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m
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r
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t
w
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e
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in
w
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ste
rn
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q
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w
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r
d
:
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P
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s
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Co
p
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rig
h
t
©
201
8
In
s
t
it
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te o
f
A
d
v
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d
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n
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C
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:
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A
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No
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T
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1
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,
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t
h
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
atica
l
an
al
y
s
is
ca
n
b
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
a
d
etailed
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
o
lar
P
V
ce
ll
a
n
d
h
en
ce
P
V
p
an
el
h
a
s
b
ee
n
co
d
ed
w
it
h
s
i
m
u
latio
n
an
al
y
s
is
,
cr
e
atin
g
ac
tu
a
l
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ate
s
i
m
u
latio
n
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
te
ch
n
iq
u
e,
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ab
o
v
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
etb
ac
k
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
it
h
M
P
PT
co
n
v
er
ter
to
ev
alu
ate
h
e
n
ce
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
o
f
th
e
w
h
o
le
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
DC
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
at
io
n
u
s
i
n
g
P
SIM
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
ics
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
cu
s
es o
n
t
h
e
b
asic c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
i
n
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
; T
h
e
p
an
el
an
d
th
e
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
.
On
e
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
cu
it
is
p
o
p
u
lar
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
ata
w
h
ich
a
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
P
-
V
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tic
cu
r
v
es
o
f
a
t
y
p
ical
B
P
So
lar
an
d
Sy
n
th
e
s
is
P
o
w
er
P
V
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
m
o
d
el
P
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
ield
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
test
d
ata,
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
An
b
ar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
d
eg
r
ee
s
.
A
f
ter
w
ar
d
,
P
SIM
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
MP
P
T
DC
-
DC
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
,
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
P
&
O
s
w
i
tch
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
s
i
m
u
latio
n
b
y
M
A
T
L
A
B
an
d
m
o
d
eled
cir
cu
it
b
y
P
SIM
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
es
ig
n
er
s
,
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
i
m
p
licit
y
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
ea
s
y
-
to
-
u
s
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
m
o
d
elin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
m
o
d
el
ass
es
s
m
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
to
in
d
icate
th
e
in
p
u
t
/o
u
tp
u
t
d
ata
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
u
c
h
as;
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
co
n
v
er
ter
s
e
f
f
ec
tiv
it
y
,
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
an
d
s
o
lar
p
h
y
s
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
2.
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
& SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
m
o
d
eli
n
g
cir
c
u
i
t s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
P
V
ce
ll.
I
t
is
f
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
to
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
te
n
s
it
y
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
r
a
w
n
cu
r
r
en
t
h
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
to
f
allin
g
lig
h
t
i
n
t
en
s
it
y
o
n
t
h
e
P
V
ce
ll.
A
ls
o
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
w
i
th
a
d
io
d
e
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll
o
f
s
ilico
n
p
-
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
r
o
u
g
h
li
g
h
t
ab
s
en
ce
,
d
ar
k
n
es
s
,
th
e
P
V
ce
ll
is
in
ac
ti
v
e
ele
m
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
s
as
lo
ad
d
io
d
e
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
h
u
n
t
an
d
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
s
in
ce
t
h
e
r
esi
s
tan
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
b
ec
o
m
es
h
i
g
h
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mo
d
el
cir
cu
it o
f
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
As p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
B
P
So
lar
P
V
an
d
S
y
n
t
h
esi
s
P
o
w
er
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
test
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
a
n
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
w
e
s
t
o
f
I
r
aq
,
th
ese
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
s
u
i
t
ab
le
f
o
r
tr
ad
itio
n
al
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
B
P
So
lar
P
V
an
d
S
y
n
th
esis
P
o
w
er
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
p
r
o
v
id
e
6
0
W
an
d
1
5
0
W
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
B
o
th
m
o
d
u
le
s
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
3
6
s
ilico
n
ce
ll
s
co
n
n
e
cted
in
s
er
ies.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
h
ee
t
m
ai
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
MA
T
L
A
B
m
at
h
m
o
d
e
lin
g
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
u
s
i
n
g
cli
m
ate
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
w
ith
m
o
d
eli
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
[
4
]
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
)
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
y
p
ical
p
an
el
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
i
n
th
e
tab
le
(
1
)
[
5
]
(
I
SC
,
VOC),
I
r
r
ad
iatio
n
(
G)
,
Ser
ies r
esis
ta
n
ce
(
R
s
)
,
an
d
T
e
m
p
er
a
tu
r
e
(
T
)
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
elin
g
p
r
o
v
id
es a
n
al
y
tical
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
o
u
tco
m
es to
ev
al
u
a
te
th
e
p
an
el
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
h
a
s
m
an
y
co
n
s
ta
n
ts
a
n
d
v
ar
iab
le
t
o
co
v
er
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
as s
h
o
w
n
b
elo
w
:
Va:
Op
er
atio
n
v
o
lta
g
e
K:
B
o
ltz
m
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t
q
: E
lectr
o
n
C
h
ar
ge
A
: q
u
alit
y
co
e
f
f
icie
n
t (
=2
f
o
r
C
r
y
s
talli
n
e
Sil
ico
n
,
<2
f
o
r
Am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
Sil
ico
n
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1842
–
1
8
5
0
1844
Vg
: D
io
d
e
B
an
d
Gap
v
o
ltag
e
(
=1
.
1
2
eV
f
o
r
C
r
y
s
ta
lli
n
e
Sil
ico
n
,
<1
.
7
5
f
o
r
Am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
Sil
ic
o
n
)
Ns:
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
p
an
el
P
V
ce
lls
T
1
: M
in
im
u
m
o
p
er
atio
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
Vo
c:
Op
en
C
ir
cu
i
t v
o
lt
a
g
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
P
V
ce
ll
1
s
c:
Sh
o
r
t Ci
r
c
u
it C
u
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
P
V
ce
ll
T
2
: M
ax
im
u
m
o
p
er
atio
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
T
ak
: A
ct
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ab
o
v
e
ar
e
u
s
e
d
in
m
at
h
m
o
d
eli
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
b
elo
w
:
I
L
_T1
=
I
s
c_
T
1
*
G
(
1
)
I
L
=I
L
_T1
+K
*
(
T
ak
-
T
1
)
(
2
)
K
=
(
I
s
c_
T
2
–
I
s
c_
T
1
)
/(
T
2
-
T
1
)
(
3
)
I
T1
=I
s
c_
T
1
/(
ex
p
(
q
*
Vo
c_
T
1
)
/(
N
*
K
*
T
a
-
1)
(
4
)
I
0
=
I
T1
*
(
T
ak
/T
ac
)
(
3
/N)
*
ex
p
(
-
q
*
Vg
/ (
N
s
*
K)
*
(
(
1
/ T
ak
)
-
(
1
/T
ac
)
)
(
5
)
dV
/d
I
_
Vo
c
=
-
1
.
1
5
/ N
s
/2
(
6
)
X
=
I
o
_
T
1
*
q
/ (
N
*
K
*
T
ac
)
*
ex
p
(
q
*
Vo
c_
T
1
/
(
Ns
*
K
*
T
ac
)
)
(
7
)
Vt_
T
a=
A
*
K
*
T
ak
/q
(
8
)
R
s
=d
V
\
d
I
_
Vo
c
-
(
1
/X)
=
Xv
(
9
)
Ne
w
to
n
R
ap
h
s
o
n
iter
atio
n
n
u
m
er
ical
m
et
h
o
d
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
ev
er
y
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
to
f
i
n
d
P
-
V
c
u
r
v
e
s
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
T
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
An
b
ar
p
r
o
v
in
ce
w
e
s
t I
r
aq
,
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
0
)
[
6
]
.
I
a=
I
a
-
(I
L
-
I
a
-
I
0
*
(
e
x
p
(
(
V
oc
+I
a
*
R
s
)
/Vt_
T
a)
-
1
)
)
/(
-
1
-
(I
0
*
(
e
x
p
(
(
Vc+
I
a*
R
s
)
/(
Vt_
I
a)
1
)
)
*
R
s
/Vt_
I
a
(
1
0
)
M
AT
L
AB
Co
de
Va=
[
0
:0
.
5
:2
1
.
5
]
;
G=
1
;
k
=
1
.
3
8
e
-
2
3
;
% B
o
ltzm
a
n
co
n
s
tan
t
q
=
1
.
6
0
e
-
1
9
;
% E
lectr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
A
=2
; V
g
=
1
.
1
2
;
Ns
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[
8
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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2
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ter
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n
d
Su
m
m
er
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
as
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lati
n
g
,
th
e
h
ea
t
ca
n
r
is
e
to
7
5
°C
esp
ec
ia
ll
y
in
th
e
d
ee
p
ar
ea
s
i
n
t
h
e
w
e
s
ter
n
d
eser
t,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
f
ar
m
f
o
r
s
u
c
h
P
V
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
.
I
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
P
V
g
en
er
atio
n
is
d
ep
icted
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
is
6
1
w
at
ts
e
x
tr
ac
ted
at
2
5
°C
,
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
is
7
5
.
5
w
att
s
at
7
5
°C
.
T
h
e
P
-
V
c
u
r
v
e
s
ar
e
p
lo
tted
at
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
G=
1
[
9
]
.
A
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
P
V
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
S
y
n
th
e
s
is
P
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
le
is
illu
s
tr
ated
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
is
4
7
w
att
s
ex
tr
ac
ted
at
2
5
°C
,
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
i
s
44
w
att
s
at
7
5
°C
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
V
(
v
o
l
t
)
P
(
w
a
t
t
)
G
=
0
.
7
s
u
n
G
=
1
s
u
n
G
=
1
.
2
s
u
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
S
o
la
r
Mo
d
u
les P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
Un
d
er Temp
era
tu
r
e
a
n
d
S
o
la
r
R
a
d
ia
tio
n
o
f W
ester
n
I
r
a
q
(
Z
a
id
Hu
s
s
ein
A
li
)
1847
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
-
V
cu
r
v
es o
f
B
P
So
lar
m
o
d
u
le
u
n
d
er
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
o
f
s
y
n
th
e
s
i
s
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
le
u
n
d
er
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
4.
DC
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
R
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
P
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tate
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
w
h
a
t
is
e
x
p
ec
ted
,
as
s
tated
i
n
t
h
e
"
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
"
ch
ap
ter
ca
n
u
lti
m
atel
y
r
esu
lt
i
n
"
R
es
u
lts
a
n
d
Dis
c
u
s
s
io
n
"
ch
ap
ter
,
s
o
th
er
e
is
co
m
p
a
tib
ilit
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
ca
n
also
b
e
ad
d
ed
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
r
esu
l
ts
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
ies
in
to
th
e
n
e
x
t
(
b
ased
o
n
r
esu
lt a
n
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
)
.
DC
-
DC
C
o
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
tr
ac
k
an
d
h
ar
n
e
s
s
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
er
P
o
in
t
(
MP
P
)
in
th
e
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
s
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
an
els.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
Hi
g
h
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
ef
f
icie
n
t
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
,
an
d
lo
w
o
p
er
atio
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ar
e
n
o
t
th
e
o
n
l
y
co
f
ac
to
r
s
to
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
h
ar
n
e
s
s
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
e
l
ec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
V
p
an
el.
An
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
MP
PT
m
et
h
o
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
n
ess
i
n
g
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
in
t
h
e
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e.
Se
v
er
al
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
in
v
en
ted
an
d
u
s
ed
in
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
alo
n
g
w
it
h
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ey
ar
e:
a.
P
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
an
d
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
(
P
&
O)
b.
Hill C
li
m
b
i
n
g
Alg
o
r
it
h
m
m
et
h
o
d
(
HC
)
c.
I
n
cr
e
m
e
n
tal
C
o
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
m
e
t
h
o
d
(
I
NC
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
V
(
v
o
l
t
)
p
(
w
a
t
t
)
T
1
=
2
5
T
2
=
5
0
T
3
=
7
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
V
(
v
o
l
t
)
p
(
w
a
t
t
)
T
1
=
2
5
T
2
=
5
0
T
3
=
7
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1842
–
1
8
5
0
1848
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
P
V
p
an
el
ca
s
ca
d
ed
b
y
a
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
t
er
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
P
&
O
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
s
i
m
u
lated
b
y
P
SIM
.
T
h
is
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ai
m
s
to
ex
tr
ac
t
t
h
e
M
P
P
in
th
e
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
test
ed
m
o
d
u
le
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
f
i
x
ed
v
alu
e
o
f
G=
1
S
u
n
a
n
d
T
=2
5
°C
.
I
n
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
th
e
m
ain
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
b
u
c
k
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
s
tep
p
in
g
d
o
w
n
m
o
d
u
le
g
e
n
er
ated
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
to
co
n
n
ec
t
it
to
th
e
b
atter
ies
a
n
d
ac
t
as
in
ter
m
ed
iate
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
to
tr
ac
k
MPP
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
P
V
ar
r
ay
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
c
h
an
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
to
in
ter
f
ac
e
a
f
i
x
ed
s
o
u
r
ce
to
a
v
ar
iab
le
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
P
&
O
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
p
o
p
u
lar
s
in
ce
it
h
as
a
v
er
y
f
a
s
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
est
r
esu
lt
b
ec
au
s
e
it
r
ea
ch
es
s
tead
y
s
tate
o
p
er
atin
g
s
ta
g
e
q
u
ick
l
y
it
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
MP
P
T
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
in
g
P
&
O
Me
t
h
o
d
i
n
it
s
s
w
i
ch
in
g
g
ate
is
b
u
il
t
a
n
d
ex
ec
u
ted
b
y
P
SIM
.
T
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
T
=2
5
°C
an
d
G=
1
s
u
n
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
a
n
d
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
P
SIM
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
P
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
(
w
h
e
n
d
P
=
0)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
MP
PT
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
t
er
w
it
h
P
&
O
m
eth
o
d
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
p
er
tu
r
b
ed
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
g
ati
n
g
s
u
b
-
cir
cu
it
is
P
&
O
m
et
h
o
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
cir
cu
it
to
ch
an
g
e
th
e
s
w
itch
g
ate
(
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
)
ac
h
iev
in
g
MP
P
f
r
o
m
test
ed
B
P
So
lar
an
d
S
y
n
t
h
esi
s
P
o
w
er
p
an
el
s
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
ep
icts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
DC
-
D
C
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
o
w
n
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
is
6
0
W
att
f
o
r
B
P
So
lar
an
d
4
7
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
id
en
tical
to
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
i
n
th
e
P
-
V
c
u
r
v
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
MP
PT
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
w
i
th
P
&
O
m
eth
o
d
o
u
tp
u
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
S
o
la
r
Mo
d
u
les P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
Un
d
er Temp
era
tu
r
e
a
n
d
S
o
la
r
R
a
d
ia
tio
n
o
f W
ester
n
I
r
a
q
(
Z
a
id
Hu
s
s
ein
A
li
)
1849
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
MPPT
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
w
i
th
P
&
O
m
et
h
o
d
o
u
tp
u
t
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Ma
th
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
t
w
o
m
o
d
u
les
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
M
A
T
L
A
B
co
d
in
g
a
n
d
P
SIM
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
to
an
al
y
z
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
B
P
So
la
r
an
d
S
y
n
t
h
esi
s
P
o
w
er
P
V
p
an
els.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
h
a
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
u
n
I
r
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
w
es
t
o
f
I
r
aq
ar
ea
.
T
h
is
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
o
r
k
w
ill
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
as
a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
t
o
ass
es
s
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
n
y
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
ar
ea
to
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
eir
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
ac
tu
al
r
esu
lts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
b
d
e
lk
a
d
e
r
M
e
z
o
u
a
ri,
R.
El
g
o
u
ri,
M
.
A
lare
q
i,
K.
M
a
teu
r,
H.
Da
h
o
u
4
,
L
.
Hlo
u
,
“
A
N
e
w
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
Blo
c
k
s
M
u
tu
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
M
icro
-
G
rid
s
Us
in
g
a
n
A
rd
u
in
o
Bo
a
rd
a
n
d
L
a
b
v
ie
w”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
(IJ
P
ED
S
),
V
o
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
9
8
-
1
0
4
[2
]
Hiro
sh
i
Ya
m
a
sh
it
a
,
Ke
it
a
T
a
m
a
h
a
sh
i
,
M
a
sa
k
a
z
u
M
ich
ih
ira
Ak
ira
T
su
y
o
sh
i,
Ku
n
iy
u
k
i
Am
a
k
o
,
a
n
d
M
in
w
o
n
P
a
rk
,
"
A
No
v
e
l
S
im
u
latio
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
th
e
P
V
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
u
si
n
g
Re
a
l
W
e
a
th
e
r
Co
n
d
it
io
n
s,"
P
CC
-
Os
a
k
a
2
0
0
2
,
V
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
3
9
–
8
4
4
(2
0
0
2
).
[3
]
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
Qa
si
m
Tah
a
,
Ay
m
e
n
L
p
iza
,
"
De
sig
n
a
Ne
w
P
W
M
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
in
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
Co
n
v
e
rters
"
,
IEE
E
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
c
u
t
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
d
u
strial
E
lec
tro
n
ics
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
&
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
2
0
1
6
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Brid
g
e
p
o
rt
,
CT
,
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s o
f
Am
e
ric
a
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
1
4
,
2
0
1
6
–
Oc
to
b
e
r
1
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
Ka
rtee
k
G
u
m
m
i
a
n
d
M
e
h
d
i
F
e
r
d
o
w
s,
‖
Do
u
b
le
-
In
p
u
t
DC
–
DC
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Co
n
v
e
rters
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
-
Driv
e
V
e
h
icle
s
—
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
E
x
p
lo
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
y
n
th
e
sis
Us
in
g
a
S
in
g
le
-
P
o
le
T
rip
le
-
T
h
ro
w
S
w
it
c
h
‖,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
strial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
V
OL
.
5
7
,
NO
.
2
,
F
EBRUA
RY 2
0
1
0
.
[5
]
S
.
S
a
m
a
l
a
n
d
P
.
K.
H
o
ta,
“
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
ty
I
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
b
y
S
o
lar
P
h
o
t
o
-
v
o
lt
a
ic
/
W
in
d
En
e
rg
y
In
teg
ra
ted
S
y
ste
m
Us
in
g
Un
if
ied
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
ty
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
e
r,
”
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
(IJP
EDS
),
V
o
l
.
8
,
No
.
3
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
6
–
1
4
2
6
.
[6
]
A
sh
ish
Ku
m
a
r
S
in
g
h
a
l,
a
n
d
Ra
k
e
sh
Na
rv
e
y
,
"
P
S
IM
a
n
d
M
A
TL
A
B
Ba
se
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
P
V
A
rra
y
fo
r
En
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
b
y
Us
in
g
M
P
P
T
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
"
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(IE
EE
),
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
5
,
p
p
.
511
-
5
2
0
,
(2
0
1
1
).
[7
]
A
.
L
a
v
a
n
y
a
,
K.
V
ij
a
y
a
k
u
m
a
r,
J.
Div
y
a
Na
v
a
m
a
n
i,
“
T
o
p
o
lo
g
ica
l
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Du
a
l
-
In
p
u
t
DC
-
D
C
Co
n
v
e
rters
”
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
(IJP
E
DS),
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
8
0
4
~
8
1
1
[8
]
T
in
g
-
Ch
u
n
g
Yu
a
n
d
T
a
n
g
-
S
h
iu
a
n
Ch
ie
n
,
"
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
a
n
d
M
a
x
imu
m
P
o
w
e
r
P
o
in
t
T
ra
c
k
in
g
f
o
r
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
S
y
ste
m
s"
,
P
EDS
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
9
-
1
3
4
4
,
(2
0
0
9
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1842
–
1
8
5
0
1850
[9
]
A
.
El
k
h
o
ly
,
F
.
H.
F
a
h
m
y
a
n
d
A
.
A
b
u
El
e
la,
"
A
Ne
w
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
M
o
d
u
l
e
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
M
o
d
e
l"
,
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
C
h
e
m
istr
y
a
n
d
Ch
e
m
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(ICCCE
2
0
1
0
)
,
p
p
.
6
-
1
0
,
(2
0
1
0
).
[1
0
]
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
Q.
T
a
h
a
,
Qu
sa
y
H.
Ees
se
a
n
d
S
a
li
h
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
S
a
li
h
,
“
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
d
iffere
n
t
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic M
o
d
u
les
”
,
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
V
o
l
u
m
e
1
1
,
Iss
u
e
2
,
p
p
.
5
9
-
6
4
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r,
(2
0
1
1
).
[1
1
]
G
e
o
ff
Walk
e
r.
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
M
P
P
T
Co
n
v
e
rter
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
ies
Us
in
g
M
a
tl
a
b
P
V
M
o
d
e
l”,
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Qu
e
e
n
sla
n
d
.
[1
2
]
A
.
Ch
e
k
n
a
n
e
,
S.
Be
n
sm
a
in
,
B.
Be
n
y
o
u
c
e
f
,
J.
-
P
.
C
h
a
rles
,
a
n
d
R.
Zerd
o
u
m
.
"
S
e
ries
Re
sist
a
n
c
e
o
f
S
n
O2
/S
iO
2
/S
i(
n
)
S
o
lar Cells
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Zaid
H.
A
li
:
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
l
e
c
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
No
rt
h
e
rn
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
–
Ira
q
,
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Ha
w
ij
a
.
H
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
M
S
.
c
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ne
w
Ha
v
e
n
-
USA
in
2
0
1
7
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
S
.
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
ik
rit
-
Ira
q
in
2
0
0
9
.
He
is
in
tere
ste
d
in
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
a
n
d
Dig
it
a
l
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
(DS
P
)
,
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
P
o
w
e
r
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s,
a
n
d
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Re
so
u
rc
e
s.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
m
a
n
y
p
a
p
e
rs i
n
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s an
d
jo
u
rn
a
ls.
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
Kh
a
li
d
A
h
m
e
d
:
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
c
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
A
n
b
a
r
–
Ira
q
.
He
h
o
ld
s
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Wes
tern
M
ich
ig
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
th
e
US
A
in
2
0
1
5
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r’s
De
g
r
e
e
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
A
n
b
a
r
-
Ira
q
in
2
0
1
0
.
He
is
h
ig
h
l
y
in
tere
ste
d
in
Dig
it
a
l
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
(DSP
),
Dig
it
a
l
Im
a
g
e
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
(DIP
),
Bi
o
m
e
d
ica
l
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
a
n
y
p
a
p
e
rs i
n
lo
c
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
Am
e
r
T
.
S
a
e
e
d
:
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
i
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
T
ik
rit
Un
iv
e
rsity
–
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
P
e
tr
o
leu
m
a
n
d
M
in
e
ra
ls.
He
h
o
l
d
s
M
S
.
c
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
N
e
w
Ha
v
e
n
,
USA
in
2
0
1
6
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
S
.
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
ik
rit
-
Ira
q
i
n
2
0
0
9
.
He
is
Hi
g
h
ly
in
tere
ste
d
in
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Re
so
u
rc
e
s,
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s,
Dig
it
a
l
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
(DSP
)
,
a
n
d
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
s.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
a
n
y
p
a
p
e
rs
in
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
lo
c
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
jo
u
r
n
a
ls.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.