Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
R
obot
ic
s
and
Autom
ati
on (I
JRA)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
em
ber
201
9
, p
p.
164
~
173
IS
S
N:
20
89
-
4856
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
i
jra
.
v
8
i
3
.
pp
164
-
173
164
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
escore.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJRA
Des
i
gn o
f POD
contr
oller
using li
near qua
dratic
regulator
tec
niq
ue
s for SM
IB powe
r system
stability
enh
ance
ment
installed
with UPF
C
Br
ijesh K
umar
D
u
bey
1
,
N.
K.
Sin
gh
2
1
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
&
Ele
ct
roni
cs
Engi
n
eering
,
Pranv
ee
r
Si
ngh
Instit
u
te
of
Te
chno
log
y
,
Ka
npur,
Indi
a
2
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
RVIT
Bij
nor
,
Bi
jnor, India
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
30
, 201
8
Re
vised
Jun
1
,
201
9
Accepte
d
J
un
15
, 201
9
In
the
fi
el
d
of
t
he
power
s
y
st
e
m
stabi
li
t
y
,
thi
s
pape
r
pre
sen
ts
the
cur
r
ent
rese
arc
h
stat
us
a
nd
deve
lopment
s.
Thi
s
pap
er
pre
sents
a
s
y
st
ematic
appr
o
ach
for
designi
ng
Pow
er
Os
ci
llati
o
n
Dam
ping
Con
trol
ler
(PO
D)
b
ase
d
L
inear
Quadra
tic
Regulator
T
ec
hniqu
es
for
SM
IB
pow
er
s
y
stem
stabili
t
y
insta
l
le
d
with
UP
FC
to
damp
out
low
fre
quency
osc
il
l
at
ions
in
a
po
wer
s
y
s
te
m
.
The
impact
s
of
cont
rol
strateg
y
on
power
s
y
s
tem
single
m
ac
h
in
e
inf
ini
t
e
bus
insta
lled
wi
th
U
PF
C,
without
UP
FC
and
with
U
PF
C
and
PO
D
c
ontrol
ler
at
di
ffe
ren
t
oper
a
ting
cond
it
ions
ar
e
d
iscussed.
Th
e
a
cc
ur
acy
of
th
e
dev
el
oped
m
odel
s
is
ver
if
i
ed
through
compari
ng
the
stud
y
result
s
wi
th
tho
se
obtaine
d
from
det
ailed
MA
TL
AB program
m
ing.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
FA
CTs
LQR
Power
os
ci
ll
at
ion
dam
pi
ng
con
t
ro
ll
er
Sm
a
ll
sign
al
st
abili
ty
UP
FC
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Brijes
h Ku
m
ar Dub
ey
,
Ele
ct
r
ic
al
&
El
ect
ronics E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Pr
a
nv
ee
r
Si
ngh I
ns
ti
tute o
f
Te
chnolo
gy,
Kanp
ur, In
dia
.
Em
a
il
:
br
ijesh8
0d@r
e
dif
fm
ai
l
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
To
day’s
po
wer
syst
em
,
com
pr
isi
ng
of
gen
e
r
at
or
,
tra
ns
m
iss
ion
li
nes
an
d
diff
e
re
nt
ty
pes
of
loa
ds
is
a
com
plex
net
work.
As
the
powe
r
dem
and
increase
so
m
e
t
ran
sm
issi
on
li
ne
is
m
or
e
loa
de
d
tha
n
was
pl
ann
e
d.
In
orde
r
to
m
eet
the
gro
wing
powe
r
de
m
and
,
util
it
ie
s
have
an
inte
rest
in
bette
r
util
iz
at
i
on
of
a
vaila
ble
powe
r
syst
e
m
capaci
ti
es,
existi
ng
ge
ner
at
io
n
a
n
d
existi
ng
po
wer
transm
issi
on
netw
ork,
inste
ad
of
buil
ding
ne
w
transm
issi
on
li
nes
a
nd
ex
pa
ndin
g
s
ubsta
ti
on
s.
The
m
ai
n
dr
a
w
back
of
t
he
power
syst
e
m
is
deterio
r
at
ing
vo
lt
age
prof
il
e
s
an
d
dec
reasi
ng
syst
em
sta
bili
t
y
and
sec
uri
ty
;
the
m
a
in
c
ause
of
t
his
drawb
a
c
ks
are
due
t
o
the
overlo
ade
d
of
the
po
w
er
flo
w
in
tra
ns
m
issi
on
li
nes
of
powe
r
syst
e
m
.
In
ad
diti
on
,
e
xisti
ng
a
ncien
t
transm
issi
on
f
aci
li
ti
es,
in
m
os
t
cases
,
a
re
no
t
desi
gned
to
ha
nd
le
the
c
on
t
ro
l
re
qu
i
re
m
ents
of
c
omplex
an
d
highly
interco
nn
ect
e
d
po
wer
sys
tem
s.
This
ov
e
rall
scen
ario
f
orce
us
to
rev
ie
w
of
ancient
tra
ns
m
issi
on
m
et
ho
ds
a
nd
pract
ic
es,
a
nd
t
he
creati
on
of
new
c
oncepts,
wh
ic
h
m
igh
t
a
ll
ow
t
he
use
of
e
xisti
ng
ge
ne
rati
on
and
tra
ns
m
issio
n
li
nes
up
to
their
fu
ll
ca
pa
bili
ti
es
without
re
duct
ion
in
syst
e
m
sta
bili
ty
and
sec
ur
i
ty
[1]
.
The
m
ai
n
par
a
m
et
ers
wh
ic
h
a
re
res
ponsi
ble
to
dete
rm
ine
the
transm
it
te
d
el
ect
rical
power
over
a
li
ne
a
re
li
ne
i
m
ped
ance
,
t
he
recei
ving
a
nd
sen
ding
en
ds
vo
lt
ages
,
an
d
phase
an
gle
betwee
n
t
he
volt
ages.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
by
con
t
ro
ll
in
g,
on
e
or
m
or
e
of
the
tra
ns
m
it
ted
powe
r
facto
rs;
it
is
possi
bl
e
to
c
ontr
ol
t
he
act
iv
e
as
well
as
the r
eact
ive
po
wer flo
w o
ver
a li
ne.
Sm
al
l
-
sign
al
sta
bili
ty
is the a
bili
ty
o
f
t
he
syst
em
to
re
tur
n
in
a
norm
a
l
.
O
pe
rati
ng
sta
te
fo
ll
owin
g
a
s
m
al
l
distur
bance.
I
nvest
igati
ons
in
vo
l
ving
th
is
sta
bili
ty
con
cept
usual
ly
involve
th
e
an
al
ysi
s
of
the
li
near
iz
e
d
sta
te
sp
ace
e
qu
at
io
ns
that
def
i
ne
th
e
powe
r
syst
em
dynam
ic
s.
To
dam
p
ou
t
the
lo
w
po
wer
os
ci
ll
at
ion
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
a
nd
increase
syst
e
m
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
sta
bili
ty
,
the
insta
ll
at
ion
of
Power
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
R
ob
&
A
uto
m
IS
S
N:
20
89
-
4856
Desig
n of P
O
D
c
on
tr
oller u
s
ing
li
ne
ar q
ua
dr
atic re
gulato
r tecniq
ues
f
or
…
(
Brij
esh
Ku
ma
r
Du
bey
)
165
Syst
e
m
Stabil
i
zer
(
PSS
)
is
both
ec
onom
ic
a
l
and
ef
fecti
ve
[2]
.
Re
centl
y
app
ea
re
d
F
ACTS
(F
le
xi
bl
e
AC
Transm
issi
on
Syst
e
m
)
-
base
d
sta
bili
zer
off
er
an
al
te
rn
at
i
ve
way
in
da
m
pin
g
powe
r
syst
e
m
os
ci
llati
on
.
The
pr
im
ary
functi
on
of
t
he
F
ACTS
c
ontr
ollers
is
not
only
it
Dam
pin
g
D
ut
y,
bu
t
al
s
o
t
o
i
ncr
ease
the
ov
erall
powe
r
syst
em
os
ci
ll
at
ion
dam
ping c
har
act
e
risti
cs
[3]
.
Ma
ny
researc
her
s
ha
ve
pre
sented
dynam
i
c
m
od
el
s
of
UP
FC
[
4
,
5
-
14
]
.
A
m
od
ifie
d
li
near
ise
d
Ph
il
li
ps
-
Heffr
on
m
od
el
of
a
powe
r
syst
em
instal
le
d
with
UP
FC
ha
ve
pr
ese
nted
by
W
a
ng
[
4
,
1
3
-
14
].
The
ob
j
ect
ive
of
this
pa
pe
r
is
to
de
sig
n
a
U
PFC
base
d
Power
O
sci
ll
at
ion
Dam
pin
g
(
P
OD)
c
ontr
oller
to
dam
p
the
lo
w
fr
e
que
ncy
el
ect
ro
m
echan
ic
al
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
ove
r
wid
e
r
a
ng
e
of
opera
ti
ng
c
onditi
ons
[
4]
.
T
he
proce
dure
to ach
ie
ve
t
he pape
r o
bj
ect
ive
is as
fo
ll
ows:
−
The
m
od
el
(Phil
li
ps
–
Heffr
on)
of
t
he
si
ng
l
e
m
achine
infi
nite
bus
(S
M
I
B)
po
wer
syst
e
m
instal
le
d
w
it
h
UP
FC is
obtai
ned b
y l
inea
ris
ing
t
he non
-
li
ne
ar e
qu
at
io
ns
a
rou
nd
a
no
m
inal op
e
rati
ng
point
[4
]
.
−
To pr
e
sent syst
e
m
at
ic
ap
proac
h for
desig
ning
U
P
FC b
a
sed
pow
e
r oscil
la
ti
on
dam
pin
g
c
ontrolle
r.
−
Desig
n
a
P
OD
con
t
ro
ll
er
us
i
ng
LQR
te
ch
ni
qu
e
w
hich
places
the
ei
ge
nval
ue
co
rr
es
pondin
g
to
m
od
e
of
os
ci
ll
at
ion
at
de
sired
l
ocati
on
s
uc
h
that ei
genvalues
g
et
plac
ed wit
hin
a
ver
ti
cal
d
egr
ee
of
sta
bili
ty
.
−
To dem
on
strat
e the e
ff
ect
ive
ness of t
he
d
esi
gn
e
d PO
D
c
on
trolle
r unde
r diffe
ren
t c
ontroll
ing
pa
ram
et
er.
2.
INV
E
STIG
A
TE
D
S
YS
TE
M
Figure
1
sho
ws
a
sin
gle
m
achine
in
fini
te
bus
powe
r
syst
e
m
instal
l
ed
with
unifie
d
powe
r
flo
w
con
t
ro
ll
er
bet
ween
bu
s
A
a
nd
bu
s
B
on
t
he
tr
ansm
issi
on
li
ne
,
w
hich
consi
sts
of
an
excit
at
ion
t
ransform
er
(ET),
a
bo
os
ti
ng
tra
nsfo
rm
er
(
BT),
t
wo
th
ree
-
phase
GT
O
ba
sed
volt
age
s
ource
c
onve
rte
rs
(VSC’s
),
a
dc
li
nk
capaci
tor
a
nd
base
d
on
pulse
wi
dth
m
od
ula
ti
on
c
onve
rters
(as
su
m
ed)
.
T
he
syst
e
m
para
m
et
ers
are
gi
ven
in
Appe
nd
i
x
-
A.
V
t
I
t
V
E
t
X
t
E
I
B
X
b
V
B
t
V
B
X
e
E
T
I
i
V
S
C
-
E
C
d
c
V
S
C
-
B
B
T
X
B
v
m
e
δ
e
m
b
δ
b
I
0
I
E
t
q
E
B
U
S
A
B
U
S
B
Figure
1.
U
PF
C i
ns
ta
ll
ed
in
S
MIB p
ow
e
r
sy
stem
3.
UN
I
FIED
PO
WER FL
OW
CONTR
OLL
ER
The
dc
li
nk
pr
ov
i
des
a
bi
-
dir
ect
ion
al
pat
h
to
exc
ha
nge
act
ive
pow
er
bet
ween
t
he
c
onve
rters,
c
ouple
d
a
sta
ti
c
synch
r
onous
c
om
pensat
or
a
nd
sta
ti
c
sync
hrono
us
series
c
om
pensat
or
.
m
e,
m
b
,
δe
,
δ
b
a
re
t
he
input
con
t
ro
l
pa
ram
e
te
r
of
t
he
UPF
C.
Her
e
m
e
is
a
m
plit
ud
e
m
od
ulati
on
rati
o
of
sh
unt
V
SC
-
E,
δe
is
p
has
e
an
gle
of
sh
unt
VS
C
-
E
,
m
b
is
a
m
pli
tud
e
m
od
ulati
on
rati
o
of
se
ries
VS
C
-
B
a
nd
δ
b
re
presents
phase
a
ng
le
of
series
VS
C
-
B
[
15,
16
]
.
P
ower
sys
tem
wh
ic
h
c
om
pr
ise
s
a
syn
chro
nous
ge
ne
rator
c
onnecte
d
t
o
a
n
infi
nite
bus
thr
ough
a
tra
nsm
issi
on
li
ne
and
ste
ppi
ng
u
p
tra
ns
f
orm
e
r.
The
gen
e
rat
or
is
ass
um
ed
to
ha
ve
A
utom
at
i
c
Vo
lt
age
Re
gu
l
at
or
(
AV
R
)
co
ntr
olli
ng
it
s
te
rm
inal
vo
lt
age
.
T
he
U
PFC
is
use
d
in
t
his
s
tud
y
t
o
just
an
al
yz
e
the
pur
pose
of
po
wer
syst
e
m
sta
bili
t
y
and
it
s
cha
racteri
sti
cs.
The
U
PFC
can
fu
l
fill
m
ulti
ple
con
tr
ol
obj
ect
ives
.
4.
MO
DIFIE
D
P
HILL
IPS
-
HE
FFRO
N MO
D
EL
OF A S
MI
B SYS
TE
M WIT
H
UPF
C
Fig
ure
2
sho
ws
the
Mod
i
fied
Ph
il
li
ps
-
Heffr
on
m
od
el
of
p
ower
syst
em
instal
le
d
with
UPFC
,
de
velo
pe
d
by
Wang
[
4
]
with
t
he
m
od
if
ic
at
ion
of
the
basic
P
hill
ips
-
Heffr
on
m
od
el
inclu
ding
U
P
FC.
Aro
und
a
no
m
inal
op
e
rati
ng
po
i
nt,
by li
nea
risin
g t
he nonli
nea
r m
od
el
, th
is m
od
el
h
a
s
been de
velo
ped.
The
pa
ram
et
ers
of
th
e
m
od
el
dep
e
nd
on
th
e
syst
e
m
par
am
et
ers
and
the
op
e
rati
ng
co
ndit
ion
.
I
n
this
m
od
el
[
Δu] i
s the c
olu
m
n
vect
or whil
e [
W
pu
]
, [W
qu
]
, [
W
vu
]
a
nd [W
cu
]
are
t
he
row vect
or
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2089
-
4856
I
nt
J
R
ob &
A
uto
m
,
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
20
19
:
164
–
173
166
Wh
e
re,
[Δu
]
=
[Δm
e
Δδ
e
Δm
b
Δδ
b
]
T
[W
pu
]
=
[
W
pe
W
pde
W
pb
W
pdb
]
W
qu
]
= [W
qe
W
qde
W
qb
W
qdb
]
[W
vu
]
=
[
W
ve
W
vde
W
vb
W
vdb
]
[W
cu
]
=
[
W
ce
W
cde
W
cb
W
cdb
]
The
c
ontrol
pa
ram
et
ers
of
th
e
U
P
FC are
,
−
m
b
–
pu
lse
wi
dth
m
odulati
on
ind
e
x
of
series
in
ver
te
r
.
The
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
series
i
nj
ect
e
d
volt
age
can
be
con
t
ro
ll
ed
b
y c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
m
b
.
−
δb
–
P
hase a
ngle
of se
ries in
ve
rter. δ
b wh
e
n
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
r
es
ults in t
he
real
po
wer exc
ha
ng
e
.
−
me
–
pu
lse
wi
dth
m
od
ulati
on
i
nd
e
x
of
shu
nt
inv
e
rter.
By
co
ntr
olli
ng
m
e,
the
vo
lt
age
at
a
bu
s
w
he
re
U
P
FC
is i
ns
ta
ll
ed,
is
con
t
ro
ll
ed
th
rough react
ive
powe
r
c
om
pen
s
at
ion
.
−
δe
–
P
hase
angl
e of the
shu
nt inv
e
rter,
which
regulat
es the
dc v
oltage at
dc l
ink
.
-
1
(
s
M
+
D
)
ω
0
s
Δ
ω
W
1
W
4
W
5
-
W
2
W
6
-
E
x
(
s
)
1
(
W
3
+
s
T
d
0
)
W
p
u
W
8
W
q
u
W
q
d
W
v
u
W
v
d
W
p
d
-
W
c
u
1
(
W
9
+
s
)
W
7
Δ
δ
Δ
E
f
d
Δ
u
Δ
u
Δ
E
’
q
Δ
V
d
c
Δ
u
Figure
2.
Mo
dified
Ph
il
li
ps
-
H
effron m
od
el
of
power sy
ste
m
instal
le
d wit
h UPFC
5.
MO
DEL A
N
ALYSIS
The
c
on
sta
nt
par
am
et
ers
of
the
m
od
el
com
pu
te
d
f
or
no
m
inal
op
e
ra
ti
ng
co
ndit
ion
and
syst
e
m
par
am
et
ers
are
.
W1 =
0.137
2
Wpb
=
0.07
15
W
pde
=
-
0.2
514
W
2
=
0.4
350
W
qb
=
-
0.0
223
W
qde
=
-
0.2
24
3
W
3
=
0.4
727
W
vb
=
0.014
5
W
vde
=
0.078
2
W
4
=
0.0
598
W
pe
=
0.786
0
W
cb
=
0.176
3
W
5
=
-
0.0
159
W
qe
=
-
0.2
451
W
ce
=
0.0
018
W
6
=
0.5
092
W
ve
=
0.159
7
W
cdb
=
37.73
06
W
7
=
80.
9318
W
pdb
=
-
0.0
229
W
cde
=
77.29
52
W
8
=
21.
0677
W
qdb
=
-
0.0
20
4
W
pd
=
0.428
7
W
9
=
40.
6634
W
vdb
=
0.006
1
W
qd
=
-
0.1
337
W
vd
= 0.0
871
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
R
ob
&
A
uto
m
IS
S
N:
20
89
-
4856
Desig
n of P
O
D
c
on
tr
oller u
s
ing
li
ne
ar q
ua
dr
atic re
gulato
r tecniq
ues
f
or
…
(
Brij
esh
Ku
ma
r
Du
bey
)
167
6.
DESIG
N OF
POD
CONT
R
OLL
ER (
LI
N
EAR QU
A
DRATIC
R
EG
U
LATOR
TE
C
HNIQUE
)
In
Fig
ure
3
is
gen
e
rali
zed
Di
agr
am
of
P
O
D
Co
ntr
oller.
T
he
li
nea
rized
s
ta
te
-
sp
ace
m
odel
of
SM
IB
powe
r
syst
em
i
s obtai
ne
d by phil
li
p
-
he
ffron
s
m
od
el
as expr
e
ssed by
(1)
,
̇
=
+
(1)
Wh
e
re
A
a
nd
B
are
th
e
m
at
r
ic
es
of
the
syst
e
m
and
i
nput
r
especti
vely
.
X
is
the
syst
em
sta
te
vector,
and
U
is
the
i
nput
sta
te
vecto
r.
T
he
m
at
rices
A
a
nd
B
are
c
on
sta
nt
un
der
the
ass
um
ption
of
syst
e
m
li
near
it
y.
Determ
ine
the
m
at
rix
K
of
the
LQR
ve
ct
or
,
that
is,
i
f
we
set
u(t
)
=
-
Kx(t),
s
o
i
n
orde
r
to
de
te
rm
ine
the p
e
rfo
rm
ance ind
e
x
(
2)
[
1
7],
[
1
8]
.
(
)
0
TT
J
x
Q
x
u
R
u
d
t
=+
(2)
In
a
s
sho
wn
in
(
48)
the
sec
ond
te
rm
on
the
r
igh
t
side
acco
unts
for
t
he
ex
pe
nd
it
ure
of
t
he
ene
r
gy
on
the
c
ontrol
ef
f
or
ts.
T
he
m
at
ri
x
Q
a
nd
R
dete
rm
ine
the
relat
ive
im
po
rta
nce
of
the
e
r
r
or
a
nd
t
he
ex
pe
nd
it
ur
e
of
this ene
rg
y.
T
he
as s
how
n
in
(
48)
ca
n be
rewrit
e as
(
3)
(
)
00
()
T
T
T
T
T
J
x
Q
x
x
K
R
K
x
d
t
x
Q
K
K
R
x
d
t
=
+
=
+
(3)
Fo
r
s
olv
in
g
t
he
p
a
ram
et
er
-
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
p
r
oblem
, s
et
the e
quat
ion
as
sho
wn in (4
-
5)
(
)
(
)
T
T
T
d
x
Q
K
RK
x
x
Px
dt
+
=
−
(4)
()
[
(
)
(
)
]
T
T
T
T
TT
x
Q
K
R
K
x
x
P
x
x
P
x
x
A
B
K
P
P
A
B
K
x
+
=
−
−
=
−
−
+
−
(5)
C
om
par
ing
both si
des of t
he
a
s sho
wn in
(5)
and this e
quat
ion m
us
t ho
l
d
tr
ue fo
r
a
ny x,
(6)
(
)
(
)
(
)
TT
A
B
K
P
P
A
B
K
Q
K
R
K
−
+
−
=
−
+
(6)
Since
R
is
a
posit
ive
-
def
i
nite
He
rm
i
ti
an
or
real
sym
m
et
ric
m
at
rix
(assu
m
e)
,
t
hen
w
rite
i
t,
(R=T
T
T
)
wh
e
re T
is a
nons
i
ngular
m
atr
ix,
and
(7)
11
[
(
)
]
0
T
T
T
T
A
P
P
A
T
K
T
B
P
P
B
R
B
P
Q
−−
+
+
−
−
+
=
(7)
The
m
ini
m
iz
a
tio
n o
f
J
w
it
h re
sp
ect
to
K re
quires the m
ini
m
i
zat
ion
of
(
8)
11
[
(
)
]
[
(
)
]
T
T
T
T
T
T
x
T
K
T
B
P
T
K
T
B
P
x
−−
−−
(8
)
A
s s
how
n
i
n
(8)
is
nonnegati
ve
, th
e m
ini
m
um
o
ccur
s
wh
e
n i
t i
s zero,
or when
(9
-
10)
1
()
TT
T
K
T
B
P
−
=
(9)
1
1
1
()
T
T
T
K
T
T
B
P
R
B
P
−
−
−
==
(10)
Th
us
a c
ontr
ol
la
w
i
s
(
11)
1
(
)
(
)
(
)
T
u
t
K
x
t
R
B
P
x
t
−
=
−
=
−
(11)
I
n w
hich
P
m
us
t sat
isfy t
he re
du
ce
d
Ri
ccat
i
equ
at
io
n
(
12)
A
T
P+P
A
-
PBR
-
1
B
T
P+Q=0
(12)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2089
-
4856
I
nt
J
R
ob &
A
uto
m
,
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
20
19
:
164
–
173
168
St
eps
for c
ont
rolle
r desig
n
−
Re
qu
ire
d data
–
A,
B,
Q, R a
nd
N
m
at
rix
−
Data f
or
cal
cul
at
ion
-
K
m
at
rix,
P
m
at
rix
an
d
ei
genvalue
“e”
−
Set N m
at
rix
is zer
o
−
Q
a
nd R are
th
e posit
ive
def
i
nite real
sym
m
et
ric m
a
trix.
−
Ca
lc
ulate
the P m
a
trix w
it
h t
he
h
el
p o
f
t
he
R
ic
cat
i
equ
at
io
n
(12)
−
Find the
valu
e
of K
m
at
rix
f
rom
the equat
io
n (
10)
U
P
F
C
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
P
O
D
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
y
(
t
)
u
(
t
)
-
x
(
t
)
u
i
n
(
t
)
u
o
P
O
D
(
t
)
Figure
3.
Ge
ne
rali
zed
diag
ra
m
o
f
POD
c
ont
ro
ll
er
7.
SIMULATI
O
N
RES
ULTS
UNDER
DI
FFERENT
S
YS
TE
M
S
A
N
D
AT
VARI
OUS
LO
A
DI
NG
CONDITI
ONS
The pr
opos
e
d m
od
el
o
f
UPF
C i
n
sing
le
m
a
chine
in
finite
bus
po
wer
syst
e
m
F
igu
re
1
ha
s
b
een
us
e
d
in
order
to
st
ud
y
the
dam
pin
g
perform
ance.
To
stu
dy
t
he
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
pro
po
se
d
c
on
t
ro
ll
er,
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
unde
r
diff
e
re
nt
syst
em
con
diti
on
s
and
at
va
rio
us
loadi
ng
c
ondi
ti
on
s
i.e.
at
no
rm
al
op
erati
ng
point
corres
pondin
g
to
li
n
e
loa
ding
of
1.0
pu
a
nd
at
20
per
ce
nt
decr
ease
an
d
i
ncr
ease
in
li
ne
loadi
ng
are
s
how
n.
It
ca
n
be
rea
di
ly
seen
that
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
co
ntr
oller
perf
orm
s
bette
r
in
te
rm
s
of
re
duct
ion
of
ov
e
rs
hoot
a
nd
set
tl
ing
ti
m
e
t
han
syst
em
without
UP
FC
a
nd
syst
em
with
UPFC
o
nly.
Si
m
ulati
on
res
ults
wit
h
var
ia
ti
on
i
n
syst
e
m
-
sta
te
, roto
r
a
ng
le
(δ)
of g
e
ner
at
or is
on
ly
c
onsidere
d.
In
Fi
gure
4
is
v
ariat
io
n
in
de
lt
a
with
UP
F
C,
with
ou
t
U
P
FC
and
with
POD
co
ntr
oller
of
unsta
ble
(D
=
0)
syst
em
at
no
m
inal
loading
(
1.0
pu)
.
In
Fig
ur
e
5
is
v
ariat
io
n
in
de
lt
a
with
U
PFC
,
with
out
U
PF
C
and
with
P
OD
co
nt
ro
ll
er
of
unsta
ble
(
D=0)
sy
stem
at
20
pe
r
cent
dec
rease
in
loa
ding
(
0.8
pu
).
In
Fig
ure
6
is
v
ariat
io
n
in
del
ta
with
U
PFC,
without
U
PFC
and
with
POD
con
t
ro
ll
er
of
unsta
ble
(D
=
0)
syst
e
m
at
20
pe
rcen
t
increase li
ne
lo
adin
g (1.2
pu).
In
Fi
gure
7
is
v
ariat
io
n
i
n
del
ta
with
out
UPFC
,
with
U
PF
C
an
d
with
POD
c
ontr
oller
of
wea
k
(
D=
4)
syst
e
m
at
no
m
i
nal
li
ne
l
oad
i
ng
(1.0
pu
).
In
F
igure
8
is
Va
riat
ion
i
n
delta
with
UP
FC
,
without
U
PFC
a
nd
with
POD
c
on
tr
oller
of
w
eak
(
D=
4)
syst
e
m
at
20
per
ce
nt
inc
re
ase
li
ne
loa
ding
(
1.2
pu).
I
n
Figure
9
is
v
ar
ia
ti
on
i
n
delta
with
UPFC
,
with
out
U
PFC
an
d
with
POD
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
of
str
onge
r
(D
=
8)
syst
em
at
no
m
inal
loading
(1.0
pu
).
I
n
Fi
gure
10
is
v
a
r
ia
ti
on
in
de
lt
a
with
U
PFC,
without
UPFC
an
d
with
P
O
D
c
ontrolle
r
of
str
ong
(D
=
8) syst
em
at
2
0 pe
rce
nt decrease l
ine
lo
adin
g (0.8
pu)
.
Figure
4
.
Va
riat
ion
in
d
el
ta
of
un
sta
ble (D=
0) syst
e
m
at no
m
inal l
oad
i
ng (1.
0 pu)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
l
t
a
o
f
S
M
I
B
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
,
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
U
P
F
C
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
(
s
e
c
)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
R
ob
&
A
uto
m
IS
S
N:
20
89
-
4856
Desig
n of P
O
D
c
on
tr
oller u
s
ing
li
ne
ar q
ua
dr
atic re
gulato
r tecniq
ues
f
or
…
(
Brij
esh
Ku
ma
r
Du
bey
)
169
In
Fig
ure
11
i
s
v
a
riat
ion
in
delta
with
U
P
FC,
without
U
PFC
a
nd
wit
h
PO
D
co
ntr
oller
of
str
ong
(D
=
8)
syst
em
at
20
per
ce
nt
i
ncr
ease
li
ne
l
oa
ding
(1.2
pu).
I
n
Fig
ur
e
12
is
v
a
riat
ion
in
delta
with
UP
FC,
without
U
PFC
and
with
P
O
D
co
ntr
oller
of
wea
k
(
D=
4)
syst
e
m
witho
ut
any
li
ne
load
ing
.
In
Fig
ur
e
13
is
v
ariat
io
n
in
de
lt
a
with
UPF
C
,
with
ou
t
U
PFC
an
d
with
POD
co
ntr
ol
le
r
for
m
od
ul
at
ion
in
de
x
of
bo
t
h
conve
rters
0.6.
In
Fig
ur
e
14
i
s
v
ariat
io
n
in
de
lt
a
with
UP
F
C,
with
ou
t
UPFC
an
d
with
P
OD
c
ontr
oller
for
both
conve
rters
pha
se an
gle
0.6.
Figure
5
.
Va
riat
ion
in
d
el
ta
of
un
sta
ble (D=
0) syst
e
m
at 20
pe
rcen
t
dec
rease
in
loa
ding
(
0.8
pu)
Figure
6
.
Va
riat
ion
in
d
el
ta
of
un
sta
ble (D=
0) syst
e
m
at 20p
ercent i
ncr
ease
li
ne
loa
ding
(1.2
pu)
Figure
7
.
Va
riat
ion
in
d
el
ta
of
weak (
D=
4)
syst
e
m
at no
m
inal l
ine loa
ding (1.
0
pu)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
l
t
a
o
f
S
M
I
B
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
,
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
U
P
F
C
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
(
s
e
c
)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
l
t
a
o
f
S
M
I
B
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
,
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
U
P
F
C
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
(
s
e
c
)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
l
t
a
o
f
S
M
I
B
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
,
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
U
P
F
C
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
(
s
e
c
)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2089
-
4856
I
nt
J
R
ob &
A
uto
m
,
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
20
19
:
164
–
173
170
Figure
8
.
Va
riat
ion
in
d
el
ta
of
weak (
D=
4)
syst
e
m
at 20
pe
rc
ent inc
rease li
ne
load
i
ng (1.
2
pu)
Figure
9
.
Va
riat
ion
in
d
el
ta
of
stronge
r (D=
8)
syst
e
m
at no
m
inal l
oad
i
ng (1.
0 pu)
Figur
e
10
.
Var
i
at
ion
in
d
el
ta
of str
ong (
D=8)
syst
e
m
at 20
pe
rcen
t
dec
rease
li
ne
loa
ding
(0.8
pu)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
l
t
a
o
f
S
M
I
B
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
,
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
U
P
F
C
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
(
s
e
c
)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
l
t
a
o
f
S
M
I
B
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
,
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
U
P
F
C
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
(
s
e
c
)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
l
t
a
o
f
S
M
I
B
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
,
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
U
P
F
C
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
(
s
e
c
)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
R
ob
&
A
uto
m
IS
S
N:
20
89
-
4856
Desig
n of P
O
D
c
on
tr
oller u
s
ing
li
ne
ar q
ua
dr
atic re
gulato
r tecniq
ues
f
or
…
(
Brij
esh
Ku
ma
r
Du
bey
)
171
Figure
11
.
Var
i
at
ion
in
d
el
ta
of str
ong (
D=8)
syst
e
m
at 20
pe
rcen
t i
ncr
ease
li
ne
loa
ding
(1.2
pu)
Figure
12
.
Var
i
at
ion
in
d
el
ta
of we
ak
(D=4
)
s
yst
e
m
w
it
ho
ut
any li
ne
lo
adi
ng
Figure
13
.
Var
i
at
ion
in
delta
f
or m
od
ulati
on
ind
e
x of b
oth c
onve
rters
0.6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
l
t
a
o
f
S
M
I
B
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
,
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
U
P
F
C
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
(
s
e
c
)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
l
t
a
o
f
S
M
I
B
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
,
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
U
P
F
C
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
(
s
e
c
)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
V
a
r
i
a
t
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d
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w
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P
F
C
,
w
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U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
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c
o
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t
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P
F
C
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w
i
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U
P
F
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2089
-
4856
I
nt
J
R
ob &
A
uto
m
,
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
20
19
:
164
–
173
172
Figu
re
14
.
Var
i
at
ion
in
d
el
ta
f
or both
con
ver
t
ers ph
a
se a
ng
le
0
.
6
8.
EIGE
N VA
L
UE AN
ALY
SI
S
Eigen
val
ues
w
it
h
UPFC
P
OD
co
ntr
oller for
weak st
able
S
MIB
syst
em
as
shown i
n
Ta
bl
e 1
.
Table
1.
Ei
ge
n
values
with
UP
FC POD c
ontr
ol
le
r
f
or
weak
sta
ble SMIB
s
yst
e
m
(P
F=.
85, ME
=
.5
,
ΔE =.
5, MB
=.5, ΔB
=.
5)
Co
n
troller
Da
m
p
in
g
con
stan
t
(
D)
Sy
ste
m
witho
u
t U
PFC
Sy
ste
m
with
UPFC o
n
ly
Sy
ste
m
with
UPF
C
co
n
troller
D =
0
-
9
8
.73
0
9
0
.02
2
4
+
5
.6180
i
0
.02
2
4
-
5
.61
8
0
i
-
1
.66
6
3
0
-
1
0
2
.18
-
3
3
.02
-
1
.26
+
4
.63
i
-
1
.26
–
4
.63
i
-
3
.35
-
1
0
2
.18
-
3
3
.02
-
3
.79
+
4
.63
i
-
3
.79
–
4
.63
i
-
3
.35
D =
4
-
9
8
.73
0
9
-
0
.22
7
0
+
5
.61
1
6
i
-
0
.22
7
0
-
5
.61
1
6
i
-
1
.66
7
4
0
-
1
0
2
.18
-
3
3
.04
-
1
.62
+
4
.70
i
-
1
.62
–
4
.70
i
-
3
.12
-
1
0
2
.18
-
3
3
.04
-
4
.86
+
4
.70
i
-
4
.86
–
4
.70
i
-
3
.12
D =
8
-
9
8
.73
0
9
-
0
.47
6
5
+5
9
3
9
i
-
0
.47
6
5
-
5
.5939
i
-
1
.66
8
6
0
-
1
0
2
.18
-
3
3
.05
-
1
.98
+
4
.78
i
-
1
.98
–
4
.78
i
-
0
.02
8
9
-
10218
-
3
3
.05
-
5
.95
+
4
.78
i
-
5
.95
–
4
.78
i
-
2
.89
9.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per,
the
po
wer
syst
e
m
low
fr
e
quen
cy
el
ect
ro
m
ech
anical
os
ci
ll
at
i
on
s
was
dam
ped
via
L
Q
R
te
chn
iq
ue
(
us
i
ng
M
ATL
AB
too
l)
based
POD
co
ntr
oller
w
hen
a
ppli
ed
in
dep
e
ndent
ly
with
UP
F
C
and
inv
est
igate
d
f
or
a
SM
IB
po
wer
syst
e
m
.
Fo
r
t
he
pro
po
se
d
c
on
tr
oller
de
sign
pro
blem
,
an
ei
genvalue
-
bas
e
d
obj
ect
ive
f
unct
ion
to
m
axi
m
i
ze
the
syst
em
dam
p
ing
rati
o
a
m
on
g
al
l
c
om
plex
ei
genva
lues
was
de
vel
op
e
d.
The
e
ff
ect
ive
ne
ss
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
c
ontr
oller
i
n
dam
pin
g
the
lo
w
fr
e
qu
ency
EM
m
ode
of
osc
il
la
ti
on
s
a
nd
hen
ce
im
pr
ov
i
ng po
wer sy
ste
m
d
yna
m
ic
sta
bili
ty
h
ave
bee
n verifie
d
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Yu Y.
N
.
,
“
Elec
t
ric
Pow
er
S
y
st
e
m
D
y
namics
,
”
A
ca
demic
Press
.
,
(
1983)
[2]
P.
M.
Anderson
and
Fouad
A
.
“
P
ower
Syste
m
Control
and
S
tabi
l
i
ty
,
”
I
EE
E
Press
.
[3]
La
rsen
E
.
V.
,
G
asc
a
J.
S.
,
and
Chow
J.
H
(1995),
“
Conce
pts
fo
r
Design
of
FACT
S
Controll
ers
to
Dam
p
Power
Swings
,
”
I
EEE
T
ran
s.
On P
ower
S
y
stem,
Vol
.
10
,
No.
2
,
pp
.
948
-
9
55,
1994
.
[4]
Sauer
P.
W
.
and
Pai
P.
W
.
,
“
Pow
er
s
y
s
te
m
D
y
na
m
ic
s a
nd
Stab
il
i
t
y
,
”
Pren
tice
H
al
l
,
1998
.
[5]
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S
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ste
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ci
ll
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”
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edi
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
l
t
a
o
f
S
M
I
B
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
U
P
F
C
,
w
i
t
h
U
P
F
C
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
U
P
F
C
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
(
s
e
c
)
M
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g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
w
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t
h
o
u
t
U
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U
P
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
R
ob
&
A
uto
m
IS
S
N:
20
89
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4856
Desig
n of P
O
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c
on
tr
oller u
s
ing
li
ne
ar q
ua
dr
atic re
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ues
f
or
…
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Brij
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Ku
ma
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Du
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”
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.