Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
2019
~
20
29
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp2019
-
20
29
2019
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Novel t
echni
que for
hill cli
mbing se
arch to
reach
maxim
um
power p
oin
t
trac
king
Ah
med
S
amir
Badawi
1
,
Nur
ul Fa
dzli
n H
asbul
lah
2
,
Siti
Hajar
Yuso
ff
3
, A
ish
a H
Ha
s
him
4
,
Alha
re
th Z
yo
ud
5
1,2,3,4
Depa
rtment
of
E
lectr
i
ca
l
an
d
Comput
er
Eng
ine
er
ing, Int
ern
a
ti
onal Islamic U
nive
rsity
Mala
ys
ia
,
Mal
aysia
5
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
C
omput
er
Engi
n
e
eri
ng,
Bir
ze
i
t
Un
ive
rsity
,
PO
Box
14,
Birzeit, We
s
t
Bank
,
Pa
le
stin
e
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
9
,
2020
Re
vised
A
pr
14
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
M
a
y
9
, 2
0
20
In
thi
s
pap
er,
a
new
technique
has
b
ee
n
prop
osed
to
solve
t
he
tr
ade
off
com
mon
probl
e
m
in
h
il
l
cl
i
mbi
n
g
sea
r
ch
a
lgori
th
m
(HCS
)
to
re
ach
m
axi
mu
m
power
poin
t
tracki
ng
(MP
PT).
The
main
ai
m
of
th
e
n
ew
t
ec
h
nique
is
to
inc
re
ase
the
po
wer
eff
icien
cy
for
th
e
wind
e
ner
gy
conve
rsio
n
sys
te
m
(W
ECS).
The
proposed
t
ec
hni
que
h
as
be
en
com
bin
ed
the
t
hre
e
-
mod
e
al
gorit
h
m
to
b
e
s
im
ple
r
.
The
nov
el
al
gor
it
hm
is i
n
cre
asing
th
e
abi
l
it
y
to
r
e
a
ch
the
MP
PT
wi
tho
ut
de
la
y
.
The
no
vel
al
gor
it
hm
sh
ows
fast
tr
ac
k
in
g
c
apa
bi
li
ty
and
enh
anced
st
abi
lity und
er change
wind
sp
ee
d
condi
ti
ons
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Hill
cli
mb
in
g
s
earch
M
a
ximum
pow
er
po
i
nt trac
king
Win
d
e
nerg
y
c
onve
rsion s
ys
t
em
Win
d
tu
r
bin
e
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nuru
l
Fa
dzlin
Hasbull
ah
,
Dep
a
rteme
nt
of Elec
tric
al
and
Com
pute
r
E
ng
ineerin
g,
In
te
r
natio
nal Is
la
mic Un
i
versi
ty
M
al
aysia,
53100 G
omba
k,
M
al
a
ys
ia
.
Emai
l:
n
ur
ulfa
dzlinha
sbull
ah
@gmai
l.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
M
a
ximum
po
wer
point
trac
king
(
MPPT
)
is
of
t
he
par
a
moun
t
im
port
ance
in
re
newable
ene
r
gy
reg
imes
f
or
no
t
on
l
y
to
maxi
mize
the
s
ys
te
m’s
powe
r
ef
fi
ci
ency
,
but
al
s
o
to
re
du
ce
t
he
retu
rn
pe
rio
d
of
t
he
instal
la
ti
on
ex
penses
c
os
t
a
nd
good
power
qu
al
it
y
a
nd
reli
able.
In
this
re
search
,
the
ta
r
g
et
ed
al
gorith
m
is
hill
cl
imbing
searc
h
(
HCS
)
un
der
the
direct
pow
er
co
ntr
ol
(
DPC
),
to
i
ncr
ease
the
outp
ut
po
w
er
dire
ct
thr
ou
gh
t
he
du
t
y
c
ycle,
a
nd
to
reac
h
ma
ximum
pea
k
point
on
the
D
C
li
nk
.
HC
S
method
is
co
nsi
der
e
d
a
n
e
xa
mp
le
of
a
per
t
urb
an
d
observ
e
(P&O
)
te
chn
i
qu
e
[
1
-
4
]
.
The
re
are
ma
ny
featu
res
f
or
HCS
al
gorith
m;
it
’s
consi
de
red
t
he
simplest
meth
od,
not
r
eq
uir
e
an
y
pri
or
knowle
dge
a
bo
ut
wi
nd
e
ne
rgy
c
onversi
on
sy
ste
m
(WEC
S)
or
aerod
yn
a
mics
char
act
e
risti
cs.
It
can
be
ap
plied
t
o
an
y
W
E
CS,
s
uit
able
f
or
s
mall
scal
e
w
ind
tu
rb
i
ne
(
W
T)
a
nd
this
typ
e
of
a
lgorit
hm
ca
n
br
i
ng
t
he
op
e
rati
ng
point
t
ow
a
r
d
po
wer
coeffic
ie
nt
(C
p)
by
inc
reasi
ng
or
decr
easi
ng the
per
t
urbin
g
[
5
-
9
]
.
Ther
e
a
re
t
wo
main
t
ypes
acc
ordi
ng
to
the
maximiza
ti
on
of
ca
ptu
re
d
power.
T
he
fi
rst
typ
e
is
DPC
con
ce
r
n
in
the
powe
r
ou
t
pu
t
direct
in
the
WECS.
Wh
e
re
as,
the
sec
ond
typ
e
is
in
direct
powe
r
c
ontr
ol
(IDC)
,
increase
d
th
e
mecha
nical
po
wer i
n
t
he WE
CS as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1.
The
i
nput
of
H
CS
is
c
on
si
dered
el
ect
ric
po
wer
since
it
ca
n
be
si
mp
l
y
m
easur
e
d
us
i
ng
t
he
c
onve
rter
[
10
-
15
]
. Ho
we
ver, it
is in
reali
ty the tur
bin
e
pow
e
r
that m
ust
b
e a
pp
li
e
d
f
or the c
ontr
ol str
at
egy
t
o
r
each
to
the
peak
po
i
nt.
Since
no
data
for
the
wind
t
urb
ine
WT
is
nee
ded,
it
is
en
sur
ed
t
hat
the
W
T
will
reach
to
it
s
real
maxim
um
pow
er
po
i
nt,
e
ven thro
ugh variat
io
ns
of exte
rn
al
blade
c
ha
racter
ist
ic
s o
r
facto
rs
[
16
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2019
–
20
29
2020
In
Fig
ure
2,
HCS
al
gorith
m
c
on
ce
pt,
pe
rturbin
g
the
c
on
t
ro
l
va
riable
unti
l
reac
h
m
aximum
pea
k
po
i
nt.
In
s
pite
of
these
s
pecial
pro
per
ti
es
t
ha
t
le
ad
HCS
al
gorith
m
t
o
be
t
he
best
opti
on
f
or
M
PPT
c
on
tr
ol
in
any
WECS.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
i
n
fact
,
it
is
only
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
i
n
t
he
slow
cha
ngin
g
wi
nd
s
peed
c
onditi
ons.
The
refor
e
,
HCS
tra
diti
ona
l
al
gorithm
has
two
maj
or
pro
blems;
tra
de
-
of
f
betwee
n
s
pee
d
a
nd
ef
fici
enc
y
,
a
nd
t
he
sec
ond
is
the p
e
rtu
rb
at
i
on ste
p
siz
e
[
8
,
17
-
19
]
.
Figure
1. Cl
assifi
cat
ion
of MP
PT acc
ordin
g
t
he
ma
ximiza
ti
on
of total
capt
ur
e
d powe
r
Figure
2. The
main
pr
i
nciple
of H
CS
al
gorithm,
Pe
rturbin
g
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
var
ia
ble
un
ti
l reac
h ma
ximum
pea
k p
oin
t
The
main
ob
je
ct
ive
of
this
re
search
is
t
o
i
nc
rease
t
he
po
wer
ef
fici
enc
y
f
or
the
WEC
S.
T
he
po
wer
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
f
or
t
he
W
ECS can
be
inc
reased us
ing
HCS alg
or
i
thms to
decr
ea
se the num
ber
of
it
erati
ons to reac
h
the
decisi
on
f
or
the
M
PP
T,
an
d
tu
ning
pa
rameters
for
the
DC
li
nk
[
20
]
.
Pale
sti
ne
is
s
uffe
rin
g
fro
m
env
i
ronme
nt
poll
ution
pro
blems,
especial
ly
Gaza
strip
re
gi
on
a
fter
the
la
s
t
three
war
s
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
t
he
sie
ge
imposed
on
G
aza
strip,
a
nd
the
co
ntin
ue
d
interr
upt
ion
of
el
ect
ric
power
as
well
as
f
uel
make
th
e
nee
d
to
a
n
al
te
rn
at
ive
s
ou
rce
of
ene
rgy
instea
d
of
tra
di
ti
on
al
sou
rces
.
T
he
Gaza
Strip
has
an
inc
reasin
g
dema
nd
for
el
ect
rical
po
w
e
r
with
a
n
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
s
horta
ge
of
powe
r
s
uppl
ie
s
[
21
-
23
]
.
Fi
gure
3
s
hows
Pale
sti
ne
map
wh
ic
h
there
is
a
de
f
ic
it
in
el
ect
rici
ty
due
to
sie
ge
a
nd
pr
e
vai
li
ng
wa
r
-
to
r
n
conditi
ons.
More
over,
el
ect
r
ic
it
y
gen
e
rati
on is
not feasi
ble to
s
at
isfy
th
e
d
e
ma
nd.
M
a
ny
resea
rchers
are
act
ively
pr
opos
i
ng
al
gorithms
to
e
xt
ract
maxim
um
po
wer
point
ou
t
of
W
T.
Howe
ver,
this
so
luti
on
ca
nnot
be
ada
ptable
for
Pale
sti
ne
due
to
t
he
diff
e
r
ent
wi
nd
c
ondi
ti
on
c
ompare
d
with
oth
e
r
places
[
9
]
. T
her
e a
re m
a
ny
tec
hn
i
qu
e
s
unde
r
MPPT.
Howe
ver, am
ong
t
hese,
th
ree
mode HSC
alg
or
it
hm
is
m
or
e
fea
sibl
e
to
be
im
ple
mente
d
i
n
Pale
sti
ne,
t
his
is
due
t
o
re
duct
ion
of
ste
p
fluctu
at
ion
s
an
d
s
uitable
for
micro
gr
i
d
syst
em,
but
t
he
th
ree
m
od
e
HCS
al
gorith
m
ca
nnot
rea
ch
ma
ximum
po
werp
oin
t
du
e
t
o
conve
rg
e
nce
s
peed
delay
,
w
ron
g
tra
cki
ng
directi
on,
tra
de
-
off
betwee
n
s
peed
for
det
ect
i
on
the
ma
ximum
powe
r po
i
nt and acc
ur
ac
y of t
rack
i
ng tech
niq
ue
[
26
-
28
]
.
Figure
4
s
how
s
the
th
ree
m
ode
HCS
al
gori
thm
[
17
]
.
M
an
y
s
ys
te
ms
ha
ve
a
maste
r
c
on
trolle
r
that
knows
in
wh
ic
h
m
od
e
t
he
co
ntr
oller
is
oper
at
ing
,
relayin
g
on
wind
s
pee
d,
diff
e
re
nces
in
wi
nd
s
pee
d,
in
this
appr
oach,
the
con
t
ro
ll
er
ca
n
respo
ns
e
di
ff
e
r
ently
on
small
er
or
la
rg
e
r
wi
nd
s
pee
d
cha
nges
o
r
it
can
ke
ep
the
ro
t
or
s
peed
ste
ady
as
lo
ng
as
the
wi
nd
s
pee
d
c
ha
ng
e
s
doe
s
no
t
excee
d
a
ny
dead
band
l
imi
t.
The
pro
ba
bili
ty
for
a
dap
ti
ve
H
CS
al
gorithm
a
rises, w
hic
h
ar
e
first o
pe
rati
ng
in
a
le
arn
i
ng mode
to d
et
er
mine
al
l
the
im
portan
t
par
a
mete
rs
i
n f
un
ct
io
n o
f
a ce
rtai
n win
d patt
ern
[
29
]
.
Figure
5
il
lus
trat
es
the
me
chan
is
m
f
or
the
th
ree
m
od
e
HCS
al
gorithms
t
o
reach
the
M
PP
T
.
Ba
sic
al
ly,
it
’s
relay
on
the
c
omparis
on
bet
ween
the
pervi
ou
s
sta
te
an
d
t
he
nex
t
sta
te
.
Th
us
,
it
s
pend
s
long
ti
me
to
reach
the
maxim
um
peak
point.
More
over,
t
he
al
gorith
m
is
very
co
mp
li
cat
ed
du
e
t
o
the
it
erati
on
process
to reac
h MPPT
[
8
,
17
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Novel
tech
niqu
e for
hill
cli
mbing searc
h
t
o
r
each m
axim
um
power
po
i
nt tr
ackin
g (Ahme
d S
am
ir
Ba
dawi
)
2021
Figure
3. Pale
s
ti
ne
map
[
24
,
25
]
Figure
4. Pr
i
nc
iple o
f
the
H
C
S th
ree m
ode
al
gorithm
[
17
]
Figure
5. Flo
w
char
t
of th
ree
mode
HCS al
gorith
m
M
PP
T
[
17
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2019
–
20
29
2022
2.
WIN
D
S
PEE
D AND
MPP
T RELATIO
N
The
power
out
pu
t
from
a
WT
reli
es
on
the
r
otor
swe
pt
are
a,
de
ns
it
y
of
ai
r
an
d
velocit
y
of
t
he
wi
nd.
The
c
ommo
n
powe
r
e
qu
at
io
n
for
a
WT
is
giv
e
n
by
(1
4
)
base
d
on
case
of
c
on
sta
nt
a
ccel
erati
on
[
30
]
.
T
he
velocit
y
υ
is
e
qu
a
l
to
the
w
ork
do
ne
W,
a
nd
t
he
kin
et
ic
e
nerg
y
of
a
n
ob
je
ct
hav
i
ng
ma
ss
m
,
t
he
distance
s
unde
r
a
force
F
, as
t
he
f
ollo
wing.
=
=
(1)
Applyi
ng
Ne
w
ton’s La
w:
=
(2)
Hen
ce
,
=
(3)
Using
eq
uatio
n
(
3
)
of m
otion:
2
=
2
+
2
(
4)
We ca
n get:
=
(
2
−
2
)
2
(5)
The o
bject
init
ia
l velocit
y i
s
0,
i.e.
u
=
0, the
n:
=
2
2
(6)
Substi
tuti
ng it
in
(
3),
t
he
k
i
ne
ti
c energy o
f
a
mass is:
=
0
.
5
2
(7)
The win
d p
ower is
giv
e
n by the
rate o
f
c
ha
nge
of ene
rgy
a
s
the
fo
ll
owin
g equ
at
io
n:
=
=
1
2
2
(8)
As
m
ass
flo
w
r
at
e is giv
e
n b
y:
=
(9)
The rat
e of c
ha
ng
e
of
distance
is g
i
ven by:
=
(10)
T
he
n
=
(11)
E
=
Kinetic
e
ne
rgy
(J),
ρ
=
Den
sit
y
(
kg/m
3
),
m
=
M
ass
(
kg),
A
=
S
we
pt
Ar
ea
(
m
2
),
v
=
Win
d
S
pee
d
(m/s)
,
Cp
=
Powe
r
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
,
P
=
P
ower (W)
, d
t/
dm=
M
as
s
fl
ow
r
at
e
(kg/s),
r
=
R
adius
(m
),
x
=
di
sta
nce
(m
),
t
=
t
ime
(s)
,
dt/dE
=
E
nerg
y
f
low
r
at
e
(J/s)
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
f
rom
(
8), the
po
w
er ca
n be r
e
pre
sented
as the
foll
ow
i
ng equat
ion
:
=
0
.
5
3
(12)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Novel
tech
niqu
e for
hill
cli
mbing searc
h
t
o
r
each m
axim
um
power
po
i
nt tr
ackin
g (Ahme
d S
am
ir
Ba
dawi
)
2023
The
ca
pture
d p
ow
e
r fr
om t
he win
d
ca
n be e
xpress
ed
as the
foll
ow
i
ng equat
ion
:
=
0
.
5
3
(13)
The
s
wep
t
a
re
a
of
t
he
wind
tur
bin
e
ca
n
be
com
pu
te
d
f
r
om
the
le
ngth
of
t
he
wi
nd
tu
rb
i
ne
bla
des
us
in
g
t
he
e
qu
at
ion
f
or
t
he
s
we
pt ar
ea
of a
ci
r
cl
e
=
P
=
0
.
5
c
P
(
λ
,
β
)
ρπ
R
2
V
w
3
(14)
Wh
e
re,
c
p
=
powe
r
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt,
Vw
=
Win
d
vel
ocity
,
ρ
a
=
densi
ty
of
ai
r
,
and
a
nd
R
=
r
ot
or
ra
diu
s
.
The
po
wer
coeffic
ie
nt
(
cp
)
f
or
t
he
WT
i
s
the
ma
ximum
power
that
cou
l
d
be
ca
pt
ured
of
t
he
t
otal
avail
able
in
t
he
wi
nd,
cp
is
a functi
on o
f
blade
pitc
h
a
ng
le
(
β
)
a
nd
blade
ti
p
s
pee
d
rati
o
(
λ
)
.
T
he
or
et
ic
al
ly,
a w
i
nd
tur
bin
e
can
ex
tract
maxi
m
um
59.
3
%
from
the
total
powe
r
of
wi
nd
(Bet
z
’s
li
mit
)
[
9
]
.
Be
tz
li
mit
ide
ntifie
d
as
a
WT
c
a
n
onl
y
conve
rt
59.
3
%
ma
xim
um
of
the
total
a
vai
la
ble
ene
r
gy
in
the
wi
nd
into
kin
et
ic
e
nerg
y.
Pr
act
ic
al
ly
a
WT
c
an
extracts a
rou
nd 40 %
of the
po
wer i
n
t
he win
d
in
the i
deal
WT p
ow
e
r
[
31
]
.
Fo
r
small
scal
e
WT,
β
a
ngle
betwee
n
the
r
efere
nce
li
ne
a
nd
c
hor
d
of
t
he
blade
on
the
ro
t
or
hub,
normall
y
zer
o
or
ke
pt
c
onsta
nt.
C
onseq
ue
ntly,
for
a
c
on
sta
nt
pitch
a
ng
le
,
powe
r
c
oeffici
ent
is
only
a
f
unct
io
n
of
ti
p
s
peed
ra
ti
o.
T
he
ti
p
s
pe
ed
rati
o
is
a
rati
o
betwee
n
t
he
wind
s
pee
d
(V
w
)
a
nd
s
pe
ed
of
the
blad
e
ti
p
(V
tip
)
as
sho
w
n
in
(
15
)
[
31
]
.
λ
=
V
t
ip
V
w
=
ω
r
V
w
(15)
wh
e
re
,
ωr
is
th
e turbine
ang
ular
s
peed. T
he win
d
tu
r
bin
e
dyna
mic eq
uatio
n
is
giv
e
n b
y
(
16
)
[
31
]
.
=
−
−
(16)
wh
e
re
,
F
is
th
e
visc
ous
f
rict
ion
c
oeffici
ent,
J
is
t
he
sy
ste
m
in
erti
a,
TL
is
the
to
r
qu
e
due
t
o
loa
d,
Tm
is
t
he
tor
qu
e
g
i
ven by the
tu
rb
i
ne.
The p
ow
e
r
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
(
,
)
can
b
e
d
et
er
mine
d fo
r WT
by
(
1
7
)
.
(
,
)
=
1
(
2
−
3
−
4
)
−
5
+
6
(17)
wh
e
re
,
λi
is a
va
riable
wh
ic
h
i
s a fu
nction o
f
λ
,
β
is
def
i
ned
as in
(
18
)
,
1
=
1
+
0
.
08
−
0
.
03
5
3
+
1
(18)
Substi
tuti
ng
(
16)
th
rou
gh
to
(
17
)
,
the
c
oeffici
ents
f
r
om
c1
t
o
c
6
are:
c3
=
0.4,c
1
=
0.517
6,
c4
=
5,
c
2
=
116,c
6
=
0.0
068
a
nd
c
5
=
21
[
31
]
.
Fig
ur
e
6
represe
nts
th
e
no
nlinear
po
wer
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
c
p(λ
,
β),
descr
i
be
d
by
(17), acc
ordin
g t
o
the
ti
p
s
pee
d rati
o
λ
f
or
va
rio
us
valu
es
of
β p
it
ch
angle
[
31
]
.
M
ea
n
wind
s
pe
ed
pla
y
imp
ort
ant
r
ole
in
the
wi
nd
powe
r
ge
ner
at
io
n
proces
s
due
to
the
cu
bic
pro
portion
al
re
la
ti
on
betwee
n
po
wer
an
d
m
ean
wind
sp
ee
d.
A
ver
a
ge
wi
nd
s
peed
ref
le
ct
s
to
t
he
ro
t
or
sp
ee
d.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
tota
l
o
utput
powe
r
is
pro
portio
na
l
with
r
otor
spe
ed
a
s
s
how
n
in
(
14).
Fig
ure
7
presents
that
r
otor
sp
ee
d
ver
s
us
outp
ut
power
for
eac
h
wind
s
pe
ed,
the
re
is
a
maxim
um
out
pu
t
am
ount
of
po
wer
that
t
he
W
T
cou
l
d
e
xtract
i
f
WT
operate
d
at
the
rated
r
otor
s
pee
d
(
ω
o
pt
)
or
t
o
t
he
opti
mu
m
r
otor
sp
ee
d
value
ω
opt
can
reache
d
at
the
op
ti
m
um
(
λ
opt
).
in
orde
r
to
c
ol
le
ct
maximum
po
s
sible
po
wer
from
the
WT
.
WT
m
us
t
be
tu
rn
e
d
on
at
opti
mal
TSR
λ
opt
.
This
case
of
ope
rati
on
is
possi
ble
by
co
ntr
olli
ng
the
r
otati
on
al
s
peed
of
the
W
T
tha
t
i
t
al
way
s
turns
on at the
opti
m
um o
r rat
ed spee
d.
=
3
(19)
Wh
e
re,
K
opt
is an
opti
mu
m
w
i
nd
wr
it
te
n b
y
(
20
)
.
=
0
.
5
5
3
(20)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2019
–
20
29
2024
Figure
6. P
ow
e
r
c
oeffici
ent
(
,
)
Figure
7.
M
ec
ha
nical
pow
e
r
c
urves
at
va
rio
us win
d
sp
ee
ds
[
32
]
3.
PROP
OSE
D HCS
A
L
GO
R
ITHM T
O
REACH
MPPT
In
this
wor
k,
three
mode
al
gorithms
ha
d
been
co
m
bin
e
d
to
be
sim
pler.
T
he
ada
ptive
al
go
rith
m
con
ta
in
s
thr
ee
mode,
in
it
’s
c
on
si
der
e
d
very
com
plica
te
d
du
e
t
o
it
erati
on
f
or
same
e
quat
ion
of
ω
∗
[8,
33].
Figure
8
sho
w
s
the
novel
tw
o
m
od
e
pro
pos
ed
al
gorith
m.
The
mai
n
ai
m
from
the
ne
w
a
lgorit
hm
is
to
i
ncr
ease
powe
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y,
inc
reasin
g
the
c
onve
rg
e
nc
e
sp
e
ed
an
d
a
vo
i
d
t
he
tra
de
-
off
betwee
n
spe
ed
for
detect
ion
the
maxim
um
pow
er
point
a
nd
ac
cur
ac
y
of
t
racki
ng
te
ch
nique.
The
decisi
on
of
t
he
al
gorithm
th
rou
gh
du
t
y
cycle
can
reac
h
t
o
the
cu
r
ve
to
m
aximu
m
peak
po
i
nt
due
to
f
ewer
cal
c
ulati
on
s
in
the
m
ode
sta
ge
s.
T
he
new
al
gorithm is
conside
red sim
pler
tha
n
t
he
th
re
e modes
and
fa
ste
r.
Figure
8. Flo
w
char
t
of the
pro
po
s
ed
no
vel HC
S alg
or
it
hm.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Novel
tech
niqu
e for
hill
cli
mbing searc
h
t
o
r
each m
axim
um
power
po
i
nt tr
ackin
g (Ahme
d S
am
ir
Ba
dawi
)
2025
4.
MO
DELIN
G
THE
WEC
S
US
I
NG PM
S
G WI
ND GE
NER
ATO
RE
Ther
e
a
re
fi
ve
ma
in
bl
ock
s
in
the
WEC
S
model,
w
hich
are
WT
,
pe
rm
anen
t
ma
gnet
sy
nc
hro
nous
gen
e
rato
r
(PM
SG
)
,
th
ree
pha
se
diode
bri
dg
e
recti
fier,
co
nt
ro
ll
er
a
nd
DC
to
DC
bo
os
t
conve
rter.
Six
wind
sp
ee
d
pro
file
eff
ect
t
o
t
he
WT
as
i
nput.
Sc
op
es
in
P
M
S
G
meas
ur
e
d
t
he
sta
t
or
c
urr
ent,
ro
t
or
s
peed,
el
ect
ro
ma
gn
et
i
c
to
rque
an
d
st
at
or
volt
age.
T
he
t
hr
ee
-
phase
outp
ut
from
t
he
P
M
SG
has
been
recti
fied
us
in
g
the
th
ree
-
phase
diode
bri
dge r
ect
ifie
r.
Figure
9
il
lust
rates
the
WE
CS
model
with
three
mode
HCS
al
gorith
m
an
d
the
pr
opos
e
d
HCS
al
gorithm.
I
n
this
m
od
el
it
ca
n
be
a
ppli
ed
t
he
HC
S
al
gori
thms
to
c
hec
k
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
performa
ncefo
r
each
al
gorithm
base
d
on
the
ou
t
pu
t
sign
al
be
ha
vior.
T
he
sco
pe
m
easur
e
ment
ha
s
been
c
hec
ked
the
DC
volt
ag
e
via
DC li
nk. T
o
e
nhance
the
MPP
T tec
hniq
ue
it
sh
oul
d
be
tu
ni
ng for t
he mo
de
l ci
rcu
it
es
pec
ia
ll
y
DC to
D
C
boo
st
conve
rter.
T
he
main
functi
on
of
t
he
co
ntr
oller
is
t
o
mak
e
switc
hing
t
hroug
h
t
he
duty
cycle
ba
sed
on
t
he
dec
isi
on of t
he a
lgorit
hm
.
Th
e
thr
ee
-
m
od
e
algorit
hm
(
Ad
a
pt
ive)
ma
kes
it
e
rati
on
s
to reac
h
the
MPPT.
w
her
eas
,
the
pro
posed
a
lgorit
hm
a
vo
i
ds
the
it
erati
on
delay
ti
me
to
reach
t
he
MP
PT
due
to
th
e
com
pin
e
d
m
ode
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gur
e 8
.
Figure
9. WEC
S
-
P
M
S
G mo
de
l
4.1.
WECS
PM
SG
w
ith
thre
e m
od
e
algorit
hm
(adapti
ve)
In
t
his
sect
ion,
the
ada
ptive
or
t
he
thre
e
-
m
od
e
al
gorithm
has
been
a
pp
li
ed
to
the
W
ECS
PMSG
model
usi
ng
M
A
TLAB
S
I
M
U
LI
NK.
Si
x
wind
sp
ee
d
pro
file
the
i
nput
of
the
WT
.
The
MATL
A
B
sco
pe
measu
red
r
oto
r
sp
ee
d,
sta
to
r
vo
lt
age
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt,
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
to
rque
and
powe
r
f
or
PM
S
G.
To
e
nhance
the r
es
ults f
or t
he
P
M
S
G
it
s
houl
d be tu
ning
the p
a
ramete
rs t
o
reac
h
t
o
the
ta
rg
et
ed
object
ive.
In
F
ig
ure
10
DC
vo
lt
age
ha
d
bee
n
measu
r
ed
befo
re
a
pplyin
g
t
he
t
hr
ee
-
mode
al
gorith
m
to
de
scri
be
the
si
gn
al
be
ha
vior
befo
re
a
nd
after
a
pplyin
g
the
th
ree
-
m
od
e
al
gorith
m,
aft
er
t
hat
the
e
ff
e
ct
of
t
he
three
-
mode
al
gorithm a
nd t
he pr
opos
e
d
al
gorithm
is co
m
par
e
d.
Figure
11
sho
ws
t
he
DC
volt
age
a
fter
a
pp
l
yi
ng
th
ree
mode
al
gorith
ms.
T
her
e
is
a
delay
to
reach
the
maxim
um
pow
er
point
beca
use
of
an
it
erati
on
proce
sses
t
o
reac
h
t
he
MPPT.
T
he
t
hr
e
e
-
m
od
e
al
gorithm
ha
d
trade
off
bet
we
en
ef
fici
enc
y
a
nd
c
onve
r
gen
c
e
sp
ee
d
to
reac
h
ma
x
pe
ak
po
int
du
e
t
o
c
omplexit
y
t
o
reac
h
the
decisi
on fo
r
th
e p
ea
k po
i
nt.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2019
–
20
29
2026
Figure
10. DC
vo
lt
age
b
e
f
or
e
app
l
ying th
e
th
ree
-
m
ode
al
gor
it
hm
Figure
11. DC
vo
lt
age
afte
r
a
pp
l
ying
HCS t
hr
ee
m
od
e
alg
or
it
hm
4.2.
Ap
pli
n
g
t
he p
roposed
novel
a
lg
orit
hm
The
pro
po
se
d
al
gorithm
has
been
ap
plied
t
o
the
WECS
.
Six
wind
s
pee
d
prof
il
e
the
i
nput
of
the
WT
to
chec
k
t
he
ef
fici
ency
pe
rformance
for
t
he
model
un
der
fa
st
varyin
g
in
w
ind
s
pee
d.
In
F
igure
s
12,
13
it
can
be
seen
t
he
thr
ee
Ph
ase
vo
lt
a
ge
an
d
cu
r
ren
t
are
pure
si
ne
w
ave
w
hich
a
mpl
it
ud
e
increase
d
dramat
ic
al
ly
direct
base
d
on
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
wi
nd
s
pe
ed.
V
oltage
cu
rv
e
a
nd
c
urren
t
are
in
ph
ase
,
t
her
e
is
no
le
a
di
ng
or
la
ggin
g
in
the
ph
a
se
a
ng
le
w
hich
eq
uals
z
er
o.
The
re
fore,
the
powe
r
facto
r
e
qu
al
s
1.
It
m
eans
t
hat
in
duc
ti
ve
reacta
nce
equ
al
s
to cap
aci
ti
ve
r
e
act
ance a
nd th
at
co
ndit
io
n
ca
ll
ed
res
on
a
nce
conditi
on.
Figure
12 Z
oom of
ge
ner
at
or
currents
betwe
en 4.
672s an
d 4.67
8s
Figure
13. Z
oo
m of
ge
ner
at
or
Vo
lt
age
V
a
bc
betwe
en 14.9
9s an
d 15.07s
The
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
a
re
s
hown
i
n
pervio
us
fig
ur
e,
the
tu
r
bin
e
reach
to
it
s
maxim
um
pe
ak
point
a
t
a
wind
s
peed
of
15
m/s
is
a
pp
li
ed
.
T
he
el
e
ct
ric
powe
r
an
d
r
otor
s
peed
are
sam
pled
e
very
3
sec
onds
after
a
new r
otor
ref
e
r
ence s
pee
d
is s
et
. Th
e
freq
ue
nc
y of t
he PM
S
G gen
e
rato
r
is
equ
al
t
o 50 Hz
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Novel
tech
niqu
e for
hill
cli
mbing searc
h
t
o
r
each m
axim
um
power
po
i
nt tr
ackin
g (Ahme
d S
am
ir
Ba
dawi
)
2027
The
new
al
gor
it
hm
is
co
ntr
ol
le
d
in
D
duty
cycle
to
c
ontrol
the
volt
age
to
reac
h
ma
xi
mu
m
pea
k
po
i
nt.
Bi
tc
h
an
gle
is
c
onside
r
ed
c
onsta
nt
(β
=0)
irre
sp
ect
iv
e
of
wind
sp
ee
d.
It’s
cl
ear
f
rom
Fi
gures
15
a
nd
16
after
t
he
rati
ng
wind
sp
ee
d
th
e
pro
posed
al
gorith
m r
e
ache
d
the
c
urve
to
t
he
ma
ximum point
val
ue
th
r
ough
the
du
t
y
cycle
.
Fi
gure
16
s
how
s
the
pe
rforma
nce
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
M
P
PT
al
gorithm
unde
r
mixe
d
wind
prof
il
e
with
six
va
riat
ion
point.
T
he
perf
or
m
ance
of
t
he
dev
el
oped
al
go
rithm
pr
ese
nts
fast
tracki
ng
capa
bi
li
t
ie
s.
M
ore
ov
e
r,
t
he
new
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
for
HCS
ca
n
reache
d
to
t
he
maxim
um
pe
ak
point
with
minimu
m
cal
c
ulati
on
wh
ic
h
maki
ng
it
simple
im
pl
ementat
ion
al
gorithm
an
d
c
ompeti
ti
ve
due
to
s
ummari
ze
d
th
ree
m
od
e
to
tw
o
mode.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
al
go
rith
m
s
hows
fast
t
r
ackin
g
cap
a
bili
ty
a
nd
e
nhance
d
sta
bili
ty
unde
r
both
lo
w
an
d
hi
gh
rate o
f
c
hange
wind s
pee
d
c
onditi
ons a
nd is
ver
ifie
d usin
g MATLAB/
Sim
ulink
.
Figure
14. Z
oo
m of
ge
ner
at
or
powe
r ou
t
pu
t
be
tween
15.
00 s
and
15.06s
Figure
15. DC
vo
lt
age
b
e
f
or
e
app
l
ying tw
o mo
de
al
go
rith
ms
f
or
WECS
-
PM
S
G
Figure
16. V
oltage
a
fter a
pply
ing
t
wo m
od
e
al
gorithms
f
or
WECS
-
P
M
S
G
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
per
pro
po
s
ed
a
ne
w
t
echn
i
qu
e
for
HCS
al
gorith
m
t
o
i
ncr
ease
the
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
performa
nce
to
reach
to
t
he
maxim
um
pea
k
point.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
al
go
rithm
ca
ptu
re
d
the
maxim
um
possible
power
a
nd
reache
d
to
the
maxim
um
pow
er
point
on
the
curve
at
diff
e
r
ent
wi
n
d
s
pee
d
without
the
kn
ow
le
dg
e
of
the
WT
aerod
yn
a
mic
char
act
e
risti
cs.
The
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
the
pro
posed
no
vel
al
gorithm
presents
fast
tra
ckin
g
capab
il
it
ie
s
.
It
can
reac
h
t
o
the
ma
xim
um
peak
po
i
nt
wit
h
minim
um
ca
lc
ulati
on
w
hich
maki
ng
it
simple
impleme
ntati
on
al
gorith
m
an
d
co
mp
et
it
ive
du
e
t
o
s
um
ma
rized
th
ree
m
ode
to
tw
o
m
od
e.
The
e
xperi
mental
resu
lt
s
c
onfir
m
that
the
propo
sed
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
for
HCS
is
re
mar
kab
l
y
faster
by
20%
of
t
he
total
ti
me
r
e
qu
i
red
com
par
i
ng to
t
he
m
ode alg
ori
thm
du
e
to si
m
plici
ty.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2019
–
20
29
2028
ACKN
OWLE
DG
MENT
This
re
searc
h
has
been
sup
porte
d
by
t
he
r
esearch
grant
no.
RI
GS1
6
-
041
-
0104
f
rom
the
M
al
aysia
M
inist
r
y of Hi
gh
e
r
E
ducat
io
n i
n
acc
orda
nce
with the
Resea
rch I
niti
at
ive Grant
Sche
me.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Simoe
s,
M.G.
,
B
.
K.
Bose,
and
R
.
J.
Spiege
l
,
"
Fuzz
y
logi
c
base
d
intell
ig
ent
cont
ro
l
of
a
va
ria
b
le
spe
ed
c
age
ma
ch
ine
wind
gene
r
at
i
on
sys
te
m
,"
I
EE
E
tr
ansacti
ons on
po
wer
elec
troni
cs
,
Vol.
12
,
no
.
1
,
p
p.
87
-
95
,
1997
.
[2]
Solouma
h,
H
.
M.
and
N.C.
Kar,
"
Fuzzy
logic
-
b
ase
d
ve
ct
or
control
of
a
doubly
-
fed
indu
ct
ion
ge
ner
at
or
in
wind
power
applic
at
io
n
,"
Wind
Engi
n
e
ering
,
Vol
.
30
,
n
o.
3
,
p
p
.
201
-
22
3
,
2006
.
[3]
Qiao,
W.,
et
a
l.,
"
Wi
nd
spe
ed
est
im
ation
b
ase
d
se
nsorless
output
ma
ximiz
at
ion
co
ntrol
for
a
wind
turbi
ne
drivi
ng
a
DF
IG
,"
I
EE
E trans
act
ions o
n
po
wer
elec
troni
cs
,
Vol.
23
,
No.
3
,
p
p.
1156
-
1169
,
2
008.
[4]
Li
,
H
.
,
K
.
Shi
,
and
P.
McL
are
n,
"
Neura
l
-
n
et
work
-
base
d
s
ensorle
ss
ma
xi
mum
wind
energy
ca
ptu
re
wi
th
com
pensa
te
d
po
wer
co
eff
icient
,"
IEEE tr
ansacti
o
ns on
industry
a
ppli
cations
,
Vol
.
4
1
,
no.
6
,
p
p.
15
48
-
1556.
[5]
Buehri
ng,
I
.
an
d
L
.
Fre
ris.
"
Control
po
licie
s
for
wind
-
en
erg
y
conv
ersion
sys
te
ms
,"
in
IE
E
Proce
ed
ings
C
-
Gene
ration, Tr
ansm
ission and
Distributi
on
,
1981
.
[6]
Abdulla
h,
M.A.
,
et
a
l.,
"
A
rev
ie
w
of
m
aximu
m
power
poin
t
tr
ac
king
al
gori
thm
s
f
or
wind
ene
rgy
sys
te
ms
,"
Re
newab
le
and
s
ustainabl
e
ene
rg
y
rev
ie
ws
,
Vol.
16
,
No.
5
p
p
.
322
0
-
3227
,
2012
.
[7]
Zha
o,
Y.
,
et
a
l.,
"
A
rev
ie
w
on
po
siti
on/spee
d
sens
orle
ss
con
trol
fo
r
per
ma
nen
t
-
m
a
gnet
syn
chr
onou
s
ma
ch
ine
-
b
ase
d
wind
en
erg
y
co
nver
sion
sys
te
m
s
,"
IEEE
Journal
of
Eme
rging
a
nd
Selec
te
d
Topics
in
Pow
er
E
l
ec
troni
cs
,
Vol
.
1
,
No.
4
,
p
p.
203
-
2
16
,
2013
.
[8]
Bada
wi,
A.,
"
Ma
xim
um
Pow
er
Point Tra
ck
ing
C
ontrol
Sch
em
e
f
or
Small Scale
Wi
nd
Turbi
ne
"
.
PhD
The
sis 201
9.
[9]
Bada
wi,
A.S.
,
"
An
analytica
l
st
udy
for
esta
b
li
s
hme
nt
of
wind
f
arm
s
in
p
al
est
in
e
to
r
each
the
o
pti
mum
el
e
ct
ri
c
al
ene
rgy
,"
2013.
[10]
Baroudi
,
J.A.
,
V.
Dinav
ahi
,
an
d
A.M.
Knight,
"
A
rev
ie
w
of
power
conv
ert
er
topol
og
ie
s
for
wind
generat
ors
,"
Re
newab
le
ene
r
gy
,
Vol
.
32
,
No
.
14
,
p
p
.
2369
-
23
85
,
2007
.
[11]
Chakra
borty
,
S
.
,
B.
K
ramer,
an
d
B.
Kropos
ki,
"
A
rev
ie
w
of
p
ower
e
le
c
tronics
interfa
ce
s
fo
r
d
istri
bute
d
ene
rg
y
sys
te
ms
towar
ds
ac
hi
evi
ng
low
-
c
ost
modul
ar
d
esi
gn
,"
Re
n
ewabl
e
and
Sustainabl
e
Ene
rgy
R
evie
ws
,
Vol.
13
,
No
.
9
,
p
p.
2323
-
2335
,
2009.
[12]
Chen,
Z.,
J.M.
G
uer
rer
o
,
and
F.
Bla
a
bj
erg
,
"
A
re
vie
w
of
the
state
of
th
e
art
of
po
wer
elec
troni
cs
f
or
wind
turb
ine
s
,"
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
power
el
e
c
tronic
s
,
Vol
24
,
No.
8
,
p
p.
1859
-
1875
,
2009
.
[13]
Chakra
borty
,
A
.
,
"
Advanc
ement
s
in
power
e
lec
troni
cs
and
driv
es
in
interfa
ce
with
growing
re
newa
ble
en
erg
y
resourc
es
,"
Re
n
e
wable
and
Susta
inabl
e
Ene
rgy
R
ev
i
ews
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
4
,
p
p.
1816
-
1827
,
2011
.
[14]
Wa
ng,
H
.
,
et
a
l.
,
"
Contro
l
an
d
int
erf
ac
ing
o
f
a
grid
-
conn
ecte
d
sma
ll
-
sca
le
wind
turbi
ne
gene
ra
tor
,"
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Ene
rgy
Con
ve
rs
i
on
,
Vol
.
26
,
No.
2
.
p
p
.
428
-
434
,
2011
.
[15]
Bla
abjerg,
F
.
an
d
D.M.
Ione
l
,
"
Rene
wabl
e
En
er
gy
Devic
es
and
Sys
te
ms
with
Simul
ations
in
MA
TL
AB®
and
AN
SYS®
"
.
2017:
CRC Press.
[16]
Bada
wi,
A.,
et
al
.
,
"
Ev
al
ua
ti
on
of
wind
power
for
e
le
c
trica
l
e
ner
gy
gen
era
t
io
n
in
th
e
m
edite
rra
nea
n
co
ast
o
f
Pale
stine
for
14
yea
rs
,"
I
nt
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Elec
tri
cal
a
nd
Computer
Engi
n
ee
ring
(I
JE
C
E)
,
Vol.
9
,
No
.
4
,
p
p.
2212
-
2219
,
2019.
[17]
Kaz
mi,
S.M.R
.
,
et
al.,
"
A
novel
al
gorit
h
m
for
fas
t
and
eff
ic
i
ent
spee
d
-
sensorle
ss
ma
xim
u
m
powe
r
point
tr
ac
king
i
n
wind
ene
rgy
con
ver
sion system
s
",
IE
EE
Tr
ansactions
on
Industria
l
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
Vol.
58
,
No
.
1
, p
p
.
29
-
36
,
2011
.
[18]
Abdelsa
lam,
A.
K.,
et
al.,
"
High
-
per
forma
n
ce
ad
a
pti
ve
per
tu
rb
an
d
observe
MP
PT
techniqu
e
for
p
hotovol
taic
-
b
ase
d
mi
cro
gr
ids
,"
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Powe
r
Elec
tr
onic
s
,
Vol
.
26
,
No.
4
,
p
p.
1010
-
1021
,
2011
.
[19]
Abdulla
h,
M.A.
,
et
a
l.,
"
A
rev
ie
w
of
m
aximu
m
power
poin
t
tr
ac
king
al
gori
thm
s
for
wind
ene
rgy
sys
te
ms
,"
R
ene
wabl
e
and
Sustainabl
e
Ener
gy
Revi
ews
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
5
,
pp
.
3220
-
3227
,
201
2.
[20]
20.
Bada
wi,
A.
,
et
al
.
,
"
R
esona
nt
Circ
uit
Respons
e
for
Contact
les
s
Ene
rgy
Tra
n
sfer
under
Vari
abl
e
PWM
,"
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
In
formation
and
Elec
tronic
s E
ng
ine
ering
,
Vol
.
7
,
No.
1
,
2
017
.
[21]
Yasee
n,
E.
B
.
,
"
R
ene
wabl
e ene
rgy
applications in
Pale
stine
",
2009
.
[22]
Bada
wi,
A.S.
,
et
al.,
"
Ene
rgy
and
Pow
er
Est
im
a
tion
for
Thre
e
Dif
fer
ent
Lo
ca
t
ions i
n
Pal
esti
ne
,"
In
donesian
Journa
l
of
E
le
c
tric
al
En
gine
ering
and
C
omputer
Scienc
e
,
Vol
.
5
,
No.
3,
p
p
.
401
-
408
,
201
7
.
[23]
Bada
wi,
A.S.
,
e
t
al
.
"
W
ei
bu
ll
Probabil
it
y
Dist
ribut
ion
of
Win
d
Speed
for
Ga
za
Strip
for
10
Yea
rs
,
"
Appl
i
e
d
Me
chanics and Mate
rials
.
2019:
Tra
ns
Tech
Pub
l.
[24]
(PCB
S),
P.C.
B.
o
.
S., W
ind
Speed
Data
2018.
[25]
Bada
wi,
A.S.,
et
al.,
"
Pra
ct
i
ca
l
e
l
ec
tr
ic
a
l
en
erg
y
p
roduc
ti
on
to
sol
ve
th
e
shortag
e
i
n
elec
tr
ic
i
ty
in
p
al
esti
n
e
and
pay
bac
k
per
iod
,"
In
te
rnational
Journal
o
f
El
e
ct
ri
cal
and
Computer
Engi
ne
ering
(I
J
ECE
)
,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
6
,
p
p
.
4610
-
4616
,
2019
.
[26]
Urtasun,
A.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Modeli
ng
of
smal
l
wind
turb
ine
s
base
d
on
PM
SG
with
diode
bridge
for
sensorle
ss
ma
xi
mu
m
power
tr
a
cki
ng
,"
Re
n
ewabl
e
En
e
rgy
,
vol
.
55
,
pp
.
138
-
149
,
2013
.
[27]
Ponkarthi
k,
N.
a
nd
K.
Kal
ida
sa
Murugave
l,
"
Per
forma
nc
e
enha
n
ce
m
ent
of
solar
photovol
taic
sys
te
m
using
novel
Maxim
um
Pow
e
r
Point
Tr
ac
kin
g
,"
Int
ernati
ona
l
Journal
o
f
El
e
ctr
ic
al
Powe
r
&
Ene
rgy
Syste
ms
,
Vo
l.
60
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2014.
[28]
Mirbaghe
ri
,
S.
Z.,
S.
Mekhilef,
an
d
S.M.
Mirh
assani,
"
MP
PT
with
Inc
.
Cond
Metho
d
using
Conv
entional
Interle
ave
d
Boost Conve
rt
er
,"
En
ergy
Procedia
,
Vol
.
42
,
p
p
.
24
-
32
,
2013
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.