Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
R
obot
ic
s
and
Autom
ati
on (I
JRA)
Vo
l.
8
,
N
o.
4
,
D
ece
m
ber
201
9
,
pp.
313
~
326
IS
S
N:
20
89
-
4856
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
i
jra
.
v
8
i
4
.
pp
313
-
326
313
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
escore.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJRA
Labor
atory envi
ro
nm
ent monitor
ing
and spe
cim
en tran
sport robots
Yi Cha
ng Wu
1
,
Hu
an
-
C
hun
Wang
2
1
Depa
rtment
For
ensic
Sc
ie
nc
e
Di
vision
,
Inv
esti
ga
ti
on
Bur
ea
u
,
Mi
nistr
y
of
Jus
tice
,
Taiwan
2
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
roni
c and
C
om
pute
r
Engi
n
e
er
,
N
at
ion
al
Tai
wan
Univer
sit
y
of
Scie
n
ce a
nd
T
ec
hnolog
y
,
Ta
iw
an
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
3
,
201
9
Re
vised
A
ug
2
3
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Oct
6
,
201
9
Robots
hav
e
been
used
in
va
riou
s
areas
to
rep
l
ace
m
anpowe
r
,
re
duce
costs
,
and
facil
i
ta
t
e
m
ore
eff
ec
t
ive
r
esourc
e
a
ll
o
ca
t
ion.
Thi
s
stud
y
sought
to
assis
t
the
busin
ess
of
the
bure
au
b
y
developing
two
robots
using
the
Robot
Opera
ti
ng
S
y
s
t
em.
The
dev
eloped
rob
o
ts
h
a
ve
aut
onom
ous
in
te
l
li
gen
t
navi
ga
ti
on
func
ti
ons
and
are
suite
d
to
m
onit
or
the
env
ir
onm
ent
of
the
l
abor
at
o
rie
s
in
the
bur
ea
u
.
One
robot
had
a
te
m
per
at
ure
a
nd
hum
idi
t
y
sensor
and
an
i
nfra
red
the
rm
al
ca
m
era
,
and
i
t
c
ould
be
used
to
pat
ro
l
and
m
onit
or
th
e
la
b
ora
tor
y
env
iron
m
ent
.
The
o
the
r
robot
h
ad
dra
w
ers
in
whi
ch
spec
imens
coul
d
be
p
la
c
ed;
robo
ti
c
arm
in
th
e
eleva
tor
coul
d
coo
rdina
t
e
an
d
cont
rol
el
ev
at
or
s
,
ena
bl
ing
the
robot
to
m
ove
and
tr
ansport
spec
imens
aut
onom
ousl
y
.
Plenty
of
t
ests
were
condu
cte
d
to
ver
if
y
th
e
fea
sibi
li
t
y
and
pra
ct
i
cality
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Mon
it
ori
ng lab
or
at
or
y
,
Robot
ROS
Tem
per
at
ur
e a
nd hum
idit
y
sens
or
s
Cop
y
ri
g
h
t
©
201
9
In
st
itu
t
e o
f
Adva
n
c
e
d
E
ng
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
and
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
.
All
r
i
g
h
t
s
re
s
e
r
ved
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Yi Cha
ng
Wu
,
Fo
r
ensic
Scie
nc
e D
ivisi
on
,
Investi
gatio
n
B
ur
ea
u
,
Mi
nistr
y of Justic
e
,
No.
74
,
Z
hong
hu
a
Rd
.
,
Xindi
an Dist
.
,
Ne
w Ta
ipei C
it
y 231
,
Tai
wa
n
(R
.
O.
C.
).
Em
a
il
: shinten
wu@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Tha
nk
s t
o
te
ch
no
l
og
ic
al
m
at
ur
it
y
,
exp
e
rienc
e accum
ulati
on
,
an
d
pr
oduct re
new
al
,
m
uch
pro
gr
ess
has
been
m
ade
in
the
de
velo
pm
ent
of
rob
ots
si
nce
the
fir
st
r
obot
was
co
ns
tr
ucted.
Ro
bots
can
par
ti
al
ly
r
eplace
m
anp
owe
r
an
d
increase
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
,
an
d
they
are
reli
able
a
nd
easi
ly
m
anag
eable.
A
pp
l
yi
ng
r
obots
to
certai
n
ta
sk
s
has
bec
om
e
increasin
gly
com
m
on
.
G.
I
ndraw
a
n
e
t
al
.
ai
m
ed
to
preser
ve
Ba
li
nese
sc
ript
an
d
th
us
pr
ese
nted
a
robo
ti
c
syst
em
including
a
tra
nsl
it
erator
we
b
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
an
d
a
robo
ti
c
arm
,
wh
ic
h
can
be
use
d
to
giv
e
Ba
li
nese
s
cript
w
riti
ng
knowle
dge
[1
]
.
N.
S
.
Ali
et
al
.
trie
d
to
a
ver
t
ha
zardo
us
ta
sks
su
c
h
as
dem
ini
ng
by
desig
ning
a
c
ontr
ollable
com
pu
te
r
rob
ot
to
detect
m
et
a
ls
[2
]
.
T
o
help
pe
op
le
with
ho
use
ho
l
d
c
hores
,
J
.
Lee
et
al
.
de
velo
ped
an
A
r
du
i
no
-
ba
sed
m
ulti
fu
nct
ion
flo
or
cl
ea
ni
ng
rob
ot
that
can
bo
t
h
vac
uum
and
wi
pe
[
3].
H
.
W
i
dyanta
ra
et
al
.
pro
po
s
ed
a
n
olfacto
ry
m
ob
il
e
r
obot
i
ntegr
at
in
g
om
nid
irect
ion
al
t
herm
al
anem
o
m
e
t
ers
a
n
d
un
m
ann
e
d
de
vi
ces
to
trace
ha
rm
fu
l
gas
i
n
op
e
n
ai
r
[
4].
E
.
Abana
et
al
.
d
evel
op
e
d
a
r
obotic
ra
ke
to
m
ix
an
d
tur
n paddy
dur
ing
sun
dr
yi
ng
,
w
hich
is
sig
nif
ic
ant to m
ai
ntain the
qual
it
y o
f gr
ai
ns
[
5].
Am
on
g
these
app
li
cat
ions
,
so
m
e
of
cu
rr
e
nt
resea
rch
,
products
,
a
nd
pate
nts
ha
ve
pr
im
arily
e
m
ph
asi
zed
th
e
us
e
of
r
obot
s
f
or
la
bo
rato
r
y
m
on
it
or
in
g
and
obj
ect
t
ra
ns
po
rt.
For
la
borato
ry
m
on
it
or
in
g
,
pr
e
vious
stu
dies
ha
ve
i
nves
ti
gated
inte
gr
a
ti
ng
rob
ots
w
it
h
m
on
it
or
in
g
cam
eras
,
sen
so
rs
,
a
nd
network
functi
ons.
S
om
e
m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
e
m
s
can
even
pro
vid
e
re
m
ote
m
on
it
or
ing
a
nd
al
ert
f
un
ct
io
ns
c
on
c
urren
tl
y
al
ongs
ide
oth
e
r
f
un
ct
io
ns.
A
bdul
Aziz
et
al
.
us
e
d
wireless
sens
or
s
t
o
m
on
it
or
la
borato
r
y
tem
per
at
ur
e
durin
g
oil
palm
t
issue
culturi
ng
[
6]
.
Jo
s
hi
et
al
.
disp
la
ye
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
on
li
qu
id
c
rysta
l
disp
la
ys
to
r
edu
ce
tem
per
at
ur
e
fl
uctuati
ons
i
nduced
by
peopl
e
enteri
ng
a
nd
exiti
ng
t
he
IVF
la
borato
ry
[
7].
Pe
op
le
a
re
us
e
d
to
instal
li
ng
sev
er
al
ca
m
eras
to
con
ti
nu
ously
m
on
it
or
e
nv
ir
on
m
ent
,
wh
ic
h
ge
ner
at
e
a
la
r
ge
a
m
ou
nt
of
dat
a.
Liu
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2089
-
4856
I
nt
J
R
ob
&
A
uto
m
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No.
4
,
Decem
ber
2019
:
313
–
32
6
314
et
al
.
em
plo
ye
d
m
ulti
ple
senso
rs
to
determ
ine
the
l
ocati
ons
wh
e
re
acci
den
ts
o
cc
ur
be
fore
s
witc
hing
on
ca
m
eras
,
w
hic
h
c
on
tri
bu
te
d
t
o
e
nergy
co
ns
e
rv
at
io
n
in
com
par
is
on
with
c
onve
ntion
al
m
et
hod
[
8].
A
s
ecur
it
y
m
on
it
or
ing
sys
tem
design
e
d
by
Z
hao
et
al
.
integ
rated
ca
m
eras
an
d
se
nsors
.
T
heir
m
on
it
or
i
ng
ser
ve
r
co
uld
disp
la
y
em
erg
ency
al
er
ts
on
a
we
b
pa
ge
and
sig
nal
an
y
al
erts
us
in
g
li
gh
t
an
d
s
ound
[9
]
.
Ji
hu
a
et
al
.
transm
itted i
m
ages ca
ptured
by a USB ca
m
era to
a
b
ac
kup ser
ver
,
ena
blin
g user
s
to view
the im
ages r
e
m
ote
ly
and im
m
ediat
e
ly
,
there
by ach
ie
vin
g ef
fecti
ve
laborat
ory
m
on
it
ori
ng
[10
].
Re
search
on
robo
ts
us
e
d
f
or
tr
ans
portat
ion
is
relat
ively
la
c
ki
ng
,
a
nd
t
hus
we
sel
ect
ed
sim
il
ar
patent
s
for
a
naly
sis.
O
pen
patents
f
or
r
obots
of
this
ty
pe
m
os
tl
y
hav
e
basic
f
unct
ion
s
s
uc
h
a
s
a
ut
onom
ou
s
m
obil
ity
i
m
ple
m
ented
by
dif
fer
e
nt
m
et
ho
ds.
T
he
m
ai
n
structu
re
of
“A
UT
ONOMO
US
M
O
BILE
P
ICK
ING”
[
11]
involves
a
ve
hi
cl
e
base
with
an
area
f
or
st
ori
ng
it
e
m
s
and
a
m
echan
ic
al
arm
.
The
base
m
ov
es
auto
nom
ou
sly
and
c
an
c
ondu
ct
it
e
m
retrieval.
The
“M
et
hod
a
nd
syst
em
for
gen
e
rati
ng
na
vi
gation
da
ta
and
t
ran
s
portin
g
ob
j
ect
”
[12]
is
one
obj
ect
t
ran
s
port
syst
e
m
.
Acco
rd
i
ng
to
this
syst
e
m
,
the
ro
bot
m
ov
es
base
d
on
us
e
r
-
gen
e
rated
na
vi
gation
data.
T
he
el
evat
or
wa
s
operate
d
by
a
sepa
rate
r
obotic
arm
us
ing
an
im
age
recogn
it
io
n
dev
ic
e t
hat c
ould press
the ele
vato
r bu
tt
ons
,
there
by all
owin
g
the
ro
bo
t t
o m
ov
e arou
nd
m
ul
ti
le
vel b
uildin
gs
.
As
m
entione
d
a
bove
,
r
obots
hav
e
bee
n
wide
ly
app
li
ed
,
w
her
eas
they
ar
e
sti
ll
un
com
m
on
in
publi
c
sect
or
s
.
T
his
st
ud
y dem
on
stra
te
d
the
c
reati
on o
f
t
wo
r
obots
w
hich
wer
e
co
ns
tr
ucted
f
or
la
borato
ry
m
on
i
tori
ng
and
s
pecim
en
trans
portat
ion
,
and
the
hard
w
are
fou
nd
at
io
n
f
or
eac
h
r
obot
we
a
dopted
w
ere
T
urt
le
Bot3
with
Lidar
e
qu
i
pme
nt.
Th
r
ough
this
stu
dy
,
besides
t
he
a
i
m
to
util
iz
e
r
obots
to
ga
ther
an
d
provi
de
t
he
env
i
ronm
ental
char
act
e
risti
cs
and
a
ssist
the
bu
s
i
nesses
of
the
bu
reau
,
sim
ultaneo
us
ly
we
sought
to
pro
m
ote
the
us
e
of
sm
art
te
chnolo
gies
and
am
el
iorate
m
anp
owe
r
s
horta
ge
in
th
e
public
sect
ors.
I
t
is
worth
m
entioning
that
at
pr
ese
nt
the
la
borato
ry
m
on
it
or
ing
rob
ot
patr
ol
in
the
bu
il
di
ng
a
fter
work
e
ve
ryd
a
y
and
the
s
pec
i
m
en
trans
port ro
bo
t
also
be
gin
t
o
s
erv
e
in
t
he bu
il
ding
,
dri
ving t
he devel
op
m
en
t of sm
art
m
ac
hin
e
ry in t
he b
ur
ea
u.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
st
udy
devel
op
e
d
seve
ral
rob
otic
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
in
de
pend
ently
us
i
ng
the
Ro
bo
t
O
pe
rati
ng
Syst
em
(ROS)
[13]
.
T
he
R
OS
pro
vide
s
m
os
t
of
t
he
functi
ons
of
tr
aditi
on
al
opera
ti
ng
syst
em
s
su
ch
as
hard
ware
la
ye
r
abstracti
on
,
low
-
le
vel
e
qu
i
pm
ent
co
ntr
ol
,
inter
-
process
m
essage
tra
nsm
issi
on
,
a
nd
pack
a
ge
m
anag
em
ent.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
r
el
evan
t
to
ols
a
nd
proce
dural
li
br
aries
are
prov
i
ded
t
hat
ca
n
be
us
ed
t
o
a
cqu
i
re
,
com
pile
,
a
n
d
edit
co
de
a
nd
achieve
distr
ibu
te
d
com
pu
t
ing
.
Th
e
RO
S
sta
nd
a
r
d
pac
kag
e
pro
vi
des
var
i
ous
sta
bl
e
an
d
adjusta
ble
r
obot
al
gorithm
s.
The
sta
nd
a
r
di
zed
ROS
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
interface
m
eans
that
de
velo
pe
rs
ca
n
devote
m
or
e
ti
m
e
on
desig
n
and
act
ualiz
at
ion
of
new
idea
s
an
d
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
s
,
t
her
e
by
avo
i
ding
r
epeti
ti
on
of
existi
ng
resear
ch
outc
om
es.
Mod
e
rn
rob
ots
us
ually
requir
e
m
ulti
ple
com
pu
te
rs
to
cal
culat
e
the
nu
m
ero
us
processes
th
ey
cond
uct.
Th
us
,
a
r
obot
can
be
eq
uippe
d
with
se
ver
al
com
pute
rs
,
with
eac
h
com
pu
te
r
pow
erin
g
a
par
t
of
the r
obot
’s
tran
sduce
r
an
d
dri
ve
r.
Al
te
rn
at
ively
,
use
rs
can
se
nd
co
ntr
ol
com
m
and
s
to
a
rob
ot
thr
ough
their
c
om
pu
te
r
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
a
ta
blet
or
sm
artph
one.
T
his
ty
pe
of
hum
an
-
m
achine
interact
ive
int
e
rf
ace
c
an
be
consi
der
e
d
a
s p
art o
f
a d
ist
ribu
te
d
syst
em
.
Ther
e
f
or
e
,
the ROS
ca
n
help
r
esol
ve
c
ommun
ic
at
io
n
pro
ble
m
s
that
arise bet
ween
diff
e
re
nt pro
c
e
sses whe
n
se
ve
ral com
pu
te
rs
are
par
t
of a
distribu
te
d
syst
e
m
.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
ROS
,
we
dev
el
oped
f
un
ct
io
ns
s
uch
a
s
aut
onom
ou
s
s
m
art
nav
igati
on
,
a hu
m
an
-
m
achine
rem
ote
con
t
ro
l
inter
face
,
fire
an
d
fl
ood
al
er
ts/
env
ir
on
m
ental
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
hu
m
idit
y
m
on
it
or
ing
,
fle
xib
le
it
e
m
stor
age a
nd tra
nsport
,
a
nd elevat
or ope
r
at
ion
; t
he
d
esi
gn
of each
fun
ct
ion
was
as
fo
ll
ow
s:
2.1.
Auto
nomous
sm
art
n
av
i
gatio
n
2.1.1.
M
ap
pin
g
High
-
P
recisi
on
Lidar
as
s
ho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
1
was
us
e
d
to
co
ns
tr
uct
a
c
us
tom
iz
ed
m
a
p
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
2
of
the
buil
di
ng
us
in
g
the
gm
app
ing
al
gorithm
[
14]
.
Th
e
Ra
o
-
Bl
a
ckw
el
li
zed
part
ic
le
filt
er
wa
s
use
d
with
the
gm
a
pp
i
ng
al
gorith
m
to
achieve
si
m
ultaneou
s
l
ocali
zat
ion
a
nd
m
app
ing
(SLAM
).
A
st
udy
[1
5]
ind
ic
at
ed
that
gm
app
ing ha
s
high sta
bili
ty
a
nd ex
cel
le
nt p
e
rfor
m
ance in
te
rm
s o
f
the
er
ror
rate a
nd CP
U
load.
Figure
1. Lida
r
u
nit
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nt
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Labo
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at
or
y e
nv
ironme
nt mo
ni
toring a
nd s
pe
ci
men
.
..
(
Yi C
hang
Wu)
315
Figure
2. Cust
om
iz
ed
m
ap
of the
bu
il
di
ng
2.1.2. P
os
i
tioni
ng
Takin
g
the
dat
a
from
the
Lidar
an
d
a
n
ine
rtia
l
m
easur
em
e
nt
unit
as
sho
wn
i
n
Fi
g
ure
3
,
the
a
dap
ti
ve
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
l
ocali
zat
ion
(
A
MC
L)
al
gorith
m
[1
6]
was
a
dop
te
d
to
achie
ve
posit
ion
i
ng
as
s
ho
w
n
in
Fi
gure
4.
The
c
us
tom
iz
e
d
m
ap
was
use
d
with
the
al
gorithm
to
dynam
ic
ally
con
struct
prob
a
bil
it
y
distribu
ti
ons
of
par
ti
cl
es.
The
n
,
the
Lida
r
-
m
easur
ed
valu
es
we
re
us
e
d
to
ad
just
t
he
pro
ba
bili
ty
di
stribu
ti
ons
un
ti
l
the
po
sit
io
ning
res
ults co
nver
ged.
Figure
3. I
ner
ti
al
m
easur
em
ent u
nit
Figure
4. AMC
L posit
ion
i
ng
2.1.3. R
ou
t
e pl
an
nin
g an
d fo
ll
owing
The
prob
a
bili
sti
c
ro
adm
ap
(
PRM
)
al
gorith
m
[1
7]
wa
s
use
d
f
or
r
ou
te
plan
ning
by
c
on
st
ru
ct
in
g
connecti
ons
be
tween
nodes
t
hat
we
re
subse
qu
e
ntly
us
e
d
to
l
ocate
ob
sta
cl
e
-
fr
ee
r
ou
te
s
betwee
n
the
s
t
arti
ng
and
finis
hing
po
i
nt
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
5.
The
P
ure
P
ur
s
uit
al
gorithm
[1
8]
was
us
e
d
to
e
xecu
te
t
he
plan
ned
route
,
an
d
lo
ok
-
ahea
d
poi
nts
wer
e
a
dju
ste
d
to
ens
ure
the
r
oute
was
sm
oo
t
hly
and
c
orrect
ly
ta
ken
as
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
6.
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nt
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ob
&
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uto
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l.
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,
No.
4
,
Decem
ber
2019
:
313
–
32
6
316
Figure
5. PRM
rou
te
plan
ning
Figure
6. P
ur
e
Pu
r
su
it
route e
xecu
ti
on
2.1.4. D
ynami
c env
ir
on
me
nt detec
tion a
nd
o
bs
t
acle av
oida
nce
The
vecto
r
fie
ld
histo
gram
(V
F
H+)
al
gorithm
[1
9
,
20]
was
a
dopted
f
or
dynam
ic
env
i
ronm
ent
detect
ion
a
nd
ob
sta
cl
e
av
oida
nce
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
6.
T
hi
s
al
gorithm
use
d
t
he
data
rec
ei
ved
f
r
om
the
s
on
a
r
as
show
n
in
Fig
ure
7
a
nd
Lidar
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1
to
const
ru
ct
the
pola
r
hist
ogram
of
obsta
cl
es.
Subseque
ntly
,
the
hist
ogram
thres
ho
l
ds
a
nd
m
ini
m
u
m
turn
in
g
rad
i
um
wer
e
us
ed
to
de
te
rm
ine
the
re
qu
i
red
route f
or
ob
sta
cl
e avo
i
da
nce
as sho
wn in
Fig
ure
8.
Figure
7. S
on
a
r
el
em
ents
Figure
8. Dy
na
m
ic
en
vir
on
m
ent d
et
ect
io
n
a
nd
ob
sta
cl
e a
voidance
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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nt
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uto
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Labo
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at
or
y e
nv
ironme
nt mo
ni
toring a
nd s
pe
ci
men
.
..
(
Yi C
hang
Wu)
317
2.2.
Re
mo
te human
-
m
achin
e contr
ol inter
fa
ce
The
Re
prese
ntati
on
al
stat
e transf
e
r
(RE
STful
)
API [2
1
,
22]
as shown in
Fi
g
ure
9 n
ot only
en
able
d
us
to
ope
rate
inte
ll
igent
m
achines
on
websi
te
s
,
ap
plica
ti
on
s
,
and
m
ob
il
e
de
vices
,
but
al
so
sent
im
ages
from
it
s
visu
al
syst
em
t
o user
s
as s
ho
wn in
Fig
ure
10.
The
RE
STful
AP
I
co
m
pr
ise
s
thr
ee
elem
ents
[23
]
:
‐
A URL f
or the
web ser
vice
,
(e
.g
.
,
http:/
/e
xam
ple.co
m
/reso
urces/
).
‐
A data
-
inter
ch
ang
e
for
m
at
that is acc
epted
a
nd r
et
urned by
the w
e
b ser
vice
,
(e
.g.
,
J
SON)
.
‐
RESTf
ul
m
e
tho
ds
f
or
m
aking
requests
that
a
re
sup
ported
b
y
the
web
se
r
vi
ce
,
(e.
g.
,
PO
S
T
,
GE
T
,
P
UT
,
or
DELET
E).
Figure
9. RES
Tfu
l
API
fr
am
ewor
k
Figure
10. H
um
an
-
m
achine re
m
ote co
nt
ro
l i
nterf
ace
(
e
xp:
m
ob
il
e d
evices
su
c
h
as
tablet
s
,
sm
art
phones…et
c.
)
The
RE
STful
AP
I
us
es
HT
T
P
as
the
unde
rl
yi
ng
protoc
ol
[
22
,
24]
.
Com
par
ed
with
c
onve
ntion
al
we
b
serv
ic
es
,
RES
Tfu
l
is
li
ghtwe
igh
t wit
h
both
cli
ent
an
d
se
r
ve
r
si
des.
O
n
t
he
cl
ie
nt
side
,
H
TTP
is
us
e
d
to
r
eq
uest
resou
rces
fro
m
the
serv
e
r
side.
The
se
r
ver
side
is
re
sp
onsi
ble
for
processi
ng
re
quest
s
a
nd
al
l
oc
at
ing
resou
rces.
HT
TP
operati
on
t
hat
can
be
us
e
d
on
websi
te
s
,
app
li
cat
io
ns
,
a
nd
m
ob
il
e
de
vi
ces
ena
bles
qui
ck
an
d
si
m
ple o
pe
rati
on of sm
art m
a
chines
u
si
ng a
visu
al
i
nterf
ace
.
2.3.
Fir
e
an
d
flo
od
alerts/en
vironm
ent
al
t
empera
tu
re
and h
umidi
t
y monit
orin
g
En
vironm
ental
changes
ca
n
oc
cur
a
nyw
her
e
within
a
n
area
,
and
t
her
e
fore
i
n
this
stu
dy
,
th
e
Op
tris
PI
2
30
in
fr
a
red
t
her
m
al
ca
m
era
as
sh
ow
n
in
Figure
11
a
nd
DH
T
22
te
m
p
eratur
e
a
nd
hu
m
idit
y
senso
r
wer
e
sel
ect
ed
to
c
onduct
en
vir
onm
ental
m
on
it
or
in
g
a
nd
pro
vi
de
ea
rly
wa
r
ning
of
pote
nt
ia
l
fire
a
nd
flo
od
conditi
ons.
T
he
pur
po
se
of
t
hese
se
ns
ors
w
as
to
com
pen
s
at
e
fo
r
t
he
ina
dequacy
of
tra
diti
on
al
fir
e
an
d
fl
ood
al
erts
by
qu
ic
kl
y
detect
ing
c
ha
ng
e
s
in
t
he
e
nv
i
ronm
ent.
The
Op
tris
PI
230
inf
rare
d
t
he
rm
al
ca
m
era
enab
le
d
en
vi
ronm
ental
tem
per
at
ur
e
m
on
it
or
ing.
By
exam
ining
t
e
m
per
at
ure
dis
tribu
ti
ons
,
t
he
ca
m
era
cou
l
d
m
on
it
or
for
fire
an
d
flo
od
c
onditi
ons;
m
or
eov
er
,
it
prov
i
ded
a
co
nve
nient
m
eans
for
hu
m
an
-
m
achine
rem
ote
op
e
r
at
ion
thr
ough
cl
ie
nt
-
side
vie
wing
of
the
e
nviro
nme
nt’s
te
m
per
at
ur
e
.
T
he
D
HT
22
te
m
per
at
ure
and
hum
idit
y
sens
or
was
us
ed
with
an
A
r
du
i
no
U
NO
boar
d
to
r
ecord
the
e
nviro
nm
ental
temp
erat
ur
e
a
nd
hum
idity
,
there
by
al
s
o
enab
li
ng e
arly
warnin
g
a
nd
preven
ti
on
of
ha
zardo
us
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
co
ndit
ion
s
.
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nt
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ob
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uto
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,
Vo
l.
8
,
No.
4
,
Decem
ber
2019
:
313
–
32
6
318
Figure
11. O
ptri
s PI 23
0
i
nfra
red therm
al
cam
era
2.4.
Fle
xible i
tem s
to
r
age
and tr
ansp
ort
The
de
velo
pe
d
tra
nsp
or
t
r
obot
integ
rated
it
e
m
-
carryin
g
an
d
aut
onomou
s
nav
i
gatio
n
functi
ons.
The
base
of
th
e
rob
ot
pro
vide
d
the
st
or
a
ge
areas
f
or
us
e
rs
to
place
d
an
d
cl
assifi
ed
ite
m
s.
Usin
g
the
centra
l
m
on
it
or
ing
sys
tem
desig
ned
i
n
M
ATL
AB
,
a
ta
r
get
l
ocati
on
for
it
e
m
de
li
ver
y
was
sel
ect
ed.
S
ub
se
qu
ently
,
the
r
obot
tra
ve
le
d
to
the
de
sign
at
e
d
lo
cat
ion
a
nd
noti
fie
d
t
he
recipien
t
to
c
om
plete
sp
eci
m
en
tran
sp
ort
.
The
Ard
uino
UNO
bo
a
r
d
co
m
m
a
nd
ed
a
n
a
ct
uator
t
o
op
e
n
an
d
cl
os
e
t
he
stora
ge
area
s
a
nd
sent
i
ns
tr
uc
ti
on
s
to
the Sa
ber
t
oo
t
h m
oto
r
co
ntro
ll
er to d
rive
t
he m
oto
r
to rotat
e
the left a
nd
rig
ht wheels.
2.5.
El
ev
ator
op
er
at
i
on
Af
te
r
the
rob
ot ar
ri
ved
at t
he desig
nated p
osi
ti
on
,
it
transm
i
tt
ed
a sig
nal ov
er
W
iFi
t
o
the
rob
otic arm
in
the
el
evat
or
to
press
the
re
qu
i
red
butt
o
ns
to
operate
the
el
evator
as
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
12.
T
he
highly
sta
ble
ver
ti
cal
arti
cul
at
ed
r
obotic
ar
m
was
co
nn
ect
ed
to
a
c
on
t
ro
l
bo
a
r
d
us
i
ng
a
US
B
po
rt.
It
w
as
placed
i
n
a
f
ixe
d
po
sit
io
n
ab
ove
the
el
e
vator
butt
on
s
,
a
nd
the
a
ng
le
an
d
f
orce
of
the
bu
tt
on
pressi
ng
we
re
se
t
in
a
dva
nce.
Wh
e
n
us
ers
sel
ect
ed
a
sp
eci
fic
flo
or
us
in
g
t
he
ce
nt
ral
co
ntr
ol
syst
e
m
,
the
r
obotic
arm
pr
esse
d
t
he
bu
tt
ons
acc
ordin
g
to the c
omm
and
. T
his e
na
bled
the
oth
e
r
r
obot
s to
m
ov
e
fr
eel
y ar
ou
nd the
buil
ding in
de
pe
nd
e
ntly
.
Figure
12. B
utton
-
pr
essi
ng ro
bo
ti
c a
rm
in
el
evato
r
3.
RES
ULTS
3.1.
Lab
or
atory
mon
it
orin
g
r
obot
3.1.
1.
C
ompos
ition
The
la
borat
or
y
of
m
on
it
or
in
g
r
obot
co
ns
is
t
of
a
Lida
r
uni
t
,
a
therm
al
cam
era
,
a
te
m
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
hu
m
idit
y
sens
or
,
m
ic
ro
proce
sso
r
s
,
RO
S
,
a
nd
per
i
ph
e
ral
equ
i
pm
ent.
T
he
la
borat
or
y
of
m
on
it
ori
ng
r
obot
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 13.
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ob
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Labo
r
at
or
y e
nv
ironme
nt mo
ni
toring a
nd s
pe
ci
men
.
..
(
Yi C
hang
Wu)
319
Figure
13. E
xt
ern
al
a
ppeara
nc
e of the
lab
orat
or
y m
on
it
or
i
ng ro
bo
t
3.1.2.
L
abor
atory m
on
it
orin
g
r
obot user i
nt
erf
ace
Figure
14
s
hows
the
ce
ntral
m
on
it
or
ing
sys
tem
of
the
la
bo
rator
y
m
on
it
ori
ng
r
obot.
The
e
xp
la
natio
ns
of the i
nterf
ace
s ar
e:
(1)
Ma
p display
in
g
c
urren
t l
ocati
on and c
urre
nt
flo
or
.
(2)
Robot’s
curre
nt
f
lo
or
.
(3)
Tw
o
s
pee
dom
et
ers
on
t
he
le
ft
an
d
ri
gh
t
dis
play
c
urr
ent
li
nea
r
vel
ocity
an
d
an
gu
la
r
velocit
y
,
resp
ect
ively
.
(4)
Sele
ct
ion
of
fl
oor for t
he
r
ob
otic arm
in
the
el
evator.
(5)
Alarm
:
Wh
en
f
ire
,
high
te
m
per
at
ur
e
,
flo
od
,
l
ow
te
m
per
at
ure
,
a
nd
f
or
ei
gn
obj
ect
s
a
re
det
ect
ed
,
a
n
al
a
rm
so
un
ds
a
nd a
n e
m
ai
l i
s sen
t t
o t
he user
.
Figure
14. Ce
nt
ral m
on
it
or
in
g sy
stem
o
f
t
he
l
aborato
ry m
on
it
or
in
g rob
ot
3.1.3. Tes
tin
g
The
la
borat
or
y
m
o
nitor
i
ng
robo
t
was
use
d
t
o
patr
ol
a
buil
ding
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
15.
W
he
n
the
rob
ot d
et
ect
ed
ab
no
rm
al
con
di
ti
on
s
s
uc
h
as
h
ig
h
or
l
ow
te
m
per
at
ur
e
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
16
o
r
a
f
or
ei
gn obj
e
c
t
as sho
wn in
Figure
17
,
it
pro
du
ce
d
a
n
al
e
rt
as sho
wn in
Figure
18 a
nd
se
nt an em
ai
l t
o
no
ti
fy t
he user
s.
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ob
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l.
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,
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,
Decem
ber
2019
:
313
–
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320
Figure
15. La
borat
or
y m
on
it
ori
ng ro
bo
t
on
pa
trol
Figure
16. L
ow tem
per
at
ur
e
detect
ion
Figure
17. Fo
r
ei
gn
obj
ect
(hum
an
body
) dete
ct
ion
Figure
18. Ale
r
t display
on u
s
er in
te
r
face
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
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R
ob
&
A
uto
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4856
Labo
r
at
or
y e
nv
ironme
nt mo
ni
toring a
nd s
pe
ci
men
.
..
(
Yi C
hang
Wu)
321
3.1.4. C
ompar
ison
We
c
om
par
ed
the
la
borat
or
y
m
on
it
or
ing
r
obot
an
d
ref
e
re
nc
e
resea
rch
es;
t
he
detai
ls
an
d
analy
sis
are
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
ble 1
.
Table
1.
C
om
par
iso
n betwee
n l
aborato
ry m
on
it
or
i
ng robot
and re
fer
e
nce
r
esearche
s
Ite
m
Labo
ratory
m
o
n
ito
ring
r
o
b
o
t
R
ef
erence
resea
rch
es
An
aly
sis
Dev
ice
W
ire
less
W
ire
d
an
d
wir
eles
s
W
ire
less
m
o
n
ito
ri
n
g
dev
ice preven
ts th
e
co
n
cern of
wir
in
g
and
enh
an
ce
m
o
b
il
ity
.
S
en
so
r
H
u
m
id
ity
an
d
te
m
p
erature
Te
m
p
e
rature
Oth
er
th
an
te
m
p
er
atu
re
,
h
u
m
id
it
y
is
also
a
k
ey
a
m
b
ien
t f
acto
r
in
i
d
en
tif
icatio
n
labo
r
ato
ries.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le
,
wat
e
r
leak
ag
e ca
n
be
de
tected
th
rou
g
h
h
u
m
id
it
y
s
en
so
rs.
M
o
b
ility
Mob
ile
an
d
fl
e
x
ib
l
e
F
ix
ed
Fix
ed
-
ty
p
e
m
o
n
ito
ring
dev
ices ar
e co
n
v
en
ien
t
f
o
r
lo
catio
n
con
f
ir
m
a
tio
n
bu
t lack
f
lex
ib
ility;
m
o
b
ile
m
o
n
ito
ring
r
o
b
o
t enab
les sp
ecif
ic ar
eas
to
be streng
th
en
ed
.
C
a
m
er
a
Inf
rar
ed
ther
m
al c
a
m
e
ra
Ca
m
c
o
rder
Inf
rar
ed
ther
m
al
m
ak
es it eas
y
to id
en
tif
y
heat
so
u
rce
an
d
hu
m
an
b
o
d
y
.
Mon
ito
ring
Ar
ea
Exten
siv
e
Co
n
stan
t
Than
k
s to
its
m
o
b
ility
th
e
m
o
n
ito
ring
r
o
b
o
t
is
ab
le to g
et anywhe
re
if
th
e I
n
te
rnet is
co
n
n
ected
.
Exp
en
se
Relativ
ely
cheap
e
r
Migh
t be co
stly
In a sp
acio
u
s lab
o
ratory
,
i
f
th
e
m
o
n
it
o
ring
d
ev
ices ar
e f
ix
ed
su
ch
as CCTV
,
it is
n
ecessary
to
e
m
p
lo
y
m
an
y
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e who
le
lab
o
ratory
,
w
h
ich
will cos
t
m
o
re
th
a
n
r
o
b
o
ts
do.
P
o
wer
A
u
to
-
d
u
ck
in
g
W
ired
ch
argin
g
W
h
ile
w
i
red
ch
arg
in
g
is stead
y
,
th
e l
ab
o
ratory
m
o
n
ito
ring
r
o
b
o
t
will sen
d
a
v
o
ice a
lert
b
ef
o
re
p
o
wer
ex
h
au
stio
n
,
an
d
it
co
n
tain
s an
auto
-
d
u
ck
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
3.2.
Specim
en
t
r
anspor
t
r
obot
3.2.1.
C
ompos
ition
The
s
pecim
en
trans
port
r
o
bot
co
ns
ist
s
of
body
wit
h
stora
ge
dr
a
wer
s
,
a
com
pu
te
r
,
Lidar
unit
,
a
m
oto
r
,
an
d peri
ph
e
ral e
qu
i
pme
nt.
E
xter
nal a
pp
ea
ra
nce
of
t
he
s
pecim
en
trans
port ro
bo
t
a
s sho
wn in Fi
gure
1
9.
Figu
re
19. E
xt
ern
al
a
ppeara
nc
e of the
sp
eci
m
en
trans
port
r
obot
3.2.2. Speci
me
n t
r
an
s
po
r
t
r
obot m
on
it
orin
g
s
ys
te
m use
r
interf
ace
Ce
ntral
m
on
it
ori
ng
syst
em
of
the
s
pecim
en
trans
port
r
obot
is
sho
wn
i
n
F
igure
20.
T
he
Ex
planati
on
of the i
nterf
ace
:
(1)
Ma
p display
in
g
c
urren
t l
ocati
on and c
urre
nt
flo
or
.
(2)
Roo
m
the robo
t wil
l t
rav
el
to
.
(3)
Tw
o
s
pee
dom
et
ers
on
t
he
le
ft
an
d
ri
gh
t
dis
play
c
urr
ent
li
nea
r
vel
ocity
an
d
an
gu
la
r
velocit
y
,
resp
ect
ively
.
(4)
Sw
it
ches
for
s
tora
ge
areas:
t
he
sto
rag
e
a
re
as
com
pr
ise
d
t
hr
ee
dr
a
we
rs
that
we
re
co
ntr
olled
usi
ng
an
act
uator.
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ob
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uto
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Vo
l.
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,
No.
4
,
Decem
ber
2019
:
313
–
32
6
322
Figure
20. Ce
nt
ral m
on
it
or
in
g sy
stem
o
f
t
he speci
m
en
trans
port ro
bo
t
3.2.3. Tes
tin
g
The
pr
ocess
of
t
he
sp
eci
m
e
n
t
ran
s
portat
io
n
c
onduct
e
d
by
the
r
obot
w
as
s
how
n
in
F
igure
21
t
o
Figure
26.
Figure
21. O
pe
ning a
drawe
r
t
hro
ugh
t
he
ce
nt
ral
m
on
it
or
in
g sy
stem
(F
ig
ure
20)
,
placi
ng
a sam
ple
,
and sele
ct
ing t
he
ta
r
get
office
Figure
22. R
obot m
ov
ing t
o
t
he
elevat
or a
nd
sen
ding a si
gnal
to
the
r
obotic arm
i
n
the el
evato
r
to
ope
n
the ele
va
t
or
do
o
r
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