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De
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C
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tera
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m
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p
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Fu
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Al
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.
C
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p
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A
uth
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:
M.
J
alali
Var
n
a
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ti
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Dep
ar
t
m
en
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s
cien
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,
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m
ail;
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alali@
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
r
em
at
u
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
f
o
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f
i
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
l
u
tio
n
i
n
Ge
n
etic
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
G
As)
an
d
it
is
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
g
en
etic
d
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
.
I
f
t
h
e
d
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
lo
w
,
t
h
e
GA
w
ill
co
n
v
er
g
e
v
er
y
q
u
ick
l
y
[
1
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
if
th
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
to
o
h
ig
h
,
t
h
e
GA
w
i
ll
tak
e
s
a
lo
t
o
f
ti
m
e
to
co
n
v
er
g
e
an
d
t
h
is
m
a
y
ca
u
s
ed
w
asta
g
e
i
n
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
2
]
.
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
l
u
en
c
e
th
e
g
e
n
etic
d
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
n
a
m
el
y
,
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ize,
s
elec
t
io
n
m
e
ch
an
i
s
m
,
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
m
u
ta
tio
n
o
p
er
ato
r
s
as
w
ell
a
s
th
ei
r
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t s
tr
ateg
y
[
3
]
.
Fu
zz
y
L
o
g
ic
(
F
L
)
a
n
d
G
A
s
ca
n
b
e
m
er
g
ed
in
t
w
o
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ca
s
es:
(
i)
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
G
As
f
o
r
s
o
lv
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
w
it
h
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
(
ii)
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
to
o
ls
an
d
F
L
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
eli
n
g
a
n
d
ad
ap
t
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
G
A
s
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
G
A
i
s
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
eq
u
i
lib
r
iu
m
b
et
w
ee
n
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
.
E
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
in
G
As
m
ea
n
s
i
n
q
u
i
r
in
g
in
to
n
e
w
a
n
d
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
r
eg
io
n
i
n
a
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
w
h
ile
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
r
e
f
er
s
to
u
t
ilizatio
n
o
f
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
i
n
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
b
ett
er
s
it
u
atio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
[
4
,
5
]
.
E
s
tab
lis
h
i
n
g
a
s
u
itab
le
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
an
d
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
G
A
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
i
s
cr
itical
l
y
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
o
r
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
em
at
u
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
ti
lized
FL
b
y
w
it
h
p
ass
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
G
A
in
o
r
d
er
to
cr
ea
te
s
u
itab
le
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alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
[
6
,
7
].
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ar
e
to
estab
lis
h
a
n
d
as
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es
s
a
n
e
w
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
as
w
el
l
as
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
F
u
zz
y
L
o
g
ic
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
F
L
C
)
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
n
G
A
s
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
ar
e:
to
p
r
o
p
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a
n
e
w
tec
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e
f
o
r
ch
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o
s
in
g
m
ate
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
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r
in
g
s
ex
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lectio
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G
A
.
to
ass
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t
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d
iv
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it
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th
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p
o
p
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latio
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ased
o
n
its
p
h
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n
o
t
y
p
e
an
d
g
en
o
t
y
p
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
9
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I
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&
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to
m
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
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n
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2
0
1
9
:
113
–
1
2
4
114
to
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ea
liz
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a
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lab
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to
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tio
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ar
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ased
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alg
o
r
ith
m
s
i
n
g
en
er
ati
n
g
n
ea
r
-
o
p
tim
a
l so
lu
tio
n
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
O
F
F
U
Z
Z
Y
G
E
NE
T
I
C
A
L
G
O
RIT
H
M
A
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
c
r
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
m
u
ta
tio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
o
n
th
e
b
asi
s
o
f
Fu
zz
y
L
o
g
ic
(
FL
)
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
So
n
g
et
al
.
[
8
]
.
L
i
et
al
.
[
9
]
u
s
ed
f
u
zz
y
to
o
ls
in
GA
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
m
u
tatio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
eir
FG
A
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
w
h
o
le
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
.
W
an
g
[
10
]
d
es
ig
n
ed
a
FG
A
b
ased
o
n
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
d
iv
er
s
it
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
w
h
er
eb
y
t
h
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
as
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
m
u
tatio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies.
W
an
g
a
n
d
Ho
n
g
[
11
]
u
tili
ze
d
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
ical
l
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
m
u
tatio
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
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d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
An
ex
h
a
u
s
ti
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e
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n
al
y
s
is
o
f
f
u
zz
y
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
G
A
w
a
s
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Her
r
er
a
an
d
L
o
z
an
o
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
ey
d
ep
icted
th
e
s
ta
g
es
f
o
r
th
eir
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
tax
o
n
o
m
y
in
to
th
e
ir
f
u
zz
y
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
G
A
.
T
h
e
tax
o
n
o
m
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
co
n
s
tit
u
tes
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
t
wo
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
s
:
t
h
e
le
v
el
at
wh
ich
t
h
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
tak
es
p
lace
an
d
th
e
w
a
y
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
u
le
b
ases
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
tax
o
n
o
m
ies
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
s
o
m
e
f
u
zz
y
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
G
As.
I
n
an
o
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Her
r
er
a
an
d
L
o
za
n
o
[
5
]
,
a
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
t
h
e
m
u
tatio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
b
ased
o
n
a
u
ti
lizatio
n
o
f
F
L
C
s
w
as
s
u
g
g
es
ted
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
n
e
w
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
s
u
cc
e
s
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
m
u
t
atio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
w
a
s
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
G
A
o
v
er
th
e
last
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
Her
r
er
a
et
al.
[1
3
]
p
r
esen
ted
t
w
o
f
u
zz
y
to
o
ls
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
G
A
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
:
f
u
zz
y
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
es
a
n
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
n
ec
tiv
e
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
esi
g
n
cr
o
s
s
o
v
e
r
o
p
er
ato
r
f
o
r
r
ea
l
co
d
ed
GA
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
a
s
s
o
m
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
s
,
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
r
est:
I
n
ea
ch
g
e
n
er
at
io
n
m
in
i
m
u
m
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
th
e
s
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ea
ch
p
air
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
is
v
er
y
t
i
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
p
er
ato
r
s
th
at
r
ep
lace
s
a
m
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
g
e
n
e
s
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
w
as te
s
ted
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
n
u
m
b
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
it
w
as
n
o
t c
h
al
len
g
ed
s
e
r
io
u
s
l
y
.
L
ee
a
n
d
T
ak
ag
i
[
1
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
r
ate,
an
d
m
u
t
atio
n
r
ate.
T
h
ey
also
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
n
a
u
to
m
atic
f
u
zz
y
d
esi
g
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
wh
ich
w
as
b
ased
o
n
G
A
s
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
ad
t
w
o
m
aj
o
r
d
ef
ec
ts
:
On
l
y
p
h
e
n
o
t
y
p
e
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tic
u
s
ed
as t
h
e
in
p
u
t v
ar
iab
le.
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
m
eta
-
le
v
el
G
A
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
ar
a
m
eter
ized
G
A
i
s
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
all
y
e
x
p
en
s
i
v
e.
J
alali
an
d
L
ee
[
1
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
f
e
m
ale
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
e
x
u
al
se
lectio
n
in
a
G
A
.
A
b
i
-
li
n
ea
r
allo
ca
tio
n
li
f
eti
m
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
ed
to
lab
el
t
h
e
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
es
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
f
it
n
es
s
v
al
u
e
w
h
ich
w
ill
t
h
en
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
d
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
i
s
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
u
s
ed
b
y
J
af
ar
i
et
al.
[
1
6
]
f
o
r
C
o
m
m
ittee
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Als
o
in
an
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
k
J
alali
an
d
L
ee
[
17
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
f
u
zz
y
cr
o
s
s
o
v
e
r
o
p
er
at
o
r
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
.
Yan
d
an
d
J
i
n
[
1
8
]
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
F
G
A
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
ar
e
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
o
f
q
u
an
tu
m
b
i
t
s
en
co
d
ed
b
y
r
ea
l
d
ig
it.
Od
eh
et
al
[
16
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
h
y
b
r
id
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
h
at
co
m
b
i
n
es
Fu
zz
y
L
o
g
ic
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
FLC)
an
d
Gen
etic
A
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
(
GAs)
an
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
o
n
a
tr
af
c
s
ig
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
.
P
elu
s
i
et
al.
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
m
e
Gr
av
itatio
n
al
Sear
ch
Alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
GS
A
)
b
ased
o
n
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
an
d
s
o
m
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
as
G
A
,
P
ar
ticle
S
w
ar
m
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
(
P
SO)
a
n
d
Di
f
f
er
en
tial
E
v
o
lu
tio
n
(
DE
)
,
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
G
S
A
.
A
n
e
w
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
FG
A
w
a
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
C
a
m
et
a
l.
[
19
].
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
o
w
ed
a
b
etter
ac
t
th
a
n
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
al
a
n
d
o
th
er
m
o
d
er
n
co
n
tr
o
l te
ch
n
iq
u
e
s
.
2
.
1
.
Det
a
ils
o
f
pro
po
s
ed
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
FG
A
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
as
f
o
llo
w
:
b
eg
in
I
n
itiali
s
e
P
o
p
u
latio
n
Fit
n
e
s
s
E
v
alu
a
tio
n
r
ep
ea
t
P
o
p
u
latio
n
Div
er
s
it
y
Sex
u
al
Selectio
n
Fu
zz
y
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
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A
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a
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o
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ith
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r
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in
in
teg
er e
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tr
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(
M.
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la
li V
a
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n
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mkh
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ti
)
115
Fu
zz
y
C
r
o
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s
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v
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Fu
zz
y
Mu
ta
tio
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R
ep
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ied
r
etur
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f
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d
end
2
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n div
er
s
it
y
J
alali
an
d
L
ee
[
15
]
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
g
e
n
o
t
y
p
e
a
n
d
p
h
en
o
t
y
p
e
p
r
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p
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ties
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
iv
er
s
i
t
y
i
n
a
GA
w
it
h
f
u
zz
y
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
p
er
ato
r
an
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
.
I
n
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
w
e
ar
e
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t o
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t
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p
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h
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n
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o
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ce
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th
r
ee
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ar
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eter
s
(
1
)
:
N
i
f
n
t
T
,
1
t
f
t
a
v
r
f
t
f
t
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m
a
x
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,
m
a
x
,
,
2
(
1
)
L
t
f
C
t
f
C
H
t
T
)
mi
n,
ma
x,
(
,
3
w
h
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e,
N
=
n
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m
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er
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p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
i
f
n
=
n
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m
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n
g
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t
.
t
f
m
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=
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m
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m
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it
n
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e
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g
e
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.
t
a
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f
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=
av
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f
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n
ess
v
al
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e
in
g
e
n
e
r
atio
n
t
.
an
d
)
(
m
in
,
m
a
x
,
t
t
f
f
C
C
H
is
th
e
Ha
m
m
in
g
Dis
tan
c
e
(
HD)
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
w
o
r
s
t
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
an
d
th
e
b
est
o
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an
d
L
is
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e
le
n
g
th
o
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ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
.
T
h
e
t
T
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T
,
2
an
d
t
T
,
3
b
elo
n
g
to
th
e
i
n
ter
v
al
[
0
,
1
]
.
I
f
th
ese
n
u
m
b
er
s
ar
e
clo
s
e
to
ze
r
o
,
th
en
th
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it
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o
f
p
o
p
u
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n
i
s
lo
w
an
d
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
h
a
s
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
co
n
v
er
g
e
v
er
y
s
o
o
n
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
f
it
is
n
ea
r
1
,
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
h
o
w
s
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
d
iv
er
s
it
y
.
As
r
eg
ar
d
s
to
t
T
,
1
,
t
T
,
2
an
d
t
T
,
3
th
r
ee
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
.
T
h
e
s
et
o
f
lin
g
u
i
s
tic
lab
els
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
T
,
1
,
an
d
t
T
,
3
,
ar
e
lo
w
,
m
ed
iu
m
an
d
h
ig
h
.
ar
e
lo
w
an
d
h
i
g
h
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
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ize
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ased
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2
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4
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Cr
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2
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4
.
1
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F
uzzy
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elec
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ased
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in
teg
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m
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cr
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er
m
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d
s
i
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tr
o
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d
in
liter
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r
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id
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.
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m
m
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ab
b
r
ev
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f
o
r
th
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p
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in
T
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1
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ab
le
1
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b
b
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cr
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me
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v
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[
1
6
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d
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v
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[
1
7
]
C
y
c
l
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C
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sso
v
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r
CX
[
1
8
]
P
o
si
t
i
o
n
B
a
se
d
C
r
o
sso
v
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r
P
B
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[
1
9
]
A
l
t
e
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a
t
i
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P
o
si
t
i
o
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v
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P
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[
2
0
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W
h
en
th
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g
e
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etic
d
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t
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e
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itab
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et
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ig
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A
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a
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i
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o
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co
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tatio
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al
r
eso
u
r
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s
.
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g
en
etic
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it
y
o
f
th
e
ch
r
o
m
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m
es
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ed
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m
(
50
.
0
25
.
0
,
3
t
T
)
w
h
e
n
s
o
m
e
g
en
e
lo
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tio
n
s
i
n
t
h
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m
o
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ar
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th
e
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a
m
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n
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c
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et
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f
f
s
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d
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ar
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t
ar
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id
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tical
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r
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er
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m
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lar
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t
h
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w
h
er
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s
t
h
e
OX,
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B
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r
A
P
X
m
et
h
o
d
is
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
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p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
ese
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
g
en
e
tic
d
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
i
s
lo
w
(
25
.
0
,
3
t
T
)
,
s
o
m
e
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
ar
e
s
i
m
ilar
a
n
d
th
en
t
h
e
P
MX
,
C
X
a
n
d
P
B
X
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
n
o
t
u
s
e
f
u
l
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
o
f
f
s
p
r
in
g
an
d
p
ar
en
t
ar
e
id
en
tical
o
r
r
ese
m
b
le
o
n
e
an
o
t
h
er
.
Un
d
er
s
u
c
h
co
n
d
itio
n
t
h
e
A
P
X
a
n
d
OX
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
ca
n
s
a
y
t
h
at
O
X
an
d
A
P
X
o
p
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
ap
p
r
ec
iate
in
all
ca
s
es o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
iv
er
s
it
y
,
P
B
X
is
n
o
t
u
s
ef
u
l
w
h
e
n
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
ar
e
id
en
tical
an
d
P
MX
is
n
o
t
u
s
e
f
u
l
w
h
e
n
g
en
etic
d
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
i
s
m
ed
iu
m
o
r
l
o
w
.
C
X
i
s
u
s
e
f
u
l
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
d
iv
er
s
it
y
b
u
t
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
h
i
g
h
a
n
d
i
f
t
h
i
s
o
p
er
ato
r
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
o
p
er
ato
r
s
in
a
s
h
o
r
t c
o
m
p
u
tati
o
n
ti
m
e
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
t
h
i
s
o
p
er
ato
r
w
il
l b
e
w
ea
k
er
th
an
th
e
o
t
h
er
o
p
er
ato
r
s
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
ex
p
la
n
ati
o
n
o
f
r
elati
v
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
p
er
ato
r
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
iv
er
s
it
y
in
in
teg
er
e
n
co
d
in
g
,
t
h
r
ee
lev
el
s
f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
p
er
ato
r
s
b
ased
o
n
in
te
g
er
en
co
d
in
g
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
2
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
W
e
r
ef
er
r
e
d
th
e
m
as
L
o
w
,
Me
d
iu
m
a
n
d
Hig
h
.
L
o
w
C
r
o
s
s
o
v
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A
b
ilit
y
(
C
A
)
m
ea
n
s
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
is
o
p
er
ato
r
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n
g
en
etic
d
i
v
er
s
it
y
is
lo
w
,
a
n
d
th
i
s
is
r
elat
iv
e
to
th
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
cr
o
s
s
o
v
e
r
o
p
er
ato
r
o
r
tim
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Me
d
iu
m
C
A
m
ea
n
s
th
is
o
p
er
ato
r
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
g
en
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d
iv
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s
it
y
b
u
t
n
o
t
a
lo
t.
W
h
en
is
s
aid
C
A
is
h
i
g
h
m
ea
n
s
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
t
h
is
o
p
er
ato
r
o
n
g
en
etic
d
iv
er
s
it
y
i
s
h
ig
h
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
ateg
o
r
ies o
f
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
p
er
at
o
r
b
ased
o
n
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
ab
ilit
y
L
o
w
M
e
d
i
u
m
H
i
g
h
CX
P
M
X
P
B
X
OX
A
P
X
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
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N:
2089
-
4856
A
g
en
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a
lg
o
r
ith
m
r
o
o
ted
in
in
teg
er e
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co
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in
g
a
n
d
fu
z
z
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
M.
Ja
la
li V
a
r
n
a
mkh
a
s
ti
)
117
Fig
u
r
e
2.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
g
en
etic
d
iv
er
s
it
y
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
lo
w
g
en
et
ic
d
iv
er
s
it
y
2
.
4
.
2
.
F
uzzy
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
pro
ba
bil
it
y
s
elec
t
io
n
C
r
o
s
s
o
v
er
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
m
o
d
el
-
b
u
ild
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
ex
te
n
d
ed
co
m
p
ac
t
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A
.
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h
e
p
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b
ab
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f
cr
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an
e
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ti
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in
d
icato
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p
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em
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u
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r
eg
ai
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s
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o
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cr
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ab
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(
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c
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cr
iticall
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f
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s
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p
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e,
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Gr
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[
14
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J
o
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g
[
1
2
,
2
0
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Go
ld
b
er
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an
d
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21
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d
Sch
a
f
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[
22
].
R
esear
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s
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all
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ab
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[
20
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.
Go
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d
Sas
tr
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23
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g
en
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alize
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th
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m
a
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f
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Dav
is
[
2
4
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n
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[
2
5
]
co
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id
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a
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t
h
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ize
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s
ize
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n
th
is
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d
y
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t
h
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cr
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p
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b
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v
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ia
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lar
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a
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m
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as s
h
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Fi
g
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r
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4
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2
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5
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M
u
t
a
t
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2
.
5
.
1
.
F
uzzy
m
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t
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o
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T
h
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m
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s
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f
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ap
p
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p
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cien
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tr
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6
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lab
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1
3
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5
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2
.
F
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v
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e
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t
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o
m
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es,
th
e
f
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o
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tech
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d
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it
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.
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t
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v
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“
id
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”,
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o
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w
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m
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w
h
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h
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eq
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ir
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ce
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tain
a
m
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u
n
t
o
f
co
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p
u
ta
tio
n
t
i
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e,
it
is
s
en
s
ib
le
to
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u
s
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e
p
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R
g
e
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ati
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w
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ar
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.
1
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)
o
r
w
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is
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least 1
0
p
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ce
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t o
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t
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p
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p
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latio
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th
at
ar
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id
en
tical
[
1
3
]
.
3.
P
-
M
E
DIAN P
RO
B
L
E
M
Facilit
y
lo
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ap
p
ea
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ed
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
ell
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k
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o
w
n
f
ac
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lit
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p
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l
e
m
s
i
s
th
e
p
-
m
ed
ia
n
p
r
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b
lem
w
h
ich
lo
ca
tes
p
f
ac
il
ities
a
m
o
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g
n
d
em
a
n
d
p
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ts
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d
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tes
th
e
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t
h
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f
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.
T
h
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e
m
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p
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ts
a
n
d
th
e
f
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ies.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
f
o
r
m
u
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f
th
e
p
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an
p
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s
in
tr
o
d
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ce
d
b
y
R
e
v
elle
a
n
d
S
w
ain
[
27
]
.
w
h
er
e
(6
-
10)
:
ij
x
ij
d
n
i
n
j
i
w
1
1
m
i
n
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
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8
9
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4856
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s
e
a
s
i
m
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le
en
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d
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w
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er
e
th
e
g
e
n
es
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
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e
in
d
e
x
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o
f
th
e
s
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ted
f
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s
.
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r
ex
a
m
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le,
f
o
r
ca
p
ac
itated
6
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m
ed
ia
n
f
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ili
t
y
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ca
tio
n
p
r
o
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le
m
,
(
2
,
5
,
6
,
2
3
,
1
9
,
7
)
is
a
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
w
h
er
e
d
em
a
n
d
p
o
in
ts
2
,
5
,
6
,
2
3
,
1
9
an
d
7
ar
e
s
elec
ted
as f
ac
ilit
y
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
.
A
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
is
g
e
n
er
ated
to
f
o
r
m
an
in
i
tial
p
o
p
u
la
tio
n
.
Fo
r
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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o
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h
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s
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ased
o
n
p
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ed
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p
o
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t
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
elec
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
w
it
h
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
m
ed
ian
p
o
in
ts
4
.
3
.
Co
m
p
uta
t
io
na
l r
esu
lt
s
o
f
F
G
A
ba
s
ed
o
n
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
pera
t
o
r
a
nd
pro
ba
bil
it
y
s
elec
t
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
I
n
th
i
s
s
u
b
s
ec
t
io
n
,
w
e
p
r
ese
n
t
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
teg
er
en
co
d
in
g
F
GA
b
a
s
ed
o
n
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
p
er
ato
r
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
s
elec
t
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
n
a
m
ed
FG
AC
,
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
P
MFL
P
s
.
I
n
o
r
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ass
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m
an
ce
a
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n
d
co
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ar
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p
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FGAC
,
s
o
m
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
d
cr
o
s
s
o
v
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ato
r
s
in
b
in
ar
y
e
n
co
d
in
g
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
ab
b
r
ev
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n
s
o
f
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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itial
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cr
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an
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ith
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en
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ize
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02
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m
p
ar
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id
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ed
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h
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o
v
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p
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ato
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s
lis
ted
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ar
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ap
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lied
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it
h
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f
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v
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ab
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p
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ter
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cr
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u
tatio
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all
o
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f
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lace
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m
en
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.
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h
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to
p
p
in
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cr
iter
io
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f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
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s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
is
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h
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2
0
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o
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d
s
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h
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if
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em
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d
p
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in
t
s
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ax
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m
u
m
m
ed
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ts
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th
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s
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s
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th
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len
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t
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o
f
t
h
e
ch
r
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m
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s
o
m
es
ar
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lar
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er
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an
o
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it
u
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f
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ea
ch
d
e
m
an
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p
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in
t.
As
ca
n
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Fi
g
u
r
e
8
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e
av
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ag
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p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
d
ev
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i
o
n
f
o
r
all
g
r
o
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p
p
r
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r
e
s
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lt
s
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f
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h
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ag
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ce
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tag
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d
ev
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f
o
r
th
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p
r
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p
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s
ed
FGA
C
ar
e
b
etter
th
a
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
p
er
ato
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
d
ev
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n
s
f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
p
er
a
to
r
s
w
ith
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
m
ed
ia
n
p
o
in
ts
4
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
ri
s
o
n o
f
F
G
A
w
it
h c
o
m
pet
it
o
rs
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
p
r
o
b
lem
in
s
ta
n
ce
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
af
ter
m
a
k
in
g
3
0
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
u
n
s
f
o
r
s
tatis
t
ical
s
i
g
n
if
ican
ce
.
E
ac
h
r
u
n
i
s
ter
m
i
n
ated
i
f
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
to
p
p
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
s
m
et
:
F
itn
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s
s
v
al
u
e
is
n
o
t i
m
p
r
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v
ed
af
ter
1
0
0
g
en
er
atio
n
s
;
C
P
U
ti
m
e
i
s
m
o
r
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th
a
n
2
0
0
C
P
U
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
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h
e
r
esu
lts
ac
q
u
ir
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b
y
th
e
FG
A
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
m
p
lete
F
G
A
i
s
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
f
o
r
P
MFL
P
s
,
j
u
d
g
in
g
b
y
th
e
s
m
al
l
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
d
e
v
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n
s
s
h
o
w
n
.
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h
is
ca
n
b
e
p
ar
ti
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y
v
er
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f
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m
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h
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p
er
ce
n
ta
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e
d
ev
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n
co
lu
m
n
s
g
i
v
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n
i
n
T
ab
le
6
,
u
n
d
er
A
p
p
en
d
ix
.
F
in
al
l
y
,
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
FG
A
to
g
en
er
ate
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
t
h
e
last
c
o
lu
m
n
,
in
w
h
ic
h
th
e
FG
A
i
s
ab
le
to
f
in
d
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
e
s
f
o
r
3
7
o
u
t o
f
4
0
p
r
o
b
lem
in
s
ta
n
ce
s
te
s
ted
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
f
u
zz
y
g
e
n
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
u
s
i
n
g
s
ex
u
al
s
elec
tio
n
,
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
a
n
d
m
u
tat
io
n
o
p
er
ato
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
s
e
lectio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
s
o
lv
i
n
g
th
e
p
-
m
ed
ia
n
f
ac
i
lit
y
lo
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Va
r
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
e
n
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
q
u
a
lit
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
a
s
b
ee
n
t
ested
ag
ai
n
s
t
th
e
b
est
k
n
o
w
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e,
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
in
s
ta
n
ce
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
i
n
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
s
m
a
ll
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
co
m
p
eti
tiv
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
u
n
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.