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Dep
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
m
u
ltip
lier
i
s
a
n
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s
en
tial
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lo
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tro
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a
n
d
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
[
1
]
.
W
h
en
th
er
e
r
e
q
u
ir
es
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
,
a
m
u
ltip
lier
m
o
d
u
le
(
cir
cu
it)
i
s
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eq
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ir
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d
[
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
h
a
s
ap
p
licatio
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s
in
co
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p
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ter
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ter
-
aid
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d
esig
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im
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o
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s
s
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DSP
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MA
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co
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T
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VL
SI
c
ir
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its
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s
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te
m
s
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[
3
]
.
So
,
th
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s
p
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m
u
lt
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m
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u
les
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p
to
s
o
m
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ex
ten
t
[
4
,
5
]
.
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n
th
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f
ield
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tr
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s
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n
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o
tec
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n
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lo
g
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f
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r
VL
SI
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
6
].
L
o
w
p
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d
h
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s
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m
u
ltip
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if
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p
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d
tech
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s
[
7
]
.
E
a
ch
d
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v
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ta
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th
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liter
atu
r
e,
t
h
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ar
ch
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tectu
r
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a
n
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
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o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
[
8
-
1
6
]
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
ap
p
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ac
h
es
h
a
v
e
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
eith
er
al
g
o
r
ith
m
o
r
n
e
w
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
s
t
u
d
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th
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d
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ig
n
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d
co
m
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lex
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t
y
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f
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ch
itect
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r
e.
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u
s
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in
t
h
is
w
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n
d
en
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f
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s
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s
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t
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m
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ted
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x
4
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4
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m
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I
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th
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1
s
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s
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ates
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to
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2722
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2586
I
A
E
S
I
n
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J
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&
A
u
to
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,
Vo
l
.
1
0
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.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
:
51
–
5
8
52
b
it
o
f
an
o
th
er
n
u
m
b
er
.
T
h
e
PP
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
W
allac
e
tr
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r
ith
m
.
I
t
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
W
allac
e
tr
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alg
o
r
ith
m
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s
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ld
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s
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p
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e
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t
h
at
h
a
v
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b
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u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
[
8
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
p
o
p
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lar
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y
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tep
is
th
e
f
a
s
t
ad
d
itio
n
w
h
ich
i
s
d
o
n
e
b
y
a
ca
r
r
y
-
s
a
v
e
ad
d
er
(
C
SA
)
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
to
u
s
e
a
ca
r
r
y
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s
a
v
e
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d
er
is
th
a
t
it
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ast
ad
d
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
m
u
ltip
lier
is
co
m
p
ar
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it
h
t
w
o
ex
i
s
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n
g
W
allac
e
m
u
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r
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ted
in
[
5
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a
n
d
[
1
1
]
.
Sin
ce
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r
P
P
P
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th
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d
m
u
lt
ip
lier
o
r
W
allac
e
m
u
l
tip
lier
w
il
l
i
n
d
icate
th
e
s
a
m
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
u
n
le
s
s
q
u
o
ted
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
is
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
g
i
v
en
a
s
Sect
io
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
e
d
etail
o
f
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n
ed
m
u
ltip
lier
,
Sec
tio
n
3
i
s
u
s
ed
to
d
is
c
u
s
s
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
a
l
y
s
is
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
w
h
er
ea
s
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
Sectio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
e
s
th
i
s
ar
ticl
e
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
I
n
an
y
M
x
N
m
u
ltip
licat
io
n
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
th
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
g
en
er
atio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
t
w
o
n
u
m
b
er
s
M
an
d
N.
T
h
en
th
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
ad
d
ed
u
p
to
g
et
th
e
f
i
n
al
r
esu
lt.
I
n
W
allac
e
m
u
ltip
lier
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
th
e
s
a
m
e
b
u
t
d
o
n
e
in
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
[
8,
1
1
,
12
]
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
th
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
(
P
P)
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
m
u
ltip
l
y
in
g
t
w
o
in
p
u
ts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
p
a
r
tial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
(
P
PP
)
.
A
t
last
,
f
i
n
a
l
ad
d
itio
n
(
FA
)
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
a
f
ast
ad
d
er
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
P
PP
,
th
e
PP
s
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
is
ed
in
s
tag
es
b
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
th
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
allac
e
tr
ee
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
E
ac
h
s
ta
g
e
co
n
tai
n
s
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
o
w
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
c
alcu
lated
b
y
as s
h
o
w
n
in
(
1
)
[
5
]
,
w
h
er
e
i
th
is
t
h
e
s
ta
g
e
an
d
S
i
g
iv
e
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
o
w
s
.
S
(
i
+
1
)
=
2
(
S
i
/
3
)
+
S
i
mod
3
(
1
)
I
n
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
m
u
ltip
lier
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
in
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
as
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
w
h
er
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts (
PP
)
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
,
th
e
n
P
P
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
(
P
P
P
)
an
d
f
in
all
y
f
in
al
ad
d
itio
n
(
FA
)
b
y
a
f
ast
ad
d
er
.
Fo
r
PP
g
en
er
atio
n
s
AND
g
ates
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
P
PP
is
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
t
w
o
p
h
ases
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
t
h
e
W
allac
e
tr
ee
lo
g
ar
ith
m
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
P
P
s
,
w
h
er
ea
s
,
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
t
h
e
P
P
s
ar
e
ad
d
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
ic
ien
t
h
al
f
ad
d
er
an
d
3
:2
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
.
Sin
c
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
ltip
lier
is
4
x
4
b
its
,
t
w
o
4
-
b
its
in
p
u
t
s
w
i
ll g
i
v
e
1
6
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
P
PP
.
A
n
d
th
e
f
in
al
ad
d
itio
n
is
d
o
n
e
o
n
ce
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
ar
tial p
r
o
d
u
cts is
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
ac
h
ie
v
ed
.
T
h
e
d
etails d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
o
f
th
r
ee
d
esig
n
in
g
s
tep
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
.
2
.
1
.
1
s
t
s
t
ep:
T
h
e
1
s
t
s
tep
is
a
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
AND
g
ates.
T
h
e
A
ND
g
ate
u
s
ed
h
er
e
is
o
f
C
MO
S
t
y
p
e,
it
is
b
ec
au
s
e
it
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
th
er
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
A
N
D
g
ates
[
1
7
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
ltip
lier
is
o
f
4
x
4
b
its
,
s
o
th
er
e
w
ill
b
e
1
6
p
a
r
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
th
u
s
1
6
C
MO
S
A
N
D
g
ates
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
a
m
e.
L
et
t
h
e
t
w
o
n
u
m
b
er
s
b
e
i
n
p
u
t1
=a
3
a2
a1
a0
an
d
in
p
u
t2
=b
3
b
2
b
1
b
0
.
So
,
th
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
w
ill
b
e
p
0
0
=a
0
b
0
,
p
0
1
=b
0
a
1
,
p
0
2
=b
0
a2
,
p
0
3
=
b
0
a3
,
p
1
0
=b
1
a
0
,
p
1
1
=b
1
a1
,
p
1
2
=b
1
a2
,
p
1
3
=b
1
a
3
,
p
2
0
=b
2
a0
,
p
2
1
=b
2
a1
;
p
2
2
=b
2
a2
,
p
2
3
=b
2
a
3
,
p
3
0
=b
3
a
0
,
p
3
1
=b
3
a1
,
p
3
2
=
b
3
a2
an
d
p
3
3
=
b
3
a3
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Si
m
il
ar
l
y
,
to
d
esi
g
n
a
n
N
x
N
m
u
ltip
l
ier
,
th
er
e
w
ill
b
e
N2
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
t
h
u
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
e
s
a
m
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
A
ND
g
a
te
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
ll
t
h
e
p
ar
tial p
r
o
d
u
cts o
f
t
w
o
n
u
m
b
er
s
in
p
u
t1
an
d
in
p
u
t2
2
.
2
.
2
nd
Ste
p:
T
h
e
2
n
d
s
tep
is
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
r
ed
u
ctio
n
(
P
P
P
)
.
Her
e,
th
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
W
allac
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
P
P
s
ar
e
r
ea
r
r
an
g
ed
in
a
f
a
s
h
io
n
o
f
a
tr
ee
-
lik
e
p
ar
allel
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
I
t is ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
ca
teg
o
r
is
ed
th
e
ab
o
v
e
r
o
w
s
in
s
tag
e
s
b
y
t
h
e
W
allac
e
tr
ee
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
Un
til
t
h
e
last
s
tag
e
c
o
n
tain
s
t
w
o
r
o
w
s
o
f
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
ea
ted
.
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
1
)
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
A
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2586
Desig
n
o
f e
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t m
u
l
tip
lier
b
a
s
ed
o
n
3
:
2
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
(
I
n
a
mu
l H
u
s
s
a
in
)
53
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t f
o
r
W
allac
e
m
u
l
tip
lier
Fo
r
m
o
r
e
illu
s
tr
atio
n
h
o
w
P
P
P
(
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
)
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
I
t
is
s
ee
n
t
h
at
in
1
s
t
s
tag
e
it c
o
n
tain
s
4
r
o
w
s
,
2
n
d
s
tag
e
co
n
ta
in
s
3
r
o
w
s
b
u
t t
h
e
3
r
d
s
tag
e
co
n
tai
n
s
o
n
l
y
t
w
o
r
o
w
s
o
f
P
P
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
i
ll
s
to
p
at
th
e
3
r
d
s
tag
e
i.e
.
,
it
w
i
ll
b
e
th
e
f
in
al
s
ta
g
e.
T
h
e
p
ar
ti
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
ea
ch
s
tag
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
h
al
f
ad
d
er
s
an
d
3
:2
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
ex
ce
p
t
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
ta
g
e.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
b
eh
in
d
u
s
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
s
i
s
th
e
y
ar
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
lica
ti
o
n
s
[
1
7
-
2
2
]
.
I
f
th
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
r
o
w
s
o
f
P
P
h
alf
ad
d
er
(
HA
)
is
u
s
ed
,
w
h
er
ea
s
f
o
r
3
r
o
w
s
P
P
3
:2
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
r
ee
r
o
w
s
o
f
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts in
to
t
w
o
.
T
h
e
HA
u
s
ed
h
er
e
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
18
]
,
w
h
er
ea
s
,
th
e
3
:2
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
i
n
[
1
7
]
an
d
[
2
3
].
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
PP
P
b
y
w
allac
e
tr
ee
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
b
lack
d
o
ts
i
n
d
icate
P
P)
2
.
3
.
3
rd
s
t
ep:
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
tep
is
f
o
r
f
ast
ad
d
itio
n
.
I
n
th
e
P
P
P,
w
h
e
n
an
y
s
ta
g
e
co
n
tai
n
s
o
n
l
y
t
w
o
r
o
w
s
,
t
h
e
W
allac
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
p
s
th
er
e,
i.e
.
,
th
er
e
w
o
n
’
t
b
e
an
y
f
u
r
th
er
s
ta
g
e(
s
)
.
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
s
tag
e
3
co
n
tain
s
o
n
l
y
t
w
o
r
o
w
s
o
f
p
ar
tial p
r
o
d
u
cts,
th
u
s
it
w
ill b
e
th
e
f
in
a
l stag
e.
So
,
an
ad
d
itio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
o
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w
o
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tial
p
r
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cts.
Sin
ce
,
it
th
e
last
s
tag
e,
s
o
f
ast
ad
d
itio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
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p
r
o
v
e
th
e
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m
a
n
ce
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th
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m
u
ltip
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at
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ill
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r
e
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T
h
u
s
,
f
a
s
t
ad
d
er
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tep
.
T
h
e
f
ast
ad
d
er
u
s
ed
h
er
e
is
a
4
-
b
it
ca
r
r
y
-
s
av
e
ad
d
er
(
C
SA
)
,
as C
S
A
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
as
test
ad
d
er
s
[
9
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2722
-
2586
I
A
E
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
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to
m
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Vo
l
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1
0
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No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
:
51
–
5
8
54
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
W
allac
e
m
u
ltip
li
er
is
th
e
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
t
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s
tep
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
b
y
s
i
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th
e
m
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lier
b
y
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A
to
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at
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te
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e.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
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y
n
o
d
e
u
s
ed
h
er
e
is
9
0
n
m
C
M
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p
d
k
tec
h
n
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g
y
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T
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e
m
u
lt
ip
lier
is
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
s
t
ep
1
,
s
tep
2
an
d
s
tep
3
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as p
o
w
er
,
d
elay
,
p
o
w
er
-
d
ela
y
(
P
DP)
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
d
ela
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
E
DP
)
h
av
e
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ee
n
ca
lc
u
lated
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
t
h
an
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
[
5
]
an
d
Hu
s
s
ai
n
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
W
allac
e
m
u
lti
p
lier
h
as
t
h
e
lo
w
es
t
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
h
a
s
th
e
b
est
d
elay
,
P
DP
an
d
E
D
P
.
T
h
e
d
elay
h
a
s
b
ee
n
m
in
i
m
i
s
ed
b
y
u
s
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n
g
t
h
e
3
:2
co
m
p
r
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o
r
a
n
d
C
S
A
.
Sin
ce
it
h
as
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
d
elay
an
d
m
o
d
er
ate
p
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n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
W
allac
e
m
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ltip
lier
tak
e
n
f
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
it
h
as
th
e
b
est
P
D
P
an
d
E
DP
.
T
h
u
s
it
co
u
ld
b
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
ted
th
at
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
m
u
ltip
lier
i
s
th
e
b
est
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
m
u
lti
p
lie
r
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
[
5
]
an
d
H
u
s
s
a
in
[1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
ela
y
,
p
o
w
er
,
P
DP
an
d
E
DP
ar
e
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
y
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sim
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
w
i
th
9
0
n
m
C
MO
S tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
[
6
]
H
u
ssa
i
n
[
1
2
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
P
o
w
e
r
(
µ
W
)
6
.
7
5
7
.
1
2
7
.
4
9
D
e
l
a
y
(
n
s)
25
2
0
.
7
1
7
.
9
P
D
P
(
f
J)
1
6
8
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7
5
1
4
7
.
3
8
1
3
4
.
0
7
ED
P
(
z
Js)
4
.
2
2
3
.
0
5
2
.
4
T
o
co
m
m
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
m
u
l
tip
lier
,
it
i
s
s
i
m
u
lated
at
3
2
n
m
C
M
OS
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
I
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
m
u
ltip
lier
h
as
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
m
u
ltip
lier
s
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
W
allac
e
m
u
ltip
lier
co
n
s
u
m
es
leas
t
p
o
w
er
,
b
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
as
b
est
d
ela
y
,
P
DP
an
d
E
DP
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
[
5
]
an
d
[
1
1
].
Fro
m
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
,
it
is
clea
r
t
h
at
th
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
m
u
ltip
lier
h
as
t
h
e
b
est
E
DP
i.e
.
it
is
e
n
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
cien
t.
I
t
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
o
p
ti
m
is
atio
n
i
n
th
e
d
esi
g
n
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
o
p
ti
m
i
s
atio
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
lo
w
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
r
es
s
o
r
an
d
H
A
t
h
at
is
u
s
e
d
in
P
P
P
w
it
h
C
S
A
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
Fi
n
al
ad
d
itio
n
s
p
ee
d
u
p
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
o
estab
lis
h
th
e
v
alid
ate
o
f
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
p
o
w
er
,
d
ela
y
,
P
DP
an
d
E
DP
an
al
y
s
is
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
g
ain
s
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
elo
w
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sim
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
w
i
th
3
2
n
m
C
MO
S tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
[
5
]
H
u
ssa
i
n
[
1
1
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
P
o
w
e
r
(
n
W
)
4
3
5
.
0
5
4
9
9
.
2
5
5
1
0
.
1
1
D
e
l
a
y
(
n
s)
21
1
8
.
4
7
1
6
.
9
7
P
D
P
(
f
J)
9
.
1
3
6
9
.
2
2
1
8
.
6
5
7
ED
P
(
z
Js)
0
.
1
9
2
0
.
1
7
0
0
.
1
4
6
3
.
1
.
P
o
w
er
a
na
ly
s
is
a
g
a
ins
t
po
w
er
s
up
ply
P
o
w
er
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
a
n
y
d
i
g
ital
c
ir
cu
it
s
a
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
He
n
ce
,
th
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
lc
u
lated
a
n
d
its
e
f
f
ec
t
h
as
b
ee
n
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
V
to
1
.
2
V.
T
h
e
lo
w
es
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
er
e
is
0
.
6
V
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
9
0
n
m
C
MO
S
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
1
.
2
V
is
th
e
h
ig
h
es
t
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
e
l
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
er
e
as
p
er
th
e
I
T
R
S
r
o
ad
m
ap
.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
s
tatic
(
w
h
en
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it
i
s
o
n
s
tead
y
-
s
tate)
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
(
wh
en
th
e
cir
cu
it
is
in
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
tate)
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
ap
h
b
y
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
in
p
u
t p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4.
T
ab
le
3
.
P
o
w
er
(
µW
)
an
al
y
s
is
ag
ain
s
t p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
V)
P
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
l
y
(
V
)
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
[
5
]
H
u
ssa
i
n
[
1
1
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
1
.
2
6
.
7
5
7
.
1
2
7
.
4
9
1
5
.
6
9
5
.
9
4
6
.
0
5
0
.
8
5
.
0
3
4
.
7
4
4
.
6
5
0
.
6
4
.
6
8
4
4
.
1
3
.
9
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2586
Desig
n
o
f e
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t m
u
l
tip
lier
b
a
s
ed
o
n
3
:
2
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
(
I
n
a
mu
l H
u
s
s
a
in
)
55
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
o
w
er
(
µW
)
Vs v
ar
i
atio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
V)
3
.
2
.
Dela
y
a
na
ly
s
is
a
g
a
ins
t
po
w
er
s
up
ply
:
Sp
ee
d
is
an
o
t
h
er
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
v
alu
a
tin
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
n
a
n
o
-
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
So
,
th
e
d
ela
y
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
it
s
ef
f
ec
ts
ag
ain
s
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
ar
e
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
e
d
elay
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
r
ea
ch
ed
o
n
e
-
h
alf
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
el
(
5
0
%
Vd
d
)
an
d
th
e
latest
o
u
tp
u
t
s
i
g
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al
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ea
ch
ed
th
e
s
a
m
e
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
el.
T
h
u
s
t
h
e
w
o
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
d
ela
y
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
T
h
e
d
elay
is
ca
lcu
lated
at
0
.
6
V,
0
.
8
V,
1
V
an
d
1
.
2
V
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
an
d
th
e
s
a
m
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
lis
ted
i
n
T
a
b
le
4
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
elay
w
it
h
in
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
d
ela
y
is
b
est
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
es
ig
n
e
d
m
u
lt
ip
lier
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
ar
c
h
ite
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
es
s
o
r
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
u
n
i
t r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
d
a
ta
f
lo
w
p
ath
a
n
d
ev
en
t
u
all
y
s
p
ee
d
u
p
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
r
ea
s
o
n
is
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
ca
r
r
y
-
s
av
e
ad
d
er
at
th
e
f
in
al
s
tep
,
w
h
er
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
tar
ts
w
i
th
o
u
t t
h
e
ca
r
r
y
b
it (
w
h
ic
h
is
an
in
h
er
ited
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
C
S
A
)
,
t
h
u
s
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
d
ela
y
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Dela
y
(
n
s
)
an
al
y
s
i
s
ag
ain
s
t p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
(
V
)
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
[5
]
H
u
ssa
i
n
[
1
1
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
1
.
2
25
2
0
.
7
1
7
.
9
1
2
7
.
7
2
1
.
2
2
0
.
1
0
.
8
3
2
.
8
2
5
.
3
2
1
.
2
0
.
6
3
8
.
4
1
2
8
.
7
2
2
4
.
3
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dela
y
(
n
s
)
V
s
v
ar
iati
o
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
V)
3
.
3
.
P
DP
a
nd
E
DP
a
na
ly
s
is
a
g
a
ins
t
po
w
er
s
up
ply
:
I
n
d
ig
i
tal
cir
c
u
its
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
n
a
n
o
-
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
d
ela
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
ca
n
’
t
d
ef
in
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
its
.
T
h
u
s
p
o
w
er
-
d
ela
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
ca
lcu
lated
w
h
ic
h
is
also
k
n
o
w
n
as
a
Fig
u
r
e
o
f
m
er
i
t
th
at
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
i
ts
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
lo
w
P
DP
cir
cu
its
m
a
y
al
s
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2722
-
2586
I
A
E
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
,
Vo
l
.
1
0
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
:
51
–
5
8
56
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
lo
w
l
y
,
s
o
en
er
g
y
-
d
e
la
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
E
DP
)
is
an
o
th
er
m
etr
ic
t
h
at
i
s
u
s
e
d
to
ev
al
u
at
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
P
DP
an
d
E
D
P
ar
e
ca
lcu
lat
ed
.
B
y
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
V
to
1
.
2
V
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
h
as
b
ee
n
also
ev
alu
a
ted
.
T
h
e
P
DP
an
d
E
D
P
an
al
y
s
i
s
a
g
ain
s
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
s
5
an
d
6
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
ap
h
s
f
o
r
P
DP
a
n
d
E
DP
ag
ain
s
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
6
an
d
7
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
t
is
s
ee
n
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
lti
p
lier
d
o
m
in
ate
s
in
b
o
th
ca
s
e
s
.
So
,
it
co
u
ld
b
e
co
m
m
en
te
d
th
at
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
m
u
ltip
lier
is
e
n
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
VL
SI
cir
cu
it
s
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
P
DP
(
f
J
)
an
al
y
s
i
s
ag
a
in
s
t p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
(
V
)
Co
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
[
5
]
H
u
ssa
i
n
[
1
1
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
1
.
2
1
6
8
.
7
5
1
4
7
.
3
8
1
3
4
.
0
7
1
1
5
7
.
6
1
1
2
5
.
9
3
1
2
1
.
6
1
0
.
8
1
6
4
.
9
8
1
1
9
.
9
2
9
8
.
5
8
0
.
6
1
7
9
.
9
1
1
1
7
.
7
5
9
6
.
9
6
T
ab
le
6
.
E
D
P
(
z
J
s
)
an
al
y
s
i
s
ag
ain
s
t p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
(
V
)
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
[
5
]
H
u
ssa
i
n
[
1
1
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
1
.
2
4
.
2
2
3
.
0
5
2
.
4
1
4
.
3
7
2
.
6
7
2
.
4
4
0
.
8
5
.
4
1
3
.
0
3
2
.
0
9
0
.
6
6
.
9
1
3
.
3
8
2
.
3
6
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
P
DP (
f
J
)
Vs v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
V)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
DP
(
zJ
s
)
Vs
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
V)
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
In
th
i
s
ar
ticle,
a
4
x
4
m
u
l
tip
lier
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
w
h
ich
i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
i
n
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
f
o
r
n
a
n
o
-
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
,
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
s
tep
is
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
in
g
o
f
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
P
P
)
g
en
er
atio
n
b
y
u
s
in
g
A
N
D
g
ates.
T
h
e
2
n
d
s
tep
is
PP
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
P
P
P).
T
h
e
PP
P
is
d
esig
n
ed
in
t
w
o
p
h
ase
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
th
e
W
allac
e
tr
ee
lo
g
ar
ith
m
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
P
P
s
,
w
h
er
ea
s
,
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
a
s
e
t
h
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
h
al
f
ad
d
er
an
d
3
:2
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
.
I
f
th
e
r
e
ar
e
t
w
o
r
o
w
s
o
f
P
P
h
alf
ad
d
er
is
u
s
ed
,
w
h
er
ea
s
f
o
r
3
r
o
w
s
P
P
3
:2
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
.
I
n
th
e
3
r
d
s
tep
,
th
e
f
i
n
al
ad
d
itio
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
ca
r
r
y
-
s
av
e
ad
d
er
(
C
S
A
)
w
h
ich
f
a
s
te
n
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
Mu
ltip
lier
h
as
b
ee
n
s
i
m
u
la
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
S
y
n
o
p
s
y
s
to
o
l
w
it
h
9
0
n
m
C
M
OS
p
d
k
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
a
s
p
o
w
er
,
d
ela
y
,
P
DP
an
d
E
DP
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
m
u
ltip
lier
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
,
d
ela
y
,
P
DP
an
d
E
DP
ar
e
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
y
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
I
t
is
w
it
n
es
s
ed
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
allac
e
m
u
ltip
lier
h
a
s
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
m
u
ltip
lier
s
ta
k
en
f
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
el
a
y
,
E
DP
an
d
P
D
P
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
m
u
ltip
lier
is
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
co
u
ld
b
e
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
n
an
o
-
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
,
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2586
Desig
n
o
f e
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t m
u
l
tip
lier
b
a
s
ed
o
n
3
:
2
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
(
I
n
a
mu
l H
u
s
s
a
in
)
57
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
R.
S
h
a
n
m
u
g
a
n
a
th
a
n
,
K.
Bri
n
d
h
a
d
e
v
i,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
ty
p
e
s
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
rs
f
o
r
e
ff
e
c
t
iv
e
lo
w
p
o
we
r,
”
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
n
ic E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
, v
o
l
.
2
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
8
-
3
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
A
rc
h
a
n
a
Ra
n
i,
Na
re
sh
G
ro
v
e
r,
“
An
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
F
P
G
A
b
a
se
d
a
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
icro
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
r
d
e
sig
n
u
si
n
g
V
IV
A
DO
a
n
d
IS
IM
,
”
B
u
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
-
2
0
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
I.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
S
Ch
a
u
d
h
u
ry
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
1
-
b
it
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
h
y
b
rid
f
u
ll
a
d
d
e
r
c
ircu
it
s
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
De
v
ice
s a
n
d
Ne
t
wo
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l
4
6
2
,
p
p
.
4
3
-
5
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
S
h
e
ik
h
T
a
n
z
im
M
e
ra
j,
No
r
Zaih
a
r
Ya
h
a
y
a
,
Ka
m
ru
l
Ha
sa
n
,
Am
m
a
r
M
a
sa
o
u
d
,
“
S
in
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
2
1
-
lev
e
l
h
y
b
rid
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
rter
w
it
h
re
d
u
c
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
lo
w
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l
1
1
,
n
o
2
,
p
p
.
8
1
0
-
8
2
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[5
]
C.
S
.
W
a
ll
a
c
e
,
“
A
S
u
g
g
e
stio
n
f
o
r
a
F
a
st M
u
lt
ip
li
e
r,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
v
o
l.
EC
-
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
-
1
7
,
F
e
b
1
9
6
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/P
G
EC.
1
9
6
4
.
2
6
3
8
3
0
.
[6
]
A
n
si
y
a
Esh
a
c
k
,
S
.
Krish
n
a
k
u
m
a
,
“
P
i
p
e
li
n
e
d
v
e
d
ic
m
u
lt
ip
l
ier
w
it
h
m
a
n
if
o
ld
a
d
d
e
r
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
lev
e
l
s
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
9
5
1
~
2
9
5
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[7
]
I.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
R.
K.
S
a
h
,
M
.
Ku
m
a
r
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
W
a
l
lac
e
M
u
lt
i
p
li
e
r
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
7
2
9
-
1
8
7
3
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
S
.
Ka
k
d
e
,
S
.
Kh
a
n
,
P
.
Da
k
h
o
le,
S
.
Ba
d
w
a
ik
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
re
a
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
a
w
a
re
re
d
u
c
e
d
Co
m
p
lex
it
y
W
a
ll
a
c
e
T
re
e
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
r,
”
2
0
1
5
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Per
v
a
siv
e
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
IC
PC
,
P
u
n
e
,
I
n
d
ia,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
P
ER
V
A
S
IV
E.
2
0
1
5
.
7
0
8
7
2
0
7
.
[9
]
I.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
M
.
K
u
m
a
r,
“
A
fa
st
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
wa
ll
a
c
e
tree
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
r
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Act
ive
a
n
d
Pa
ss
ive
El
e
c
tro
n
ic De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
6
3
-
7
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
0
]
G
.
C.
Ra
m
,
D.
S
.
Ra
n
i,
R.
Ba
las
a
ik
e
sa
v
a
,
K.
B.
S
in
d
h
u
r
i,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
d
e
la
y
e
ff
icie
n
t
m
o
d
if
ied
1
6
b
it
W
a
ll
a
c
e
m
u
lt
ip
l
ier,”
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Rec
e
n
t
T
re
n
d
s
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
&
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
R
T
EICT
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
7
-
1
8
9
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/RT
EICT
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
8
0
8
1
6
3
.
[1
1
]
I.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
C.
K
.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
S
.
Ch
a
u
d
h
u
ry
,
“
De
si
g
n
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Hig
h
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
M
u
lt
i
p
li
e
r
Cir
c
u
it
,
”
De
v
ice
s
fo
r
In
teg
ra
te
d
Circ
u
it
De
v
IC
E
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
-
2
4
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/DE
V
I
C.
2
0
1
9
.
8
7
8
3
3
2
2
.
[1
2
]
A
.
A
.
A
lJu
ff
ri
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
S
IC
re
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sc
a
lab
le
m
icro
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
d
F
IR
f
il
ters
u
sin
g
W
a
ll
a
c
e
tree
a
n
d
V
e
d
ic
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
rs,”
2
0
1
5
IE
EE
1
5
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
EE
EIC
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
5
-
1
9
9
8
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/E
EE
IC.
2
0
1
5
.
7
1
6
5
4
8
0
.
[1
3
]
S
.
A
sif
,
Y.
Ko
n
g
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
d
if
fe
re
n
t
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
o
f
c
o
u
n
ter
b
a
se
d
W
a
ll
a
c
e
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
rs,”
T
e
n
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
S
y
ste
ms
ICCES
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
-
1
4
4
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICCE
S
.
2
0
1
5
.
7
3
9
3
0
3
4
.
[1
4
]
S
.
Kh
a
n
,
S
.
Ka
k
d
e
,
Y.
S
u
ry
a
w
a
n
sh
i,
“
V
L
S
I
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
re
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
w
a
ll
a
c
e
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
r
u
sin
g
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
CM
OS
f
u
ll
a
d
d
e
r,
”
2
0
1
3
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICCIC.
2
0
1
3
.
6
7
2
4
1
4
1
.
[1
5
]
S
.
A
si
f
,
Yin
a
n
Ko
n
g
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
W
a
ll
a
c
e
a
n
d
ra
d
i
x
-
4
Bo
o
t
h
-
W
a
ll
a
c
e
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
rs,”
2
0
1
5
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
S
y
ste
m L
e
v
e
l
S
y
n
th
e
sis Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
ES
L
sy
n
,
p
p
.
1
7
-
2
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
I.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
A
.
S
in
g
h
,
S
.
Ch
a
u
d
h
u
ry
,
“
A
re
v
i
e
w
o
n
th
e
e
ffe
c
t
s
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
CM
OS
a
n
d
C
P
L
lo
g
ic
st
y
le
o
n
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
sp
e
e
d
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
d
issip
a
ti
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
8
IE
EE
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
Ko
lka
ta
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
EDKCON
,
p
p
.
3
3
2
-
3
3
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
EDKCO
N.2
0
1
8
.
8
7
7
0
5
0
6
.
[1
7
]
Ch
ip
-
Ho
n
g
Ch
a
n
g
,
Jia
n
g
m
in
G
u
,
M
in
g
y
a
n
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
Ultra
lo
w
-
v
o
l
tag
e
lo
w
-
p
o
w
e
r
CM
OS
4
-
2
a
n
d
5
-
2
c
o
m
p
re
ss
o
rs
f
o
r
f
a
st
a
rit
h
m
e
ti
c
c
ircu
it
s,”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
I:
Reg
u
la
r
P
a
p
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
5
1
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
9
8
5
-
1
9
9
7
,
Oc
t
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
CS
I.
2
0
0
4
.
8
3
5
6
8
3
.
[1
8
]
I.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
M
.
Ku
m
a
r,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
3
-
2
c
o
m
p
re
ss
o
r
b
y
u
sin
g
im
p
ro
v
e
d
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Active
a
n
d
Pa
ss
ive
El
e
c
tro
n
ic De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
-
1
8
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
R.
Nirlak
a
ll
a
,
T
.
S
.
Ra
o
,
T
.
J.
P
ra
sa
d
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
sp
e
e
d
c
o
m
p
re
ss
o
rs
f
o
r
h
ig
h
sp
e
e
d
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
rs,”
S
e
rb
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
9
3
-
3
0
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
0
]
I.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
S
.
Ch
a
u
d
h
u
ry
,
“
A
n
e
w
4
-
2
c
o
m
p
re
ss
o
r
f
o
r
V
L
S
I
Circu
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Fro
n
ti
e
r
s i
n
S
m
a
rt S
y
ste
m T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
FS
S
T
,
p
p
.
4
0
9
-
4
1
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
M
.
Do
r
o
jev
e
ts,
A
.
K.
Ka
sp
e
re
k
,
N.
Yo
sh
ik
a
w
a
,
A
.
F
u
ji
m
a
k
i,
“
2
0
-
G
H
z
8
x
8
-
b
it
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
c
a
rry
-
sa
v
e
p
i
p
e
li
n
e
d
RS
F
Q
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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a
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.
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(P
G
)
sc
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lars
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.