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Isla
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Ge
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DG)
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s
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ased
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ce
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tai
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i
m
p
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m
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ted
co
n
tr
o
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s
tr
ateg
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[
1
]
.
T
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co
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b
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esig
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to
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u
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p
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ad
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s
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[
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2
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Un
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s
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tec
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e
s
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d
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in
to
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m
o
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tech
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s
.
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h
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tech
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u
es
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r
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tech
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
IJ
A
P
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
3
3
–
1
4
1
134
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
b
u
t
it
s
u
f
f
er
s
w
i
th
h
a
v
in
g
lar
g
e
No
n
Dete
ct
io
n
Z
o
n
e
(
NDZ
)
.
He
n
ce
it
i
s
n
o
t
u
s
e
f
u
l
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
DG
p
en
e
tr
atio
n
.
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h
e
ac
tiv
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
in
ten
tio
n
a
ll
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
v
o
ltag
e,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
a
n
d
co
n
ti
n
u
es
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
th
ese
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
to
co
n
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
d
etec
ti
o
n
co
n
d
iti
o
n
.
H
y
b
r
id
m
et
h
o
d
s
e
m
p
lo
y
b
o
th
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
p
ass
iv
e
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
.
2.
DIS
T
RIB
U
T
E
D
G
E
NE
RAT
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
co
r
r
elate
s
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
at
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ich
is
n
ea
r
t
o
th
e
lo
ad
ce
n
ter
s
les
s
t
h
an
1
0
MW
.
T
h
ese
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
i
n
to
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
r
en
e
w
ab
le
an
d
n
o
n
-
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le.
R
en
e
w
ab
le
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies i
n
cl
u
d
es
1.
So
lar
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
r
th
er
m
a
l
2.
W
in
d
3.
Geo
th
er
m
al
4.
Ocean
No
n
r
en
e
w
ab
le
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies i
n
clu
d
es
1.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
t
io
n
en
g
i
n
e
2.
C
o
m
b
i
n
ed
c
y
cle
3.
C
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
tu
r
b
i
ne
4.
Mic
r
o
-
tu
r
b
in
e
s
5.
Fu
el
ce
ll
T
h
e
m
ai
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
f
o
r
DG
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
s
tate
d
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
1.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
DG
as a
m
aj
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
.
2.
P
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
DG
an
d
p
r
o
te
ctio
n
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
r
o
m
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
ca
n
also
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
s
u
ch
a
s
v
o
lta
g
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ics.
3.
P
H
O
T
O
VO
L
T
A
I
C
(
P
V)
SY
ST
E
M
A
s
o
lar
ce
ll
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
m
a
n
y
s
er
ie
s
o
r
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
o
b
tain
r
eq
u
ir
ed
c
u
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
.
E
ac
h
So
lar
ce
ll
is
s
i
m
i
lar
to
a
d
io
d
e
w
it
h
a
p
-
n
j
u
n
cti
o
n
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
ab
s
o
r
b
s
lig
h
t,
it
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
cu
r
r
en
ts
b
y
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
e
ct.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
ex
is
t
s
o
n
ea
c
h
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
c
u
r
v
e.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
(
I
-
V)
a
n
d
(P
-
V)
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
lar
in
te
n
s
it
ies.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
in
p
ar
allel
w
it
h
a
d
io
d
e
o
f
a
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
ias.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ter
m
i
n
als
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
th
e
P
V
ar
r
a
y
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
la
r
in
ten
s
itie
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Dete
ctio
n
in
a
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
S
ystem
w
ith
Mo
d
ified
DG
I
n
terf
a
ce
…
(
A
b
b
in
en
i S
a
i
S
u
b
h
a
d
r
a
)
135
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
P
V
ar
r
a
y
a
t d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
la
r
in
ten
s
itie
s
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SYS
T
E
M
I
SL
ANDIN
G
D
E
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
I
t
is
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
R
L
C
lo
ad
,
DG
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
in
v
er
ter
,
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
u
tili
t
y
b
r
e
ak
er
.
I
t
also
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
e
P
o
in
t
o
f
C
o
m
m
o
n
C
o
u
p
li
n
g
(
P
C
C
)
at
n
o
d
e
“
a”
,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
co
n
tact
p
o
in
t
o
f
DG
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
u
tili
t
y
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
t
h
e
g
r
id
to
l
o
ad
is
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
DG
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
.
(
(
)
(
)
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
s
o
f
th
e
R
L
C
lo
ad
s
a
t
t
h
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
n
d
itio
n
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
er
te
r
in
th
e
DG
s
id
e
an
d
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
ac
t
iv
e
an
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
s
d
eli
v
e
r
ed
b
y
th
e
g
r
id
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
(
a)
Gr
id
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
te
m
(
b
)
I
s
o
lated
m
o
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
v
o
l
t
P
o
w
e
r
i
n
w
a
t
t
1
0
0
(
W
/
m
2
)
8
0
(
W
/
m
2
)
6
0
(
W
/
m
2
)
4
0
(
W
/
m
2
)
2
0
(
W
/
m
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
IJ
A
P
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
3
3
–
1
4
1
136
Un
d
er
th
e
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
,
w
h
en
th
e
u
ti
lit
y
b
r
ea
k
er
o
p
en
s
,
t
h
e
DG
a
n
d
th
e
R
L
C
lo
ad
w
ill
r
eso
n
ate
at
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
f
o
r
m
s
a
n
i
s
lan
d
.
I
f
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
d
r
if
t
s
s
l
ig
h
tl
y
o
u
t
o
f
p
h
ase
w
i
th
t
h
e
u
tili
t
y
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
u
r
in
g
is
la
n
d
in
g
,
lar
g
e
s
u
r
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
ca
n
f
lo
w
u
p
o
n
r
ec
o
n
n
ec
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
R
L
C
lo
ad
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
;
(
2
)
(
)
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
P
C
C
;
is
th
e
P
C
C
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
W
ith
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
R
L
C
lo
ad
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
q
u
alit
y
f
ac
to
r
is
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as
√
(
4
)
√
(
5
)
Ma
th
e
m
atica
ll
y
,
th
e
R
L
C
lo
ad
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
(
6
)
(
7
)
(
8
)
W
h
er
e
;
=
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lo
ad
r
esis
ta
n
ce
i
n
Oh
m
;
=
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lo
ad
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
i
n
Far
ad
;
=
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lo
ad
in
d
u
ctan
ce
i
n
Hen
r
y
;
=
R
ea
l p
o
w
er
in
W
;
=
Qu
alit
y
f
ac
to
r
;
=
Gr
id
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
Hz.
5.
ND
Z
O
F
UO
V
AND
UO
F
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
s
itu
at
io
n
s
,
t
h
er
e
w
ill
b
e
p
o
w
er
m
is
m
atc
h
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
DG
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
th
e
R
L
C
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
m
is
m
atc
h
ed
lo
ad
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
)
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
g
r
id
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
m
i
s
m
atc
h
w
il
l b
e
co
m
p
en
s
ated
b
y
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
W
h
en
g
r
id
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
ill
b
e
f
o
r
ce
d
to
n
ew
v
al
u
es
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
I
f
t
h
e
DG
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
as
a
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
w
er
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
m
is
m
atc
h
is
lar
g
e
en
o
u
g
h
,
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
m
a
y
b
e
o
u
t
o
f
n
o
m
i
n
al
r
an
g
es
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
/o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e/
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
w
ill
tr
ip
t
h
e
c
ir
cu
i
t
b
r
ea
k
er
p
r
esen
t
at
t
h
e
D
G
s
id
e
to
p
r
ev
en
t
co
n
t
in
u
ed
i
s
l
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
m
is
m
atc
h
th
r
es
h
o
ld
s
a
n
d
v
o
l
tag
e/
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
s
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
.
(
)
(
)
(9
)
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
(1
0
)
w
h
er
e
ar
e
u
n
d
er
/o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
/o
v
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
No
n
d
etec
tio
n
zo
n
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
th
e
ND
Z
th
e
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
is
n
o
t p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Dete
ctio
n
in
a
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
S
ystem
w
ith
Mo
d
ified
DG
I
n
terf
a
ce
…
(
A
b
b
in
en
i S
a
i
S
u
b
h
a
d
r
a
)
137
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
No
n
d
etec
tio
n
zo
n
e
6.
SYST
E
M
DE
SCRI
P
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
elle
d
in
Si
m
u
l
in
k
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
p
ap
er
[
3
-
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
atin
g
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
is
1
0
0
k
W
.
T
h
e
DG
in
ter
f
a
ce
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l in
w
h
i
ch
b
o
th
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
w
i
ll tak
e
s
p
lace
.
F
ig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
c
h
e
m
e
b
ased
o
n
dq
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ef
er
en
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141
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
IEE
E
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
f
o
r
Util
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y
In
terf
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o
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(P
V
)
S
y
ste
m
s,
"
in
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d
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2
9
-
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0
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0
,
v
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l.
,
n
o
.
,
p
p
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i
-
,
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0
0
0
[2
]
IEE
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S
ta
n
d
a
rd
f
o
r
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
Distrib
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ted
Re
so
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rc
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s
w
it
h
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e
c
tri
c
P
o
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e
r
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y
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m
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in
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S
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o
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.
1
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8
Ju
ly
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0
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3
[3
]
H.
H.
Zei
n
e
ld
i
n
,
E
.
F
.
El
-
S
a
a
d
a
n
y
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
A
.
S
a
lam
a
,
"
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
DG
in
terf
a
c
e
c
o
n
tro
l
o
n
islan
d
in
g
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
n
o
n
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
z
o
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e
s,"
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n
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r De
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p
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.
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3
,
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l
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0
0
6
.
[4
]
S.
-
.
Hu
a
n
g
a
n
d
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.
-
.
P
a
i
,
"
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sig
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c
ti
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tec
ti
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i
n
IEE
Pro
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-
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n
e
ra
t
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ra
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2
4
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a
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1
.
[5
]
S
e
u
l
-
Ki
Kim
,
Jin
-
Ho
n
g
Je
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n
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Ch
a
n
g
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o
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n
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Kim
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M
o
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n
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sim
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ted
P
V
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e
ra
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o
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sy
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m
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t
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n
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ly
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rg
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p
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6
4
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7
8
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y
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0
0
9
.
[6
]
H.
V
a
h
e
d
i,
R.
No
r
o
o
z
ia
n
,
A
.
Ja
li
lv
a
n
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a
n
d
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.
B.
G
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a
re
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n
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Ne
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M
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o
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f
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Isla
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d
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n
g
De
tec
ti
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n
o
f
I
n
v
e
rter
-
Ba
se
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sin
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rs.
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