ssio
n
s
i
s
expe
ct
e
d
i
n
the
fut
u
re
.
Th
e
r
e
d
u
c
tio
n of GHG
e
m
i
s
sio
n
s
r
a
te, EP
BT,
a
n
d
ERO
I
wh
en
t
h
e
c
a
p
ac
ity
in
cr
eas
es a
r
e
no
t
signi
fi
ca
nt wi
t
h
in
3 to
1
2
k
W
p
resi
de
nt
ia
l-sc
al
e PV
s
y
st
em
s, as most
o
f
t
h
e com
p
one
nt
s a
r
e l
i
ne
arl
y
u
p
s
c
a
l
e
d
t
o
rea
c
h
de
sire
d ca
pac
i
t
y
e
x
c
e
pt
for
t
h
e
i
n
vert
er
whi
c
h
ha
s
le
ss
im
pac
t
as
i
t
s
rat
e
d
p
o
we
r
i
n
c
r
ea
ses
.
Gi
ve
n the
sc
e
n
ari
o
o
f
e
x
te
n
d
e
d
sy
st
em li
fe
t
i
me, the
s
e i
ndi
ca
t
o
rs re
du
ce
c
o
nsi
d
e
r
abl
y
. T
h
us it
i
s
wo
rt
h
hi
ghl
i
ght
i
ng th
a
t
fut
u
re effor
t
by
P
V
i
n
du
st
ri
e
s
to ens
u
re
PV
s
y
ste
m
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
ca
n en
d
u
re
i
n
a
mo
re
ext
e
n
d
e
d
pe
ri
o
d
c
oul
d pla
y
a
role
i
n
mi
t
i
ga
ti
ng t
h
e
gl
o
b
al
war
m
i
n
g i
m
p
a
ct
. F
u
rt
he
rm
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
i
n
st
al
la
ti
on
l
o
cat
i
o
n
a
l
so
has a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
ant
in
flue
nce
on
i
t
s
e
n
vir
onme
n
t
a
l
perfo
rmance
si
nce
t
h
e P
V
s
y
ste
m
has
in
t
e
r
m
i
tte
n
t
n
a
tu
r
e
wh
ere
it
s e
l
ec
tr
ic
it
y
g
e
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
lie
s o
n
i
t
s g
e
o
g
r
a
ph
ic
al
lo
c
a
ti
on a
n
d w
e
ath
e
r
.
He
n
c
e
,
pl
an
ni
ng for a
PV s
y
st
em inst
al
l
a
t
i
on on a l
a
rge
r
sca
l
e
w
h
e
n
the
loc
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
no
t
a c
onst
r
a
i
nt
,
sh
o
u
l
d
ta
ke
int
o
ac
cou
n
t
t
h
e
ide
a
l
l
o
ca
ti
on
whe
n
a
ddressi
ng
t
h
e
gl
o
b
al
warmi
n
g
i
m
pa
ct
.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
21
yr
2
5
yr
3
0
yr
g
CO
2
‐
eq
/
k
W
h
3
to
<
5k
W
p
5
to
<
10
k
W
p
10
to
<
12k
W
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
L
i
f
e
-cy
c
l
e
asse
ssme
nt of
resi
d
e
nt
i
a
l
-
sc
ale
gri
d
-c
o
nne
ct
e
d
ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
ic
… (
A
ti
qa
h H
a
m
i
za
h M
o
hd N
o
r
d
i
n
)
6
83
The
a
v
e
r
a
g
e re
sult
s of
G
H
G emi
s
si
on
s ra
te
and
E
P
BT
ran
g
i
n
g from
37
.97 t
o
6
7
.
2
6
g
C
O
2
-e
q/
k
W
h
and
6.37
t
o
7.
90
ye
ars,
w
h
il
e f
o
r ER
OI
f
r
om
2
.
6
6
t
o
4
.
71
. O
t
he
r
fac
t
ors
t
h
at
ma
y i
n
c
r
ea
se
t
h
e
el
ec
tric
it
y
gene
rat
i
o
n
of PV syst
ems
,
s
u
ch
a
s
im
prov
e
m
e
n
t of PR
a
nd
an i
n
crea
se
of
P
V
mod
u
l
e
c
o
nve
rsi
o
n e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
may
imp
r
ove
t
h
e
LC
A
res
u
l
t
s.
Ove
r
a
l
l
,
i
n
t
h
e co
nt
ext
of re
si
dent
i
a
l
-
sca
l
e
,
P
V
t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
fe
rs a
s
u
bst
a
nti
a
l
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
fo
r G
H
G
emissi
o
n
s red
u
ct
i
o
n in t
h
is cou
n
t
r
y.
H
o
w
e
ve
r, c
o
nt
i
n
uous
i
m
p
r
ove
me
nt
e
f
fo
rt i
n
re
duc
i
ng
i
t
s emb
odi
e
d
ener
gy a
nd G
H
G
e
m
i
ssi
o
n
s
i
s
c
r
uci
a
l
i
n
t
h
e
st
ri
ve
for
a
mo
re
sust
ai
nabl
e
fut
u
re
f
o
r PV
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
.
A
C
KNOW
LE
D
G
E
M
EN
TS
Thi
s
w
o
rk wa
s su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
in
pa
rt
b
y
t
h
e F
unda
me
nt
al
Re
s
earch
Gra
n
t
Sc
heme
(F
RG
S
)
,
Mi
ni
st
ry
o
f
Ed
uca
t
i
on (R
ef:
60
0-IR
M
I
/
F
R
G
S 5/
3 (2
2
1
/
2
01
9)
an
d (R
ef:
F
R
GS
/
1
/
2
01
9/
TK
10/
U
I
T
M
/0
3/
7
)
,
a
nd U
n
i
v
e
r
si
ti
Tek
nol
ogi
M
A
RA (Ui
T
M) Ma
la
ysia
.
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
S
u
s
t
ainab
l
e
En
er
gy
Dev
e
lo
p
m
ent
Au
th
ority
of M
a
lays
ia
,
“A
nn
ual
Report 2
017
,”
2
017
.
[2]
A. St
o
p
p
a
to
,
“Li
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
a
s
s
e
ssm
e
n
t
of p
hot
ov
ol
tai
c
e
l
ec
tri
c
it
y ge
n
e
ra
tion,
”
En
erg
y
,
vol
.
33
,
no. 2,
p
p
.
22
4–
23
2, Feb
20
08
.
[3]
K.
Ka
li
a
ppa
n
,
M.
Sa
nk
a
r
,
B.
Ka
rth
i
ke
ya
n,
B. Vi
nee
t
h
,
a
nd
V.
C. R
a
ju, “
A
na
ly
si
s
o
f
sola
r
e
n
e
r
gy
te
c
h
no
lo
gy in
le
ad
in
g co
un
tri
e
s
,
”
In
te
rna
t
i
o
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tronics a
n
d Dr
ive
Syst
ems
(IJPED
S
)
,
vo
l.
10,
no
. 4
,
p
p
.
19
95
–2
00
4, 2
0
1
9
.
[4]
M
.
Ben
g
h
a
ne
m,
A. Alm
o
ham
m
e
d
i, M.
Ta
u
k
e
e
r
Khan
,
an
d A.
A.
Al-Mas
hraq
i,
“
E
ffec
t
of dus
t a
c
c
umul
ation
o
n
th
e
perfo
rman
ce
o
f
ph
otov
olta
ic p
a
n
e
ls in des
e
rt
co
un
tries
:
A
c
a
s
e
stud
y
fo
r
M
a
din
a
h
,
S
a
u
d
i Arab
i
a
,”
I
n
ter
nat
io
na
l
J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer El
ec
tron
i
c
s
and
Driv
e
Sy
st
e
m
s
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vo
l.
9, n
o
.
3
,
pp.
13
56–1
3
6
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5]
H
.
K
i
m
,
K
.
C
h
a
,
V
.
M
.
F
t
h
e
n
a
k
i
s
,
P
.
S
i
n
h
a
,
a
n
d
T
.
H
u
r
,
“L
ife
cy
cle
ass
e
ss
ment o
f
cad
mium
te
llur
ide ph
otov
o
l
ta
ic
(CdTe PV)
sys
t
ems
,
”
So
l.
En
ergy
,
vo
l.
10
3
,
p
p
.
78
–88
, M
a
y
20
14
.
[6]
N. A. Ludin
et al.
,
“P
rosp
ects
of
life
cyc
l
e
ass
e
ssmen
t
of
ren
e
w
a
b
l
e en
erg
y
fro
m so
lar p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
techno
lo
gi
es:
A
review,”
R
e
ne
w.
S
u
st
ai
n. Ene
r
g
y
Re
v
.
,
vol
.
9
6
, pp.
11
–2
8
,
Nov
2
018
.
[7]
R.
Ba
t
t
i
s
t
i
a
n
d
A.
Co
rrad
o
, “Eva
l
u
ati
on of tech
ni
c
a
l
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts o
f
ph
otovo
lt
a
i
c
sy
st
e
m
s
th
rou
g
h
l
i
fe c
y
cl
e
a
s
se
ssm
e
n
t
me
t
hod
ol
og
y,
”
En
erg
y
, v
o
l
.
30
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
95
2–9
67
, J
u
n
20
05.
[8]
A.
Sum
p
er
,
M
.
Robl
edo-García, R
.
Vi
lla
fáf
i
la-R
obles, J.
B
e
rgas
-
J
an
é,
an
d
J. An
d
r
és-P
eiró, “Life-cy
cle
ass
e
ssmen
t
of a p
h
o
t
ov
oltai
c
s
y
s
t
em in Ca
ta
lonia (S
pain
),”
R
e
ne
w.
S
u
sta
i
n.
E
n
e
r
gy
Re
v.
, v
o
l
.
15
, no
. 8, p
p
.
3
888
–3
89
6, O
c
t.
20
11
.
[9]
U. De
si
de
ri,
S.
P
r
oi
e
t
t
i
,
F.
Z
e
p
p
a
r
e
l
l
i
, P.
Sd
ring
ol
a
,
and
S
.
B
i
n
i
, “
L
if
e
Cy
cle A
s
s
e
ssmen
t of a gro
u
n
d
-mou
nte
d
17
78
kWp p
hoto
v
o
ltaic p
l
an
t an
d comp
ar
is
on w
i
th
tr
aditio
n
al
en
ergy
pro
d
u
c
tio
n
s
y
s
t
ems,”
A
ppl
. E
n
e
r
g
y
, v
o
l.
97,
p
p
.
93
0–
94
3, Sep
20
12
.
[10]
M. Ito, M.
Kud
o
,
M. Nagur
a
,
a
n
d K.
Ku
ro
kaw
a
,
“A co
mp
ara
t
i
v
e s
t
u
dy
on l
i
fe
cy
cle an
alys
is
o
f
2
0
d
i
ffer
e
nt P
V
modules installed
at
the Ho
ku
to m
e
ga
-so
l
a
r
p
l
an
t,
”
Prog.
Pho
t
ovol
tai
c
s Res.
Appl
.
, v
o
l
.
19
, n
o
.
7,
pp
.
87
8–
88
6
,
No
v 201
1.
[11]
M.
Xie
et
a
l
.
, “Poll
u
tant
payb
ack t
i
me
and envi
ronment
a
l
im
pact
of
Chinese
multi
-c
rystalline photovol
t
ai
c
p
r
od
uc
t
i
o
n
b
a
se
d on
li
fe c
y
cl
e a
s
se
ssm
e
n
t
,
”
J.
Cle
a
n.
P
r
o
d
.
, vo
l.
18
4,
p
p
.
64
8–
659
, Ma
y 20
18
.
[12]
V.
M.
Ft
he
na
k
i
s a
n
d
H. C. Ki
m
,
“
P
h
o
t
ovol
ta
ic
s: Li
fe
-c
y
c
l
e
a
n
al
yse
s
,
”
So
l.
En
e
r
g
y
,
vol
.
85,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
16
09
–1
6
28,
Aug
20
11
.
[13]
G. Fi
nn
ve
de
n
et a
l
.
, “Rec
en
t
d
e
velo
p
m
en
ts in
Life
Cy
cle
A
s
s
e
ssmen
t,”
J.
En
vir
on.
Ma
na
g
e
.
, vo
l.
91,
no.
1
,
p
p
.
1–
21,
Oc
t 2
009
.
[14]
R.
Tu
rc
oni,
A.
Bo
ld
rin
,
a
nd T
.
Astru
p, “
L
i
f
e c
y
c
l
e
a
s
se
ss
men
t
(
L
CA
)
of
el
e
c
tri
c
ity
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
on
tech
no
log
i
es
:
Ov
erview, co
mp
arab
ility
and
lim
itation
s
,”
R
e
new
.
Sus
ta
in
.
E
n
erg
y
Re
v.
, v
o
l
.
2
8
, p
p
.
55
5–
5
65, Dec
20
13
.
[15]
K. Ka
to
, A. M
u
r
a
ta
, and
K. S
a
ku
ta,
“Energ
y
p
a
y
-
back
time
and
life-cy
c
l
e
CO2
e
m
iss
i
on
of
r
e
sid
e
n
t
i
a
l P
V
po
wer
system with
sili
c
o
n
P
V
mo
du
le
,”
Prog.
P
h
o
t
ovol
taics Res. A
p
pl
.
,
vo
l.
6, n
o
.
2
,
pp.
10
5–
11
5
,
Ma
r 199
8.
[16]
E. A. Alsema
, P
.
F
r
an
kl, and
K
.
Kato,
“En
e
rgy
pay-b
ack
time o
f
ph
otov
oltaic
e
n
ergy s
y
s
t
ems:
pres
e
n
t s
t
a
t
us an
d
p
r
ospe
c
t
s,
” i
n
2nd
W
o
r
l
d
Co
nfe
r
en
c
e
on Ph
oto
v
olta
ic
S
o
l
a
r Ene
r
gy Co
nv
e
r
si
on
,
p
p
.
6,
199
8.
[17]
M
.
de
Wild-S
ch
o
l
ten
and
E.
A.
A
l
s
e
ma
,
“Env
iro
n
ment
al
Li
fe
Cy
cle
Inv
e
ntory
o
f
Cry
s
tall
in
e
S
i
li
con
P
h
otov
olt
a
ic
M
o
d
u
le P
r
od
ucti
on
,”
M
R
S Pr
oc.
,
v
o
l
. 89
5, no
. Dec
e
m
be
r, pp
.
0
8
9
5
-
G0
3-0
4
,
Fe
b
2
0
05
.
[18]
E.
A
l
s
e
m
a
and
M
.
J.
de
Wild
,
“Environ
m
ental
Imp
a
c
t
of
Cry
s
t
a
llin
e
S
i
lico
n
P
h
otov
olta
ic
M
o
d
u
le P
r
od
uctio
n
,
”
MRS Pro
c
.
,
v
o
l
.
8
9
5
,
no
. S
e
p
t
em
ber
200
4,
pp
. 08
95
-G03
-05
,
F
e
b
20
05
.
[19]
N. Jun
g
b
l
u
t
h
, R. Do
n
e
s,
a
n
d R.
Fri
s
c
h
kn
e
c
h
t, “
L
ife Cy
c
l
e Asse
ssm
e
n
t o
f
Ph
ot
ovol
ta
ic
s; Upd
a
te
of t
h
e ec
o
i
n
v
e
n
t
Databas
e
,”
M
R
S Proc
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
041
,
p
p
.
104
1-R0
1-0
3
,
F
e
b
20
07
.
[20]
L.
Lu
an
d
H. X
.
Yang
, “En
v
i
ro
n
m
en
tal p
a
yb
ack
tim
e
an
al
ys
is
of
a
ro
o
f-mo
unt
ed
bu
ilding
-in
t
egr
a
t
e
d
ph
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
(
B
I
P
V
)
sy
st
e
m
in
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
,
”
Appl
. E
n
er
gy
,
vo
l.
87
,
no
. 1
2
,
p
p
.
36
25–
36
31
, 2
0
1
0
.
[21]
G. H
o
u
et a
l
.
,
“
L
ife
cy
cle
asses
s
men
t
of
grid
-
c
on
nected
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltai
c
p
o
w
e
r g
e
n
e
ration fro
m
cr
ys
tallin
e
s
ilicon
so
lar
mo
du
les
in
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
App
l
.
E
n
ergy
,
vo
l.
16
4,
p
p
. 88
2–8
90
,
F
e
b 20
16.
[22]
L.
Y
.
S
e
ng,
G
.
Lalch
a
nd
,
and
G.
M
.
S
o
w Lin,
“
E
co
no
mic
a
l,
e
n
v
i
ro
nmen
tal an
d
techn
i
cal
an
aly
s
is
of bu
ild
in
g
in
t
e
gra
t
e
d
p
h
o
t
ov
ol
ta
ic
sy
st
em
s
in
Ma
l
a
ys
ia
,”
En
ergy Po
l
i
c
y
,
v
o
l. 36
,
n
o
. 6
,
p
p
. 213
0–
21
42
,
Ju
n 200
8.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
6
77
– 68
4
68
4
[23]
In
tern
a
t
ion
a
l O
r
g
a
nizatio
n
fo
r
S
t
an
da
rdiz
atio
n,
“I
S
O
14
04
0:20
06 Env
i
ro
n
m
ent
a
l man
a
g
e
ment-
L
ife
cy
cle
as
ses
s
ment-Pri
nci
p
le
and framework,” 2006.
[24]
In
tern
a
t
ion
a
l Or
gan
i
z
a
tion
fo
r S
t
and
a
rdizat
io
n,
“IS
O
14
04
4:2
0
0
6
En
viron
m
e
n
tal man
a
gem
e
nt
-
Life
cy
cle
a
s
se
ssm
e
n
t
- Requ
ire
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
ine
s
,
”
2
006.
[25]
R.
Frisch
kn
e
c
ht
et al
.
,
“Life Cy
c
l
e In
ven
t
ori
e
s an
d
Life Cy
cle As
ses
s
ment of P
h
oto
v
o
l
ta
ic S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
Intern
ation
a
l
En
e
r
gy
Ag
e
n
c
y
(IEA) PVP
S
T
a
sk 12
, Re
po
rt T
1
2
-
04
:2
0
1
5
,
”
2
015
.
[26]
L.
Tsch
ü
m
p
e
rlin
,
P.
S
t
o
l
z
,
and
R.
F
r
isch
kn
ech
t,
“
L
if
e
cy
c
l
e
as
s
e
s
s
ment
o
f
lo
w
po
wer s
o
la
r
in
v
e
rters
(2
.5
to
20
k
W
),
Tre
e
z
e
L
t
d
.
,
co
mmiss
io
ned
by
S
w
iss
F
e
dera
l
Offic
e
of
En
erg
y
(S
F
O
E),” 20
16
.
[27]
R.
Frisch
kn
e
c
ht
et a
l
.
,
M
e
tho
dol
og
y Guide
l
in
es
on
L
i
fe Cy
cle
As
s
e
ss
ment
of
Ph
o
t
o
v
ol
ta
ic
El
ec
tr
i
c
it
y,
3r
d ed
i
t
i
o
n
,
IEA PVPS T
a
s
k
12
,
In
ter
nationa
l En
ergy
Ag
en
cy Photovo
lta
ic
P
o
we
r Sy
ste
m
s P
r
ogramme
. R
e
po
rt
IEA
-
PV
PS
T12
-
06
:20
1
6
.
2
0
16.
[28]
S
.
I. S
u
laiman
, S
.
S
h
aari,
an
d A
.
M
.
Omar
,
So
la
r
I
r
ra
di
at
ion
D
a
t
a
fo
r
Ma
lays
ia
. S
u
stain
a
ble En
er
gy
D
e
velo
pm
en
t
Au
th
ori
t
y
Mala
ysia
,
20
12.
[29]
S. Humbert, A.
De Schryve
r
, X.
Bengoa, M.
M
a
r
g
ni,
and O. Jolliet,
IM
PACT
200
2+: U
s
er
Gu
id
e
. 20
1
4
.
[30]
N
.
J
u
n
g
b
l
u
t
h,
M
.
S
t
ucki
, K
.
F
l
ury
,
R.
F
r
ischk
n
e
c
h
t
,
and
S
.
Büs
s
er,
“Lif
e
Cyc
l
e
In
ve
n
t
o
r
ies
of
P
h
oto
v
o
l
taics
,
”
2
012
.
BIO
G
RA
PHIES OF
AU
THOR
S
Atiq
ah
Hami
zah
Mo
hd
Nordi
n
o
b
ta
in
ed
Ba
ch
elor
of
Elec
tric
al an
d
Ele
c
tro
n
i
c
Eng
i
n
e
er
ing
(Hon
s)
i
n
20
08
from
Un
iv
e
r
sit
i
Ke
b
a
n
g
saan Ma
l
a
ysia,
M
S
c
in
E
l
e
c
t
ric
a
l En
gi
ne
e
r
in
g
(P
hotov
oltai
c
s
y
stem)
fro
m
U
n
iv
ersiti
Tek
n
o
l
og
i M
A
RA
(U
iTM
)
in 20
12
,
an
d
current
ly
pu
rsuing
h
e
r
P
h
.D.
in
E
l
e
c
tric
al
En
gin
eer
in
g.
S
h
e
is
cu
rr
entl
y a
le
ctu
r
er
at
th
e
F
acu
lty
o
f
Ele
c
trical
Eng
i
n
eering
,
UiTM
P
a
s
i
r Gu
dan
g
. H
e
r ma
i
n
research
inter
e
st
is i
n
t
h
e f
i
el
d
of
PV
syste
m
m
o
de
li
ng
a
n
d
li
f
e
-cycle as
sess
ment.
S
h
ahril Irwan
S
u
laiman
h
o
l
d
s
a P
h
.D
. in
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
cal
En
gi
n
eer
in
g f
r
o
m Un
iv
e
r
si
ti
T
e
kno
lo
gi
MARA,
Malaysia.
He obt
a
ined
hi
s M
.
Eng
S
c in
P
hotov
olta
ic E
ngineer
ing
fro
m
U
n
iversity
o
f
New South W
a
l
e
s, Aus
t
ra
lia
,
a
n
d B.Eng in E
l
ectr
i
ca
l
&
Ele
c
tro
n
ics from
U
n
iv
ersiti
Ten
a
g
a
Nas
i
on
al,
M
a
lay
s
ia. He is
an
as
so
ciate p
r
ofes
s
o
r
in
the
F
acu
lty
o
f
Elec
tric
al
Engine
ering
,
Un
ivers
i
ti
Tekn
o
l
og
i M
A
RA, M
a
lays
ia
, an
d
th
e
H
ead
of G
r
e
e
n En
ergy
Resear
ch
C
e
ntre
. Besid
e
s
con
duct
i
n
g
nu
m
e
rous
contr
a
c
t
-b
ased r
e
search
,
h
e
h
a
s
been
as
sis
t
ing
the
n
a
t
i
o
n
al
p
h
o
t
o
vol
tai
c
in
du
stry
and
th
e
gov
ernm
en
t for
mo
re
th
an
a
de
cad
e. He
regu
lar
l
y co
ndu
cts
com
p
eten
cy
-based
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
re
lat
e
d to
de
sig
n
,
i
n
st
a
l
la
ti
on,
te
sti
n
g
&
c
o
m
m
i
ssio
ni
ng,
op
e
r
a
tio
n, a
n
d
m
a
in
te
n
a
n
c
e of
b
o
t
h
gri
d
-c
on
nec
t
e
d
ph
ot
ov
o
l
t
a
ic
sy
st
e
m
s
a
nd sta
n
d-al
on
e p
h
o
t
ov
ol
ta
ic
system
s.
He is
a
l
so a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
st
a
n
d
a
rd
s work
in
g
g
r
o
up on pho
to
vo
lt
aic syst
em
s a
n
d
ha
s
b
een
pro
m
in
e
n
tl
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
in
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g v
a
ri
ou
s
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
a
n
d
guid
e
li
ne
s rela
te
d
t
o
ph
o
t
ov
o
lta
ic
sy
st
e
m
s
i
n
M
a
lays
ia
.
S
u
laiman
S
h
aari
is
a p
r
of
ess
o
r at th
e F
acu
lty
o
f
Ap
plied
S
c
ie
n
ces,
UiTM
. H
e
rec
e
iv
ed h
i
s
Bache
l
o
r
in
P
h
y
s
ics in
19
84
fro
m
Kans
as
S
t
at
e
Univers
i
ty,
U
S
A, M
S
c
in
P
h
ys
ic
s in 19
87
fro
m
Un
ivers
i
ty of M
i
sso
uri, US
A
,
an
d P
h
.
D
. in P
h
o
t
o
voltai
c
Sy
stem
s from De M
o
n
t
fo
rt Un
iv
ersity
,
UK,
in 19
98
.
He ac
ti
ve
ly
e
nga
ged
in
v
a
ri
ou
s
a
c
t
iv
it
ies at
t
h
e int
e
r
n
at
ion
a
l
a
nd nat
i
o
n
a
l
le
ve
ls. He
has
repres
en
ted
the G
o
v
e
rn
ment
of M
a
lay
s
ia
(Go
M
) at
many
in
ternat
io
nal p
r
og
r
a
ms,
includ
ing
In
te
rn
at
io
nal
E
n
e
r
g
y
Ag
e
n
c
y
Phot
ov
ol
ta
ic Po
we
r
Syste
m
s (IE
A
PVP
S
) f
o
r T
a
sk
1
1
a
n
d
13. He
als
o
h
a
s
b
e
en
engag
e
d
in
v
a
r
i
o
u
s G
o
M
and
Go
M
-
link
ed
ag
enci
es sinc
e
th
e
mid-19
90
s
in
p
r
ov
i
d
i
n
g
e
x
pe
rt se
rvic
e
s
on PV
syste
m
s d
e
si
gn,
tra
i
n
i
n
g
, e
v
a
l
u
a
tio
n, a
n
d in
vo
lved
in p
r
e
p
a
r
in
g
v
a
rio
u
s
po
lici
e
s
a
n
d gu
i
d
e
lin
e
s
re
l
a
te
d to ph
ot
ovo
lt
a
i
c syste
m
i
n
Ma
la
ysia
. He
is
c
u
rre
ntl
y
t
h
e
Vice
P
r
es
id
ent I
I
o
f
M
a
lays
ian
P
h
otovo
ltaic Ind
u
s
t
ry
Ass
o
ciatio
n,
and th
e S
e
cre
t
ary
G
e
nera
l
o
f
As
ian P
h
o
t
ov
oltaic
In
du
st
ry
Asso
c
i
at
io
n.
Ri
jal
u
l Fahmi
Mustapa
is a lec
t
u
r
er
in
the F
a
culty
o
f
Electr
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
eer
in
g, Ui
TM
. He r
eceived
his M
S
c in
Ele
c
t
r
ica
l
Engine
erin
g from
UiTM
an
d
is c
u
rre
ntl
y
pursui
n
g
h
i
s
Ph
.
D
.
i
n
the
f
i
el
d
of
po
wer
an
d en
erg
y
model
i
n
g
, and
pred
ic
tion
for
meas
urem
ent an
d v
e
rificat
io
n
p
u
rp
os
es.
H
i
s
ma
in
research
in
terest
is
electr
i
c
a
l
po
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
ity
,
en
erg
y
mod
e
ling and predic
tion
.
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